IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

Clb)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


n 
n 


D 


y 


□ 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagee 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur6e  et/ou  pellicul^e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

□    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


D 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  dl'ftortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int6rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires: 


D 
D 
D 

n 

D 
D 

n 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tach^es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualit^  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  matdriel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  orrata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  fa^on  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  filmd  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  Iceeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  sAd  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^e  sont  filmds  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  ia 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film^s  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  psr 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END  "), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

!  r:LATlX(r   TO 


THE  TREATY  OF  WASHINGTON. 

/j^OLiME  iv/(;exeva  akhitkatiox. 

CONTAINING    THE    REPORT    OF    Till':    A(JEXT    OF     THE    UMTElJ    s'I'ATEH: 

PROTOCOLS  OF  'J'ME  COXFFRl'.XCKS ;    niX'ISlOX  AXl)  AWAlilt  (>F  THE 

TRIBUNAL;    OPLXIOXS   OF   THE   AinHTl.'ATOl.'S ;    REi'LV    OF    THE 

SECliETARYOF  STATE,  ACKNOWLEIXilNG  THE  RECEH'T  OF 

THE  REPORT  OF  THE  A(iEXT  OF  TIH',  rxm]])  STATES. 

ANJJ  COMMEXJTXO  FPOX    THE   OPIXlOX  OF    JHE 

ARBITRATOR  APPOIXTED  BY  HER  BRITANNIC 

MA.IES'l'Y  ;  REPORT  OF  TFH:  COFXSEL 

OF   THE    UXITEl)    S'lWrES : 


*■ 


OPINIONS  OF  Sl'ATKSMF.N,  MAliAZINK.y  AND  .IGUHN'ALS  ol-  lUlLlAT 
P.ltlTAIN   AN'I)   TUK   fuNTINF.NT   ON   TKF,   CON- 

ST1U!CT[()N  I  IK  TIIR  TkKATY.  ^- ,**«— -:r2!:j:::iv 


'5/  "-X 


-.MES^ 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMEH^T     PRINTING    OFFICE 

1872. 


TAWIA']  OV  (a)X'I^KXTS. 


I 


I.  li<'i)t)rt  ot'.r.  C.  HiiiKToft  Davis,  a^'Mit  of  the  Unitcil  Stat«'s 

Award  ami  imttocols  traiiHinitted 

A(,ti()ii  of  Joint  Hijili  Comiiiissioii  on  tlio  indirect  claims 

Protocol  of  May  4,  1H71,  and  statement  of  claims 

In  liarmony  with  all  nrevions  action 

No  ex(!ei»tion  taken  hy  Uritish  commissioncis 

Definition  of  "Alabama  claims"  in  the  jirotoccd  l)indinj;  on  the  a<;i'nt 

l'rei)aration  of  case 

I'rivate  claims  classed  as  indirect 

Emi)loyment  of  Mr.  Ueaman 

His  fidelity 

Arraiif^ement  of  the  evidence 

J'reparation  of  case ;  |)rincii)hs  adoitted 

The  tribunal  u  judicial  body 

Case  to  be  8tate<l  frankly 

Unfriendly  conrso  of  (ireat  Jiritaiu  and  British  ministers  a  want  of  due 

diligence 

AVhat  acts  of  subordinates  a  governuuMit  not  responsible  for 

Maintenance!  of  insurgent  bureaus  on  Ihitish  soil  a  want  of  due  diligence. .. 

British  denial  of  liability 

Submission  of  this  i)art  of  the  case  to  ]>ublicists 

I'resident  Woolsey   

Mr.  William  Beach  Ijawrencc 

Mr.  E.  li.  Hoar 

(ieiuMal  Cushing 

The  Cabinet 

Last  chai)ter  not  submitted  for  advice 

No  claim  made  for  a  particular  sum  for  indirect  damages;  tribunal  ask(Ml 

to  estimate 

Delivery  of  the  case  at  fJeneva 

Language  of  the  case  mild 

Comments  of  the  liritish  jtrcss 

Action  of  the  liritish  government 

.Contemplated  re(|uest  for  withdrawal  of  the  American  ca.^e 

'^')pinion  of  the  continental  jtress  favorable  to  the  United  States 

.I'.xchange  of  the  counter  case 

1  idustry  and  zeal  of  the  secretaries 

1  lieiidly  view s  of  the  ]iritish  agent 

The  argument  by  the  counsel  regarded  as  masterly ...    

Uiiited  States  argument  Hied 

Brii ish  move  for  long  adjournment 

Conseiiuent  negotiations 

Adjudication  on  the  indirect  claims 

Friendly  feelings  on  both  sides 

Briti.«h  argument  tiled  ;  motions  for  further  argument 

Opinions  on  the  Florida 

Supphiiuental  arguments  ordered  and  made 

Decisions  of  the  tribunal 

Damages 

Aw  aid 

Determination  to  aw.ird  a  sum  in  gross 

Counstd  advise  at  every  stage 

Independence  and  ability  of  neutral  arbitrators 

Due  (Ulinrence ;  what  was  claimed  by  I'nited  States 

Positum  of  Great  Britain .' 

Views  of  Count  Sclopis 

Decision  of  the  tribunal 

Unfriendliness  of  Knglaml ;  views  of  (,'ouut  Sclopis  

Views  of  Viscount  dTtajiiba 

Views  of  Mr.  Adams 

His  impartiality 


1 
1 
1 
I 
1 
1 
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o 
•> 

■2 


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.") 
(! 

i; 
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t> 
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7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
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9 
10 
10 


VI 


TAI5LE    or    CONTF.NTS. 


I.  K'('|)i>il  III' .1.  ('.  liiincrof'l  Davis — CoiitiniiiMl. 

J'ln'cct  of  a  (■(iimnission  ;  position  of  the  I'liitfil  Stale-: 

JJritisli  iMisif  ion 

American  rejoinder 

N'icws  of  N'isconnf  (ritajiilia 

l)('(!i.sioii  of  tlie  tiilmiial 

Supplies  of  coal  ;   lM)sitioii  of  IJie  lliired  Stales    

Decision    of  tile  tiiWunal 

\'i(!\vs  of  Mr.  Adams 

^'ie\vM  of  Count  Sclopis 

A'icws  of  Mr.  Staemjilli 

\'i()\vs  of  \'isc()unt  (I'ltajulia 

^Iunicii)al  laws  of  Knj^land  cannot  lie  set.  np  in  JuHtiliciition 

Tile  tribunal  jiass  upon  tlio  Suuiter,  Nashville,  A:c.,  ii()*\vith.standin;f  Brit- 
ish   olijectioiis 

Sir  A.  Cockburn's  dissent  in;;'  o])iijion 

H(!  is  the.  representative  of  (ireat   Uritiiin.. 

His  char}j;es  against  the  American  counsel 

'I'liey  need  no  vindication 

No  o|)])ortnnity  offered  to  consider  or  object  to  the  cliar]u;es 

JIo  charjjes  the  case  with  abuse  and  hostility 

The  reasons  for  those  <-liar<i;es 

The  Justice  of  the  line  of  arj^nineiit  in  the  American  cast*  admittcfl 

Lor(i  Kussell  Jnstifii's  it 

Lord  Westbury  Justifies  it 

Tho  results  of  the  tribunal  a  vindication  of  the  policy  of  arbitration 

II.  Protocols  of  the  conferences  of  tins  arbitrators 

1.  Orj^anization,  and  delivery  of  cases 

2.  Adjourninent  to  June  ]."> 

:{.  Delivery  of  American  arjiument ;  IJritish  motion  lor  adjournment 

4.  Adjournment 

;").  Arbitrators  declare  indirect  claims  not  a  subject  for  couiputation  of  dam- 

i>K«^ : 

t).  The  United  States  acquiesce  in  the  decision 

7.  Decision   made  official.     British  argument  filed.      Sir  K.  I'almer  ni()\es 
for  re-ar<iiiment  ;  motion  denied 

H.  Sir  A.  C'ockbiirn  moves  for  re-argument  ;  motion  denied 

1>.  <  )rdcr  of  i)roceedin};s 

lU.  Same  subject.     Mr.  Staem]»lli's  paper  ;  Sir  A.  Cockburn's  renewed  motion 

for  argument 

n.  The  Fhnida 

12.  The  Florida 

i;{.  Sir  A.  Cockburn's  iuoti(ni  for  argument  denit'd  :  the  Alabama 

14.  Argument  ordered  as  to  due  diligence,  effect  of  commissions  and  .su)i- 

plies  of  coal :  the  Alabama 

ir>.  IJritish  arguments  submitted:  Sumter,  Nashville,   and  Chickamanga 

1(>.  Tallaliasseo  and  IJetribntion 

17.  Oral  argument  of  Mr.  Evarts 

15.  Arguments  of  Mi.  Evarts  and  General  Cnahing 

11>.  lietributimi  :  argument  ofMr.  Waite 

20.  Sallit*,  Jeff.  Davis.  Music,  IJoston,  and  V.  H.  Joy 

21.  Effect  of  commission  ;  new  evidence  submitted  bv  (Jreat  Britain 

22.  The  ( Jeorgia ". 

2H.  The  Shenandoah  ;  new  tables  i)resented  by  the  agents 

24.  The   Shenandoah ;   argument  ordered  on  the  eft'ect  of  the  entry  of  the 

Florida  into  Mobile 

2r>.  Lord  Tenterden's  statement  about  tables  presented  by  Mr.  Davis ;  argu- 
nients  as  to  Florida ;  decisions  as  to  Sumter,  Nashville,  Retribution, 
Georgia,  Tallahassee,  Chickamanga,  and  Shenandoah 

26.  Lord  Ttiuterden  presents  new  tables  ;  decisions  as  to  Florida,  Tuscaloosa, 

Clarence,  Tacony,  and  Archer;  Mr.  Davis  replies  to  Lord  Tenterden's 
remarks  on  the  American  tables 

27.  Claims  for  expenses  for  pursuit  of  cruisers,  for  prospective  profits,  and 

for  gross  freights  rejected 

2*^.  Argument  ordered  respecting  int(;rest 

29.  Mr.  Staemptirs  statement,  and  Sir  A.  Cockburn's  memorandum  regard- 
ing a  sum  in  gross 

;W.  Regarding  draught  of  decision 

;U.  Form  of  decision  adopted  ;  Viscountil'ItaJuba  respecting  supjdiesof  coal.. 

32.  Signature  of  awnrJ  and  dissolution  of  tribnmil 


I'm;.'"'. 

10 
10 
10 
10 
10 

11 
11 
n. 
11 
11 

12 

12 

12 
12 
12 
12 

^•^ 
v^ 

V.i 
14 

14 
14 
15 
If) 
1*5 
17 
19 

19 
20 

21 
2;') 
20 

27 

2H 
29 
29 

:)(» 

:<o 

M 

:u 
:i2 
:{2 
x\ 
•.v.\ 
M 
'M 

;55 


II 


30 


IV 


i 


:37 

1 
i 

4:5 

1 

43 

44 

47 

47 

48 

'lAMLi:    or    CONTKNTW. 


VII 


)VfS 


tlOII 


Ull, 

•ail, 
ill's 

Ilia 


Inl- 


10 
10 
10 
10 
10 

11 
11 
11 
11 
II 
1-i 
ri 

I'i 

12 

v> 

\2 

i:{ 
i:{ 
r,i 

V.i 

v.\ 

14 
14 
14 

ir> 

15 

i(> 

17 

11) 
u» 

'^0 

21 
2;') 
2(3 

27 

2H 
21> 
•>{) 

:?o 
:u 
:5i 
:?2 
:{2 
■x\ 
:y.\ 
:u 

34 

Ik") 


30 


37 


43 


III.  I)f(isi(iii  anil  iiwunl 40 

K.'iitiils    40 

Award    ["O 

i>nr  (lili};tiicn    .">'• 

Kll'fct  of  a  cKiiimisNioii  'mi 

l',xtiTiiti>rialit,v  <'!'  vcsscIm  of  war ">(• 

I'jVcct  of  want  ol'  notifc    ">0 

Sni<iilitjH  of  coal , . . ">0 

licspoiisiliility  tor  acts  of  Alabama    T)! 

]vc.s|)onsil>ilif.v  for  acts  of  Florida .M 

HcsponsiUIHty  fur  tlic  acts  of  tin;  Slicnandnali  aflcr  Icavinj^  Mclboniini  ..  .")2 
licsponsihilitv   for  tlio  acts  of    tlio    Tuscaloosa,    Clarence,   'I'acony,   and 

Arclicr  ..-■- .' -Vi 

\o  icsponsibility  for  the  Kctiihution,   (icoijfia,    Snnitcr,   Nashville,  Talla- 

liasscc.  or  C'lii   Aanian<;a "'2 

Tiic  Sallic,  Jctf.  Davis,  ^lusic,  iJostoii,  and  V.  H.  Joy   not,  taken  into    con- 
sideration     ;'>•> 

Claims  for  cost  of  imrsnit  not  allowed    "):> 

Sann:  as  to  itrospective  earnin<;s T)'.! 

( )nly  net  freijihts  allowed   oM 

I'ifteen  and  a  lialf  millions  awaided  for  conii>ensation   . ,. •"):> 

I\'.  r)j)inions  of  tin?  arbitrators .')."> 

()j)ini<nis  o\'  Count  .Scloi»is ").'» 

I  )ne  dilij^ence r>7 

Hritish  unfriendliness <>2 

^'essels  wliicli  liave  received  commissions <)0 

Su]>l)lies  of  coal 74 

Tlui  Alabama 7r> 

The  Shenandoah f^l 

Th.^Fhnida 0(i 

())iiiuons  of  \'iscoiint  dTta,iul)a Ot! 

l''Jl'ect  of  a  commission Oti 

'i1ie  Florida 'M 

The  Alalianui 00 

The  (ie()rjj;ia,    .Sumter,   Nashville,    K'etribution,   Tallahassee,  and  Chicka- 

mau<j;a 101 

The  Sallie,  Jott.  Davis,  Music,  IJoston,  V.  II.  Jov 101 

Shena-doah KU 

Opinion.-,  of  Mr.  Sta-mitlii 10:> 

<.)pinions  on  the  (luostions  of  law  as  to  wliicdi  the  tribunal  of  arbitration 

leipiested  elucidation 101! 

Kulesof  the  treaty  take  precedeiicu 103 

(Questions  to  )»e  d»!Cided 100 

Definition  of  facts 100 

A'essels  whose  acts  arc  to  be  a<lju<licated  upon 107 

The  Flori(hi 10^ 

The  Alabama 110 

The  .Shenandoah 12.'> 

The  .Sumter 134 

The  lietribution 13s 

Ojiiuions  of  Mr.  Adams 141 

Due  diliy;ence 141 

The  effect  of  conimissicnis 140 

.Supplies  of  provisions  and  coals 148 

The  Florida 150 

The  Alabama 17 1 

The  Tuscaloosa 18J 

The  Geoiffia 187 

The  Shenandoah 100 

The  Sumter 208 

The  Nashville 212 

The  Chickamauga 214 

The  Tallahassee 21.5 

The  Retribution 217 

Oi)inioii8  of  Sir  Alexander  Cockbnrii 2:10 

Causes  of  cuiuplaiut  broujjlit  forward  by  the  Uuited  .Slates 230 

Kules  of  the  treaty  of  Washington 230 

Ditticulty  arising  from  the  treaty 231 

Elemeiitx  of  iieiitralitv 2^54 


VIII 


TAMM-:    01'    CONTKNTH. 


1\'.  Opinions  of  tlif  ailiitnitors — ('(intiiiucil. 

01)ii;juti(inH  (if  tlh'  nt'Utral  state •2:i4 

Olilif^a lions  of  tlic  sul •,)('(•  ts  of  a  nt'iitial  state )i'M 

Lial>ility  of  tlie  statt^  Ibr  acts  of  its  siilijects M'M 

Jtijflits  (if  neutral  sulijects  in  resjieet  of  trade 'iW^i 

l)ill'crenc(!liet\veeM  ii  state  and  its  sulijects  in  it';;ard  to  trade )i'.\'t 

Kllect  of  war  on  neutral  trade 2'M\ 

i{loc.kad(i  and  contraiiand  of  war 'S.17 

DilleriMit  \U-\v 2W 

M.IIautefeuillt! MW.) 

No  oliliij;ati(in  on  lUMitral  {roveiiinuMits  to  iireveiit  trade  in  eonli'a'iand  of 

war,  or  \vitli  lihx  l<ade(l   ports '2X) 

M.  Ortolan 'S.V,\ 

Ships  (if  war  and  coals •>;!;) 

I'assivo  C()ninieic(!  of  the  neutral '^11 

Liiuipredi 'JAl 

A/Auu ilA2 

Massc' t>4-2 

M.  Ortolan "iA.i 

ireirtcr i>4:; 

I'rofessor  Uluntsclili '^V.i 

Sir  U.  I'hilliniore '^44 

M.   llaulefeuille ^44 

J'ractic(!  in  former  wars !i4ri 

Auu-rican  ant liori ties ^4") 

I'urdiase  of  contraiiand  of  war  liy  tlui  Gcjvernuient  of  the   I'liited  States.  "247 

J{(!sult  of  discussion '^47 

Sale  (if  slii|>s "247 

I'rofessor  Hlunlschli '^47 

Opinion   of  Dana "^48 

Opinion  of  M.  Ortolan '•24'.» 

Opinion  of  rrofessor  J{lunts(dili ^i.'t 

Opinion  of  M.  llolin  .Ja((|Ui'niyus. 'i.'iO 

Opinion  of  liie  Judj^es  of  Kn;:laud. 'J.')! 

(.'ase,  of  tli(3  Sanlissinia  Tiinidad '-i'll 

.Iud<;uient  of  Mr.  Justice  Story '2.') I 

Case  of  tlie  (irau  I'ara 'J.'i'^ 

American  review 2^\2 

Opinion  of  Mr.  Adams , '2^^^^ 

Question  as  to  iiroliibilion  of  sale  of  articles  contraiiand  of  war '2W,\ 

Sliii)  (if  war  sent  <iut  tor  innne(liat(^  service ::jri4 

Arnnnnent  and  crew  sent  out  in  ilitfereut  ships 'StA 

Duty  of  neutral  ijjovernnicnt '-i^t't 

Anwrican  ar<;nmeut  as  to  cflcct  of  foreign-iinlistuu'ut  act 2^i'y 

Ihitish  and  American  acts 'iri.'i 

As  to  etlect  of  act  of  Ir'/O •i.')7 

l{i<j;lit  conferred  on  belligerent  by  uiunicipal  law '2'fH 

Kli'ect  of  proidamation JiiVJ 

Iviuipnient  of  V(^ssels  under  rules  of  treaty iitiO 

Construction  of  rules  of  treaty 'JfiO 

Du(!   diligence,  what  ? 2(i0 

Opinions  of  jurists 2(i'<i 

Same  i)rinciple  jipiilied  to  government 'J(i4 

Heads  of  diligence '2i\'i 

Law 2tir> 

Moans  at  disposal   of  government '265 

Action  of  government iiUii 

Errors  of  j  udgnient '2t)7 

Dehiy......... ^Gl 

Seizure  of  vessels 2(17 

Judicial  miscarriage 2()8 

Liability  for  acts  of  subordinates 2(58 

Municipal  law  of  Great  Britain 27(1 

Foreign-enlistment  act 27(» 

I'reventi vo  law 271 

Comparison  with  American  acts 271 

Preventive  powers  of  British  and  American  acts 271 

British  act  of  1H70 275 

Negotiations  for  amendment  of  the  foreign-enlistment  act  during  the  civil 

war 2-" 


TAUI.L    OV   CONTENTS. 


IX 


cf 


•j:(4 
MM 
MM 
M-Xt 

•r.\r, 
Mm 

m:\7 

MX) 

a:«» 
m:\[) 
y4i 

Mil 
ii42 

M'iM 
MA.\ 
MV.\ 
Ml.i 
MU 
MU 

M4:> 

Mi7 
■247 
•J47 
•J4S 
ii41> 

m:>u 

M7,l 

Mra 

M'iM 

Mr>M 

254 
M-A 

•jr)r) 
•ir)-, 

207 
M'^H 

Mr>'j 

2(12 
2()4 

•2(;r> 
2t)r. 

Miii, 
->()7 
■2{)7 
2()7 

2(:8 

2(W 
270 
270 
271 
271 
271 


I'ugo. 
IV.  0|)iiiiinis  (if  tlio  nil)itinfMrs— Cnntimiod. 

C'iiiii)'iii!.suii  witli  forcij^n  laws 277 

Law  -if  A  list  rill   27 .' 

Law  (if  l'niH>.ia 27H 

Law  (il  Swjt/.i  rlaml 27 f< 

Law  of  I'raiicn 27H 

Law  of  Hfliiiiim 2Ht 

Lawof  tlif  Nrllu'iiainls 2^0 

La\N  of  Spain 2H() 

Law  of  I'.irliiMal  ami  IJia/il 2H1 

Law  of  Italy 2rt2 

Law  of  Dciiinark 2H:$ 

Law  of  Swfdfii 283 

Law  of   liiissia Mri'.\ 

Law  ah  to  jiiIn  atfciN 2815 

('oiii|)aiisoii  lictwffii  (iitat  Hiitaiii  iind  UiiittMl  iStatcH  as  to  oliscrvaiKM!  of 

uciitralitv 28H 

Lc;-islatioiM)f   171(4 2H!t 

Coiniiiaiiits  of  Spain 2H1> 

CoiiiiilaiiitHof  rortn)j;al    2!»r. 

Aiiifri<'aii  ai:t  of  l-<;ir! 2'JH 

Kx)  It'll  it  ion  of  Lo])t'/,  a);ain.st  Cnba 21)!) 

WalUcr's  t'X|i('(lition  a);ainht  Mexico  and  Central  America liOl 

Fenian    raids 'M)'.\ 

Kxpedition  in  aitl  of  the  Cuban  insurrection IJOfi 

Coni)daints  of  nii friendliness '.W'J 

Alli'j;ed  e\  idence  of  unfriendly  feeliiii; 151 1 

Complaints  of  unfriendi.\  eonduet IJL5 

AeUnowledj;nient   of   lielligeicney iUIJ 

VatKl ;u5 

Hantefenille... :nr> 

I'rofessor  lUnntscldi ;Ur> 

Mr.  Ifan.i lUH 

Tile  Saiitissinia  Trinidad 15 17 

AVliellier  acknowledgment   iirismatiire '.iVJ 

l»e((i;^niti<in  of  lielli<;ei-ency !524 

Course  |iursued  liy  foreiij,n  powers J524 

Question  ,is  to  confederate   vessels ',\Mi\ 

I)iscnssion  with  fiovernmeiit  of  the  Netlu^rlands I{2(i 

Correspondence,  witli    l?razil 'M\ 

Correspondence  with   S]iain IJlitJ 

Coirespondenct.'  with  French  j;overninent •i'M] 

Correspondence  with  Hiitisli  <roveriimeiit 'SM'> 

li'euulatiousof  .lliue  1,  Ir^tll ;{:{1) 

L'ejiulations  of  :!lst  January,  1^02 'XM) 

As  to  Nassau ." :M0 

Aliened  jiaitiality  as  to  coaliufj; 1544 

Su]ijilies  of  arms  olitained  fi<ini  (Iri'at  IJritain :i44 

Ships  olitained  fidm  (iicat  Uritain !{4() 

Steps  taken  liy  the  Hritisli  government 1547 

The  Hermuda". :{47 

The  (ieoifriaua I?48 

Vessels  ar  (ilasodw :i4<) 

The  I'hantom  and  Southerm'r.l ;!4i) 

The  Alexandra I'-.'iO 

The  South  Caioliua ;5')l 

The  CJiliraltar  or  Sumter 'iM 

Iron-dads  at  ISirkenhead I?')! 

The  Canton  or  Pampero '.i^yM 

Iron-clad  ram  at  Glasgow 'M>H 

The  Kappainmnock '.V)'.i 

The  Amiihion 1554 

The  Hawk ;5r)4 

Tim  Ajax,  the  Hercules,  the  Virginia,  tlie  Louisa  Ann  Fanny 354 

Anglo-Chinese  tleet '. \ ;5r)r> 

General  results '.\7yry 

Proceedings  of  other  govern meuts 356 

Brazil 356 

!,,,     Portugal 356 

IT — B 


TAHl.K    OF    CONTKNTM. 


I  \ .  ( )|>iiiii>iiM  ol'  till'  arltitratoi's — C.'oiiiiiiiii'il. 


1 


Fiiin 

'I'lir  StDiicwiill    

(.'i)iii|i|,'iiiils  (if  lilix'kiiili'-riiiiiiiii;; 
.S\iii|iiilhv  ill  tlm  ciilDiiics 


A|ilili(';ilii>ii  111  |iai'li<'iilar  vessels. 
The  FIdiidii 


At   liivci|)(iii 
At  Nassim .  . 


Allcjied   reeruitiiien)  dl'  wow 

l''l(iiiila  aCler  leavin;^  (li'eeii  Cay 

(^iiest  mil  as  to  ell'ec^t  ol"  yjoiii;;'  into  and  n'maiiiiii;f  at   Moldle 

Alter  Moliile 

(y'ase  (if  t lie  United  States  rx.  Del^niiiey 

(jMicstitin  wliellier  tlie  Fldiida  sluiuld  liave  lieeii  seized  (in  aj;aiii  eDininu. 

ill  I II  a  ISrilisli  pdrl, 

l''ill'i'el   (if  eiiniiiiissioiis  on  slilps  of  war . 

iSiiijis  of  war  exierriloiial 

Helfler 

Si-'  ]{.  IMiilliniore 

Ortolan . 


l!ase  of  t lie   ]';\elianjj(< 

C'oniinissioii  of  mere  lielli^jerent 

KU'ect  of  a  Helped  violation  of  iKMitral  teiritory 

llailtefeiiilU^ 

Ortolan 

Duty  (if  seiziny;  for  l)r(Ni(di  of  niiiniei|ial  law 

Duty  of  excliKlin;^  iVoiii  neutral  ports 

C'as(!  of  tlie  ('assitis 

Stay  of  lielli^^ei'ent  sliips  in  neutral  jiorts ;  siiitjilies  .if  coal  tiiere  . 

i'ower  of  neutral  sovereijj;!! 

\jA\v  as  asserteil  liyt  lie  Ignited  States 

VV'lietlier  coaliiij;  niaki^s  a  purr,  a  liasc  of  naval  o|tei'ations 

Iiij;lit  of  as  Imn 

Siil>ply  of  (Mai 

At  Nassau 


At  Nassau 

At  nai'lvidoes 

At,  Nassau   

At  Hermuda 

At  Mrest 

At  Martini(]ii(! 

Aiiain  at  liermnda     ...... 

The  Alabama 

At  liiverpool 

Alter  lea vinu;  Li ver))ool 

Arniin;>'  off  'I'erceira 

At  Martini(|ue. 

At  .Jamaica 

At  tlu!  Cape  of  (lood  1  lope 

In  the  east(M'ii   seas 

At  (Mierbonrj? 

TuHc^aloosa 

Ooorfiia 

Shenandoah 

At  Me]i)ourn(! 

Supi>ly  of  coal 

Meli)ourne  a  base  of  naval  operations. 

After  leaving;  Melbourne 

Suuiter 

At  Trinidad 

At  Gibraltar 


At  ]jiveri»ool 


Nasi)  vi  lie 


At  Hermuda 

At  Soutliami)ton . .. 
Afiain  at  H(!rnuida. 


Chickaniaiifja 
Tallaliassoi 


Ketribution 


IViU... 


:»:i<t 


:!(>: 
:<ii7 

■Kir. 
1(1.-. 
III.-. 
km; 
tilt; 


4(1- 

•1(11' 

Kill 

11(1 
•11(1 
tio 
411 
41'^ 
41W 

4l!> 

4i:{ 
414 

411; 

41T 
4lt> 
411^ 

4111 

4-24 

4-ir. 

4-27 

4;{(i 

4SA 
4:5:") 
4:»7 
4:nt 
4:{it 

44(i 
447 

4()(l 
4ti2 

4():'. 
4()(> 
4()8 
471 
472 

47:» 

477 
4H4 
4H!l 
4S>7 
4!>^ 

rio.-) 

;')()() 

oi;? 

51H 
519 

r)i!t 

527 
5J7 

5;ui 
5;n 


< 


'*^  SSBtsV" 


•i'Am,i:  or  cdN  tknts. 


\i 


356 

:uir> 
:»;(; 
:«)7 
:<(I7 

4(1.") 
4or. 

4IMi 

t(ii; 

4i»lt 
4(»U 
4111 
410 
410 
411 
41-^ 
41'^ 
41'^ 
4  in 
414 
41(; 
417 
4lf 
41H 
411> 

^•^'^ 

42") 
4-2". 
4'i7 

4:«> 

4-SA 

4:<r) 
4:$7 
4:ut 
4:«i 

440 
447 

4(;() 

4(ii> 
4(>:'. 
4tUi 
4(18 
471 
47'2 
47:> 
477 
4H4 
4H!» 
4!)7 
4'.>r^ 

rio.-) 

;")()() 

r.dc 

51H 
519 

r)i<» 

52-2 

r.27 

5.27 
5;U) 

5:u 


|\'.  (>]tiiiic(iiH  of  till'  ,irl)ili;itiiis  --('iiiitiimi'il. 

CuscH  III  \\  hi  I'll  <  ileal  Itnliiiii  lias  Imtm  hrlil  rt-spdiisihlc 

As  to  I  111-  a  waul  ol'  a  smii  in  yro.ss 

Amoiiiil   oT  claims 

( 'jail lis  lor  <'ost  ol  ]tiir.-*iiil  iinil  rapliirc 

(Question  of  <laina;;rs   

( 'laiiiis  loi'   iirospcrl  ivc  I'litch 

Claims  for  i^ros.s  fri'i;;lils 

|)oiililc  rlaims 

New  claims 

I'lopci'lN    (Icstl'oycd 

Values  of  \vlialiiij.;-\  csscls   

\' a  I  lies  of  mcl'cliaiil-vcHselM 

Claims  for  caijjoes   

(Claims  for  personal  etfeotH 

Claim  fo'  iiifert'Nt 

( 'oiicliisi        

V.  Reply  of  t.  secretary  of  Slate,  ackiio\vleil;;in;;  llie  receijit  of  llie  re|H(rt  of 
the  !i<;eiil  oi  .e  I'liiteil  Stales,  ami  eommeiilin<r  upon  tiie  o|)ini(>ii  of  tlic 
iti'liitrator  appoiiileil  liy  Her  Miitaiiiiic  Majesty 

AckliowledLiill;;  tlie  receipt  ol'  tile  re|iort 

The   I'lesiil   Ill's  .approval    ...      

The  action  of  the  arliitrators  on  tlm  indirect  claims •• 

Kntry  of  jndi^nient  on  the  iiulirect  claims 

KtVect  of  the  jiidiiiiienl 

The  award  of  the  frilinnal 

The  di;j;Mity  and  learnin;f  of  tiie  arhilrators  appi'int«ul  l»y  Italy,  Swit/erland. 

and   Hra/.il 

Mr.  AdaniN  itu'civcH  Hm  thanks  of  llor  '■•ritaiinic-  Majesty  and  of  the  I'nsi 

dent '....' 

The  dissent iiiif  opinion  of  Sir  .Mexaniler  Cockli  ,rn    ... 

This  opinion  not  read  or  made  known  to  his  col  leagues 

If  the  contents  had  been  known  it  shoiihl  li  ;ve  heeii  objected  to 

Sir  A.  Cockbiini  |)rofi!sses  to  speak  as  the  re]>resentiilive  of  (Sreat  Mritain.. 
Resume  of  the  |»ositionHhe  maintains  as  the  rcpresentati\  tMif  (Jreal  Mritain. 
Etl'ect  of  tilt)  controversy  in  detininjj;  neutral  ri<;hts  and  ol»li;fations   ...    ... 

Till!  importance  of  notinj;   the  views  of  tiie   representative   of  ihe    Mritish 

jjovcrnmnnt 

VI.  Report  of  the  (counsel  of  the  United  States 

VII.  Ai»pendix  :  Opinions  of  statesmen,  majjaziiuvs,  anil  Journals  of  (Jrcat  Hritain 
and  the  oontinenl  on  the  construction  of  the  treaty  of  W'ashinjiliui 


.'>:((; 
5:mi 
5:c 
r.:{7 
:t:i7 
,^:t7 
'.:(!» 
.-.;«> 

.")4lt 
540 
541 
541 
.541 
54a 
5  l-J 
544 


54.'. 
545 
545 
545 
.54(1 
.54(i 
.54(; 

5»(; 

.'.4(1 
.54(1 
.54(1 
54(1 
547 
547 
54-^ 

.540 

550 

.551 


[ -REPORT  OF  J.  C.  BANCROFT  DAVIS,  AGENT  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 


li  E  r  ()  ]t  T 


Actini.  of  juail 
hii{h  rnininiHHinii  on 
tlif  iii»iirt'(jt  rlditas. 


Mr.  Davis  to  Mr.  Fisli. 

Paris,  September  21,  1872.     (Received  October  10,  1872.) 
Sir:  I  transmit  herewith,  in  a  separate  inclosuro,  the  original  award 
of  the  tribunal  of  arbitration,  and,  in  another  separate  in-    A«,r,i.in,i  prou 
closure,  the  original  protocols  of  the  conferences.  c.utran.m.tie,i. 

Having  now  conducted  to  fi  successful  termination  the  interests  in- 
trusted to  me  by  the  President,  1  respectfully  ask  permission  to  make  a 
statement  respecting  thon. 

At  the  conference  of  the  joint  high  commissioners  at  AVashington,  in 
vhich  the  subject  of  the  Alabama  claims  was  first  consid- 
ered, the  American  commissioners,  in  their  oi)euing  state- 
ment,detined  the  demands  of  the  United  States  against  Great 
Britain,  growing  out  of  the  acts  of  the  Alabama,  aiul  the  other  cruisers, 
which  were  to  be  the  subject  of  the  negotiations,  in  the  following  lan- 
guage, viz: 

Extoiisivt'  direct  Iohhos  in  the  ciiptur'j  anil  (Ifstrnction  of  a  lari;!'  n-iiubiM'  of  vcs.sel«, 
with  tlit'ir  (iar^joes,  and  in  the  heavy  national  expenditure  in  till)  itnrsnit      „   .     ,  ,„     , 
ot"  the  ciiiiseivs ;  and  indirect  injury  in  the  transfer  of  a  hir<;e  part  of  the  w\.  .mj  st.u-mcnf' 
American  coiuinercial  nuirine  to  the  British  Ihijjf,  in  the  cnlianeed  pay-  "'  '•''"""• 
nient  of  insurance,  in  the  prolongation  of  th(>  war,  and  in  tiic  addition  of  a  largo  sum 
to  the  cost  of  the  war  and  the  suppression  of  the  rehellion. 

At  the  same  time  they  indicated  the  manner  in  which  some  of  these 
claims  could  be  substantiated,  viz:  the  claims  for  the  loss  and  destruc- 
tion of  private  property  in  the  ordinary  ma'iner;  the  cost  of  the  pursuit 
of  the  cruisers  "  by  certiticates  of  Government  accounting  oflicers,"  and 
what  they  styled  "  indirect  losses"  by  estimates.  All  the  subsequent 
negotiations  proceeded  from  this  starting  point. 

It  has  been  shown,  beyond  possible  question,  in  the  argument  of  Gen- 
eral Gushing,  Mr.  Evarts,  and  Mr.  Waite,  presented  to  the  ,„  h.m.ony  «itu 
tribunal  on  the  15th  of  June  last,  that  this  definition  of  our  anpr  >'™^'"^^'i''- 
claims  was  in  strict  accordance  with  all  previous  negotiations  between 
the  two  governments,  with  the  action  of  the  Senate  of  the  United  States, 
and  with  the  official  expressions  of  the  President  to  Congress. 

The  P»ritish  members  of  the  joint  high  commission  took  no  exception 
to  the  definition  when  it  was  made  by  their  American  col-  Nne„,i>mnMke,. 
leagues.    They  acquiesced  in  it.  «.m„-r». 

VVlien  I  had  the  honor  to  receive  the  directions  of  the  President  to 
prepare  the  Case  of  the  United  States  for  submission  to  tin 


Dpfinitidti  of  "All!- 


tribunal,  I  regarded  myself  as  bound  by  the  definition  of  the  p";;;;,!;.!;'',";!,.';^';;" 

words  "Alabama  Claims"  which  the  American  commission-  ' """'•, 

ers  had  given  in  the  opening  conference,  which  they  had  adhered  to 
throughout  the  negotiations,  and  which  Iiad  been  placed  in  the  protocol 
IB 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


Preparntion  of  <•»!*<' 


Pr'TatP  claims  rlii 
•  ihi'ct  HH  ttidirt-'ct. 


His  lulelilj-. 


by  the  joint  mttot  all  the  commissioners.  I  looked  in  vain  in  the  treaty 
for  any  waiver  or  remission  of  those  claims.  On  the  contrary,  I  founll 
an  express  i)rovision  that  the  United  States  were  to  have  the  judgment 
of  the  tribunal  on  ali  their  claims  growing  out  of  the  acts  of  the 
cruisers. 

The  question  was  a  practical  one :  for  the  claims  fc '  "  enhanced  rates 
of  insurance"  were  among  those  which  had  been  clas8ifie<l 
as  "indirect"  in  the  statement,  which  had  received  the  ap- 
proval of  all  the  members  of  the  joint  high  commission. 
Many  claims  of  this  character  were  presented  at  the  Department  of 
State,  and  a  circular  was  issued,  under  the  immediate  direction  of  the 
Secretary  of  State,  informing  claimants  that  all  claims  growing  out  of 
the  acts  of  the  cruisers  would  be  presented  to  the  tribunal,  leaving  that 
body  to  determine  on  their  merits. 

It  was  impossible  for  me  to  prepare  the  Case  and,  at  the  same  time,  to 
Kmpi.jiMeniorMr.  dircct  iu  pcrsou  the  details  of  the  arrangement  of  the  evi 
"'•"""■  dence  respecting  the  national  and  individual  claims.    Mr. 

Charles  C.  Eeaman,  jr.,  of  New  York,  was  employed  to  do  the  latter, 
under  general  directions  from  me,  and  did  his  work  with 
admirable  fidelity.  Thus  the  evidence  already  collected, 
together  with  imjwrtant  new  materials  from  the  archives  of  tlie  several 
Departments,  and  the  proof  of  the  losses  sufl'ered  by  individual  claim- 
ants, were  arranged  and  stated  in  the  nuumer  marked  out  b^'  the  Ameri- 
can members  of  the  joint  high  commission,  viz: 

1.  The  evidence  oilered  by  individual  claimants  for  the  loss  and  de 
struction  of  property  and  for  enhanced  rates  of  insurance 
was  analyzed  and  tabulated,  and  a  full  abstract  of  each  case 

was  prepared  by  the  clerks. 

2.  The  national  claims  for  the  pursuit  of  the  cruisers  were  stated  and 
tabulated  at  the  Xavy  Department,  and  were  inserted  by  us  exactly  as 
received  from  that  Department. 

3.  No  proof  was  ofi'ered  of  the  national  losses  by  the  transfer  of  the 
commercial  marine,  or  by  the  prolongation  of  the  war,  but  they  were 
left  to  be  estimated  oy  the  tribunal  of  arbitration,  should  Great  Britain 
be  found  responsible  for  them. 

The  Case,  which  was  reserved  for  my  own  work,  was  constructed  on 
the  following  theories  of  fact  and  of  law — theories  which 
rar,.-p ?'".','",".'!  have  received  the  sanction  of  the  eminent  counsel  of  the 
..aopu.i.  United  States ;  which  have  been  adhered  to  in  all  the  argu- 

ments, and  which  have,  to  no  small  extent,  been  adopted  by  the  arl)i- 
trators : 

(«)  That  the  tribunal  of  arbitration  was  a  judicial  body,  substituted 

Ti.rtnimnaiaju   by  tlic  partlcs  to  takc  the  ])lace  of  force,  and  empowered 

diiwibmiy.  ^^j  ^,.y  ry^^^\  determine  issues  which  otherwise  could  be  settled 

(if  at  all)  only  by  war. 

(&.)  That  the  injuries  of  the  Uiiiti'd  States  should  be  stated,  therefore, 

with  the  fullness  necessarv  to  a  determination  in  a  court  of 


Arrnngrnu'iU  of  tli 
eviUente, 


('asp  to   hf 
frank  I   . 


Iav7,  and  with  the  same  frankness  with  which  they  would  be 
stated  in  case  of  an  appeal  to  fore*'.  1  did  not  think  that  the  United 
States  could  obtain  full  justice  at  the  hands  of  the  arbitrators  if  any  ap- 
jneciable  part  of  their  wrongs  were  left  untold. 

(c.)  That  the  government  of  Great  Britain,  by  its  indiscreet  haste  in 
counselling  the  Queen's  i)roc]amation  recognizing  the  in- 
surgents as  belligerents,  by  its  ])reconcerted  joint  action 
with  France  resi)ecting  the  declarations  of  the  congress  of 
Paris,  by  its  refusal  to  take  steps  for  the  amendment  of  its 


Tufiipnclty  roMr«;i' 
(d'  Grt'iit  Bntitiu  >uhI 
B  r  i  t  i  H  li  nM)ii!«t(>)>. 
Wfinl    ot      diT    djli- 


KEPOKT    OF    THE    AGENT   OF    THK    UNITED    STATES. 


the  treaty 
y,  I  found 
judgment 
its  of  the 

Qced  rates; 
I  classified 
ed  the  ap- 
nimission. 
irtment  ot 
ion  of  the 
ing  out  of 
iving  that 

le  time,  to 
)f  the  evi 
lims.  Mr. 
the  hitter, 
work  with 
collected, 
he  several 
ual  claim- 
:he  Ameri- 

•ss  and  de- 
insurance 
i  each  ease 


tated  and 
exactly  as 

er  of  the 
ley  were 
it  Britain 

ucted  on 
ies  which 
el  of  the 
the  argu- 
the  arbi- 

bstituted 
powered 
)e  settled 

herefore, 
court  of 
would  be 
United 
f  any  ap- 

haste  in 

the  in- 

Jt  action 

jigress  of 

Int  of  its. 


\\'h:a  ;i(iM  111  «ul>- 
i.iriliiritc-*  ;i  rovitii- 
iDi-tit  ni>t  rt-^poMAibte 
l..r. 


neutrality  laws,  by  its  refraining  for  so  long  a  time  from  seizing  the 
rams  at  Liverpool,  by  its  conduct  in  the  affair  of  the  Trent,  and  by  its 
approval  of  the  course  of  its  colonial  officers  at  various  times;  and  that 
the  individual  members  of  the  government,  by  their  open  and  frequent 
expressions  of  sympathj'  with  the  insurgents,  and  of  desires  for  their 
success,  had  v?xhibited  an  ur:friendly  feeling,  which  might  att'eet  their 
own  course,  .and  could  not  but  aft'ect  the  action  of  their  subordinates; 
and  that  all  this  was  a  want  of  the  "due  diligence"  in  the  observance 
of  neutral  duties  which  is  required  at  once  by  the  treaty  and  by  inter- 
national law. 

It  seemed  to  me  that  such  facts,  when  proved,  imbued  with  the  char- 
acter of  culpable  negligence  many  acts  of  subonlinates  in 
the  British  service  for  which,  otherwise,  the  government 
might  not  be  held  responsible;  as,  for  instance,  acts  of  the 
collector  of  customs  at  Liveri)ool  respecting  tha  Florida  and  the  Ala- 
bama; acts  of  the  authorities  at  Nassau  respecting  the  arming  of  the 
Floridii  at  Green  Bay,  and  subsequently  respecting  lier  supplies  of  coal; 
acts  of  the  authorities  at  Bermuda  respecting  the  Florida;  and  acts  of 
the  authorities  at  ^[elbourne  respecting  the  Shenandoah.  There  were 
many  such  acts  of  subordinates  which,  taken  individually  and  by  them- 
selves, would  not  form  a  Just  basis  for  holding  culpable  a  government 
which  was  honestly  and  witli  vigilance  striving  to  perform  its  duty  as 
a  neutral ;  but  which,  taken  in  connection  with  each  other,  and  with  the 
proofs  of  animus  which  we  offered,  establish  culpability  in  the  gov- 
ernment itself. 

{d.)  That  the  insurgents  established  and  maintained,  unmolested 
throughout  the  ilisurrection,  administrative  bureaus  on 
British  soil,  by  means  of  which  the  several  cruisers  werr 
dispatched  from  British  i)orts,  or  were  enabled  to  make  them 
bases  of  hostile  operations  against  the  United  States,  and 
that  the  British  government  was  cognizant  of  it. 

(e.)  That  Great  Britain,  from  the  outset,  denied,  and  to  the  last  per- 
sisted in  denying,  that  the  departure  of  vessels  like  the    „,i,i,|,  j„„,,  „, 
Alabama  and  the  Florida,  under  any  cinnimstances,  could  ''''""'* 
be  a  breach  of  international  duty ;  and  had  refused  to  exercise  diligence 
to  prevent  such  departure. 

(/.)  That  in  point  of  fact  no  such  diligence  had  been  exercised ;  and 
that,  while  there  were  i^articular  facts  as  to  each  vessel,  tending  to  fix 
responsibility  upon  Great  Britain,  these  general  indisputable  facts  were 
sufiicient  to  carry  responsibility  for  the  acts  of  all  the  cruisers. 

The  treatment  of  this  line  of  argument  exhausted  five  chapters  of  the 
(-ase.  Tliese  five  chapters  were  printed  in  a  memorandum 
form,  and  were  submitted  to  several  gentlemen,  some  of  \y.n"'T>''"^l"lM' 
whose  names  I  may  mention  without  violating  confidence; 
only  remarking,  in  justice  to  them,  that  they  should  not  be  held  respon- 
sible for  the  views  in  this  part  of  the  Case,  by  reason  of  having  read 
it  in  advance. 

1.  They  were  sent  to  President  AVoolsey,  who  made  many 
valuable  suggestions,  most  of  which  were  adopted. 

2.  Mr.  William  Beach  Lawrence,  the  eminent  publicist,  permitted  me 
to  consult  him,  not  oidy  after  these  chapters  were  Vtritten, 
but  also  during  their  composition.     I  did  not  adopt  his  well- 
known  views  respecting  the  Queen's  proclamation  and  the  unfriendli- 
ness of  the  British  cabinet;  nor  do  I  suppose  that  he,  knowing  my  coi. 
victions  to  be  otherwise,  had  any  idea  that  I  would  ado[)t  them.     1  did, 
however,  receive  from  him  valuable  hints,  which  improved  the  work. 


Maiiitt'nance  of  in 
rttirniMil  ndinini'*tra- 
tivf  b  u  r  Hii  It  H  (til 
i'..'tis|i  Kuil  ii  want 
ot  ,iiR'  dihgi'nre. 


lidi'iit  Wonlj-ey 


Mr. 
reiHc, 


ARniTKATlOX    AT    GENEVA. 


Mr.    K.   K.  li'iM, 


MibmiUeil  lor  iul\  u  ••. 


Nn  claiiii  iii.iilf  (nr 
ii  iirirtiriiliir  sinii  Inr 
nnlirt'rl  tl;itM;i«''>  - 
tnhunjil  :isk'*«i  \u 
t'-liin;iti'. 


3.  Mr.  E.  K.  Hoar,  one  of  the  ineuiber.s  of  the  Joint  hi^li  commission, 
read  these  chapters  at  my  request,  and  expressed  his  gen- 
eral approval.    J  think  that  he  made  several  suggestions, 

and  that  all  were  udoi)ted. 

4.  The  veteran  statesman  and  scholar,  (ieneral  Cushing,  made  several 

valuable  contri1)utions,  all  of  whicii  were  embodied  in  the 

(ii-MliT:iI  f'll.-linn.  , 

woik. 

5.  The  different  members  of  the  Cabinet  were  consulted,  and,  so  far 

as  they  made  suggestions,  their  views  were  adopted.     It  is 
within  your  own  knowledge  that  I  received  several  valuable 
contributions  or  hints  from  you. 

It  was  not  until  I  had  thus  received  and  acted  on  the  advice  of  a  wide 
circle  of  statesmen,  jurists,  and  publicists,  competent  to  criticise  the 
work,  of  whose  patriotic  desire  to  have  the  interests  of  their  country 
represented  with  dignity  at  Geneva  no  one  could  doubt,  that  the  final 
chai)ter  of  the  work  was  written.  This  chapter  contained  the  formal 
statement  of  the  claims  submitted  for  adjudication  under 
the  treaty.  Among  them  were  those  which  have  since  be- 
(!ome  known  as  "the  indirect  (ilaims."  To  prevent  misapprehension  it 
should  be  sai<l  that  this  chai»ter  was  not  sent  out  for  criticism  as  the 
others  had  been.  The  statements  were  presented  in  the  exact  language  of 
the  protocol  made  by  the  two  parties  jointly  for  the  pur[>ose  of  defining 
the  claims  to  be  submitted  to  the  tribunal.  Tliey  were  accompanied  by 
references  to  the  i)roofs  respecting  the  individual  claims,  and  the  national 
claims  for  the  ])ursuit  of  the  cruisers;  and  with  a  request 
that  the  tribunal  would  estimate  the  natiQual  losses  in  the 
transfer  of  the  commercial  marine,  and  in  the  prolongation 
of  the  war.  And,  in  order  that  the  statement  might  be  com- 
plete, some  reasons  were  added  whj-,  should  the  tribunal  be  of  opinion 
tiiat  (heat  IJritain  was  responsible  for  the  ])rolongation  of  the  war,  the 
l)rolongation  should  be  diued  irom  July,  1803. 
The  Case,  as  thus  revised,  was  reprinted,  and  was,  in  accordance  Avith 
iviv.ry  of  ii„  the  terms  of  the  treaty,  taken  to  Geneva,  and  there  de- 
'"'*'""'"'  livered  to  the  arbitrators  and  to  the  British  agent  in  the 
official  English,  (and  also  in  a  French  translation,  made  for  the  con- 
venience of  the  arbitrators,)  together  with  seven  volumes  of  accom- 
panying documents,  correspondence  ^ud  evidence. 
Tl»e  fa(^ts  which  were  disclosed  in  the  Case  were,  undoubtedly,  such  as 
The  languiBc  „,  callcd  for  tlic  rcprobatiou  of  j ust- thiukiug  pcrsous  but  these 
ti,.  c,,.,^ .„,.!.  facts  were  told,  so  far  as  I  was  able  to  do  so,  in  simple  and 
temperate  language,  without  harshness  or  violence.  Nothing  couUl 
have  been  further  from  my  expectations  than  the  outburst  whicli  'fol- 
lowed. 
In  about  a  fortnight  after  we  left  Geneva,  it  began  to  be  said  in  the 
London  newspapers  that  the  good  faith  of  the  British 
government  was  called  in  question  in  the  American  Case, 
and  soon  the  whole  press,  with  the  exception  of  the  newspaper  univer- 
sally recognized  as  the  leading  journal,  opened  an  attack  upon  the 
chapter  on  unfriendliness. 

The  Stand.ard  thought  we  had  "sacrificed  the  consistency  and  dig- 
nity of  our  pleadings  to  satisfy  popular  prejudice  at  home."  The  Tele- 
graph spoke  of  the  "  effrontery"  with  which  the  American  demands 
were  set  forth,  and  said  that  "  it  must  bo  borne  in  mind  that  General 
Grant  seeks  re-election."  The  Saturday  Review  spoke  of  the  narrative 
as  "perverted  and  spiteful,"  and  "a  malignant  composition,"  and  said  that 
"  if  the  Americans  wish  to  express  still  more  hostile  feelings,  they  must 


CfMnnii'ntr' 
British  prrs^ 


Clf    lli^ 


KEPOKT    OF    THE    AGENT    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


5 


mission, 
his  gen- 
fcstions, 

'.  several 
I  ill  the 

1,  so  far 
il.  It  is 
valuable 

)f  a  wide 
icise  the 
country 
the  final 
a  formal 
111  under 
since  be- 
nision  it 
m  as  the 
guage  of 
defining 
anied  by 
national 
,  request 
BS  in  the 
ongation 
t  be  com- 
opinioii 
war,  the 

lice  with 
here  de- 

in  the 
the  con- 

accom- 

,  sncli  fis 
)ut  these 
I  pie  and 
g  could 
lich  'fol- 

d  in  the 
BritisU 

in  Case, 
univer- 

pon  the 

and  dig- 
he  Tele- 
leraands 
General 
arrative 
said  that 
ey  must 


\,Ii..r,  .,1   th-  liiilut) 

iV.-IIMIll'III. 


discontinue  verbal  controversy."'  The  Pall-Mall  Gazette,  usually  fair 
and  courteous,  though  hostile,  charged  that  the  claims  had  been  bought 
up  by  "American  legislators  and  officers  of  state  oven  among  the  higher 
and  more  influential  grade."  The  Spectator  charged  us  with  "sharp 
practice,"  and  "  a  discreditable  forcing  of  the  natural  moaning  of  the 
treaty  in  order  to  win  popularity  at  the  elections."  The  Daily  News 
<;alled  the  claims  "extravagant  demands  intended  as  an  electioneering 
card,"  and  com[)laiiied  thai  the  case  was  a  "  long  and  passionate  plead- 
ing," in  which  "chapter  after  chapter  is  devoted  to  the  presumed  mo- 
tives of  our  [British]  public  men." 

In  fact,  fault  was  found  indiscriminately  with  nearly  everything  in 
the  Case  except  the  one  thing  afterward  made  the  main  subject  of  com- 
plaint, namely,  the  allegation  that  it  contained  demainls  which  were  not 
included  in  the  submission  in  the  treaty.  That  was  an  objection  which 
did  not  appear  in  the  British  jiress  until  weekii  after  the  exchange  of 
the  documents  at  Geneva,  and,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  was  not  taken  by 
any  person  entitled  to  speak  by  the  authority  of  the  government  until 
a  still  later  day. 

Even  as  late  as  the  middle  of  Jaiuiary  negotiations  were  going  on 
between  the  respective  agents  and  counsel  regarding  the 
times  and  the  manner  of  making  sui)plemental  arguments 
at  Geneva,  (should  the  tribunal  call  for  any,)  without  an  intimation  that 
there  might  be  a  difference  as  to  the  subjects  to  be  argued.  It  was  not 
until  the  3d  of  February  that  the  niiuistiy  announced  officially  that 
they  had  not  anticipated  that  theclaims  which  have  im])roperly  become 
known  as  the  "  indirect  claims"  would  be  ])resented  at  (Jeneva. 

Indeed,  there  is  some  evidence  that  the  llritish  government  was  occu- 
pied with  the  parts  of  the  Case  wMiich  had  offeuded  the  Brit- 
ish press  ;  for  I  gather  from  General  Schenck's  telegram  of 
the  liTth  of  rebruary,  reporting  to  you  an  interview  with  Lord  Gran- 
ville, that  the  cabinet  had  under  consideration  atone  tinM»  the  i»ropriety 
of  asking  for  the  absolute  withdrawal  of  the  Aniericau  Case,  on  other 
grounds  than  its  presentation  of  the  "  indirect  claims."' 

For  several  weeks,  I  may  say  months,  the  London  press  continued  to 
<liscuss  our  national  claims.  This  discussion  was  conducted  „|„„;„„.  or  u,.. 
witii  a  vehemence,  and  with  insinuations  or  charges  of  bad  !;:;;;i',i;;uVillI'Lv,,';'i 
faith,  which  attracted  the  attention  of  the  Continental  ^""'■ 
press.  In  all  the  i)rincipal  capitals  of  Europe,  the  Alabama  claims  be- 
came ihe  subject  of  comment.  The  unanimity  of  the  verdict  in  favor 
of  our  construction  of  the  treaty  was  as  complete  as  was  the  unanimity 
of  the  English  press  in  favo*r  of  Great  Britain,  and  it  was  universally 
conceded  that  England  could  not  retire  from  the  arbitration  without  dis- 
honor.    I  inclose  a  variety  of  extracts  on  this  subject. 

During  all  this  time  I  was  occupied  in  Paris  in  the  prei)arati()n  of 
the  counter-case,  and  the  other  duties  of  the  agency.  On  |.;„h:.n«H  „r  tu- 
the  loth  of  April  I  was  able  to  coini)ly  with  the  recpiire-  ■"""■'"*■" 
nients  of  the  treaty  and  the  directions  of  the  tribunal  by  delivering 
the  counter-case  Jind  accompanying  documents  to  i\Ir,  Favrot  for  the 
British  agent  and  for  the  arbitrators.     The  volume  of  evidence  acconi- 


Coiit.-inlil.ilfil  I-.- 
u-'^t  liir  v^  il)i(lt\twjil 
1  t  lif  AiiH'i  i.Mti  cast' 


'  "Ho  [FiOrd  Cilraiu'illo]  thcMi  said  to  mo  that  i'l  liis  noto  of  tho  M  lie  had  Htated  tho, 
views  of  Her  Majowty's  governnient  as  to  indiroct  tiaiiiis  ;  that  thoro  woro  other  por- 
tious  of  [tho]  Aiiioricaii  Case  they  rej^ret,  and  souio  of  which  appear  to  introduce  niat- 
ters  not  yerniane  toreferenco  ;  that  he  has  not  been  abh'  to  consult  eabin('t  Iuto,  hut  ix 
individual  I  If  preparvd  to  recommaid  to  tlicm,  and  he  thiiikx  with  rcanonahle  expectation  of  .«;«<■- 
cess,  that  they  should  not  presn  for  u-ithdrawal  of  American  Cane  if  the  (lorcrnmcnt  of  the 
United  Statcx,^^  &.K,,  &c. — (Correspondence  resiiectins  Oeneva  Arbiti'ation,  pa^e  f».) 


6 


ARBITRATIOX    AT    GKNEVA. 


panying  the  eoiinter-case  was  selected  and  arranged  under  the  directions 
of  tlie  counsel.  At  the  same  time  1  delivered  French  ti  anslati  us  of 
these  documents,  and  also  two  volumes  containing  French  translsttions 
of  selected  ])ieces  from  the  seven  volumes  of  evidence  submitted  with 
the  case  in  December. 
This,  and  much  of  the  subsequent  work,  could  Jiot  have  been  eom- 

in,in»try  and  7.™i  pletcd  lu  scasou  Ih'ul  uot  the  secietaries  been  willing,  when 
„i  ih.  .,«r.iur,.».     ealled  upon,  to  work  day  and  night  for  the  purpose. 

Lord  Tenterden  met  me  at  Geneva  in  April  with  unreserve,  and  in  the 

fv„,„iiv  vi ,1  spirit  of  conciliation.     Under  instructions  from  his  govorn- 

ii.i  lint,  h  H«.  „i.  j„ent,  he  lodged  with  the  secretary  of  the  tribunal  a  notice 
to  the  individual  arbitrators  of  the  action  taken  by  Her  Majesty's  gov- 
ernment on  the  od  of  February,  in  order  that  the  act  of  filing  the  British 
counter  case  should  not  be  deemed  to  be  a  waiver  of  that  action.  IJut  ho 
did  not  conceal  his  own  strong  desire  to  save  the  treaty,  and  he  left  on  my 
mind  the  conviction  that  the  judicial  solution  which  the  tribunal  sub- 
sequently made  of  the  ])()litical  diflleulty  raised  by  the  liritish  note  of 
the  .'id  of  Februa""  would  be  accepted  by  the  JJritish  government. 
The  time  between  the  IHth  of  April  and  the  loth  of  June  was  occu- 
pied by  the  counsel  in  the  prei)aration  of  their  argument. 
thp.'oun"rn«'',',.i'''i  This  argument  has  attracted  great  attention  throughout 
a»  .m»ter:j.  Europc,  uud  luis  rcccivcd  universal  praise  as  a  masterly  vin- 

dication of  our  rights. 
On  the  15th  of  June  the  tribunal  re-assembled,  the  agents  an«l  counsel 

rn.tp,isi„tt-.,su-  on  both  sides  being  present.  The  argument  of  the  United 
,mntiii,,i  states  was  duly  delivered,  (together  with  the  French  trans- 

lation made  for  the  convenience  of  the  arbitrators;)  but  the  liritisli 

nnti.i,  nmvi.  f„r  ageu t,  lustcad  of  fiUug  tlic  Brltislj  argument,  asked  for  an  ad- 
io,.si.,u.."n„,Rnt.  jouiniiient  of  several  months,  in  order  to  enable  the  two 
governments  to  arrange  politically  the  questions  in  dispute. 

I  had  already  discussed  with  General  (Wishing  the  probability  of  ad- 

(on^qmnt  iiHg...  .justiMg  tlicsc  dittcrences  by  the  action  of  the  tribunal.  In- 
""■'""•  stead  of  assenting  to  the  proposed  adjournment,  1  therefore, 

with  the  full  coiuairrence  of  the  counsel,  asked  for  an  adjournment  of  two 
days,  i/i  order  to  give  us  time  to  consi(ler  the  position.  P.efore  the  tri- 
bunal e i>nvened  again,  steps  were  taken  for  removing  the  difticulty" 
through  the  action  of  that  body.  In  the  proceedings  which  followed  wo 
acted  as  a  unit  on  our  side.  Happily  they  resulted  in  a  solution  by 
the  tribunal,  which  proved  to  be  acceptable  to  both  governments.    The 

A,,j, tiononih.  arbitrators  annouiuied  their  qjnnion  that  the  claims  known 

uuiirmohiims.  jj  ^^^^,  JDdii'oct  claims  did  not  constitute,  on  principles  of 
international  law  api/licable  to  such  cases,  good  and  sufficient  founda- 
tion for  an  awaid  of  compensation  or  computation  of  damages  between 
nations.  On  the  side  ofCJreat  J'.ritain  the  solution  was  a  practical  one; 
no  damages  were  to  be  awarded  for  this  clars  of  claims.  On  our  side 
the  solution  was  reached  in  the  mannei'  i)ointed  out  by  the  treaty,  viz, 
by  the  action  of  the  co.irt.  On  the  suggestion  of  the  other  side,  this 
unofficial  act  was  then  formally  enteied  as  an  official  judgment,  in  the 
following  language: 

Coimt  Sclopis,  on  behalf  of  fill  tlie  arbitrator.s,  then  (h^chued  that  rlie  .suiil  Hovcral 
oLaiiiiH  for  in»lii<'(t  losses  nuMitioned  in  the,  statiiiiient  made  by  the  aj^ent  of  the  United 
States  on  the  2'Ah  instant,  and  referred  to  in  the  statement  jnst  made  by  the  asout  of 
Her  Britannic  Majesty,  arc,  and  from  luMieeforth  will  be,  wlnilly  exelnded  from  the 
eonsideration  of  the  Tribnnal,and  directed  the  secretary  to  embody  tins  declaration  in 
the  protocol  of  this  day's  proceedings. 


REPORT    OF   THK    AGENT    OF    THE    UMTED    STATES. 


iiirections 
hit!  lis  of 
luslations 
ttod  with 

•o(M>  coni- 
ng, when 

0. 

nd  in  tlic 
s  govorii- 
1  fi  notice 
5ty's  gov- 
le  British 
.  But  ho 
eft  on  my 
una!  sub- 
li  note  of 
ent. 

vas  occu- 
rgumeut. 
roughout 
terly  vin- 

l  counsel 
e  United 
ch  trans- 
3  British 
or  an  ad- 
the  two 

y  of  ad- 

nal.    In- 

lierefore, 

it  of  two 

the  tri  • 

iftlculty 

owed  w«i 

ution  bv 

ts.    The 

known 

iples  of 

fonnda- 

ictweeii 

cal  one 5 

our  side 

:ity,  viz, 

(le,  tliis 

,  in  the 

I  (SO  vera  I 
o  United 
iisout  of 
from  the 
ration  in 


li 


b'>tl)   Hid*H. 


i'.ritixh  nrsmiM'fi', 
fi1«>d  Motion  tor  I'lii 
V.uT  ;irt,'uriiont. 


In  all  theye  proceedings,  I  found  the  British  agent  and 
counsel  sharing  our  sincere  and  earnest  desire  to  save  the 
treaty. 

The  British  urgunient  was  next  filed,  with  my  consent,  and  an  effort 
was  then  made  on  their  side  to  reopen  argument  and  secure 
a  new  hearing  on  the  whole  (piestion.    This  was  success- 
'uUy  resisted,  and  the  tribunal  took  a  recess  for  a  fortnight. 

On  Monday,  the  loth  of  July,  it  reassembled.    The  etforts  on  the 

)wrt  of  (iicat  Britain  to  .secure  re-argument  were  renewed.    The  neutral 

arbitrators  said  that  they  had  examined  the  whole  case,  and  that  they 

wanted  ik)  re-hearing,      It  was  decided  by  tlie  tribunal  to  give  the 

oi>inioii  of  tiie  arliitratois  sei-iatim  on  each  cruiser,  beginning  with  the 

•l-'lorida. 

Sir  Alexander  Cockburn  presented  the  facts  and  reasoning  atVc'^^ing 
rliis   vessel   at  an   extreme  length,  holding  (heat  Britain     ,„„„„„„  o,,  ti, . 
Vee  of  blame.  ,  The  other  arbitrators  held  her  responsible,  '^'""'''■ 
reserving,  however,  the  question  as  to  the  eft'ect  of  a  commission. 

Sir  Alexander  Cockburn,  then,  in  vigorous  language,  and  with 
great  warmtli  of  manner,  urged  tlie  tribunal  to  permit  an  argument 
upon  the  meaning  of  the  words  "  due  diligence,"  upon  the  effect  of  a 
commission,  and  upon  the  law  respecting  the  supplies  of  coal.  The 
tribunal  granted  the  request.  I  was,  myself,  in  favor  of  allowing  further 
arguments,  within  some  defined  scope.  1  thought  that  we  had  nothing 
to  lose  by  an  argument,  in  whi(;h  we.  had  the  reiily,  in  the  hands  of  such 
:iiasters  of  discussion  as  General  (Jushing,  Mr.  Evarts,  and  Mr.  Waitc. 

The  hearings  were  ordered,  and,  before  the  dissolution  of  the  tribu 
lal,  arguments  had  been  made  (alwavs  on  the  suggestion 

of  England)  on  the  following  points,  the  British  counsel   '"' ..-..i-.  ur.i,.,v.i 

'eading  and  ours  following:  1,  on  the  meaning  of  the  words 
"due  diligence;"  2,  on  the  effect  of  a  commission  on  the  offending  vessel; 
.!.  on  supplies  of  coal;  4,  on  the  recruitment  of  men  for  the  Shenandoah, 
at  Melbourne;  5,  on  the  effect  of  the  entry  of  the  Florida  into  the  port 
of  Mobile ;  (I,  on  the  subject  of  interest ;  7,  on  the  general  subject  of  the 
statement  of  claims.  These  arguments  were  presented  generally  both 
hi  the  English  and  the  French  languages. 

The  protocols  which  accompany  this  dispatcii  show  the  order  in  which 
tiieso  various  papers  were  delivered,  and  the  order  in  which  the  arbitra- 
tors considered  the  various  cruisers.  It  was  not  until  after  the  argu- 
ments on  the  first  four  subjects  that  the  formal  votes 
required  by  the  treaty  were  taken  separately  upon  the 
responsibility  of  Great  Britain  as  to  each  cruiser.  The  tribunal  decided 
unanimously  that  there  was  responsibility  for  the  a(;ts  of  the  Alabama. 
Count  Sclopis,  j\[r.  Stiimiilli,  and  Mr.  Adams  held  that  there  was  re- 
sponsibility for  the  acts  of  the  Shenandoah  after  leaving  jMelbourne, 
but  not  before.  Great  JJritain  was  released  from  resiKinsibility  as  to  tin- 
other  vessels,  except  the  Florida ;  3rr.  Adams  holding  that  there  was 
responsibility  for  the  acts  of  the  lletribution,  and  3lr.  Sti'im])lli  holding 
ilirit  there  was  responsibility  for  the  acts  of  that  vessel  only  so  far  as 
related  to  the  I'mily  Fisher.  The  formal  vote  on  the  Florida  was  taken 
at  a  subsequent  conference,  after  agument  by  counsel  on  the  special 
question  of  the  effect  of  the  entry  into  Mibile.  Count  Sclopis,  Viscount 
d'ltajuba,  Mr.  Stiimpfli,  and  Mr.  Adams  held  there  was  responsibility 
for  her  acts. 

The  deliberations  of  the  tribunal,  on  the  subject  of  damages,  were 
held  with  closed  doors.    The  arbitrators  asked  each  party 
for  comparative  tables,  which  were  furnished.    On  our  side. 


t><'risif>nl 


of    l\f 


Dair.a«i;> 


8 


AKIJITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


A  v.iirtl. 


'vnrJ 


^iven, 


■we  limited  ourselves  to  tlie  recinest  of  the  tiibuiial.  On  the  other  side, 
new  tables  were  put  in  with  new  and  elaborate  criticisms  upon  our  list 
of  claims.  We  did  not  object  to  this  irregular  criticism,  but  claimed 
the  right  of  reply  given  by  the  treaty. 

The  tril)unal,  at  length,  announcecl  that  a  result  had  been  reached — 
that  lifteen  and  a  half  millions  of  dollars  would  be  awarded 
as  a  gross  sum,  to  be  i)aid  by  (.Ireat  Britain  to  the  United 
States.  It  docs  not  ai)pear  in  the  luotocols  how  the  arbitrators  arrived 
at  this  amount.  T  am  informed  that  it  wa^  reached  by  mutual  conces- 
sions. 
The  nei'.tral  arbitrators  and  Mi.  Adams,  from  the  beginning  of  the 
nHcrminniin,,  m  procccdings,  Avcrc  convinced  of  the  i)olicy  of  awarding  a 
sum  in  gross.  Por  some  weeks  before  the  decision  was 
1  felt  sure  that  the  arbitrators  would  uot  consent  to  send  the 
<'ase  to  assessors  until  they  should  have  exhausted  all  efforts  to  agree 
themselves  upon  the  sum  to  be  paid.  ^Ve  therefore  devoted  our  ener- 
gies toward  securing  such  a  sum  as  should  bo  practically  an  indemnity 
ro  the  sufferers.  Whether  we  have  or  have  not  been  successful  can  be 
determined  only  by  the  ffnal  division  of  the  sum. 

It  is  due  to  our  counsel  to  state  that  in  all  the  proceedings  which  were 
<oun.H„.ivi,.>i„„  taken  since  their  arrival  in  Europe  no  step  was  made  with 
.v,ry  aug..  out  their  advice  and  consent,  and  many  important  ones  were 

rakcn  on  their  suggestion  and  origination.  That  their  labors  have  been 
incessant  any  one  may  imagine  wlio  sees  the  mass  of  able  papers  which 
came  from  their  pens. 

The  oi)inions  which  the  neutral  arbitrators  presented  bear  testi- 
mony to  the  sagacitj',  good  Judgment,  and  knov/ledge  o! 
:!  the  principles  of  law  and  fact  at  issue,  which  they  brought  to 
bear  on  the  case,  and  to  the  untiring  labor  with  which  they 
mastered  the  varied  ami  dillieult questions  submitted  by  the  ])arties  for 
liieir  decisions.  It  only  remains  to  say  that  they  exhib'ti'd  throughout 
marked  ])atience  and  good  tem[)er,  and  that  these  admuable  (jualities 
were  sometimes  needed.  These  opinions  will  undoubtedly  be  read  with 
interest.  1  take  the  liberty,  in  closing,  to  make  a  few  remarks  ui)on  the 
main  points  at  is>;iu',  as  they  are  treated  in  the  opinions  of  the  different 
arbitrators. 


hidcpendt 
'.  '.lay     vi' 
ibitrator-. 


1 


1)1  E   DILKiENCK. 


J):,l    ,;.|.BMi. 


Whnt  W!i«!   t  1: 
til"  United  Stilt 


We  mai)itaiiied  in  the  Case  that  the  diligence  of  the  neutral  should  "  be 
]troportioned  to  the  magnitude  of  the  subject,  and  to  the 
dignity  and  strength  of  the  jwwer  which  is  to  exercise 
,,y  it,"  (page  158.)  and  that  it  should  be  "gauged  by  the 
character  and  magnitude  of  the  matter  which  it  may 
affect,  by  the  relative  condition  of  the  ]>arties,  by  the  ability  of  the  party 
incurring  theliability  to  exercise  the  diligence  required  by  the  exigencies 
of  the  (!ase,  and  by  the  extent  of  the  injury  Avhich  may  follow  negli- 
gence," (page  152.)  We  thought,  for  instance,  that  it  would  not  be  just 
ii»  hold  IJrazil,  with  its  extended  coast,  sparse  population,  and  feeble 
means  of  internal  communication,  and  Great  Britain,  with  its  compact 
population,  its  net-work  of  railways  and  telegraphs,  and  its  administrative 
system  always  under  the  control  of  the  central  govenmient,  to  an  identi 
cal  standard  of  active  vigilance. 

j'o  .,,no(Greatnrit  ,n.      Oil  tho  othci  sldc  It  was  sald : 

Her  Majost.y's  jjovoinmoTit  knows  cf  no  distiuction  hotwieii  more  (ligniHod  and  less 
dignified  powers  ;  it  regards  all  sovereign  states  .as  enjoying  equal  rights,  and  equally 


REPORT  OF  THE  A(;E\1"  OF  THE  I'.MrED  STATES. 


!i 


other  side, 
ion  our  list 
ut  (;1  aimed 


reached — 
)e  awarded 
the  United 
[)rs  arrive*! 
Lial  coiiees- 

inj?  of  the 
warding  a 
cision  was 
►  send  the 
ts  to  agree 
our  ener- 
indemnity 
sful  can  be 

A  hieh  Avere 
made  with 
t  ones  were 
i  have  been 
pers  which 

bear  testi- 
)\vledge  o! 
brought  to 
rthich  they 
l»arties  for 
iiroughout 
e  (lualities 
read  witli 
s  upon  the 
e  ilifferent 


liouhl  "be 
and  to  the 
:o  exercise 

ed  by  the 
ch  it  may 
f  the  party 
exigencies 
How  negh- 
not  be  just 
and  feeble 
s  compact 
inistrativc 

au  identi 


tied  aud  less 
aud  equally 


1 


«ubj<'ct  to  all  ordiiiiiiy  intt'iiiatioiial  olili;r;itio!is  :  and  it  is  lirinly  in'iHuadcd  tliiit;  then) 
Ih  no  Htatc'  in  Europe  or  AnnTli'a  whicli  wmilil  lie  willinj;  to  ciaiin  or  accept  any  iinnm- 
uity  iu  this  respect,  on  (lie  ground  of  its  interioiity  to  otlicrs  in  extent,  military  i'oree, 
or  |)opulation. 

Count  Sclopis,  in  his  oi)inion,  says :  v„u. .,,  cmmis.u,,,,. 

The  words  duo  dili^cnco  necessarily  imply  tlie  idea  ol  a  relation  between  tliiMluty 
and  its  olijoct.  It  is  impossible  to  detine  a  jiriori  and  abstiaetly  an  absolutes  duty  ol" 
dilijjence.  The  thin<;  to  which  the  dilif;once  relates  <letermines  its  d<'^re(\  *  •  » 
As  to  the  HU'JiHure  ol"  activity  In  the  ])erformaTiee  of  the  duties  of  a  neutral,  I  think  the 
iollowin;j;  rule  should  be  laid  down;  that  it  should  b(;  in  a  direct  ratio  to  the  actual 
ih'.iiger  to  which  the  bellij>(a'ent  will  be  exposed  throni;li  the  laxity  of  the  neutral,  and  in 
an  inverse  ratio  to  theilirect  means  wiiich  the  bellij;erefit  can  ccmtrol  for  averting?  the 
dauiier. 


The  Tribunal,  in  its  award,  says  : 


l»t-tiHi'»n   oi     tlie     tri- 
htiniil. 


The  due  dili<;ence  referred  to  in  the  lirst  ami  third  of  the  saiil  rules  ou};ht  to  be 
exercised  by  niuitral  ffoverniniuits  in  exact  proportion  to  the  risks  to  which  either 
of  tlie  bellif^erents  maybe  ex)>osed  from  a  failure  to  fullill  tlu'oldij-ations  of  neutrality 
on  their  part.  #  #  »  'j'i,g  circumstances  out  of  which  the  facts  eonsti- 
tutinj>;  the  subject-unvtter  of  the  juesent  controveisy  arose  Avere>  of  a  natun;  to  eal'. 
for  the  exercise,  on  the  part  of  Her  Britannic^  Majesty's  ;;()vernnient,  of  all  possible 
solicitude  for  the  observance  of  the  rijj;hts  aiul  duties  involved  in  the  proclamation 
of  neutrality  issued  by  Her  Majesty,  (ui  the  i:5th  of  May,  IStil. 


2.  Toleration  of  insuhoent  operations  in  Knoland, 
AND  English  feeling  acsainst  the  United  States. 

Count  Selopis  says,  respecting  this  point : 


I'lilri'MitildT"" 

Kll»hlLL(l. 


.Si'litpi*. 


rouiii 


Tlu!  Uritish  };overnnuMit  was  fully  in fornu'd  that  the  eonfederaterf  had  established 
in  Eiifjland  a  branch  of  their  means  of  attack  and  defense  aj;a'inst  tin;  Fnited  States. 
Commissioners  i-epi^esentinj;'  th(>  <fovernment  of  JJichmond  were  domiciled  in  J^(nnlon, 
and  had  juit  themselves  in  communication  with  tin*  En}j;lish  yovernnu'iit.  Lord  Rus- 
sell had  received  these  confederate  ie)ircsentatives  in  an  unotlicial  way.  The  first 
visit  took  place  on  the  11th  of  May,  It'Ol,  that  is  to  say  three  <lays  before  tlm  Queen's 
proclamation  of  ner.trality,  and  four  days  before  Mr.  Adams  arrived  in  L<nnlon  as  the 
Jiiiiiistei' of  the  I  jiited  States.  And  fnrthei',  the  Enj^lish  et-vernnu-nt  could  not  but 
know  that  ;;reat  eoiiimereial  houses  were  manajfing  tlu'  interests  of  the  confederates 
at  Liver]iool,  a  town  which,  from  that  time,  was  very  openly  prononnc(!(l  in  favor 
of  the  South.  In  I'arlianu'nt  itself  opinions  v,ei-e  before  loiijf  opetdy  exjiressed  in 
favor  of  the  insur;;«'n(s.  Tin*  Queen's  ministeis  themselves  di((  not  dis;>uis(!  that  in 
their  opinion  it  would  be  very  difticult  for  the  American  I'nion  to  re-estai>lish  itself  as 
before.  #  »  *  »  *  *^  jj  lesults  from  this,  in  my  oiiinion,  that  the 
ICnj^lish  ;^overnnu>nt  found  itself,  durin<;'  the  (irst  years  of  the  Avar  of  secession,  iu  tin; 
midst  of  cireunistanees  which  could  not  but  ha\e  an  inlluence,  if  iu)t  diieetly  upon 
itself,  at  least  upon  a  part  of  thej]>opnlation  subject  to  the  British  Crown.  No  j;overn- 
uu'Ut  is  safe  aj;ainst  certain  wav<'s  of  imblic  oi)inior.  \vhicli  it  cannot  nnister  at  its 
will.  1  am  far  from  thinking!:  that  the  iiiiimiifi  of  tht*  Enirlisli  ^overnnu^nt  Avas  hostile; 
to  the  Federal  Government  durin^j;  the  war.  Yet  there  were  j^rave  danjicrs  for  the 
United  Stiites  in  Great  liritain  iiml  her  colonies  which  th(;re  W(;re  no  direct  means  for 
avertiuf^.  En}j;land  therefore  should  have  fulfdled  her  duties  as  a  neutral  by  the 
exercise  of  a  dilijjence  equal  to  the  gravity  of  the  danger.  #  #  #  It  cannot 
be  denied  that  there  were  moments  when  its  watchfulness  seemed  to  fail  and  when 
feebleness  in  certain  branches  of  the  public  service  resulted  in  great  di'trimcnt  to  the 
United  States. 

Viscount  d'ltajuba  has  not  phieed  on  record  his  opinion  on  this  sub- 
ject, unless  it  can  be  gathered  from  a  single  passage  iu  his  virwsoi  v;  «n„i 
rerparks  upon  the  effect  of  a  commission  on  an  offending  '■-'"'J "''»• 
cruiser,  when  he  says,  "By  seizing  or  detaining  the  vessel  the  neutral 
only  prevents  the  belligerent  from  deriving  advantage  from  the  fraud 
committed  within  its  territory  by  the  same  belligerent ;  while,  by  not 
proceeding  against  a  guilty  vessel  it  exposes  itself  to  having  its  good  faith 
justly  called  in  question  by  the  other  belligerent.^^ 


10 


ARBITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


It  would  sc'ciu  from  some  of  Mr.  Adiiiiis'.s  oxpre.ssioiis  that  ho  did  not 
Mr.  concur  in  these  view.s  of  his  colleagues.  While  regretting 
that  he  did  not  d»>  so,  because  the  views  seem  to  me  to  be 
in  accordance  with  the  facts,  and  also  in  accordance  with  general  prin- 
ciples whi(!h  al!  maritime  powers  would  desire  to  maintain,  F  must  bo«ar 
testimony  to  the  j)erfect  and  dignitieil  impartiality  with 
which,  not  only  in  this  respect,  but  throughout  the  i>roceed- 
ings,  Mr.  Adams  niaintaiiu^d  his  position  as  a  judge  between  the  two 
contending  nations.  Of  him,  at  least,  it  may  be  said  that  his  love  of 
country  never  controlled  his  .sense  of  justice,  iiiid  that  at  no  time  did  he 
appear  as  an  advocate. 


.'>.  Duty  to  detain  an  ()FJ''KNJ)iMf  cinisEi:  when  it  comes  auain 

WITHIN   THE   NEUTRAL'S   .TrKISDICTION,  AND    EFFECT    Ol'  A   COMMIS 
SIGN   I  I'ON   SUCH   CRl^ISEU. 


EITiTt   111 
iniH^iuii. 


PoHiti(Hl     ci!        tl 
(iriitfd  .still.-. 


Itwasinaintainedin  the  American  (,'asi.'that,by  the  true  construction  of 
the  second  clan.se  of  the  first  rule  of  the  treaty,  when  a  vessel 
like  the  Florida,  Alabama,  (Jeorgia,  or  Shenandoah,  which  hovS 
been  esi)eeially  adapted  within  a  neutral  i)ort  for  tlie  use  of  a 
belligerent  in  war,  comes  again  within  the  neutral's  juris- 
diction, it  is  the  duty  of  the  neutral  to  seize  and  detain  it.  This  con 
struction  was  denied  by  Great  Ihitain.  It  was  maintained 
"'""""'"'  in  the  British  i)apers  submitted  to  the  tribunal,  that  the 
obligation  created  by  this  clause  refers  only  to  the  duty  of  preventing 
the  original  departure  of  the  vessel,  and  that  the  fact  that  the  vessel 
was,  after  the  original  departure  from  the  neutral  port,  commissioned  as 
a  sliip  of  war  protects  it  against  detention. 
To  this  point  we  rejoined  that  a  coiumission  is  no  protection  against 
seizure  in  such  case,  and  does  not  operate  to  release  the 
neutral  from  the  obligation  to  detain  the  ott'ender. 
The  Viscount  d'ltajuba  seemed  to  favor  the  American 


V'lii'riciiii  r.'ii.i 


Viinvsof  \i-. 
.l'll:0"l);l. 


construction,     llesaiu. 


Accoviliiifj;  to  tlu;  lattor  part  of  tlio  fir.^t  rule  of  Article  VI  of  the  Treaty  of  Wasliiiiij;- 
ton,  flic  iiciural  is  bountl  also  to  iiso  iliu;  diligence  to  prevent  the  departnro  from  it.s 
Jurisiliction  of  any  ve.s.sel  intended  to  crnise  or  carry  on  war  as  above,  [viz,  against  a. 
belligerent,]  sneh  vessel  having  been  .specially  adapted,  in  whole  or  in  part,  within 
its  jnri.sdiction  to  warlike  nse.  »  »  *  If,  then,  a  vessel  bnilt  on  neutral  ter- , 
ritory  for  the  Tise  of  a  belligerent,  frandnlently  .nnil  without  the  knowledge  of  the  neu- 
tral, comes  again  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  f^overeign  whose  neutrality  it  ha.s  vio- 
lated, it  ought  to  be  seized  and  detained. 

Count  Sclopis  says,  on  this  point : 

It  is  on  the  nature  of  thos(^  special  circumstances  that  tin;  lirst  rule  laid  dow^n  iu 
Article  VI  of  the  Treaty  of  Washington  spccitically  rests.  Tlie  operation  of  that  rule 
n'ould  be  illusory,  if  it  could  not  bo  applied  to  vessels  subsoi|ueutly  ci>mmis.sioned. 
The  object  iu  view  is  to  jirevent  the  construction,  arming,  and  eiiuippiug  of  tho  vessel, 
and  to  prevent  her  di^parture  when  there  is  sulUeient  reason  to  believe  that  she  is  iu- 
tended  to  carry  on  war  on  behalf  of  one  of  the  belligerents  ;  and  when  probability  has 
become  certainty,  shall  not  the  rule  be  .applicable  to  the  direct  ami  palpable  couso- 
quences  which  it  originally  was  intended  to  prevent  ' 

In  the  award  the  Tribunal  says  that —  • 

The  effects  of  a  violation  of  neutrality  committed  by  means  of  the  construction, 
e([uipment  and  armament  of  a  vessel  are  not  done  away  with  by  any 
"■"  commission  which  tho  government  of  tho  belligerent  power,  benefited 
by  the  violation  of  neutrality,  may  afterward  have  granted  to  that  vessel ; 
and  the  ultimate  step  by  which  the  oft'en.se  is  completed  cannot  be  admissible  as  a 
ground  for  the  absolution  of  tho  offender,  nor  can  the  consummation  of  his  fraud  be- 
come the  means  of  establishing  his  innocence.    The  privilege  of  exterritorality,  ac- 


ne<'i.-*ioi 
fribuiiiil. 


RKPOKT    OF    THK     ACKNT    OF    TWK    r\ITKl>    STATKS. 


11 


he  (lid  not 
regretting 
;o  mo  to  be 
nenvl  prin- 
must  boar 
iality  with 
10  proceed- 
en  the  two 
his  h)ve  of 
iiiii!  did  ho 


MKS  AdAIN 
A   COMIVIIS- 


struction  of 
Jen  a  vessel 
ijWhichhavS 
tlio  use  of  a 
tral's  juris- 

This  con 
maintained 
il,  that  the 
provouting 

tlio  vessel 
issioned  as 

ion  against 
release  the 
r. 
American 


of  Wiishiiig- 
tnro  from  its 
iz,  against  a 
part,  within 
neutral  ter- , 
jo  of  tlioneii- 
y  it  lias  vio- 


aid  down  in 
of  that  rule 
ininissioned. 
•f  tilt)  vessel, 
lat  she  is  in- 
•hability  lias 
l)iihle  oonse- 


onstruetion, 
ft'ith  by  any 
er,  benefited 
that  vessel; 
nissible  as  a 
lis  fraud  be- 
torality,  ac- 


i 


forded  to  voshpIs  of  war,  has  bei>n  admitted  into  tlie  law  of  nations,  not  an  an  al)Nolnt4» 
lifjlit,  hut  soh'ly  as  a  proccfdiny  founded  on  tin-  principles  of  eonrteHy  and  mutual 
(iflerence  between  dill'erent  iiati<>ns,  and  therefore  can  never  l»e  appealed  to  for  tlio 
luoteetion  ofaets  thnie  in  violation  (d"  neutrality . 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  Tribunal,  instead  of  adojitiii.u'  the  recogni- 
tion by  the  ^'is<;ount  d'ltiijubii  of  a  jmsitirr  ohlif/t(tii)n  on  liie  i)art  of  the 
neutral  to  detain  tiie  vessel,  in  the  case  supposed,  limited  itself  to  ox- 
i)ressiiig  the  opinion  that,  in  such  case,  the  lu'utral  wotdd  have  the  riffht 
(>  make  such  detention. 

I.    yrri'LlKS    (»K    CUAL. 

It,  WiismaintaiiU'd  in  the  American  Case  that  the  proofs  showed  t  liat  Iho 
insurgent  cruisers  were  i)ermitted  to  supply  thcmstOves  with 
(mkW  in  Uritish  ports  in  greater  (piaiitities  and  with  greater  r-'-.'l"i',o„"!,r"!h,, 
.'Vectloin,  and  with  less  restrictions  than  were  imposiMl  upon 
i   the  United  states;  audit  was  insisted  that,  iu  cousetiiu'uce  ot   these 
;    facts,  there  was  an  absence  of  neutrality,  which  made  those  ports  bases 
:   of  hostile  operations  against  th»>  United  States  under  the  second  rule 
^  of  the  treaty. 
I       On  this  point  the  award  says  that — 

I        III  order  to  impart  to  any  supplies  of  coal  a  elucracter  iiieonsi.steiit  with  the  setMiiid 
>    itilo,  proiiihitiiiy  the  um!  of  neutral  jiorts  or  wattns,  as  a  base  of  luival 

operations  for  a  liellijjereiit,  it  is  necessary  that  tin- said  supplies  should   (nill'n'iL' ''    ''      ' 
^    ho  connected  with  sjiecial  eireuiustances  of  time,  of  jiersoiis,  or  of  jilace, 
I    which  may  combine  to  give  them  such  character. 

It  does  not  appear  by  the  terms  of  the  award  that  (Ireat  llritain  is 
held  responsible  for  the  acts  of  any  vessel  solely  in  conse(pieuce  of  ille- 
;  gal  supplies  of  coal.  The  question  is,  therefore,  a  s|)ecidative  one,  so  far 
^  as  relates  to  this  controversy.  The  opinions  of  the  four  arbitrators  who 
':  signed  the  award  furnish,  however,  the  explanation  of  what  they  mean 
,  when  they  speak  of  "special  circumstances  of  time,  of  persons,  or  of 
*  ]>lace." 

Mr.  Adams  says : 

I  perceive  no  other  way  to  determiuo  the  degree  of  responsibility  of  a  noutial  in  these 
cases,  than  by  an  oxaniination  of  the  eviileiice  to  show  the  iiitoit  of  the 
grant  in  any  gpecific  case.     Fraud  or  falsehood  in  such  a  (^ase  poisons   ^.h,.,'!.'' *  "'    ^'' 
everything  it  touches.     Kveii  inditfcrenco  may  degemnate  into  willful 
negligence,  and  that  will  impose  a  burden  of  proof  ti>   relieve   it    before    re^poM.sil>iI;ty 
<  an  be  relieved. 

Count  Sclopis  says :  . 

I  will  not  say  that  the  simple  fact  id"  liaving  allowed  a  greater  amount  of  i;,)al  tl'.iii 
was  iiece.-sary  to  enable  a  vessel  to  reach  the  nearest  port  of  its  coun- 
try constitutes  in  itself  a  suHicieiit  grievance  to  call  for  iiti  indemnity.  s.iJIi.T  "'  '"'"" 
At,  the  lord  chaneellor  of  England  said  on  the  IvJth  of  .June,  1S71,  in  the 
House  of  Lords,  England  and  the  United  States  ecjually  hold  the  principle  that  it  is  no 
violation  of  the  law  of  nations  to  furnisli  arms  to  a  belligerent.  IJiit  if  an  excessive  sup- 
ply of  coal  is  connected  with  other  circumstances  which  show  tliatil  was  used  as  a  ver- 
itable rcn  hontilis,  then  there  is  an  infract  ion  of  tln^  second  article  of  the  treaty.  »  »  » 
Thus,  for  exani])le,  v/heii  I  see  the  Florida  and  the  Shenandoah  choose  for  their  fields 
<d' action,  the  one  the  stretch  of  sea  between  the  Ihihama  archipelago  and  Bermuda,  to 
cruise  there  at  its  ease,  and  the  other  Melbonrue  and  Ibdison's  Bay,  for  the  purpose 
iiuHiediately  carried  out,  of  going  to  the  Arctic  Seas,  there  to  attack  the  whaling  ves- 
sels, I  cannot  but  regard  the  supplies  id' coal  in  quantities  sullieieiit  for  such  services, 
i'lfractious  of  the  second  rule  of  Article  VI. 

Mr.  Stiimpfli  says  of  the  Sumter  : 

.      The  permission  given  to  the  Snrater  to  remain  and  to  take  in  coal  at  Trinidad  does 
I  not  of  itself  constitute  a  sufticieut  basis  for  accusing  the  British  authori- 
i  ties  of  having  ftiiled  in  their  duties  as  neutrals,  because  the  fact  can-   ^Z'^.a'"  "^  ""'■ 
[not  be  eimsidered  by  itself,  since  the  Sumter  both  before  and  after  that 


12 


AlilUIKATIoN    AT    (iKNEVA. 


tjijic  VMis  iiiliiiiiti'il  iii(i>  tli<  (Kilts  ol  iiiiinv  otlici  StatoH  wlit'ir  it  Ntaid  aiitl  look  in  utiii] 
'         '  si>  tluit  it  tiumot  Im'.  Ih'IiI  tliiit  llw  |i(irt  oi'l'iiiiidiut  Hcrvcd  um  a  lia>c 

of  (l[lt!Jilt.i<lllK. 

Hut  of  tilt!  Slu'iiaiitloaU  lie  .says : 

A  Hii|»|ily  (il'coal  was  not  a  iH'ccsHary  toiulitiini  (il  mill  ml  asvliim.  and  in  Hiiiiidyin;; 
lu'f  Willi  H(i  larjio  a  (iiiiiiility  nrcoal,  tin-  capacity  of  tlic  HJiip  for  iiiakiiijf  war  was  iii- 
ciciiHcd  Just  as  iiiiicli  as  liy  the  ri'iriiit  incut  nl' licr  crew  which  fodk  place. 

The  ViHcoiiiit  (ritajiiha,  at  the  thirty-divst  ('oiiIcicikh',  wliile  sicriiiiiM 

v,.«-<iiv...,„n,i  tlu' (Iccisioii,  rcniarkcd  with  n'j-anl  to  tln^  iveltal  coiicorn- 

"'""""^  in;;"  the  .sii|)|>ly  of  coals,  that  he  is  of  the  opinion  that  every 

j^oveninieiit  is  (Vee  to   rmiiish  t«t  tin'   ItellijLjerents  more  or  less  of  tha: 

article. 

."».   TlIK   MI'NICIl'AL    LAWS   OK    I'^NtiLANI). 


V.tiitliirul    ciinnot    t 
m-t    up    iti    ju-'tilit; 


It  was  maintained  in  the  Ainern  an  Case  that  the  liability  ot'CJreat  Bri 
Mn„M.,.„i  law.  „i  tiiinshonldbemeaHnredbythernh^sofinternationiil  law;  and 
thiit  it  <M>iild  not  be  est-aped  by  r«>ason  of  any  allej^etl  deti- 
ciemae.s  in  any  internal  lej«isIation  enacted  tor  the  purpose 
of  enabliiif;  the  j;overnment  to  tuKill  its  internati(»nal  ilutics. 

The  pleadin<«\s  and  arjjuments  on  the  part  of  (Jrcat  JJritain  Jire  fdled 
with  denials  of  this  pr(>position  in  every  possible  way,  from  the  opening 
Case  to  the  last  supplemental  ar};iunent  of  Sir  Itoundell  Palmer. 

The  award  says,  "the  yovernnu'iit  of  Jler  IJritaunic  Majesty  canno: 
justify  itself  for  a  failure  in  diu>  dilij>ence  on  the  insuflieiency  of  the 
lejjid  means  of  action  which  it  possessed.'" 

»!.  The  SiMTEii,  JHK  NAsiivrij.K.  i^c. 

It  was  maintained  in  the  Anu'riean  Case  tliat,  under  the  terms  of  the 

treaty  of  Washinj^lon  the  parlies  had  it  forced  to  submit  to 

MH,!'' tiie'sJiiMrr"  the  tlecisiou  of  the  tribunal   of  arbitration,  not  only  the 

NaHlivillc,     III.,    nut-  ,        .  .  L  I-    1_1  1  !■    il  1  -M  •     1  i  1  «    1        1 

».!h«t,imii,itfiini..h  claims  j^^rowiii^-  out  ot  the  acts  of  tlu^  Morula,  the  Alabaimi, 
""""  the  (ieor;,;ia,  and  the  Slieuaiidoali,  which  ori<»iiially  pro- 
ceeded from  ports  of  (Ireat  Hrit.iiii,  bin  also  all  claims  growing  out  ol 
the  acts  of  other  cruisers,  such  as  tli<^  iNashviile,  the  Sumter,  &c.,  which 
could  in  any  way  be  shown  to  have  used  Jiritish  ports  as  bases  of  sup 
plies.  The  Jbitish  Case  and  Counter  Case  strtmiu)usly  contended  that 
the  submission  was  limited  to  the  four  vessels  lirst  above  named.  Tiie 
tribunal  unanimously,  incltulinj;-  Sir  vVlexander  Cockburn,  took  no  notice 
of  this  claim  of  (ireat  Ihitain,  ;ind  considered  all  the  claim.4  presenteil 
and  decided  them  uiiou  their  merits. 


r    A.  <'(iclvhirrti'-' 

entn.y  <it>!t:i"v. 


The  nissENTiNCJ  opinion  of  Sir  A.  Cockbuun. 


The 


«tlU:ltlVL'     of     (tir;it 
BriUin. 


frankness  with  which  Sir  Alexander  Cockburu  confesses  in  this 

o|)inion  that  lie  sat  on  the  Tribunal,  not  as  a  judge,  but  as, 

"  in  some  .scM.se  the  repreHentaUve  of  (ireat  Britain,^''  one  of  the 

parties  to  the  controversy,   i)laces   before  the  world  the 

knowledge  of  a  fact  of  which,  otherwise,  it  wouhl  have  been  better  to 

take  no  public  nolice. 

The  chief  justice  calls  legal  propositions  made  by  General  Cusbing,  INIr. 

Evarts,  and  Mr.  Waite,  over  their  signatures  and  under  the 

ihe  Amera'^m'rom,'  respousibiU ty  of  counsel,  "strange  misrepresentations,"  ami 

"  assertions  without  the  shadow  of  a  foundation."    Ho  says 

that  "their  imaginations  must  have  heen  lively,  while  their  consciences 

slept."    He  finds  in  a  portion  of  their  argument  "an  extraordinary  series 

of  propositions,"  and  "  the  most  singular  confusion  of  ideas,  misrepre- 


ing 


KKrour  ov  thk  acjknt  ov  hie  rMri;i)  .siatks. 


l:) 


uiil  took  ill  coii] 


i<l  in  Miipiilyiii;; 
iij;  Will"  WU8  ill- 

IT. 

kliih'  sif^iiiii^ 
;ital  coiu't'iu- 
u  that  <>vory 
•  less  of  that 


ot'CJivat  J3ri 

iiial  hiw;  niid 
a!h»}?('(l  (leti 
the  piirposf 

s. 

liii  are  (iIUmI 
the  (>i)ciiiii^ 

iluier. 

jjesty  eamiot 

L'iency  of  the 


I  terms  of  tln' 

to  siibinit  to 

not  only  the 

lie  Alabaiiiii, 

i{>inally  pro- 

owiii};'  out  ot 

r,  &(!.,  \vhi(th 

jascs  of  sup 

iten(l(Ml  that 

lameil.     The 

ook  no  notici' 

n.4  preseiiteil 


' 


fesses  in  this 
udge,  but  as, 
H,"  one  of  the 
le  world  the 
jeu  better  to 

Cusbing,  Mr. 
id  under  the 
tations,"  and 
0."  He  says 
r  consciences 
dinary  series 
as,  misrepre- 


sentations of  facts,  and  i^jnoranee  both  of  law  and  history,  whieh  wore, 
periiaps,  f^ver  «'ro\V(led  into  the  same  space."  lie  t-alls  tii((  part  of 
their  arfjument  on  \vhi(!h  he  was  eoniinentinj:,  "an  afVronI  oHered  to 
this  tribunal,  by  such  an  attempt  to  practice  on  our  supposed  eredidity 
<»r  i<;uoran(!e,"  and  .'-••lys  that  he  "  is  at  a  loss  to  understand  how  counsel, 
iiiiniliar  with  I'-nj^lisli  law,  can  take  upon  themselves  to  make  statements 
of  this  sort." 

I  need  not  assunu^  in  the  Iniited  States  to  vindicate  the  ac(!Uracy  of 

slatenn'uts  or  the  souiulness  of  reasonin^^s  which  have  the     ,,,.., ,  „„. 

jfuaranteeof  the  names  of  our  distinguished  (!ounsel.    The    '"""■" 
<'harj;('H  are  sanctioned  by  the  chief  justice  alone.     1  iiave  no  liesitation 
in  expressinj;  my  eoiivi(!tion  that  they  would  have  been  in- 
difiiiantly  repudiated  by  each  and  all  of  his  colleagues  had  ivr.!! IV,'lXi,r\" • 
th(^  paper  in  whieh  they  are  made  been  publicity  read,  or 
V  jiad  its  contents  been  made  known  at  the  time  when  the  Tribunal  orderetl 
t  it  to  be  recorded.    This  voluminous  paper  was,  in  fact,  not  read  in  the 
Tribunal;  its  author  presented  it  in  bulk  without  any  statement  respect- 
infj  its  character;  no  one  had  any  reason  to  imagine  its  contents;  and 
it  was  not  made  public  until  several  days  after  the  dissolution  of  the 
Tribunal  and  the  separation  of  its  meml)ers.     As  Sir  ^Vlexander  Cock- 
burn  says  of  the  charges  of  unfriendliiu^ss  which  were  made  in  the 
I  American  Case  against  members  of  J^ord  ralinerstoii's  cabinet,  "Tlie 
I  world  must  judges  between  the  accusers  and  accused.*' 
I      The  Dritish  arbitrator  also  charges  that  the  (,'  ise  of  the  United  States 
I  "l)ours  forth  the  ])ent  up  venom  of  national  and  i)ersonal 
;  hate."    J le  speaks  of  the  "abuse"  it  "freely  bestows,"  and  .■■-<■  *^<h'!&!Z,:'S 
•;  complains  of  th(^  "hostile  and  insulting  tone  thus  olTensively 
i  and  unnecessarily  adopted  toward  (ireat   Jvit.iin,  her  statesmen,  and  her 
institutions." 

Tiiese  charges  apjx'ar  to  bo  founded  ui)on  the  proof  of  the  desire  of 
•  iirious  members  of  tlie  Dritish  government  for  the  success     ri,.-   r.  ,.„,  f..r 

if  the  insurgents  in  the  South,  taken  from  the  mouths  of  " '"*" 

the  speakers  and  presented  for  the  consideration  of  the  Tribunal,  and 
upon  the  legitimate  ai>plication  whiith  was  made  of  that  i)roof  in  the 
issue  respecting  "due  diligence"'  which  was  pending  ])efore  the  tribunal 
at  Geneva. 

A  complete  vindication  of  the  line  of  argument  in  the  Case  (if  any 
were  needed)  could  bo  drawn  from   Sir  Alexander  Cock-    Ti,.,uHiHH„r t.^ 
burn's  paper.    "There  can  be  no  doubt,"  ho  says,  "that 
these  speeches  not  only  expressed  the  sentiments  of  the  »'*'"'"<^'' 
speakers,  but  may  be  taken  to  bo  the  exponent  of  the  sentiments  geu- 

ality  does 

md  in 

13  this, 


line  of  iirf{Min»!iit   irt 
til**    Ain'-uciiu    c  *^M 


,  spoiiiveis,  uufc  may  ue  uikoii  lo  uo  liio  expuiioui  ui  iiie  seuLiuieni 
»|  orally  entertained  at  that  time;"  and  he  adds,  "though  partiality 
I  not  necessarily  lead  to  want  of  diligence,  yet  it  is  apt  to  do  so,  a 
?  case  of  doubt  would  turn  the  scale.''  With  such  an  admission  as 
I  it  is  surprising  that  a  man  of  the  robnst  sense  of  the  chief  justice  should 

have  reproduced  the  rash  imputations  of  the  British  press. 
That  1  charged  individual  members  of  Lord  Palmerston's  cabinet  with 

a  partiality  foi  the  insurgents,  is  true;  equally  true  is  it  that  I  supported 

the  charge  by  proof  from  their  own  lips. 
But  I  never  questioned  their  right  to  entertain  such  partiality,  or  to 
l^xpress  it  in  any  manner  that  suited  them.  I  never  even  assumed  to 
I  criticise  its  justice  before  a  tribunal  created  to  try  other  issues.  I  cou- 
%  fined  myself  strictl,  •  to  the  issues  before  that  body,  and  I  argued  that 
gthis  partiality  of  int.  vidual  members  of  the  government  would  be  apt 
Ito  lead  to  wantof  dl'  gence,and  in  case  of  doubt  would  turn  the  scale — 
"a  line  of  argument  which  is  uoxr  admitted  to  bo  just. 


:tr 


14 


ARBITRATION    AT   GENEVA. 


Lord    Wnjithiiry 
MtMififs  it. 


If  1  argued  that  these  acts  of  individual  members  of  the  British  gov- 

Lord  Ru.v II  „.  ernment  were  incousisteiit  with  the  "due  diligence"    re- 
""•■'"  quired  by  the  treaty,  I  did  only  what  Lord  Russell  had 

said  to  Mr.  Adams  must  be  the  inevitable  result  of  au  arbitration. 
"  Have  *he  British  government  acted  with  due  diligence,  or,  in  other  icords, 
icith  good  faith  and  honesty  P''  was  the  (|uestiou  by  which  he  said  the 
liability  of  England  was  to  bo  determined. 

If  I  urged  that,  in  any  instance,  the  neutrality  of  Great  Britain  wais 
not  sincere,  I  did  but  pursue  the  line  of  argument  which 
Lord  Westbury  had  defended  in  advance  in  the  House  ot 
Lords,  and  I  did  it  nearly  in  his  own  language. 

I  find  no  fault  that  Sir  Alexander  Cockburn  does  not  agree  with 
me,  and  with  most  of  the  world  outside  of  England,  as  to  the  force 
of  the  evidence  which  was  presented  respecting  these  points.  That  is 
a  subject  on  whicli  persons  may  honestly  differ.  But  I  must  be  per- 
mitted to  express  some  surprise  that  a  lawyer  of  his  deservedly  grear 
re])utation  should  have  made  such  a  disagreement  the  cause  of  totally 
unfounded  allegatictns  against  the  Case  of  the  United  States  and 
its  author. 

With  the  exception  of  these  jtersonal  remarks,  this  long  dissenting 
opinion  (twice  the  length  of  the  American  case)  adds  little  or  nothing 
new  to  the  arguments  previously  put  forth  by  Great  Britain  in  vindi- 
cation of  her  course  toward  the  United  States.  There  are  several 
material  errors  in  its  statements  of  facts,  but  I  shall  not  follow  its 
example  of  injustice  in  attributing  them  to  design.  All  right-thinkinj; 
persons  will  heartily  echo  the  wish  with  which  the  paper  closes,  "tha: 
in  the  time  to  come  no  sense  of  past  wrong  unredressed  will  stand  ir 
the  way  of  the  friendly  and  harmonious  relations  which  should  subsist 
between  two  great  and  kindred  nations." 

Thus,  surrounded  by  difliculties,  which  at  one  tUi;<^,  seemed  insuperable, 
«omUis,.,n,  this  great  cause  has  reached  its  conclusion.    Nations  have, 

ere  now,  consented  to  adjust  by  arbitration  questions  of  figures  and 
Thcre.uiu  of  the  qucstlous  of  bouudarics ;  but  the  world  has  had  few,if  any, 
iVon'rf'h.%oi''y'';',i  earlier  examples  of  the  voluntary  submission  to  arbitration 
i.rb,tmtm,u  jjf  .^  question  in  which  a  deep-seated  conviction  of  injuries 

and  wrongs  which  no  possible  award  could  compensate,  animated  a 
whole  nation.  It  is  out  of  such  sentiments  and  feelings  that  wars  come. 
The  United  States  elected  the  path  of  peace.  Confident  of  receiving 
iustice,  they  laid  the  story  of  their  wrongs  before  an  impartial  tribunal. 
This  story,  so  grievous  in  its  simple  truthfulness,  threatened  for  a  time 
to  break  up  the  peaceful  settlement  which  the  parties  had  promised 
each  other  to  make.  ^Notwithstanding  all  obstacles,  however,  the  great 
experiment  has  been  carried  to  a  successful  end  ;  and  hereafter  it  can 
not  bo  denied  that  questions  involving  national  sentiment  may  be  de 
cided  by  arbitration,  as  well  as  questions  of  figures. 

The  commander  who  had  been  permitted,  by  Providence,  to  guide 
some  of  the  greatest  military  events  in  history,  has  thus,  in  civil  life, 
assisted  in  presenting  to  the  nations  of  the  world  the  most  conspicuous 
example  of  the  settlement  of  international  disputes  by  peaceful  arbi 
tration. 

It  is  within  my  i>ersonal  knowledge  that  your  own  counsels  have 
also  had  a  large  share  in  shaping  this  great  result. 
I  have,  iSc^c, 

J.  C.  BANCKOFT  DAVIS. 

Hon.  Hamilton  Fish, 

Secretary  of  State. 


% 


I 


British  gov- 
ligence"  re- 
Russell  bad 
arbitration. 
.  other  words, 
he  said  the 


II -PROTOCOLS  OF  TKK  CONFERENCES  OF  THE  ARBITRATORS. 


Britain  was 
imeut  which 
the  House  of 

;  agree  witli 
to  the  force 
its.  That  is 
iiust  be  per- 
srvedly  grear 
se  of  totally 
States    aiul 

ig  disseutinj,^ 
e  or  nothing 
ain  in  viudi- 
are  several 
ot  follow  its 
ght-thinking 
closes,  "  thar 
*vill  stand  iv. 
louhl  subsis: 

insuperable, 
atious  have, 

flgures  and 
[I  few,  if  any, 
0  arbitration 
n  of  injuries 

animated  a 
,t  wars  come, 
of  receiving 
tial  tribunal. 
d  for  a  time 
[id  promised 
er,  the  great 
after  it  can 
;  may  be  de 

ce,  to  guide 
in  civil  life, 
conspicuous 
i3aceful  arbi 

unsels  have 


DAVIS. 


PROTOCOL  I. 


ition      nntl 
y  of  utirte!*. 


Record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  tribunal  of  arhitratiou  under  the  provifiionfi 
of  the  treaty  between  the  United  States  of  America  and  Her  Britannic 
Majesty,  concluded  on  the  Sth  of  May,  A.  D.  1871,  at  the  first  conference 
held  at  (Jeneva  in  Su'itzerland,  on  the  fifteenth  day  of  December,  in  the 
year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-one. 

The  conference  was  convened  at  the  Hotel  de  Ville  at  CJeneva,  iu 
compliance  with  notices  from  ^Ir.  J.  C.  Bancroft  Davis,  agent  of  the 
United  States,  and  Lord  Tenter<len,  agent  of  Her  Britannic  3Iajesty,  in 
;    the  form  following : 

TI16  iin(ler,sij>iie(l  liavinjjj  been  a[)iM)iiiten  a<;ent  of  tho  Uiiiteil  States  to  atteiul  tho 
tribunal  of  aibitration  about  to  be  convened  at  Geneva  nnder  the  i)rovis-"J  .  , 

ions  of  the  treaty  between  the  United  States  and  (jreat  Britain  of  the  8th  d.i.iely  oi 
of  May  last,  has  th(.'  honor  to  acfinaint  Count  Selopis  that  it  is))rojiosedby 
thoGovtirnnient  of  the  United  States  that  the  first  meeting  of  the  tribunal  sliouUl  bo  held 
at  Geneva,  if  not  inconvenient  to  the  arbitrators,  «n  the  ir)th  instant. 

.J.  C.  IIANCROFT  DAVIS. 

The  arbitrators  who  were  present  and  ] produced  their  respective  powers, 
which  were  examined  and  found  to  be  in  good  and  due  form,  wore : 
Charles  Francis  Adams,  esquire,  the  arbitrator  named  bj^  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  of  America;  the  Right  Honorable  Sir  Alexander 
Cockburn,  the  Lord  Chief  Justice  of  England,  the  arbitrator  named  by 
Her  Britannic  Majesty ;  his  excellency  Count  Selopis,  the  arbitrator 
named  by  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy  ;  Mr.  Jacques  Sta^mpfli,  the 
arbitrator  named  by  the  President  of  the  Swiss  Confederation,  and  his 
excellency  the  Baron  d'ltajubj'i,  the  arbitrator  named  by  His  IVIajesty 
the  Emperor  of  Brazil. 

J.  C.  Bancroft  Davis,  ICsquire,  attended  the  conference  as  the  agent  ot 
the  United  States;  the  Right  Honorable  Lord  Tenterden  attended  as  the 
agent  of  Her  Britannic  ]Majesty. 
Mr.  Adams  proposed  that  Count  Selopis,   as   being  the  arbitrator 
I   named  by  the  power  first  mentioned  in  the  treaty  after  Great  Britain 
I  and  the  United  States,  should  ineside  over  the  labors  of  the  tribunal. 
I      The  ]*roposal  was  seconded  by  Sir  Alexander  Cockburn,  and  was 
^  unanimously  adopted,  and  Count  Selopis,  having  expressed  his  acknowl- 
I  edgraents,  assumed  the  presidency. 

I      On  the  proposal  of  Count  Selopis  the  tribunal  of  arbitration  requeste<l 
I  the  arbitrator  named  by  the  President  of  the  Swiss  Confederation  to 
I  reconmiend  some  suitable  person  to  act  as  the  secretary  of  the  tribunal. 
The  Swiss  arbitrator  named  M.  Alexandre  Eavrot  as  a  suitable  per- 
son, and  M.  Alexandre  Eavrot  was  thereupon  ai)pointetl  by  tho  tribunal 
of  arbitration  to  act  as  its  secretarv  during  the  conferences,  and  entered 
upon  the  duties  of  that  otlice. 
;-     Mr.  ,1 .  C.  Bancroft  Davis  then  presented  in  duplicate,  to  each  of  the  arbi- 
trators and  to  the  agent  of  Great  Britain,  the  printed  case  of  the  United' 


Iff" 


m 


16 


ARBITRATION    AT    GENE\A. 


State.s,  iiccompaiiied  by  the  doeiimeuts,  otticial  conespouilencc,  and  otber 
evidence  on  which  they  njly. 

Lord  Tenterden  in  like  manner  presented  to  each  of  the  arbi- 
trators and  to  the  a<i;ent  of  the  United  States  the  printed  case  of  the 
government  of  Her  Britannic  Majesty,  acconipanied  by  the  documents, 
official  correspondence,  and  other  evidence  on  which  it  relies. 

The  tribunal  of  arbitration  thereupon  directed  that  the  respective 
counter  cases,  additional  documents,  correspondence,  and  evidence  called 
for  or  pernntted  by  the  fourth  article  of  the  treaty  should  be  delivered 
to  the  secretary  of  the  tribunal  at  the  hall  of  the  conference  in  the  Hotel 
<le  Yille  at  Geneva,  for  the  arbitrators  and  for  the  respective  agents  on 
or  before  the  loth  day  of  April  next. 

The  arbitrators  further  directed  tliat  either  party  desiring,  under  the 
provisions  of  the  fourth  article  of  the  treaty,  to  extend  the  time  for  de- 
livering the  counter  cases,  documents,  correspondence,  and  evidence, 
shall  make  application  to  them  through  the  secretary,  and  that  the  sec- 
retary shall  thereupon  convene  a  conference  at  Geneva  at  an  early  day 
to  suit  the  convenience  of  the  respective  arbitrators,  and  that  the  notice 
thereof  shall  be  given  to  the  agent  of  the  other  party. 

The  tribunal  of  arbitration  proceeded  to  direct  tliat  applications  by 
cither  party,  under  tlie  provisions  of  the  fourth  article  of  the  treaty,  for 
copies  of  reports  or  documents  specified  or  alluded  to,  and  in  the  exclu- 
sive possession  of  the  other  party,  shall  be  made  to  the  agent  of  the 
other  party  with  the  same  force  and  effect  as  if  made  to  the  tribunal  of 
arbitration. 

The  tribunal  of  arbitration  further  directed  that,  should  either  party, 
in  accordance  with  the  i)rovisious  of  the  fourth  article,  call  upon  the 
other  party,  through  the  arbitration,  to  produce  the  originals  or  certi- 
tied  copies  of  any  papers  adduced  as  evidence,  such  application  shall  be 
made  by  written  notice  thereof  to  the  secretary  within  thirty  days  after 
the  delivery  of  the  cases,  and  that  thereupon  the  secretary  shall  transmit 
to  the  agent  of  the  other  party  a  copy  of  the  request ;  and  that  it  shall  be 
the  duty  of  the  agent  of  the  other  party  *^  ^  deliver  said  originals  or  certified 
copies  to  th  3  secretary,  as  soon  as  ma,,  be  practicably  convenient. 

The  arbitrators  also  agreed  that  for  the  ^lurpose  of  deciding  any  ques- 
tion arising  upon  the  foregoing  rules,  the  presence  of  three  of  their 
number  shall  be  sutticient. 

The  conference  was  adjourned  to  the  following  day,  IGth  of  December, 
at  3  o'clock  !>  m. 

J.  C.  BANCROFT  DAVIS. 

TKNTKRDEN. 

ALEX.  FA V ROT, 

Secretary. 


FROTOCOL  IL 


Record  oj  the  proceedings  cf  the  arbitration  at  the  second  conference  held 
at  Geneva  in  /Switzerland  on  the  Wth  day  of  December,  A.  1).  1871. 

The  conference  was  held  pursuant  to  adjournment.   All  the  arbitrators 
A<u.mn,„..ni   to  werc  prescut. 

'"""  '*•  Mr.  J.  C.  Bancroft  Davis  and  Lord  Tenterden  attended 

the  conference  as  agents  of  the  United  States  and  of  Her  Britannic  Ma- 
jesty, respectively. 

The  record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  conference  held  on  the  15th  in- 


I'ROTOCOI.S    OF    THK    CONFKllKNOES. 


17 


I 


;^t;infc  was  iviid  and  iij)])rovoil,  and  tlio.  secretary  was  directed  to  attest 
t.    Mv.  d.  0.  Jiaiu'i'oft  Davis  and  fjoi-d  Tenterdei)  were  retiiiest^'d  also 
tt)  sifiii  this  and  all  subseiiuent  r('<u)rds  as  ayenls  oi"  their  respective 
{foverinnents. 

'I'he  tribniial  of  arl)itrati(»Ti  directed  that  whea  an  ndj()Mrnnient  of  the 
conference  slionld  be  entered,  it  shonld  be  ent<'red  as  an  iHiJournnieiit 
until  the  l.Tth  day  of  June  iifVKt,  .subject  to  a.  prior  call  by  tin;  secretary 
;is  provided  for  in  the  proceedin<;s  at  tiie  first  eonference. 

The  tribnnal  then  directed  tlie  secretary  to  make  np  the  record  of 
ilu'  ])roceedin<j;s  at  the  second  (ionference  as  i'ar  as  completed,  which 
was  done,  and  the  record  wa.^i  read  a.nd  approved. 

The  tribnnal  of  ai'I)itration  then  adjourned  to  meet  at  (ieneva,  on  tlic 
!">t;]i  day  of  .Inne  next,  unless  sooner  convened  by  the  secretary,  in  the 
aiaiiner  provided  in  the  proceedings  at  the  first  eonference. 

J.  0.  IJANOkOFT  DyVVia 

TENTb]IM)KN. 

ALKX.  FzVVROT,  HccvHaire. 


IMIOTOCOl.  111. 


[irbitrators 


le  15th  in- 


Jx'iroi'd  of  the  ])rnci''>ill}U]'i  of  th",  tribunal  of  arhlirat'mn  at  the  third  covfer- 
rncr  lichl  (it  (renera,  iu  /SivitrZerlKud,  on  the  \iSth  duy  of  June,  1872. 

The  coid'erence  was  held  ])nrsuant  to  ailjeurnment.     All  the  arbitrators 
were  present. 

Mr.  J.  (.'.  Uaneroft  Davis  a,nd  Lord  Tenterden  attended  theconreronce 
as  a<,fents  of  tiie  United  States  and  iler  liritannic  Majesty,  res[)ectively. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Jlanerot't  J)avis  then  delivered  in  duj)licate  to  each  of  the 
arl>itrators,  and  to  Lord  Tenterden,  the  ag^ent  of  Her  Britan-     „,i,„.,y„f  a,,,,,. 

>]ic  ^Majesty,  a  printed  arjjfument,  showin;,''  the  points  and  '<^"' '""" <■■ 

veterrinjj  to  tiie  evidence  on  whi(!h  his  Government  relies. 

Lord  Tenterden  then,  on  behalf  of  Iler  Lritannic  Majesty's  j?overn- 

nent,  i)resented  the  note,  of  Avhicli  a  copy  is  annexed,  re-     nnti»i,  m.ti..nfir 

•|iiestin,u'  an  adjournment  of  tlie  tribnnal  for  tlie  reasons  »''j""""'" "'■ 

rherein  stated,  for  such  a  period  as  iniijht  enabU',  a  supplementary  eon- 

<Mition  to  be  concluded  and  ratified  luaweeu  tiie  United  States  and  Iler 

liritannic  .Alajesty. 

Mr.  Lancaoft  Davis  stated  that  he  could  not  say  what  would  be  the 
'i(>\vs  of  his  Government  on  lliis  motion  until  he  sliould  i^novv  the  time 
tor  which  the  adjournnu'ut  was  asked. 

Lord  Tenterden  statiMl  that  Her  IJritannic  Majesty's  jjovernment  be- 
•ieved  that,  in  order  to  afford  tinu',  for  the  consideration  of  a  aiii)])le- 
Tnt'ulary  convention  by  the  t^enate  of  the  United  States  in  their  session 
(•onnn(>nciny  in  December  next,  and  for  its  subsequent  eonsideratiou  by 
cU'v  I>ritauni(;  Majesty's  *iovernment,  a,nd  for  its  ratification  by  the  hi<;fh 
<'ontractin<»'  parties  respectively,  it  would  be  reijuisite  that  the  adjourn- 
ment should  be  for  a  i)eriod  of  ei{;'ht  nu)nt,hs,  but  that  ])ower  might  bo 
reserved  for  the  arbitrators  to  meet  at  a.t»y  earlier  date,  upon  being 
convened  for  that  purpose  by  the  secretary  of  the  tribunal,  upon  the 
joint  recpiest,  in  writing,  o^"  the  agents  of  the  two  governments. 

Mr.  IJaneroft  Davis  said  that  his  instructions  did  not  yet  enable  him  to 
state  to  tlic  arbitrators  the  views  of  the  Government  of  tlie  United  Suites 
on  this  motion  in  full.  *  Ho  said  that  he  was  in  telegraphic  commuiiica- 
2h 


18 


AKniTKATlON    AT    GKNEVA. 


tion  with  Ills  Govi.'ininent,  imd  he  asked  an  adjouiiuiieiit  until  Monday, 

the  17th  instant. 

;  The  tribunal  (hH;i(hMl  that  tlie  protoco's  sliouM  be  sif;:ned  by  the  ])resi- 

i<'  dent  and  secretary  of  the  tribunal  and  the  agents  of  the  two  govern- 

I  menta. 

The  conference  was  then  adjourned  to  ^Eonday,  the  17th  day  of  June, 

at  2  o'cKx.'lc. 

f r ei) k rick  sc lo pis. 
.].  (j.  banckoft  davis. 
ti:ntekden. 

ALEX.  FAVllOT,  Secretary. 


ANNEX. 


M 


The  undersipicd  aj:jent  of  IlerlJritannic  Majesty  is  instructed  by  Her 
]\Iajest,y's  j^overnnieiit  to  state  to  Count  iSclopin*  the  arbitrator  named 
by  His  Mdjcsfy  the  King  of  Italy,  th;it  tiu-y  re^^ret  to  be  uiuler  the 
necessity  of  inforniing  the  arbitrators  tliat  the  (litference  between  Her 
Majest;\'s  government  and  the  (lovernnici't  (»f  the  United  States,  referred 
to  in  the  note  wliielitlie  undersigned  had  the  honor  to  achlress  to  Count 
JSolopin  when  presenting  the  British  {iKiiiter  case  on  the  15th  of  April 
last,  has  not  yet  been  removed. 

Her  ila jesty's  goveriunent  have,  lunvever,  been  engaged  in  negotia- 
tions with  the  (jovernnient  of  the  I.  iiitiMl  States,  which  have  continued 
down  to  the  ])reKent  time,  for  the  suhition  of  the  ditliculty  whi<;h  has 
thus  arisen  ;  and  they  do  not  abandon  the  hope  that,  if  further  time 
wci'e  given  tor  that  purpose,  such  ii  >(>lution  might  be  i)ractieable. 

Under  these  circumstances,  the  course  whicii  Her  iMaJesty's  govern 
ment  would  resjiectfuily  recjuest  the  tribunal  to  take  is  to  a<IJourn  tiie 
present  meeting  for  such  a  period  as  may  (  nable  a  supplementary  con- 
vention to  be  still  conchuied  and  iraiticd  between  the  high  contracting 
parties. 

Having  lodged  the  present  ai>plicaiion,  the  undeisigned  is  instructed 
to  withhold  tlu^  wiitten  or  printed  argiiment  which  the  undersigned,  as 
agent  of  Her  Majesty,  is  directed  to  put  in  luider  the  5th  article  of  tlu> 
treaty,  although  that  argument  has  bcvMi  duly  pre^tared  aiul  is  in  the. 
hands  of  the  undersigned. 

The  undersigned  is  further  directed  to  say  that  Her  Majesty's  gov- 
ernnu'nt  (while  they  would  consider  the  tribunal  to  have  lull  power  to 
proceed  at  the  end  of  the  period  of  adjournnuMit,  if  the  diflerence  bi'- 
tweenthe  high  (!onlra(;ting  parties  should  then  havel>een  removed,  not- 
withstanding the  non-delivery  on  this  day  of  the  ai'gument  by  the  un- 
dersigned) continue,  while  recpusting  this  adjournment,  to  reserve  all 
Uer  Majesty's  rights,  in  the  event  of  an  agreement  not  being  finally 
arrived  at,  in  the  same  nninner  as  was  expressed  in  the  note  addressed 
by  the  undersigned  to  Count  loclopis  on  the  15th  of  Ajiril. 

The  undersigned  has  tlie  honor  to  renew  to  Count  IScIopis  the  assur 
ance  of  his  highest  consideration. 

te:nterden. 

Geneva,  June  15, 1872. 


[ing 


'  A  similtti  note  was  addressed  to  each  of  tlie  arbitrators. 


I'ROTOCOLS    or    THE    CONFERENCES. 


19 


[oiulay, 

o-overu- 
3t'  June, 

etary. 


ritoT()C(u.  iv 


Rccoiil  of  flic  proccetlinfis  of  the  trilntnal  of  <nititnifioii  at  the  fourth  von 


t>(l  by  Her        | 
tor  inuiHM\        I 
niulcr  the        ''. 
:wc(Mi  Hor 
■s,  retVrriHl 
s  to  Coxmi 
h  of  April 

\\\  iiesf'tiiv- 
L>  continued 
r  whieU  liiiH 
ut\»er  time, 

y's  govern 
luljonrn  tiie, 
en  tar  y  eon- 
coutractiniJ. 

IS  instructed 
ersip;net\,  as 
rtiele  of  the 
lul  is  in  tlK' 

aiesty's  gov- 
Lil  uower  to 
[tifference  be 
lenioved,  not- 
]t  by  the  un- 
Ito  reserve  all 
Ibeinf?  finally 
l)te  addresseil 

)\s  the  assur 


fereiice 


held  at  Gcnecii,  in  iSicit.zcrlaud,  on  the  I'tk  dmi  ol'  June,  ISTl*. 


The  conference  was  held  pursuant  t<>  adjonrniueMt.     All  tlie  arbitrators 

were  present.  m,,,,,,,,,. „i 

Mr.  J.  C.  JJaneroft  Davis  and  Lord  Tent<M"den  attended 
the  conference  as  agents  of  the  United  States  and  IIi>r  lUitannic  .Majesty, 
respectively. 

The  protocol  of  the  last  conference  was  read  and  ap])roved,  and  was 
sij^iMMl  by  the  {(resident  and  secretary  of  the  triltunal  aii<l  tlie  agents  of 
the  two  governments. 

Mr.  JJancroft  J>avis  stated  that  he  was  still  withont  deliiiite  instruc- 
tions from  his  (rovernuient  regarding  tlie  iv((uest  of  the  Ibitish  agent 
for  adjouriunent,  and  suggested  a  further  adjournment  of  the  tribunal 
until  Wi'dnesday,  the  nineteenth  instant. 

Lord  Tenterden  said  that  he  could  ma.ke  no  obje<;ti»in.  Theconfere?iee 
was  then  adjourned  to  Wednesdav.  the  Jltlh  instant,  at  2  o'ch)ck. 

Fi{Ki)i<:iMCK  s(;l()P[s. 

J.  0.  r.AN(MIOFT  1)A\  iS. 

TKNTl':iil)KN. 

AIJOX.  I'AVIJOT,  Senrf'ini. 


riioTocoL  y. 

Recoiil  of  the  prtn-cedhujx  of  the  trUntnal  of  arbitration  ot  the  ffth  confer- 
ciiee  held  at  (reiieca,  in  Switzerland ,  on  the  VMIt  of  'fane,  1872. 

The  confcreiu'c  was  held  pursuant  to  adjournnicnt.     All  the  arbitra- 
tors were  present.  Ariuntor.    df 
.Air.  J.  (!.  liauci'oft  Davis  ami  Lord  Tenterden  attendi'd  h,,' 'ui'T',  i,r.^t 

the  ({oniercnce  as  agents  ol  the    '.  nited  k^tutes  and  Her  i.r , utr.tio.i  ui 

liritannic  Majesty,  resi)ectively. 

The  i>rotocol  of  the  last  conference  was  read  and  ajtproved,  and  was 
signed  by  the  ])resident  and  secretary  of  the  tribunal  and  the  agents  of 
the  two  governuieuts. 

Count  .Sclopis,  as  i)resideut  of  the  tribiuial,  inrpiii'i'd  wh(4h(M'  Mr. 
I  Bancroft  Davis  had  yet  received  detinitive  instructions  iVom  hisdovern- 
iment. 

Mr.  Bancrofi^  Davis  replied  that  he  had  not. 

Count  tSdopis  then,  on  behalf  of  all  the  arbitrators,  made  the  follow- 
ling  statement: 

Tlui  iippliciitioii  of  tlu"  iiffoiit  of  Hi^r  liritiiiiiiic  MaJcsfy'H  f^jovcnuiicnt  biMiijr  now  Uc- 
Ifore  tltt)  arl>itr;itor.H,  tlio  picsidont  tit"  tho  tribiiniil  (Count.  Sclopis)  proposes  fo  miiki-  the 
|foUo\viiijr  conniiunicatioti  on  the  i)art  of  the  arliitrjitors  to  tlin  parties  intcrcstoil: 

The  arlntrutois  wish  it  to  l)o  nndorstootl  that  in  the  observations  whicii  they  are 
ibout  to  make  tliey  have  in  view  sohily  tiio  application  of  tho  a;fent  of  Her  IJritannic 
"ajosty's  govcrninont,  which  is  now  before  them,  for  an  ailjonrnnient,  which  nii^rht  be 
[jroloiif^ed  till  tin;  month  of  February  in  next  year;  and  the  motives  for  that  application, 
ri/,,  tlie  dillercnce  of  oi»inion  wliich  existfi  between  Her  Hiitannic  Majesty's  }j;overii 
lent  and  the  Oovernment  of  tho  United  States  iis  to  the.  competency  of  the  tribunal, 
indcr  the  treaty  of  Washington,  to  deal  with  the  claims  advanced  in  the  case  of  the 
Jnited  States  in  respect  of  hmses  under  tho  several  heads  of — 1st,  "  Tue  lo.sses  in  the 
Iranster  of  the  American  commercial  marine  to  tho  British  Ha^;"  '2il,  "The  enhanced 
payments  of  insurance;"  aud  3d,  "The  prolongatiou  of  tho  war,  and  the  addition  of.i 


tffjmggm 


20 


ARlMTRATInN    AT    iiV  ,i:\  A. 


l;ir<;o  6i:iii  to  tlir  cost  (if  tlic  war  and  tin-  Mi]t|)ifs.si()ii  oC  (lit-  rciicllion  ;""  anil  tlu'  liopo 
wliToIi  Hit  Britannic.  Majct^ty's  jrnvcrnnicnt  iIkcs  not  abandon,  that  if  ^nllicioiit  time 
were  }riv(;n  t'ov  tiiat  i>ur)ii),se,  a  wolsition  of  tlir  diltiuult.v  «  iiicli  li;i«  tinis  arisen,  l>y  liii'. 
ncf^utiafion  of  a  snpph'nifntary  consentioii  ln;twi;cii  llu-  two  govfinnRMits,  nii^^lit  hv. 
found  iiraci  icaMf. 

Tlio  ai'l>itratois  do  not  juojioso  to  express  <)r  i'  " ,  any  opinion  upon  tlie  point  tlin,-* 
in  difference  lietween  tlwlwo  governments  '  .  .o  the  interpretation  or  effect  of  th«' 
treaty;  hnt  it  x-ems  to  tlieni  oli\ionsthat  the  substantial  oliject  of  the  adjournment 
must'  1).'.  to  oive  tile  two  ^overnnienls  an  opportunity  of  deterniininj;  \\  !ieth<'r  tho 
(hiinis  in  (nnstion  sjiall  nv  sjiall  not  he  snbmittcil  to  the  ih'cision  of  tlie  arbitrators, 
and  that  any  ditfcrenco  Ixtween  tlie  two  novernments  on  this  jioint  may  make  thi' 
adjonrnnient  unproductive  of  any  useful  elfect,  and,  iifter  a  dela.N  of  uiany  uionths, 
dnrin,n  wliicli  lioth  uations  ma.\  be  l<ept  in  a  stateof  painful  suspense,  may  cud  in  a 
result  which,  it  is  to  be  presumed,  both  '^overnnu'Uts  \\ould  e(|Ually  dep]or<',  tliat  of 
niakinjr  this  aibitrati(Ui  wliollv  aboiti\<-.  This  bein;;  so,  the  arbitrators  think  it  ri;;ht 
to  state  that,  aftc-r  the  most  caieful  perusal  of  ah  that  has  been  urj^ed  on  the  part  of 
the  (Jovcinment  of  the  rnited  -States  in  respect  of  these  claims,  they  have  arrived, 
individually  and  colleeti vely,  at  the  conclusion  that  those  claims  do  not  constitute, 
upon  the  principles  of  internatiiuial.  law  applicable  to  such  cases,  j;()i)d  foundation  for 
anawardof  compensation  or  c()m|)Utation  of  damaj;es  betwcini  nations,  and  should . 
ni)<ni  such  i>rinciples.  lie  \Nholl\-  excluded  from  the  consideration  of  the  triluinal  in 
Jruiliiuj;'  its  awaril.  even  if  there  were  no  disa;iree!ueut  bct\V(<'n  the  two  governments  as 
to  the  ciunpetency  of  the  tril)unal  toikcidc  thereon. 

With  a  view  to  the  settlenu'nt  of  the  other  claims  lo  the  consideration  of  which  by 
the  ti'ibuiml  no  exception  has  been  taktui  on  the  part  of  Ilei'  JSritannic  Majesty's  jio\  - 
einnu'nt,  the  arbitrators  have  th(uii;ht  it  desirable  to  la\-  before  the  parties  this  cx- 
]>ression  ot  the  views  they  have  tormed  upon  tin;  (|Ucstion  of  |>ublic  law  involved,  iii 
order  that  after  this  declaration  by  the  tiibunal  it  nuiy  be  cousidei'cd  li>-  the  (lovern- 
nu'ut  of  the  I'nitcd  States  whether  iiny  course  can  be  adoi)te<l  respect  inj;-  the  tirst-men- 
Tioiicd  claims  whicli  would  ri^Ueve  the  tribunal  from  the  necessity  of  deeidin<;  upon 
tho  present  ai>plication  of  Her  lUitaunic  JIajosty's  goNcrnment. 

Count  kSclopis  jiddcd  that  it  was  the  intt'iiticHi  of  tlic  liibiiiial  tliat 
tlii.s  statciiK'iit  s'lciild  hcconsitlcved  for  the  pie.sciit  to  1m'  coufidontial. 

Coiiiit  Bclopi'i  ti  «Mi  askt'd  wlit'tlicr  the  aj^ciits  or  cither  of  them  M'itslied 
to  say  aii.ythiii'j;'  to  lehiiiy'  tlie  dechiratioii  Just  math'. 

iMr.  JJanerolt  Davis  said  that  he  was  necessarily  without  instructions 
to  meet  thecontin<  ency  wliicli  had  arisen  from  tht;  action  thus  taken  by 
rhe  arbitrators,  lie  therefore  left  it  with  the  tribunal  to  say  whether, 
in  view  of  thi.s  fac't,  it  on<>ht  Jiot  of  its  own  motion  to  make  an  adjourn- 
jnent  sutVicient  to  aftbrd  time  for  the  i)roi>er  consideration  of  the  new 
position  created  by  the  announcement  of  the  tiibunal. 

Tiie  tribunal  then  ordered  this  coiderence  to  adjourn  until  Wednesday 
the  2()th  instant,  at  'J  o'clock  in  the  alteruooi*. 

FKKDKinCK  SCLOriS. 

.1.  C.  IJANCIiOFT  J)AVI8. 

TENTF.KDEN. 

ALi:X.   I'AVK'OT,  Si'r.rvUrii. 


PliOTOCOL  \'f. 


Ereord  of  rhi' proci't'dinfjfi  of  the  trihtoinl  of  nrhifrafion  tit  Hie  ni,vfh  ro)t-  ;'| 
frencc  hvid  of  'it'twrn,  in  iSirit.urlaud,  on  the  L'.")///  of  June,  1S72. 

The  conference  was  held  pursuttnt  to  a  cidl  by  the  president,  Coiuit  J 
Ti„-'i„,t,,i  s.,„,  i^t'lopis.    All  the  arbitnitors  were  present. 
JwliT '"'"'''''"      ^'''  '^'  ^'  ^^••"^'roft  Davis  and  Lord  Tenteiden  attended 
the  conference  as  agents  of   the   United  States  and  Jfer 
Britannic  Majesty,  respectively. 
Count  Sclopis,  us  president  of  the  tribuind,  stated  that  he  ha<l  re  I 


I'KOTocoi.s  OF  thj:  (  uNFi;f;i:N(M:s. 


21 


iriicionl  time, 
iriscii,  by  tlm 
its,  might  Ix'. 

ic  point  tlm.-( 

circct   of  til'- 

atljomiimi'iii 

wlifllicv  tlie 

10  arl>itrati)i>, 
nay  makf  tln' 
iiaiiy  moiilli^, 
may  cikI  in  :' 

•jilon',  that  i>t' 
think  it  ii,nht 
III!  the  iiait  i>r 
Ikivc  ariivctl, 

l((t  ((ilLstitlltr, 

oi\n(hitii>u  ('i>\ 
s,  aiul  fihoiild. 
ic  triloiiial  in 
KveiiuiH'uts  a^ 

11  (»t'  which  h.v 
>hiji'.sly's  jii)V- 
laitifs  this  r-N- 
\v  iiivolviMl.  in 
ly  the  (lov.'iii 
i'thc  liisi-iiiiMi- 

(Iccidiuj.  upnii 


libiiiiiil    that 
)iiti(l«Miliitl. 
theiu  wisht'd 


,1. 


ceived  I'roni  Mr.  Uanci'ot't  Diivis  the  iiiloiiniitioii  tliat  he  was  lucpaicd 
to  ('oinuiimicatiMo  tlio  trilmnal  Mif  action  UMtlioriztMl  by  his  (iovorn- 
iiuMit  respect i II j;'  the  (h'cl:,*.i(ioii  made  by  tli.'  arbitrators  at  the  hist  eon- 
I'ereiiee. 

Count  Sclopis  adih'd  that,  beinu'  d<-.>irons  of  advantiin^'  the  work  of 
tlie  trilninal,  lie  had,  th<'refoi"e,  convoked  the  conference  this  day,  in- 
stead of  Wcdnosihiy.  the  day  to  wliich  the  adjournment  had  been 
ma(h-. 

:\lr.  Jiaiicrolt  J>avis  stated  as  foUows  : 

The  dei'laratioii  niaiji'  hy  tlie  trihiiaal,  imiividiialiy  ami  colh'i-ti  vcly,  v(s|M'<tiiii;  tlut 
li.'tims  |ii('sciitc(l  hy  tlic  I'nitid  States  lur  the  award  of  the  tiihniial  lor— 1st.  " 'J'lie, 
losses  ill  the  Iranst'ci'  of  tiie  Aiilerieaii  eomineicial  marine  to  the  Ihitish  lia;jj;"'  '2(1.  "The 
cnlianeed  payments  of  insuranee  ;"  and  lid.  ''  'IMn;  prolon<fation  ol'  the  war  and  the  ad- 
ilition  of  a  hir;;(^  snm  to  rh(!  cost  of  the  war  and  the  suppression  oi"  tlic  rehcllioii,''  is 
areepted  hy  tiio  I'resi(h'nt,  of  t he  I 'nitiMl  States  as  determinative;  of  tiieir  judj^mtiiit 
njion  the  iiii])oitaiit  iiuestlon  of  jinhlic  hiw  iiuidved. 

'J'Ih;  a^^ent  of  tile  I'nited  States  is  authorized  to  say  tliat,  eonseniiently,  tlie  nliove- 
inentioiii'd  claims  will  not  he.  further  insisted  niioii  hel'on!  tiie  trilmnal  hy  the  Uiiite<i 
States,  and  Jiiay  he  exclnded  i'loui  all  consideration  in  any  award  that  may  h(!  made. 

Lord  Tenterdeii  then  said: 

I  will  inform  my  .i;(>vernment  of  the  (hclaration  made  hy  the  arhilrators  oii  tJie  litl.li 
in.^tant,  and  of  tlii!  statement  now  made  by  the  asjjent  of  the  Uuited  States,  and  rc<j[neKl 
tlieir  instructions. 

Tlic  conference  was  then  adjouriuMl  to  Thtr  ay,  tlie  27th  instaut,  at 
}l  O'clock  in  the  nutrninj;'. 

FKEDEIUCK  SCLOl'IS. 
J.  C.  r.AKCliOFT  DAMS. 

ti<:nti:ki)EN. 

ALEX.  J'^AVKOT.  SarcUtn/. 


instructions 

lus  taken  by 

ay  whether, 

'  an  luljourn- 

I  of  tlie  new 

Wednesday 

J)1MS. 
DAY  US. 

Scrrci^irfi. 


flu'  si.vth  '•')(»- 
w,  IS7'J. 

lidcnt,  Count 

len  att<Mide(l 
tes  an<l  Her 


J'lfOTOCOL  y\i. 

Record  of  the   proctctJiiu/s  of  the  trlbiuml  of  nrbltration  <it  fin   screnth 
(ton/erenee,  held  at  (renera,  ia  Siri.f::erl(md.  on  Ihe'Jlik  of  June.  1872. 

The  conference  was  held  pursuant  to^idjourument.  All  the  arbitra- 
tors were  i)resent.  '     "  urM.„„.,.^,on.. 

Mr.  .L  C.  Bancroft  J)avis  and  Lord  Tenterden  attended  ;;;;',,  m^L'^"';: 
the  conference  as  a<;eiits  of  tlu^  United  States  and  Her  ''.",l';;;;.^r''M;;n'',,' 
Britannic,  Miijesty.  res[)(.>cti\ely.  '  ""' 

The  i)r()tocol  of  the  last  conference  was  I'ead  and  jijtproN cd,  and  was 
signed  by  the  |)resident  .md  secretiiry  of  the  tribunal,  and  the  a;.i-eiits 
of  the  two  governments. 

Count  Scloi)is,  as  i)resideiit  of  the  tribunal,  impiired  whether  Lord 
Tenterden  had  received  the  instructions  irotn  his  goveinnient  Ibi'  which 
he  had  said  that  he  woidd  ai)ply  at  the  last  conference. 

Lord  Tenterden  then  read  the  following  statement : 

"The  undoisifrm'd.  ajfcnt  of  Ilcr  Britannic  Majesty,  is  authorized  U\  Her  Majesty's 
^ovorimie.iit  to  state  that  ITcU'  Majesty's  t^overnment  lin<l  in  the  comiunnication  on  the 
l)art  of  tlio  arbitrators,  ree-orded  in  the  protocol  of  their  i>roceedinf>s  of  the  IKth  ii»- 
Htaiit,  nothiii}.';  to  which  they  cannot  assent,  coiisislently  with  the  view  of  the  iuter- 
prct.ition  and  effect  of  the  treaty  of  Washington  hitherto  inaiutaine<l  hy  them;  and 
being  informed  of  the  statement  made  on  the  *2.'jth  instant  by  the  agent  oi'  the  United 

particularly  mentionei 


1^    he    Ii'kI   rO    '^B  ^"ither  insisted  ujum  before  the  tribunal  by  the  Ignited  States,  and  may  be  exclndec 


22 


ARBITRATION    AT    (iKNKVA. 


from  nil  coii^iilciiit ion  in  any  award  that  may  Iti^  made:  and  asxnmini;  tliat  the  aihi- 
tratois  will,  upon  .mkIi  .statcnn<nt,  tliink  lit  now  to  dcclaif  that  the  sanl  scvi-ral  claiinH 
art',  ami  from  In  nci't'orl  li  will  hi',  wholly  t"xclnd»'d  I'loni  their  considfration,  and  will 
t'mtiody  such  declaration  in  their  luotmid  ot"  (his  day's  proceedinj^s ;  tliey  have  in- 
strneted  the  nndersijrned,  upon  this  l)ein;f  done,  to  re(|nest  leave  to  withdraw  the 
apiili<'Htion  made  hy  him  to  the  trihnnal  on  the  I'ltli  instant  for  smdt  an  adjournmiMit 
as  miu:ht  enal)le  a  sujiplenu-ntary  convention  to  he  eomdnded  and  ratilied  Iictween  the 
liij;h  cimtraciinj;  parties;  and  to  re(|uest  leave  to  delixer  tlii' printed  arnnnn'nt.  now 
in  the  hands  of  the  under>i;;iieil.  which  has  heeu  jirepared  on  t  lit^  part  ol'  ller  I  hi  tannic, 
ilajesty's  i;(>veriinnnt  under  the  lil'th  article  of  the  treaty  with  reference  to  the  other 
(dainrs,  to  the  consideration  of  which  hy  the  trihnnal  no  exception  has  ))eou  taken  on 
the  ]iart  of  Her  Majisiv's  j^ovci'iunent. 

•■ti:\tp:ri)kn." 

Mv.  IJaiicrot't  Davis  said  that  lift  nuule  no  objtjction  to  the  oraiiting  of 
the  i('((ii('st  made  l)y  Lord  Tcidfti'deii  to  lie  ixMinitted  to  withdiaw  liis 
ap[>liealioii  lor  an  adjoiiniiiieiit.  and  to  lile  the  aryiiiiieid  of  ller  lli'i- 
tiinnie  Majesty's  jio vera  men  t. 

Connt  ^elopis.  on  hclialfof  all  the  arbitrators,  thnt  dectlarcd  that  the 
said  several  elaiuis  for  indireel  losses  mentioned  in  the  statement  made 
by  the  a}.''ent  of  the  UnitiMl  States  on  the  L'.")th  instant  iind  referred  to 
in  the  stat(Mnt'nt  Just 'made  by  the  a^i-ent  of  Her  Ibitannic  AEajesty,  are, 
and  from  heneeforth  shall  be,  wholly  <'\eluded  from  the  consideration  of 
the  tribunal,  and  directed  the  se<'retary  to  endtody  this  declaration  in 
the  jirotoeol  of  this  day's  pi'oeeedinus. 

lie  at  the  sanu'  time  informed  Lonl  Tcnterden  that  the  tribunal  as- 
sented to  his  re(iu<'st  for  leave  to  witlnlraw  his  ajtplication  for  a  pro- 
lonji'ed  adjournment,  ami  also  to  his  re(inest  for  lea\<'  to  <leliver  the. 
l>rinted  arj;iinient  which  had  been  pre[>are<l  on  the  [)art  of  ller  Ibitannie 
Majesty's  "government. 

Lord  TiMiterden  then  i)resented  eoines  of  the  ariiiunient  in  duplicate 
to  each  of  the  arbitrators  an<l  to  tiie  aj^'ent  of  the  L^nited  States. 

Count  Sclo])is  stated  that  the  tribunal  no  longer  tlesired  the  proceed- 
inji's  to  be  considered  contidential  so  far  as  publication  of  them  by  the 
United  States  and  ]>ritish  jiovernments  is  conc<'rmMl, 

He  then  proceeded  to  read  an  address  as  follow.-,: 

Mi",ssii:i  ns :  An  nu)nn'nt  oit  le  nond  .jni  nn-naeait  d'i'ntra\cv  p.»iir  ionji'tenips  encore. 
I'l'xi'cution  (hi  trailc  dc  Washinjiton  vient  d'etre  si  iH^ureu-enn-nt  tran(die.  a  I'lieureofi 
nos  travanx  V(mt  prendre  un  cours  lilire  et  r('<;nlier.  pernielte/-nH(i  de  vous  din^  me.s- 
siiiurs  et  trcs-hoiiores  c(dlioii(.><,  cumhiiMi  J'apprc'cie  riionneur  de  siejjer  avec  vons  dan.s 
CO  trilumal  irarhilrai;c,  sur  lequel  sont.  lixc's  anjonrd'hni  les  re^^ards  du  uionde  civilise. 

I..aisse/-ni<)i  ensnite  vons  exju'lmer  tout  ce  rpie  j'i''>'.\>iive  de  reconnaissance  [lonr  hi 
maripie  Hal  tense  de  contiance  (ju'il  vons  a  phi  de  iii'accorder  en  in'ajipehint  a  oecuper 
00  fauteuil. 

.Jo  eompi'ends  ])arfiitement  tout  le  jirix  de  cette  distincticm  si  ]»eii  nu'ritcc  :  inais  Jt^ 
conipreniis  mieux  encoie  le  l)csoin  fpie  J'anrai  tl'etre  sontenn  i)ai'  h'  concours  de  vo.s 
Inniieres,  et  i)ar  I'appni  de  \otre  indnlneiice  dans  I'exercice  des  fom-tions  que  vous 
in'ave/  conliees.  ('c  sera  a  \  ons  i|Ue  je  ]k'  deviai,  si  j<'  ni'  vais  pas  jvarattre  trop  an-de.s- 
snns  de  ma  tache. 

Jjii  nMinion  de  ce  trihnnal  d'arhitra;.;!'  sinnale,  .'i  idle  senle.  nne  nonv(dh'  direotiou 
impriinee  anx  idc'cs  i|ni  nonvernent  la  i»olitiipic  des  nations  les  pins  avanci-es  snr  hi 
V(Me  de  la  civilisation. 

Nous  ,sonimesa''riv*''s  a  une  i-poiineoii.  dans  les  sphi-res  les  pins  ele\<'esde  la  politique, 
I'esi^rit  de  nnidt'ration  et  le  sentiment  d'c'iiniti-  commenetiiit  iiartont  a  i)revaloir  sur  les 
tendances  des  vieilles  routines  d'lin  arhitraire  insolent  on  d'une  imlilfc'renee  eonpahle.. 
Diminner  les  occasions  de  fairo  hi  j;uerre,  attenuor  les  malhenrstiu'cdh!  traine  a  sa  suite, 
placer  les  intciets  do  rimmanit"'-  aii-dessus  de  eeux  do  la  ])oliti(iue,  voila  I'tenvro  vers 
la(|Uolle  se  diriment  toiites  les  jjrandes  intellijrcnces,  tons  les  co'urs  haiit  plac('.s.  Aiissi 
avec  quel  honhenr  n'a-t-on  pas  sain-' ' )  vten  si  nohlement  ex])rime  par  le  congri-s  de  I'aris 
eti  IHoli,  que  les  t'-tats  entre  lesqiiels  s'l'leviM'ait  un  dissontiinent  serieiix,  avaut  d'cii 
iippeler  aux  amies,  enssent  reeonrs,  eii  tant  que  les  ciiconstanccs  I'admettraient,  aux 
bona  otlices  des  puissances  amies  !  (^ue  de  hons  etfets  ii'avait-oii  pas  a  attendro  de  la 
ddclaratiou  do  ce  ineme  congres  concernaut  I'abolitiou  ilc  la  course,  et  lo  respect  de  la. 
propriete  privee  /     En  tin  uous  ne  .saurious  oul)lier  ici  cette  couventioii  de  Oeuevc,  qui 


I 


PROTOCOLS    OF    Tlir,    (M)NFK1?EN('F,S. 


23 


tluit  tlie  lubi- 
scvtTiil  i;l;iiiii.s 
tinii,  iiinl  will 
tlicy  liiivc  iii- 
witliilrii \v  tlic 
ii(1.j(>iiniiiu>iit 
I  lirrwccii  the 
ry,iniii'iil.  now 
Hi!i'  I!ril.;iniiic 

('    to    trill'    o1  lllT 

leoii  tiikcii  on 
sTERDKN." 

itliilraw  liis 
of  1I(M-  I'.ri 

(Ml  tliitt  the 

MIH'Ilt    !ir,l(l<l 

rct'errt'd  to 
;:ij('sry,  are, 
iidciation  of 
•claratioii  in 

tril)uiial  as- 
)ii  tor  a  pro- 
deliver  the 
Br  IJritannie 

^11  (luplieate 
ites. 

proceetl- 
leui  Wy  the 


I'tinips  oDcoio 
:'i  riii'iiro  ofi 
)iis  (lire,  ml^,s- 
,'ec  voiis  (laii.s 
onilc  civilised. 
■«;iiicf'  i)t)nr  la 
lint  a  occupov 

•itt'c :  mais  jti 
icon  IS  (If  voH 
i()ns  (iM(^  voiis 
tiop  an-dt'f)- 

•11c  (linMJtion 
anci-cs  snr  la 

la  politique, 
valoir  snr  les 
no  coupat)l«. 
lu'  a  sa  suite, 

r<i'iivre  vers 
lacos.  Aussi 
if^ri'S  (Ic  Paris 
c,  avaut  il'cu 
ttraiciit,  aux 
ttendre  de  la 

respect  de  ia< 
Geuiive,  qui 


jiarvint  a  placer  sous  la  proti  <^tion  spi'.i'iali)  dii  dioit  des  jjons  les  I'llans  de  la  cliariK^  sur 
Ifs  chaMi]is  df  liat;iill«. 

On  a  l)ii-n  du  rci^ri'ttcr  (pn'  Ii-h  vncs  si  droitm  ct  si  Hairps  dn  conjiiii's  dc  Pa.ri;<  n'aient 
pius  (Ho  proni|ilt'ni)'nt  sccondci^s  p;n'  Ifs  ('■MMirnicntH.  I  ).•  cnii'ls  dc'ni'-nl  is  ont  *'t<'.  donnc'ts 
anx  aspirations  dcs  jiincs  d'ditc;'  inais  I'aiitorih-  nimali!  drs  priiici|)cs  [•roclaiiK'iH  a 
cctte  opoipii'  nt;  s'cst  jioint  atV.iililii'. 

(!n\(Mi  a  rinitiative  dcs  lioniniiM  d't  tat  (pii  jTi'siilcnl  anx  dcsl  im'cs  dc  rAnK^ritpie  et 
dc  rAn.ij;lct(^ric,  cctlc^  idee  oT'in'icnsi!  commence  a  porter  scs  I'rnits. 

liC  irraiid  essai  de  I'applieatiiin  des  rc^li's  aiisleres  et  cahncs  dn  droit  anx  ipu'stions 
ardentt's  do  la  polil,i(|nc  va.  sii  t'airt\  L'histoire  ( ontenipDiaino  racnilera  a  la.  postorito 
(pu\  nienn-  dans  la  clialenr  lies  pins  vives  riMaiiiinat  ions,  on  a,  tonjonrs  son^ii  dcs  dcnx 
coti's  de  rAtlantiipn-  a  tenir  onveites  les  voles  d'\u\  a,ico:iiini)ilciniiil  aeeci)lalilo  par  les 
amis  de  la  |>iiix  ct  t\n  projvri's. 

A  traversdes  nei^ociationsneepssair-Mnent  l(nit;nos,sonHl'action  di's  eonrants  varialdcs 
de  ropinH)n  pnltliipn',  ini'V  itaUlcs  ehez  les  ;;oiiverne-n)eiits  a  hase.  popniaire,  In  Init  do 
CCS  nia^naninies  elforts  ne.  t'nt.  jamais  jierda  d<!  vnc.  I'ersonne,  ctM-tes,  m^  ponvait  en 
contestiM- I'ntiiiti' ;  mais  d'eii  venir  an  point  d'aceepter  ))ni-emcnt  et  sini|)leinent  )(>,  sy- 
steme  de  I'arliitray;!',  de  renoneer  a  ee  privilei;i',  si  cImm'  anx  ambitions  vnlnaires,  de  ho 
(.lire  justice  d(>  sa  main,  voila  ee  qni  e\i;;iait  nnc.  rare  Cernn'te  de  conviution,  un 
dcMnn-nient  a  tonte  (■|)renve  an\  int<iels  de,  riuiniiuiili'.  An^si  Ic  prendcr  ministro 
d'Anj>letei  le  at-il  en  raison  de  jcirler  dn  traiti'  de  \Va^hin;4t.on  datis  des  terines  <)ni 
earactf'riseiit  a  la  t'ois  la  .ur.indeiir  et  les  dil'licnlics  de .rcntrcprisi-.  "11  sc  itent,"  (lisait- 
il,  "  (pn(  cc  soit  nin)  espr^rancc  trop  eelalante  ponr  ctie  ri'.ilisi'e  tlans  c,e,  nH)ndo  do 
niisercs  oh  nons  vivons;  rexpcriniee  dn  moins  est  <liLCne  de  I'etl'ort.  On  recdMsrche,  s'il 
l^^t  possilile,  de  souincttri!  ees  ecntlits  d'()|)iniou  eiitre.  denx  nations  an  Juj^cnuint  d'nn 
tiilinnal  ile  raisini,  an  licii  de  I'ailiitra^e  san;;lant  des  amies.  L'liistoire.  se,  sonvicnidra 
.1  I'l'jiard  des  Ftats-Unis  et  dn  K'oyaniiic-lini  qne,  ayant  a  vidi^r  do  sernnix  ciniflitH,  et 
so  scntant  pen  disiioses  de  ])art  et  il'aiitre  a  ci'dcr  le  terrain,  ils  se.  sont  neaninoins  i\]>- 
pliipii's  a  assurer  la  ])aix.  ct  irni-scnlonnMit  a  ri^iflcr  Ic.nrs  proprc^s  eonilits,  mais  aussi  i\ 
<lonner  nn  excmi»lc  qni  sera  IVeoiid  en  l)ientaits  pour  l<'s  antrcs  nations.  ■•' 

On  a  dit  que  le  triomplie  d'nne  idi'c  nrile.  n'est.  .i;iinais  {(n'mie  qnestion  dti  date.  V6- 
lieitons-nons.  niessienrs,  d'assister  a  la  ii'^iilisation  d'nn  dessein  qni  doit  etre  fecond  des 
nieillenrs  rt-.^nltats;  esjii-rons  qn'il  ti*'ndradans  raveiiir  (out  ce  qn'il  pronnH  anjour- 
d'hni. 

\ons  avons  entendn  cc  cii  terrihli;  ''In  for(!e  ])rimc  li^  droit:"  c'est  nn  tU'-li  i)ort6  h  la 
ei\  ilisation.  Xons  voyons  mainreiiant  la  iiolitiqne  s'adriisser  a  la  justice^  ])onr  ne  |)as 
ahnser  de  la  iorec  ;  c'ot  nn  lionimaj;'e  (pae  la  civilisation  doit  lec.e.vuir  a.vc.c,  Itonlieur. 

Ne  nons  plaijinons  pas  troj>  si  les  cpii-siions  ipn'  mnis  somnics  appcliVs  a  rc'^sondre  nous 
ari'iventa  la  suite  <ra;iita.tions  pr(dony;ees.  iiceonn.iissmis  pliitot  riniporla.iiee  lies  do- 
enniinits  qni  nons  out  iHe'  fonrnis  et  dcs  r.iisoniKMiicnts  dont  ils  ont  t'lte  ace.oin])ann6s. 

Les  l(ni<fncs  invest iijations  jin'pare'nt  Kw  nieillcures  sjlntions.  On  navi;.;Mo  plus 
snrenicnt  snr  les  rivieres  ipii  out  (de  le  mieiix  soiidi'tes, 

Le  droit  des  jjens  a  et('^  trop  sonveiit  rejrarde.  eoiiime  un  sol  mobile,  snr  hsqutd,  an 
nniinent  oil  Ton  croit  avancer,  le  picil  j;liss(i  en  arriiire.  .Serait-e(»  un  esp(dr  indiscret 
(pie  celni  de  parvcnir  ])ar  nos  (dluits  a  reiidri^  (!c,  sol  nn  pen  micnx  ratl'cnni  f 

L'ohjet  de  nos  (UdilK-rations  deniande  (\\'^  ('tndes  anssi  varices  (pie  si'n'ieuses.  Nous 
anrons  ii  rexaininer  a  d(!s  ]»oint-i  de  viie  dilViirenls.  ("e  sera  tant('')t  avec  la  lar;i;e  p(ir- 
ceptioii  dt!  riminnni  d'i'tat,  tanti'it.  avec  I'd-.H  sc.riitatenr  d'nn  pr(''.sident  anx.  assises, 
tonjonrs  avei;  un  pndbiid  sentiineiit  d'liipiittudi  avi^e  line  iinj)a.rtialit(>  ahsolne. 

Xons  nons  proincttons  heaucoiip  de  I'aide  einpresstie  des  aji'cnts  des  deux  ])uissances 
«(iii  ont  en  reeonrs  a  ee  triluiual ;  huir  Iiauto  intelligeiieo  et  leiir  /i'.le  celaiio  nou.s  sout 
e;j;;ilenient  eonnns. 

I-aiiin  le  tribunal  «e  eonfie  dans  rassistance  d(i9  cnnseils  des  hautes  parties  pr<^sonte.«! 
.1.  la  banc,  di'.  (les  Jnriseonsnltes  ('iiiiinents  dont  le  noni  vaiit  nn  (doife.  N<)ns  nous  at- 
t<Midons  (pii'ls  (^oopereront  Cranelienient  av(H!  nons  dans  ee  ipii  doit  (^t.re,  nou-seuloniont 
nn  acto  d(!  bonne  Jnstiee,  mais  encore  nn   travail  de  <^raiide  ]iacilieation. 

Pnissions-nons  n^pondro  coinph'itemeiit.  anx  lonaldes  intentions  des  puissances  qtiL 
eons  ont  honon^s  de  bntr  ehoix;  pnissions-nons  ri.'inplir.  avee.  I'aide.  de,  Dien,  uno  mis- 
sion qui  m(>tte  fin  a  de  lon<;s  et  piiiiibles  dill'erends;  (pii,  o,n  r('.;;lant  de  j^rav(!s  int6r6t.s, 
apaise  diulonhnireiises  (^motions,  et  (pii  no  soit  pas  sans  ipndipu!  heureuse  inllueucosur 
leuiaintien  de  la  paix  du  nioiide  et  les  pnj^^re.s  de  la  civilisation. 


"•In  the  performance  of  a  uudaneholy  duty,"  dit  Sir  R(d)ert  PhiHiinore  daua  la 
preface  a  la  denzieine  (>dition  des  Vommentaricx  upon  Internulioiinl  Law,  1871,  "  I  am 
«blii;fe(l  to  close  tins  chronicle  of  events  by  the  admission  that  the  siifjjjestion  contained 
in  till)  last  protocol  to  the  treaty  of  Parish  1850,  has  remained  a  dead-hitter,  except  per- 
;  haps  in  the  ease  of  Luxemburfjf.  Neither  of  the  bellijuerents  in  the  present  horrible  war 
would  listen  to  the  suf^f^estion  of  such  an  arbitration." 

'^  Discours  prououc(5  par  Monsieur  Gladstfme  au  b.anquet  d'installation  du  nouveau 
lord-inaire,  le  9  uovembre  1871. 


rrBB 


RRmOT^nm 


I!' 


24 


AKIilTKATION    AT    (iKNKVA. 


ill 


Von  vd'iix,  tli  s-lidruiK's  colIc^iUcH.  s'acfonlcioiit  siitiM  iloiiti-  iivcc  1«'n  iiiini^  iioiir  (|m»» 
I'oHi^ai  qiKi  I'oii  vii  fiiiio  serve  ii  ('CHitcr  duiiH  I'uviMiir  Icn  occunioiih  <lts  liittoh  .siiiiy;lim(.eK 
et  h  lallciriiir  l'(  miiiic  de  la  jiiiKiii. 

DatiH  eel  t(^  do  I  Id'  ]ii<^\  i(-ioii,  i'ainit'  !\  ra|i|i(liT  ccs  i)ar('l<K  dii  ln'rns  d(  )"AiiM'iii|iii-.  do, 
Oeor^o  VVaHl\iiinti(M :  "S'il  yu  iiiio  vYditi'i  (orlciiu'iif  C'laldir,  c'fht  ((ii'il  y  a  ici-Nas  iii' 
]i<'ii  iiidif-soiiildc  Mil  I'o  IcH  pim  N  iiiaxiini'H  (I'liiic  jiclit  i(]iH^  lioiiiute  et  iiia^iiaiiiiiie  ct  le.-; 
KclideH  i('(;<}iiiii(iifj(\s  d»;  la  [iinsiei  Uti  I't  du  lioiiliciii  |iiilili<!."' 

Lord  Tciilndcii  then  .stated  (liat  Sir  Ifoiiiidcn  Palmer,  Wvv  I»iitamiit; 
j\I}'J<'st\'.s  coiiiiscl,  lia<l  i)r('iiai(.'(l,  lor  llio  (joiisidcriitidii  ol'  llic  tiibiiiiai, 
a  Ktatcnicut  of  cortaiii  jioiiilH  oC  imijoitaiicc,  as  to  wliitli  lie  desires  to 
liavc  an  oppoi  tiiaily  of  >-iil»M;il(iii,^  lo  (lie  (rilmnal  I'lutlier  ar,i;iinK'iits, 
ill  aruswei'  tollioso  coiitniiied  in  tlie  ariiiinieiit  ot  llie  United  States  de- 
livered on  the  inih  instant;  and  that  Sir  IJonndell  I'ahiier  wunhl  now, 
\vlth  the  ix'rniission  of  tins  tiihiinal,  read  such  statement,  of  whiel,, 
uith  a.  tianshttion  which  \von!d  be  piepared  without  delay,  eoities  wil.' 
l)c  delivered  to  tlio  .s(»veral  aihiiratcrs  and  to  the  a;j;('nt  ot  tlu'  IJniteei 
States  in  the  conrse  ol'  the  day;  ait«l,  as  the  |)re[)aration  of  any  further 
arguments  on  those,  or  any  other  jxiiiits,  v*  ill  ncessarily  icMpurt?  som<' 
time  to  he  allowtd,  li(^  l)e<><;((l  respect  fully  to  sui^^cst  that  11m^  (MUinse' 
on  both  sides  should  b(>  inforuu'd  of  th(^  time  which  the  tribunal  will  be 
Avillinj:^  to  allow,  before  »'  >  urin.n"  their  further  attendance  for  the.  ])ur- 
jujse  of  any  ai^nnunts.  if  the  inteival  so  granted  can  be  extended  to 
the  lirst  of  An,i>ust  next,  it  is  believed  tliat  this  nill  meet  tin;  views  o!' 
the  counsel  and  aucids  of  both  pinlis,  and  mav  pioliably  enable  the 
<'ounsel,  ^vhen  ajiain  before  the  tribunal,  to  (lisciiarjic  their  duty  in  a 
sliortei'  time  than  mijiht  otherwise  be  recjuisitt^ 

Sir  I\ouud<'ll  Palmer  tlu'u  r(^ad  a  statement. 

Mr.  JIancrolt  J)a\  is  tiu'U  said  that  upon  bein.i;'  turnished  with  u  copy 
of  the  pajier,  now  ])resented  on  th(»  part  of  Jler  I'.ritannif;  Majesty'.s 
counsel,  he  would  lay  the  same  before  the  counsel  of  the  United  States, 
and  would  present  their  vii'ws  to  thetriluinal  after  ^ru  h  coiisultation. 

Count  Sclopis  then  stated  thatthe  tribunal  had.  at  the  request  of  the 
Hj^ent  oi'  Her  IJiitannic!  Majesty,  granted  p(M  Miivsion  to  Sir  Koundell 
Palmer  to  read  the  statement  retiuesting'  the  tribunal  to  authorize  him 
to  furnisli  the  arbitrators  with  further  arj^uments  on  the  points  therein 
spccided,  and  that,  with  referemie  to  this  retjuest,  Mr.  Adams,  as  one  of 
the  arbitrators,  had  suirj^osted  a  i)relieaiuary  (question,  viz,  whether 
under  tlie  terms  of  Article  Y  of  the  treaty  of  Washington  it  is  (!ompe- 
teiit  for  th(^  agents  or  counsel  to  make  re(piests  of  this  nature,  a.nd  thai, 
the  tril)unal,  alter  discussion,  and  ha\ing  in  view  the  precise  terms  of 
the  treaty,  liad  decided  that  the  arbitrators  alone  have  the  right,  if 
tiioy  desiie  furt.hei-  elucidation  with  regard  to  any  ])oint,  to  recpiire  a 
written  or  printed  statement  or  argument,  or  oral  arguiiient  by  counse] 
ni)on  it,  under  the  terms  of  the  said  article. 

The  conference  was  then  adjouitied  until  J^'riday,  the  I'Stli  instant,  at 
11  o'clock  a.  m. 

FliEDKlMCK  SULOPlS. 

J.  C.  P.ANC1{()FT  DAVIS. 

TENTEPDKN. 

ALICX.  FAVJtOT,  Sccretan/. 


'DisconrH  proiione*^,  lo  'AO  avril  1789  daiiH  la  sdarico  dii  Ko'nat  arui'ricaiii,  lors  de  la 
proclainatiun  de  VVasbiiifftoii  a  la  prdsuU-iico,  ct,  do  John  Adam.-,  a  la  vice-presid«»no-<', 
d«H  l?tafa-Uiils. 


F'K(>r(»('(»I.S    ol'    Tin:    CONFKKMNCI'S. 


({•^  jMiiir  f|iie 

^B 

s  .Hiiii^laiil.fK 

■ 

iiu'rii|Mi'.  (l«i 

H 

ii  ii'i-bas  iir< 

^m 

jmiiin-  ct  Itw 

1 

nritiiiiiiio 

1 

'  tribiinai, 

desires  to 

vminu'iits, 

States  «](•- 

loiild  now, 

of  wliicl., 

(•o])ies  Nvir 

'.^/ 

Jie  lJnit(^»i 

i>. 

iiy  fintlier 

:■■ 

piire  some 

-i. 

ln^  eoniistv 

,:ii 

mil  will  he 

■1 

n-  the  luii' 

i 

xtended  to 

e  views  oI' 

eiiiil)le  tli«' 

1 

duty  ill  a 

1 

\  ith  !i  eopy 

;  Miijesty':'. 

ted  States, 

ultatioii. 

H'st   of  the 

•  Jiouiidell 

hoiizc  hiii5 

nts  therein 

■<,  as  one  of 

A,  Nvliether 

t  is  eoiiipe- 

\  and  that 

■  .'jjt- 

;e  terms  ()■' 

M 

le  rij;ht,  if 

>  re(iuire  ;i 

)y  eonnsel 

'« 

instant,  at 

)iMS. 

)AVIS. 

:iiU((i\ii. 


II,  lors  de  la 
-prcsideuo-t', 


Sir     ^,    ('(K-kliijtn 

•  ivnl    frir     r»r-.ir);i.- 

•  ■•ir  :     inwtioii    'l*- 


i 


l»K()T(M"()I.  Vill. 

licronl  of    the   jnotrfil iiu/s  of    the    fflhiaio!  of   orhilrdfion   of   flu    fUjhth 
conJi'fC/UT,  Ik  Id  at  (linvro,  iStciturlaiui,  on  tlw  -SlU  of  June,  1S7-. 

The  eonfereiiee  was  held  pnisnaiit  to  adjourninent.  All  the  ailiitraturs 
and  the  ii.irents  of  I  lie  two  ;;(»\  cniiiients  were  present. 

The  prcitocol  of  the  last  eoiiferenco  was  read  and  approved,  and  was 

si^'iu'd  by  the  president  and  secretary  of  tlie  triluinal  I  tlie  agents  of 

tile  two  ^•overnnienls. 

Sir  Alexander  (.'oekhnrn,  as  om^  ot  the  arbitrators,  then  proposed  to 
the  tiionnal  to  re(pijie  a  written  or  ]>riiited  statement  oi 
ar.yiiiiient  l>y  the  eoniisel  of  the  two  ^()\  eriiiiieiits  for  further 
elueidatiou  on  tln^  followinj;'  points,  vi/: 

1,  What  is  the  '^  ihw  dili^^cnee''  rcipiired  fioiu  a  neutral  stale, 
aeeordin;;'  to  tlie  ;^'eneral  rides  of  international  law,  and  aeeordinjj;  to 
til*'  rules  of  the  sixth  ai'tiele  of  the  treaty  of  Wa  shin  ••ton  ? 

w'.  What  were  the  international  obli^'atious  of  neutral  stat<>s  in 
resjteet  to  the  const  riiet ion,  sale,  and  litiinj;' out,  within  neutral  territory, 
of  ships  intended  for  warlike  use  by  si  bellii^'erent,  independently  of  the, 
niunieipal  le/4islatioii  of  the  neutral  state,  and  of  the  rules  laid  down  by 
the  treaty  of  \Vasiiiii;4tou  ? 

;>.  What  rights  an;  conferred  uim»ii  a  belli^'-erent  power  by  the  innni- 
eipal  le.nislatiou  of  a  neutral  state  tor  the  maintenance  of  its  niMitrality, 
if  such  legislation  exceeds  Mk;  limits  of  the  obliy,ations  pr<niously  im- 
l)osed  upon  neutral  States  by  international  law  l! 

i.  Is  a  neutral  static  under  any  international  oblinatiou  to  detain  in, 
or  exclude  from,  its  ]»orts  vessels  titti^d  out  in  violation  of  its  neutrality, 
after  such  vessels  have  been  commissioned  as  ]»ublic  shi[>s  of  war  by  ii 
iK'lligerent  i>ower,  whether  such  ])ower  be  or  be  not  reeoynized  as  a 
.soveiei;;n  state  '.' 

r».  Whether  Her  ."Majesty's  iiroelaination  of  neutrality,  recoj>ui7,in.ij  the 
hellijjfcreney  of  tin,'  Confederate  States,  is  in  any,  and  what,  way  material 
to  the  question  of  the  liability  of  (!reat  Uritaiii  for  losses  sustained  by 
tiie  United  States,  in  consecjnenee  of  the  acts  of  the  vessels  referred  to 
iji  the  treaty  of  Washington  .' 

G.  Whether  the  laws  of  (}i'(>at  Ibiiain.  <luriu,<r  the  civil  war,  were,  (tr 
were  not,  sullieient,  if  i»roperly  enfoi'ced,  for  the  fullillmeiit  of  Her  Uri- 
taJUiie  ^Majesty's  neutral  oblij^ations? 

7.  If  tv  vessel,  whi(!h  has  been  fitted  out  in  violation  of  the  neutrality 
of  a  neutral  state,  has  escajted  from  tin;  neutral  territory,  thiouj^h  some, 
want  of  due  diligence  on  the  i)art  of  th(>  neutral  ,n-overnment,  ought 
Hueli  neutral  state  to  be  held  res[»onsible  to  the  otlier  belligerent  for 
captures  made  by  such  vessel  I 

If  so,  to  what  period  does  this  resi»on,sibility  extend?  ^fay  it  be 
modifted  or  terminated  by  circumstances  afterwanl  supervening,  (as, 
for  instanee,  hy  assistance  afterward  lendered  to  tlu^  vessel  by  an  inde- 
pendent power,  without  which  her  capacity  for  warlike  purposes  would 
have  ceased,  or  by  her  entrance  into  a  p«»rt  of  the  belligerent  to  whom 
she  belongs,)  or  does  it  necessarily  extend  to  the  end  of  the  war  ? 

Furthermore,  does  this  responsibility  still  exist,  when  the  persons 
who  made  such  captures  were  insurgent  citizens  of  the  state  against 
Avhich  they  waged  war,  to  whom,  upon  the  conclusion  of  the  war,  such 
illegal  acts  have  been  condoned  l 

8.  If  a  vessel,  which  has  not  been  fitted  out  or  armed  in  violation  of 


20 


AltmrKATlnN    AT    CKNKVA. 


llie  iH'Utriility  (tl'  ii  ni'iitriil  stiit(>,  is  jirtcrward  pt'iinittiMl  to  icM^oivi*  sup- 
]>1h>.s  of  ('o:il  iiiiil  I'cpair.s  in  a  neutral  port,  tlocs  tlin  iM'iitr.il  state,  in 
whose,  i)ort  sin;  receives  such  supplies  and  ie|)airs,  incur  on  that  account 
a  responsil»iiity  lor  her  snbseipuint  eaidnres,  or  any  of  thein  'i 

Afier  ih'liberation  a  majority  of  tiie  tribunal  ihsciilcMl  not  to  reipiiro 
sucli  statement  or  arjiumcnt  at  present. 

The  trii»unal  then  ileciih'd  thai,  in  the  course  of  their  disiMissions  and 
delibeiations,  tin',  a.uents  should  atteinl  tluM'onh'reiH^es,  accompanied  by 
the  counsi'l  of  their  respective  j^'overnments,  except  in  (!ases  \\\n\n  tho 
tribunal  should  think  it  advisalile  to  conduct  their  discussions  ami  de- 
libeiations with  closed  doors. 

The  tribunal  then  det«'rinined  to  iH'rmit  juiblicity  to  be  .ijivon  to  tli« 
statement  made  by  the  a;;('iit  of  Jler  Jbitannic  .Maji^sty  at  the  third 
conference,  the  declaration  of  the.  arbitrators  made  at  the  lifth  confer- 
ence, tlie  subsequent  statements  of  the  a^entof  the:  United  States  made 
at  the  sixth  conferen(,'e,  and  of  the  aj^imt  of  ller  Ilritannic  Maji'sty  made 
at  the  seventh  confereiu'e,  and  the  address  of  the  president  of  the  tribu- 
nal delivered  at  the  seventh  eonferenee. 

The  tril>unal  then  adjourned  until  Monday,  the  l.>th  proximo,  at  2 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon. 

FIk'KDFMCK  HCLOriS. 
.1    ',  .  r.ANCJliOFT  J)AV18. 

TKXTi-:i;i)i';x. 

Ald-:X.  FA \' HOT,  S<u;n'tarij. 


PROTOCOL  IX. 


Record  n/  fhr  proceeiliitf/s  of  the  tribunal  of  arhUration  at  the  conference 
held  at  Geneva,  in  iSiritzerland,  on  the  l."»///  of  'fall/,  1872. 

The  eonferenee  was  ludd  pursuant  to  adjournment.    All  the  arbitrators 
and  the  agents  of  the  two  governments  were  j)resent. 

The  protocol  of  the  last  conference  was  read  and  ai))>roved,  and  was 

sif^ned  by  the  president  and  secretary  of  the  tribunal  and  the  agents  of 

the  two  governments. 

Count  Selopis,  as  president,  said  that  it  would  be  necessary  in  the 

onier  of  iHuce.i-  t'i"'"^t  pUicc  to  KKMemiiue  the  method  ami  order  of  i)roeeeding 

'"*'■  in  the  considciaii  n  of  the  subjects  referred  to  the  tribunal. 

Mr.  Stn-mittli  stated  that  he  had  prepared,  and  ]>roposed  to  submit, 

for  the  adoption  of  the  tiibanal,  a  written  ]>rogranune  on  this  (piestiou. 

After  discussion  the  consideration  of  this  programme  was  deferred  to 

the  next  conference. 

The  tribunal  then  adjourned  until  Tuesday,  the  IGth  instant,  at   2 
ox'lock  in  the  afternoon. 

FREDERICK  SCLOPIS. 

J,  C.  BANCROFT  DAVIS. 

TENTERDEN 

ALEX.  FAVROT,  Secretary. 


1  ! 


rROTnroi,H  ()!■'   riu;  < onkk.hkncf.s. 


27 


(UMVO  sup- 
I    HtiltC,    ill 

it  iic.c.ouilt 

to  v(M)nii'o 

ssioiis  ami 

|)ii!ii(Ml  by 

when  t.li« 

lis  iuul  ile- 

voii  to  tlici 
the  third 

I'tll   COIlltM'- 

iitos  niiido 
ji'sty  mado 
■  tlio  tribu- 

\iino,  at  3 

)ris. 

DAVIS. 

it'.creidvji. 


I'MOTOCOL  \. 


(u»i/erence 
k3. 

arbitrators 

d,  and  Avas 
I',  a,!j:t'nts  of 

iiry  in  tlio 
)roceediiif; 
K  tribunal, 
to  submit, 
s  question, 
letcrred  to 

taut,  at   2 

)PIS. 
)AV1S. 

Secretary. 


Rtrord  of  the  pnu'triliiijis  of  the  iylhuna!  of  (ivhitmtUm  <it  fhi'  tnijh.  lum- 
f'vmirr  lirhl  tit  UiiuiHi,  in  tSiritutliind,  on  tin:  WAh  of  'hilj/,  lHl'2. 


\, — fiiilii (ilioiiii  iinurnli s. 

I.  t^iit'Ml  idli  :i  (li  ridi'i'. 
II.   I)iliiiiil;iti<)ii  (U-»  fails. 
III.  riiiiuiius  <{<-iii'r;iiix. 

IJ>.  —  ^ ''■'"''<>»  rthilifi  iiibniinidcs  rn>i>i< ms-- 
nhi, rratii'iii  i>i('Hiiiiiiiiiiin, 

I.  /.<■  Snmlir: 

<i  I'ait.x. 

/)  (.%»ii.si(l('raiils. 

(■  .liij^cniciil. 

II.  I  A-  Saxinilh  : 

II  I'ai '•.. 

/)  C'oiisiili'iaiit.'s. 

('  .liii.;t'im'nt. 

III.  /..■  Floriih, : 

a  Faits. 

h  (.'<>nsi(l('rant.s. 

I-  .'iiijcini'iit. 

IV.  I' Ahthnmii : 

a  FaitM. 

l>  Coii.'sitlf'r.'iiits. 

<■  .liij;('iiii-iil. 

V.  Li'  Uilrihiiliini  : 

n  Faits. 

/>  Coii.siili'raiits, 

(■  .hi<j;('iii('iit. 

Sir  Alexander  (Joekburn,  one  of  the  arbitrators,  submitted  the  fol- 
lowing propositions  to  the  consideration  of  the  tribunal: 

I.  'riiat  tlic  coiiiplaint  of  flio  riovciiinioiit  of  tlio  I^nittid  States  in  of  a  tliroefokl 
charactfr,  and  may  l>o  stati'd  tiiidfr  tiic.  tlircc  follnwiiij^  heads,  viz  • 

1.  That,  l>y  want,  of  due  dilij^enco  on  tlio  imit.  of  the  IJritish  .!j;overnnu>nt,  vohhoIs  of 
AViir  were  .suffered  to  be  e(|uipi>od  in  ports  of  lior  Mn,jt!sty,  and  to  depart  therefrom,  to 
tlic  injury  of  Anierieaii  eonnnerco; 

2.  Tliat  such  vessels,  havinjj;  been  afja/m  founil  in  Uritisli  ports  or  waters,  wore  not 
seized  or  detained,  but  were  suiVensd  to  j;o  forth  agiiiu  on  the  same  dostructivo 
service : 

3.  That  su(  li  vessels  received  undue  asslstanco.  or  were  permitted  to  renialu  an 
unduly  lonjj  tinir ,  in  ])ortH  within  Her  Majesty's  dominions. 

II.  That  on  each  of  these  heads  of  eomplaini}  the  decision  of  the  tribunal  must 
depend,  not  only  (ui  the  facts  relating  to  each  ve.s.sel,  but  also  on  the  priuciplos  of 

!  international  law  a})plicable  to  the  particular  subject. 

III.  That  the  rational,  logical,  and  moat  convenient  course  to  be  pursued  will  be, 
■  before  proceeding  to  de.-vl  with  each  of  these  heads  of  compl.aint,  to  consider  and 

determine  what  are  the  principles  of  law  applicablo  to  the  subject,  and  by  which  the 
decision  of  the  tribunal  must  ultimately  be  determined. 


\I.   I.I  (tioi'jiii : 

(I  Faits. 

/)  Considc rants. 

(•  .Jugeun-nt. 

VII.  Le  Ta}Jiihn-^Hir,  on  !■■  Ohi^l^'o: 

a  l''aits. 

/)  ( 'onsid('rants. 

r  Jugenient. 

\  III.  //(•'  ('hirhamniKjii  : 

0  F.-iits. 

h  ('onsidi'raiits. 

<•  .lugenient. 

IX.  Fa'  Shcnandoith  : 

a  Faits. 

/;  Oonsiderants. 

c  .Iiigement. 

i',—I>i'lrr)i>iniitio)i     'lu     trihinioi     il'iiitjiif/fr 
iiiiv  iiommf  I'll  bloc. 

|>,  —  K.fanwn   rfc-t  i'1i'mt'»t:<    pniir  fi.r>T    vne 
xommr  in  hloc. 

C. — I'oiicliixioii     ''t     adjiidicaliDii    drjinWive 
d' Hill'  xonniii'  <•».  him;. 


^^^SI^SSE^S 


28 


AKHITKATION    AT    UENEVA. 


IV.  Thiit,  it  will  1)1-  cdiivoniiMit  to  tuko  tlio  tlirce  lic'cis  <»f  coiriidiiiiit  srfi.'iiatcly.  and 
in  tliti  okI'M'  iicifinlicl'on'  Htiilfi!. 

V.  Tliat  tlwro  in  iiolliiiij;-  in  flio  Vlltli  ;irtich'  <>!'  tin-  treaty  wliicli  iircvrnts  tli«* 
a(loi)ti<>ii  (tf  tills  nuidt!  of  jn'ocfi'iljnir,  tlio  only  olijcct  and  ctti't-t  of  tliat  nrticlo  Ixiin^ 
to  InKUic  till'  SI!] I, irate  consideration  of  the  faetH  relatir  ■  to  eacli  ves>;(d,  and  a  sejiarat** 
and  (Ml  tinet  JiidgiiK'nt  of  tlie  t'ilmnal  on  the  ('oni])l:i:  us  sjieeitiealiy  referal)le  to  eacl! 
in  ])artic  ular. 

VI.  1'liat  tlio  C'onsidei'.'Uion  of  the  lirst-nieutioned  head  of  coni]dalnt,  reteii'iiee  lieinj^ 
had  to  the  \'lth  aitiele  of  tlu!  treaty,  and  tho  rnles  therein  laid  down,  luifessarily 
involves  ttiri'i>  (iiiestious  of  law:  the  lirst.,  what,  elfeet  is  to  bti  ,<;lven  to  tho  term  ''due 
dilitfeiiee."  with  rel'erencti  to  tin;  dilferent  iillej^ations  of  tlio  \v;int  thereof  put  forward 
l»y  the,  1'iiiled  States  (Joverninent ;  tlie  second,  whether  the  jjeiu'ral  jninciides  of 
international  law,  referred  to  in  such  Vlth  article,  have  relatively  to  the  rights  nu<] 
duties  of  neutrals  any  and  what  ell'ect  in  (h'ti;ruunin<i  what  eonstitnti's  <lne  diligence 


or  the  \vaut  ol"  it.  or  in    extendinif  or  liniitiuij;  the   tialiilitv  of 


iitral  static   wit.l 


veferenc'-  to  I  his   head  of  eoniplaint ;   tin',  third,  whether  a  i;ovefnnient  act  iiiij  in  ufo 


faiti 


dth,  ami  honest  i\  intendinir  to  fultill  lh(>  ()l>lii:atious  ol'  neiilialit  v.  i- 


to  It 


d  liable 


1)V  reason  of  mistal 


part  of  ;\,  siiiiordinaie  ol'lieer. 


rror   in  Jud";ment,  accidental  tlelay,  oi    even  ne^lii;enee  on  the 


VII.  That  ir  will  h 


)nvenient,  an'i  ii 


deed 


n(>(M,'ssary.  to  commence  onr  [(VDceedinj^K 


with  the  consideration  of  these,  (|Ue>^tions  of  l;iw, 

VIII.  That,  looUin<i'  to  tli(>  diHiculty  <d'  these,  (juestions.  and   tlie  coiitlict  of  opinioi. 

lied    jiirist.s  on    the  jireseiit   contest,  as   well  as  to 


:;li  h 


tis  arisen  aiiioni;'  distiiinnis 


their  vast  imiiortatiee.  in.  the,  decision  of  tho  triluinal  on  tiie  iii.atteis  in  dispute 
it  is  the.  duty,  ;'.s  it  must  lie,  presume<l  to  ho  tlu?  w.isli  of  the  arhitrators,  in  the  iiiten.'st, 
of  Justice,  to  obtain  all  the  assistance  in  their  ))i;Wer  to  (^nabh-  tliem  to  arrive  at  a. just, 
and  correct  conclusion.  Tliat  they  ouoht,  therefore,  to  call  for  the  assist:ine.e,  o) 
the,  eminent  ciiunsel  wlio  are  in  at  tendance  on  tlm  tiibuiia!  to  assi.'Jt.  them  witli  thei-' 
n^asoniiii;  iind  learuin;,;.  so  thai  avii'uments  seattcred  ov<'r  a  mas'^  "fdoeiimeiits  may  be 
jiresented  in  a  eoiicenlrated  ami  ap|ireii.il)le  Ibrm,  and  the  tribunal  may  thus  have  the 
advaiit;.,ne  ol'  all  the  lii^ht  which  can  bi'  ilirowii  on  su  intricat.'  and  diflicult  a  mattcir, 
ami  that  its  i!r<iee(Mliu;is  may  herealter  appear  totlu^  world  to  have  been  characti'iizod 
by  the  iiatiem  e,  the  deliberation,  and  anxious  d<'sire  foi-  information  on  ail  tlie  (loints 
involved  in  its  ilecision.  wi 
isatisfactorilv  done. 


ihout  whieii   it   is   inipos.sibli    that  Justice   can   lie  duly  ov 


Aft(M'(li.sfU.s,sioii,  Uw  ti'ibuiKil  (It'cidtMl  to  iirdcccd  with  tin'  cmxc  ()f  tlic 
]''loiidii  lit  the  iioxr  itaxHiiig,  accord iii;^' Id  th«^  i'idj;i;iiiiiiic  of  .Mr.  fcjttiMU- 


ptli 


The  t)ibim:t!  tlicii  iidjouiiuMl  iiiitl;  Wediiesdav.  the  ITtli  iibstant,  tit  1 


o'clock  in  th<*  ai'tei'iuuiii. 


I'JIEDKUKK  SCLOPIS. 

J.  C.  llAXvi:(>FT  l>A\'JS. 

TKNTEHDhN. 

ALEX.  FA  V  ROT.  Sn-rcUtni. 


'1' 


riiOTOCOL  XL 


Jit'cord  of  titc  iiroccc(Uii()s  of  the  trlbniial  of  arhitrutioit  at    the   rlercntk 
coiiftf-vncCj  held  at  (Jancoa,  in  tSicifzerlaH<l.,ou  flu  17///  <>/  -Julji,  ISTi'. 

The,  coufeieni-e  wii.s  held  ])ursu;uit  to  adjottniiaeiit.  All  the  arbi- 
tratoris  and  the  i. scuts  of  the  two  j^ovenunents  were  present. 

The])ro{()col  of  the  last  eonfere>iee  was  read  iiiid  approved,  and  was 
sif^ned  by  the,  i)resident  and  secretary  of  the  tiibatial,  and  fhe  aoeut.s 
of  the  two  {iovernmeiits. 

On  the  proposal  of  Sir  Alexander  Coekbiirn  it  w;is  decided  thtit  the 
written  opinions  or  stiiteinents  read  by  the  arbitrtitors  to  the;  tribunal 
should  be  i)rinted,  and  distributed  to  the  arbitrators  and  to  the  ageuts 
and  eoiinsel  of  the  two  goverum"utwS. 


PROrOOOLS    (W    TUV.    rc^NFERKNCKS. 


piiralcl,\ .  ami 

livevcnts  tho. 
iirti(!lc  bcin.L; 
ml  a  si']>!irato 
■I  a) lie  to  eaci 

fcri'iH'i'  liciiij^ 
ri,  lU'ffSHaiil.v 
he  ti'iiii  ''<liie 
l>nt  fi»i'\vai<: 
iniiicijilcs  ()<' 
lie  ii;^lits  aii(! 
due  (lilijj;cMi<- 
;il  st;it«  will' 
(.•liiiji  ill  <i;t)0<: 
l.e  hel.l  liable 
I'iLji'ncc  OH  the 

ir  piiK'tHHrmj^K 

let  <i('  oiiinioi 
as   well  as  t,<) 
•s    ill    <lisl)llle. 
ill  the  interest, 
I  rive  at,  a.jusi. 

assist.'iiiee  <>1 
cm  with  thei" 
[iiieiitK  may  he 
thus  have  the 
(lilt  a  iiiattiM, 

chariieteii/.ei! 

all  the  )i()iii(s 
:aii   Vie  duly  <>!■ 

fasc  ()f  the 
Mr.  Stanii- 

i.sliuit,  at    ! 


xivUifii. 


rlcrcntk 
I;:.  ISTl'. 

1    till'  itrbi- 

m1,  and  was 
tlM'  a;;(mts 

mI  that  the 

lu>  tribiiniil 

the  ageutH 


The  trihuiial  thtMi  procccjU'd  with  tho  ••oiisidoiation  of  tho.  ^.^  ^.^  ^^^^ 

(■•.ise  (»t'  the  J'Moiithi. 
The,  eoiireience  was  itdjoHnied  ntiri!    V'tithiy,  the    I'.Hii   iit.>iai!t,  at  I 

(♦Vloek  in  tlie  al'ternoon. 

1'"j;i:i)i:ki('k  st^Loris. 
.1.  ('.  r,Ar:('ii()FT  day  is. 

TKNTKlfDKN, 

A\A']\.  VAVlUrV,  Srn-rUmi. 


\niO'YOVA)L  XII. 

I'roird  of  tlir  procydUujs  of  the  trihtnial  of  nrhitrotion  at  thr  ttreW.h  eon- 
/'frnifi\  held  lit  di'iifrii,  in  Sirit:er!a)iil.  (>»  the  W^fh  of  liili/.  1^72. 

The  eonferenee  was  liehl  piiisiiant  to  adjoiiniiuent.  .\1I  the  aroi- 
Irators  ;md  tiie  aniMil.s  of  the  two  .yovciiuneiits  were  present. 

Tile  i>roto('ol  of  the  last  eonferenee  was  read  and  ai)proved.  and  was 
.-igned  by  the  |)resident  and  secretarv  of  the  tribunal  and  the  agents 
oi   tlie  two  jiovenniU'iits. 

Tlie   tiil)unal  ctiutinued  with  tlie  eonsideration  of  tlie  case  ^,   ^.,    . 

Ill  •  t'l')riilii. 

of  the  Florida. 

The.  tribunal  <U'ci(led   that   tlu'  iiKM'tin,i:s  should,  for   the  ju'esent,  be 
leld  on  Mondays,  Tuesdays,  Wednrsdays.  Thurschiys,  and  l''iidays. 

The  <'oi!ferene<'  tht'ii  adjourned  until  Monday,  the  ll-d  instant,  at 
h-.tlf  i)ast  IL'  o'clock. 

l"l{El)KlM<"lv  SfLOriS. 

.1.  C.  J5AN(;K0KT  DAVIS. 

TFNTKKDKN. 

ALFX.   FAVKOT.  AV.r-7«>//. 


i'lJOTOl  OL   XIII. 

'•''lord  of  the  pnueedinif-s  of  the   trihiiuiil  of  arnitration  at  the  thirteenth 
eonfcronve,  held  ot  Geneno,  in  kSirit:etiand,  on  the  I'ld  of  ■hih/,  1872. 

The  coiif(>rence  was  lichl   pursuant  to  adjoui  iimeiit.     All  the  arbitra- 
orsaud  the.  agents  of  the  two  governuMMits  were  ]>reseut. 

Tl  e  i)roetocol  of  the,  last  eonferenee  was  read  and  approved,  and 
was  signed  by  the  president  and  sccictary  of  tlie  tribunal,  and  the, 
agents  of  the  two  governments. 

The  tiibun.i.l  conlimn-d  with  tin-  consideration  of  (he  ease  of  the, 
-'lorida. 

Sir  Alexander  ('(►ckbuiii,  as  one  of  the  arbitratois,  proiii>sed  to  the 
rrilumal  under  the  tifth  article  of  the  treaty  of  Washingtcui,  to  call  tbf 
,he  assistance  of  eounsil  u|H)n  the  etfect  of  the  t<'rin  of  <,,,  a.  e,„i,h„rn'. 
•'  due  diiiijenee"  and  as  t»»  the  prim-iples  of  international  law  !;;;;,?;.;;! '"'ihVTi'^. 
;:]>plicable  to  the  ca;-.i>  under  the  terms  of  that  auicle.  '"'"' 

After  dtdiberation,  a  majority  of  the  tiibunal  decided  that  it  does  not 

it    [u-esent  require  the  assistance  <»f  the  agents  and  counsel  upon  the, 

toint  proposed  l»y  Sir  Alexander  <'oekburn;  but  that  it  reserves  the 

"ight  of  recpiiring  that  assistancii  ot    any  point,  if  lu'icssary,  according 

10  '  Ih(  ilfth  article  of  the  treaty. 


30 


ARIilTKATlON    AT    GKNEVA. 


I 


The  tribunal  also  decided  to  eotisider  at  the  next  conference  the  case 
of  the  Alabama,  and  the  (iue;--tions  of  "duo  diligence,'- and  the  ett'ect 
of  a  coniniissiou  in  coniu^ctiou  with  that  vesae'. 

The  conference  was  adjourned  until  Thursday,  the  2ijth  instant,  at 
half  past  12  o'clock. 

F  It  El  )E  PJC  K  SC;  LOPI S. 

J.  (J.  HANCKOIT  U4V1S. 

TENTEI?1>EN. 

ALEX.   FAVKOT,  Hxretan. 


rilOTOCOL  XIV. 


Jieconl  of  iltr.  proceeiJings  of  the  tribnmd  of  arhitnit'ion  at  the  fourteenth 
confereme,  held  at  Geiieca,  in  iSicitzerUinil,  on  the  2bth  of  Julii,  iSl'J. 

The  conf 'ren(;e  was  held  pursuant  to  adjourninent.    All  the  arbitra- 
ArKumrnt  oni.rrd  tors  aiul  tlic  agcuts  of  the  two  governments  weie  piesent. 
Ktil"/'."!  '^.'Imiu!,-       The  protocol   of  the  last  conference  was  read  and  ap- 
Mmm«„d.ui,pi,.>i,i  pioved,  and  was  sij^ned  by  the  jiresulent  and  secretary  of 
The Ainb;,r.,...       \l^^,  trlbuTial  and  the  ajieuts  of  the  two  governments. 
On  the  proposal  of  Daron  d'ltajuLa,  as  one  of  the  arbitral  ^'s,  the  tri- 
bunal decided  to  re({uire  a  written  or  printed  statemeiu  ->r    .     iMueut 
from  the  counsel  of  (Jreat  I»ritain  u[>on  the  lollowing  queiKjU  ^  ,.<  law: 

1.  The  (juestion  of  «lue  diligence,  generiUy  cousitleie*! ; 

2.  The  special  (juestion,  as  to  the  etlect  of  the  commissions  of  confed- 
erate ships  of  war  entering  I'litish  ports  ; 

3.  The  sjx'cial  question,  as  to  supplies  of  coal  ia  Ciitish  ports  to  con- 
federate ships ; 

With  the  right  t(»  the  other  party  to  reply  either  orally  or  in  writing, 
as  the  case  may  be. 

IJaron  dMtaJubi'i  proposed  that  Avhen  a  proposition  should  be  made  to 

e  tribunal,  the  d.iseussion  of  that  proi)osiuon  should  always  be  put  of]' 

the  next  following  c(Uiference;  which  was  agreed  to. 

The  tribunal  tlieii  proceeded  with  the  case  of  the  Alabanni. 

Tlu':  tribunal  also  (lecided  to  consider  at  the  lu^xt  conference  the  casi's 
of  the  Suintci',  Xashville,  and  Chicka manga,  suc(!essively. 

Th(!  conl'crence  was  then  adjourned  until  Monihiy,  the2'Jth 
half  past  12  o'clock. 


th 
to 


instant. 


FKEDEinCK  SCLOPI^'. 

,1.  {).  IJANCKOFT  1)AVI.N. 

TENTEl{l»EN. 

ALEX.   FAN'IiOT.  Sceretanj. 


at 


.ill 


rilOTOCOLXV. 

Record  oj  the  peocnd'nujs  of  the  till.dnnl    of  (trhitrafion  at  the  Jifteeiitit 
conferenee,  hdd  at  (Jeiieea^  in  ISa'it.:erland,  on  the  '2\)tk  of  J  ;V.  '>:72. 

Tuo  conference  was  held  i)ursuant  to  adjcuirnment.     All  iL.   .c.  M'.'ff 

itr.t.»h  «rii.ipirni  tors  aud  the  agents  ot  the  two  governments  were  pr;.-..:'. 

?Nt.il^ifksiJc'b.a:      '^1'^'  in'otoeol  of  the  last   conference  was  read  and  ai' 

.■Mi«.. '  proved,  and  was  signed  by  the  }<;"s  dent  and  secretary  ot 

the  tribunal  and  the  agents  of  the  two  g  •• '  rmiie,i;t8. 


r,\a 


ice  tlie  case 
I  the  ett'ect 

instant,  at 

HMS. 

IJAM.S. 
tSxretanj. 


rROTOCOLS  OF  THE  CONFERENCES. 


31 


ic  foartrcnth 
ulji,  187li. 

the  arbitra- 
rOie  present, 
■cad  and  ap- 
secretary  <.»t' 
nients. 
I  >vs,  the  tri- 
•,r  ■iimeut 
i.,i:  .  ...  hiw  : 

IS  ol  confcd- 

)ort.s  to  coM- 

)r  in  writing. 

1  be  made  to 
lys  be  put  otV 

a. 

ice  the  cases 

th  instant.    ' 

i.OJ^'. 
r  DAVli^. 

,  Sivrvtaiy. 


Lord  Tenderden,  ajjent  of  ITer  Britannic  IMajesty,  announced  that  lie 
had  already  delivered  to  the  secretary  a  written  statement  or  ar<j;iiment 
from  the  counsel  of  Her  Biitannic  Alajesty  upon  the  three  questions  of 
law  required  by  the  tribunal  at  the  i)rece«lin<^  conference. 

The  tribunal  tiien  proceeded  with  the  cases  of  the  vessels  the  Sumter, 
the  Nashville,  and  the  Chickamaufia,  as  de(;ided  at  the  last  meetinjjf. 

The  tribunal  also  decided  to  consider  at  the  next  conference  the  cases 
of  the  Olustee  or  Tallahassee,  the  Itetribution,  and  the  Tuscaloosa. 

The  conference  was  then  adjourned  until  Tuesday,  the  oOth  instant, 
at  half  past  lli  o'clock. 

FliEDEllICK  SCLOl'IS. 

J.  0.  r.ANCHIOFT  JJAVJS. 

TENTKBDEX. 

ALEX.  EAVltOT,  Scvretani. 


riiOTOCOL   XVI. 

Record  of  th^i  procced't nija  of  the  truninal  of  arhiiralion  at  the  sixteenth  con- 
ference, held  at  Geneva,  in  Switzerland,  on  the  oOth  of  July,  187L*. 

The  conference  was  held  pursuant  to  adjournment.    All  the  arbitrators 
and  the  aji'cnts  of  the  two  j>()vernments  were  pr(!sent.  T:,i:.ih.».»ie  .w>.i 

a     Tiie  pr()to(;ol  of  tin'  last  conferences  was  read  and  a  improved,  "'"i""'""- 
land  was  si;;ned  by  the  president  and  secretary  of  the  tribunal  and  the 
f  afjfents  of  tlie  two  j;()v<'rnnients. 

The  trilinnal  then  proceeded  with  the  cases  of  ihe  vessels  the  Tusca- 
f  h)osii,  the  Tallahassee,  and  tlu',  Ketribution. 

I  The  uiliunal  also  decided  to  dexote  the  next «  onference  to  receivin,i>' 
ithe  wiitten  or  oral  statetntMit  or  ar>;iiment  of  th-j  counsel  of  the  LTnited 
[States,  in  reply  to  the  arjiument  i>resenU'dat  the  last  ctinference  by  the 
|c<umsel  of  Her  Ibitannic  iMaJesty. 

Tlie  conference  was  then  adjourned  until  Monday,  the  .">th  of  Au^iiust, 
I  at  half  [last  lU  O'clock. 

FREDEinCK  S(!L()IMS. 

.1.  (!.   i;AN(!i:()ET  DAVKS. 

TEXTE1U)EN. 

vVLEX.  EAVKOT.  Serrctarv. 


I'ROTOCOL  XVII. 


t  the  Jifteenth 

t/     ;y.     iC4-. 

11  iL.   .<v;>'rn' 
were  p;    - 
read  and  ap 
secretary  e' 


^lierord  of  the  proc<'>d(nffs  of  the  tribune  I  of  arhitrntion  ai  ihe  nervntcenth 
conference,  held  at  Uenera,  in  ISicitzerlund,  on  the  ~)lk  of  AMjnst,  1871,'. 

The  con^'erence  was  held  pursiiaiit  to  adjournment.     All  the  arbitrators 
U'd  the  ajicnts  of  the  two  {governments  were  present.  or»i  ,r«mn.,nt  «i 

The  protocol  of  the  last  conference  was  read  and  approved,  "' ''"'"' 
"%«(!  was  sifrtied  by  the  president  and  secretary  of  tlie  tribunal  and  the 
agt-nts  of  ilio  two  governments. 

The  tribunal  proceeded  with  the  hearin};  of  the  oral  ai  ^niment  by  Mr. 
^Ba  arts,  counsel  of  the  United  States,  iu  reiily  tothe  arjjfiunent  presented 


M    1^. 


32 


AUIUTKATION    AT    (;K\KVA. 


by  Sir  lionndell  raluioi-,  counsel  of  Ilcr  Uritiinnic  INIaJe.st.v,  ;it  the  tif-     ';( 
tooiitli  conicioiu'c.  * 

The  tribunal  tln'-n  iKljoiiriicd  until  Tiirsday,  the  tUii   instant,  at  half 
past  I-  o'clock. 

FKKDKRIClv  SCLOriW. 

J.  C.  IJANCIIOFT  J)AVLS. 

TENTIOKDJCN. 

ALEX.  FA V ROT,  Serretari/. 


i»R()Tt)(:oL  xvm. 

Fecord  of  the  procoedin^f^n  of  flic  tribuiuil  of  urhifnifiim  at  tlif  rujUtcenth 
conference,  Ifhl  at  Genera,  in  iSu-itzerland,  on  tlieiUh  of  .h///(^^■^  1H72. 

The  conference  was  held  [)iirsuaut  to  adjournment.     Ail  the  arbitrators 
and  tin-  a.^ents  of  tlie  two  ^overnnients  were  i>r(\sent. 
^ v,rt"Tm'i'V'n r, '•      Tlic  protocol  of  the  last  conference  was  read  and  ai)i>roved. 
^ '  ""*'  and  was  si;^ned  by  the  president  and  secretary  of  the  tribu- 

nal niid  the  a<;ents  of  the  two  j;'oYernnients. 

Mr.  :  1^'  concludiid  the  oi'al  ari^unient  on  the  i)art  oi'  tUi}  counsel  of 
the  IJnif  ites  in  rei»ly  to  the  argument  on  liie  ])art  of  the  counsel 

of  ller  ]>rK      lic  Majesty. 

Mr.  Cushiu|[i,"  delivered  to  the  tribunal  a  written  arjiument  on  tlu^  part 
of  the  counsel  of  the  United  States  in  re[»ly  to  a  portion  of  tln^  argu- 
ment presentetl  by  the  counsel  of  ller  llritiinnic  Majesty. 

The  tribunal  thi-n  ;i,djourn<>d  until  Thursday,  the  8th  instant,  at  half 
past  lU  (('clock, 

I'KFDEIMCK  SCLOIMS. 

.1.  (J.  ]lAxN('J{OFT   J>AVIS. 

TENTEKDKN. 

ALEX.   I' AY  ROT,  S>!Cfetarij. 


TROTOCOL   XIX. 


i 
,1 


Record  of  the  proeeeiUHijs  of  the  trihnnal  of  (irhUration  at  the.  nhwtee.nth 
conference,  held  at  Geneva,  in  SuHt:::erland,  on  the  )S//t  of  August,  1872. 

The  conference  was  held  pursuant  to  adjoui  uuujnt.     All  the  arbitrators 
H,.tr;i„itioi,;  .run.  ^"1  fhc  a,^(Mi1s  of  tlu'  two  lufovcm lucu ts  were  prestuit. 
tMMMtoi  Mr.  w;.iu        fpi,^.  pioto(H)l  of  the  last  conference  was  read  and  approved, 
and  was  sijjued  by  the  president  and  .secretary  of  the  tribunal  and  the 
ai^ents  of  the  two  .governments. 
The  tribunal  concluded  the  e.vamiiuition  of  the  case  of  tlui  Retributiou. 
Mr.  Waite  <leliv<>red  to  the  tribunal  a  written  argument  on  the  part 
of  the  counsel  of  the  lJnit(Hl  States,  in  re])ly  to  a  portion  of  the  argu- 
ment i>iesented  by  the  <;ounsel  of  Her  !>ritanuic  Majesty. 

'.  !io  tribunal  then  a«ljourued  until  Wednesday,  the  11th  instant,  at 
half  past  12  o'clock. 

EREDEIilCK  SCLOIMS. 

J.  C.  liANCItOKT    DAVIS. 

TENTEUDEN. 

AliEX.  FAVROT,  Heoretary. 


PROTOCOLS  OF  THE  CONFEKEr' ES. 


33 


;ty,  ;it  the,  lif- 
slant,  at  liall' 

Loris. 

r  DAVIS. 

\  Si'rrntari/. 


the  ei()ht('ii»th 

he  arbitrators 
])n\sciit. 
iinl  approvedj 
V  of  the  tnbu- 

the  eoniisel  of 
)t'  the  eouDsel 

it  oil  th«^  part 
I  of  the  aigu- 

staiit,  at  half 

Loris. 

T    ])AVIS. 


\lu;  ninetrenth 
\igu^t^  187U. 

]e  arbitrators 
IrentMit. 
lul  approved, 
liiial  and  the 

lUetributioii. 
I  on  the  part 
[)f  the  argu 

li  instant,  at 

loiMS. 
DAVIS. 

\;^e.i'.retary. 


TROTOCOL  XX. 

Feconl  of  the  proeeedhu/n  of  the  trihumd  of  arhitnifioit  at  the  fireiitieth 
conference,  held  at  Genera,  in  ISwttzerland,  on  the  \Uh  of  Au(/u.st,  ISTi*. 

» 
The  eonferenca  was  held  pnrsnant  to  adjoiirninent.     AW  the  arbitrators 
and  the  a.nents  of  the  two  goverinnents  wen^  jiresent. 
MnM.","',;!,'*  IT iV.      The  protocol  of  the  last  confereu ce  was  read  and  aitproved, 
•'"•  and  was  signed  by  the  president  and  secretary  of  the  tri- 

bunal and  the  agents  of  the  two  governnients. 

Mr.  Bancroft  Davis,  in  reply  to  an  in(xuiry  from  Count  Sclopis  on 
behalf  of  the  tribunal,  state(^  as  follows : 

Till'  claims  for  Iohsch  jjrt)wiii>^-  out  of  Mie' acts  of  the  S;illii',  tin-  Jeff.  Davis,  tlui  Music, 
tlic  Uosioii,  and  the  V.  II.  Joy,  arc  icspectfiilly  subiiiitted  for  the  (letcniiination  of  the 
ti'ihniial. 

Tlic  aji'cnt  of  the  United  Stater,  has  no  instructions  resiU'dinj;  them,  excciit  what 
appears  Ml  the  list  of  claims  itresentetl  on  tue  l.')th  of  Decemlier  last,  and  in  tlie  levised 
list  of  claims  presented  on  the  ir)th  of  Ajiril  last. 

The  tribunal  directed  this  stat<Mnent  to  be  recorded,  and  passed  to  the 
consideration  of  the  question  of  "due  diligence,"  generally  considered. 
Tiie  conference  was  adjourned  until  Thursday,  tlie  15tli  instant,  at 
half  past  12  o'clock. 

FREDEIUCK  SCLOJ^I.-^. 

J.  C.  JJANCHOFT   DAVIS. 

TEXTl^:i{DKX. 

ALEX.  FA\'JiOT,  ^Secreturij. 


Kll'  It  i.l  ,  ..liimi''- 
.sif>n.^  :  new  e\  nl''lic« 
aulinutli'il  liy  (i.  II. 


PROTOCOL  XX  r. 

Eeeord  of  tlie  proccdinfis  of  the  trilninal  of  arbitration  at  the  twenti/firHt 
conference,  held  at  Genera,  in  Siclt;:erland,  on  the  ITith  of  Auffunt,  ISTi*. 

The  conference  was  held  luirsuant   to   adjournment.    All   the  arbi- 

tratiators  and  the  agents  of  the   two   governnients  were 

present. 
The  protocol  of  the  last  conference  was  read  and  approved,  and  was 

signed  by  the  president  and  secretary  of  the  tribunal  and  tlie  agents  of 

the  two  governments. 
^.     The  tribunal  proceeded  to  consider  the  effects  of  the  commissions  of 
^confederate  ships  of  war  entering  Jjritish  ports,  and  tlie  siip])lies  of 
&oal  in  Jiritish  ports  to  confederate  ships. 
;|     Lord  Tenterden,  as  agent  of  Her  JJritannic   ^Nfa, 
Iffollowing  statement : 

•:|  As  tli'!  trihnnal  is  now  approachinjx  the  consideration  of  tin;  easo  of  tiie  (<Vor,ni:i,  I 
^jlitjj;  resiu'ctfnlly  to  submit  that  in  the  arfiumeiit  of  the  I'nited  States,  with  respect  to 
'%liiit  vessel,  (pa}j;e8^24,'i'2r),)  it  is  (for  the  first  time)  sn{rj;ested  that  the  ISritisii  j;overii- 
iiieiit  <iui;iit  to  have  intbrmed  themselves,  by  imjuiry,  what  shijis  were  beinj;  built  in 
rebruitry,  18(l;5,  for  tiie  Emperor  of  Ciiina  ;  and  certain  inferences  appear  t<»  in'  drawn 
from  the  (assumed)  fact  that  tln^y  onutted  to  do  so. 

Ill  coiise(iucnce  of  tliis  unforeseen  HUjj^ffestion,  documents  have  become    niati  rial, 

rliicli  did  not  apjiear  ti>  be  set,  when  the  appendices  to  the  Ihitish  case  and  couiiter- 

ase  were  prepared,  and  which  were,  therefore,  not  included   in  those  appendices.     'l"o 

hu  idate  tiiis  point,  I  have  now  in  my  possession,  and  am  desirous  of  deliverinj;'  to  the 

[arbitrators,  coi»it!S  of  four  letters: 

No.  1.  From  Mr.  Haminon<l  to  Mr.  Lay,  the  agent  of  the  Emperor  of  China,  dated 

?th  Feluuary,  lHb',{,  (in  which  tht^  in([uiry,  which  the  I'liited  States  suggest  as  proper 

have  been  made,  was  actually  made  by  Earl  Kussell's  direction  ;) 


ijesty,  submitted   the 


'Ai'-mjiiiiiu 


34 


AUHITKATION    AT    GENEVA. 


No.  '2.  Viom  Mr.  Lay  to  Mr.  Hannuond,  dated  2d  Marcli,  IrtfiH,  (comninnicatinj^  the 
iiit'oriiiati.ui  d<-siri'd;) 

No.  :?.  I'lMiii  Karl  Ifnsscll  to  Mr.  Adams,  dated  ,^)tli  Maroli,  18C3,  (coininunicatiiig  to 
Mr.  Adams  tlu^  :!!*".irmatioii  so  oldaiiicd  from  Mr.  Lay;)  and 

No.  4.  From  Mr.  Adams  to  Earl  IJnssell,  datwl  lltli  March,  180.3,  (acknowledgitijjc 
the  reccii)tol'  No.  !{.)  % 

Mr.  Bancroft  DavLs,  ns  agent  of  the  United  States,  stated  in  reply : 

T  have  cxaiiiiiii'd  th(!  htti  is  wliich  liord  Teiitcnh'ii  wislies  to  i»res(!nt.  Tlioy  appear 
to  eontain  iiothiiiff  which  \vc  re<jard  as  important,  in  thcmsi-lves;  Imt  wo  can  find  no 
:inthority  in  the  treaty  authojiziiifj  the  tribunal  cither  to  call  for  or  to  admit  imw  evi- 
dence from  eitiicr  parly  at  this  staj-cof  the  proceediny;s.  I  must  leave  the  tribnnal  to  act 
njion  the  application  as  in  its  Jud<;ineiit  it  may  slc  tit. 

The  tribunal  deeided  to  receive  the  letters  from  Lord  Tenterden,  who 
thereupon  presented  them. 

The  tribunal  also  decided  to  consider  the  case  of  the  Georgia  at  the 
next  meeting. 

The  conference  was  then  adjourned  until  Friday,  the  10th  instant,  at 
12  o'clock. 

FREDlOIiICK  SCLOPIS. 

j.  c.  ba^ck01  t  davis. 
tentp:iu)en. 

ALEX.  FAVKOT,  Secretary. 


PKOTOCOL  XX IL 

Record  of  ihe  procecdhuifi  of  the  trihnnal  of  arbitration  at  the  twenty-sec- 
ond conference,  held  at  Genera,  in  ISicit.::erland,  on  the  Idth  of  Auyunt, 
I.S72. 

The  conference  was  held  iiursuant  to  adjournment.     AH  the  arbi- 
trators and  the  agents  of  the  two  governments  were  prcKseiit. 

The  protocol  of  the  last  conference  was  read  and  approved,  and  was 
signed  by  the  president  and  secretary  of  the  tribunal  and  the  agents  of 
tiie  two  governments. 
The(i,,rsin,  Tlic  tribuual  considered  the  case  of  the  Georgia. 

The  tribunal  decided  to  proceed  with  the  consideration  of  the  case  of 
the  Shenandoah  at  the  next  meeting. 

The  conference  was  adjourned  until  Monday,  the  10th  instant,  at  half- 
past  12  o'clock. 

FREDERICK  SCLOPIS. 

J.  0.  liANCKOFT  DAVIS. 

TENTERDEN. 

ALEX.  FAVROT,  Secretary. 


liff 


PROTOCOL  XXIII. 


accord  (f  the  proceedings  of  the  tribunal  of  arbitration  at  the  twenty- 
third  conference,  held  at  Geneva,  in  Switzerland,  on  the  19th  of  August, 

1872. 

The  conference  was  held  pur.suant  to  adjournment.  All  the  arbi- 
trators and  the  agents  of  the  two  governments  were  present. 

The  })rot()col  of  the  last  conference  was  read  and  approved,  and  was 
signed  by  the  president  and  secretary  of  the  tribunal  and  the  agents  of 
the  two  governments. 


PROTOCOLS  OF  THE  CONFEKEXCES. 


35 


eating  the 
licating  to 
nowlcdgiiiji 

ti  reply  •. 

'h(!y  iippear 
can  tin«l  no 
lit  nt'Av  evi- 
Vmnal  to  act 

rdeu,  who 

'cia  at  the 

instant,  at 

)PIS. 
DAVIS. 

Secretary. 


3  twenty -sec- 

of  AlKJU^t. 

\\  the  arbi- 

!(1,  and  was 

[e  agents  of 


the  case  of 
uit,  at  half- 

loris. 

DAVIS. 

Secretary. 


the  twenty- 
of  Augtisi, 

il  the  arbi- 

fcd,  and  was 
\e  agents  of 


The  tribunal  considered  the  case  of  the  Shenandoah.  si,t..nn.io,i, :  n..>v 

Connt  Sclopis  having  expressed  some  doubts  concerning  .h.^.m.. 
the  chief  point  of  this  discussion,  requested  the  tribunal  to  permit  the 
counsel  to  attbrd  further  elncid.ition  with  regard  to  that  point. 

The  tribunal  decided  to  hear  these  explanations  at  the  next  con- 
ference. 

In  com])liance  with  a  recpiest  of  the  tribunal,  ^Ir..T.C.IJaiicroftDr»vis, 
as  agent  of  the  United  States,  and  Lord  Tenterden,  as  agent  of  Her 
Uritannic  ]M}iJesty,  resi)ectively,  presented  to  the  tribunal  tables  of 
ligures  relating  to  tlie  losses  for  which  comi)ensation  is  claimed  by  the 
United  States,  with  explanatory  statements  and  ohservations. 

The  conference  was  adjourned  until  Wednesday,  the  L'lst  instant,  at 
half-past  12  o'clock. 

FREDERICK  SCU>l'IS. 
J.  C.  l)AN(M{OFT  DA  VIS- 
TENTER  DEN. 
ALEX.  FAVKOT,  Sccretanj. 


Sht;nruiili)^4h :  n 
eiHiiftit  (iidtTMii  11 
.'If.-,  I. if  t|i,-f,ifrv  ■ 
Klotid.1  into  Moliitc 


PKOTOOOL  XXIV. 

Record  of  the  proceed!  nffn  of  the  tribunal  of  arbitration  at  the  twenty  fourth 
conference,  held  at  Geneva,  in  Switzerland,  on  the  2hst  of  August,  1872. 

The  conference  was  held  pursuant  to  adjournment.  All  the  arbitral- 
tors  and  the  agents  of  the  two  governments  were  {tresent. 

Tiie  protocol  of  tlie  last  conference  was  read  and  ap|)roved, 
and  was  signed  by  the  i)resident  and  se(!retary  of  the  trihu- 
lial  and  the  agents  of  the  two  governments. 

The  tribunal  continued  the  considtu'ation  of  the  case  of  the  Shenan- 
doah, by  hearing  explanations  from  Sir  Koundell  Palmer  and  Mr.  C. 
Cashing. 

At  the  close  of  his  remarks,  Mr.  C.  Gushing  requested  to  be  informed 
"by  the  triltunal  whether  the  (piestions  outside  «>f  that  of  enlistment, 
on  which  the  elucidation  called  for  specially  turned,  remain  oi)en  betoro 
the  tribunal. 

After  deliberation,  a  majority  of  four  to  one  declared  the  tribuna<l 
Sntliciently  enlightened. 

Count  Sclopis  then  concluded  the  statement  of  his  opinions,  which  he 
had  not  completed  at  the  meeting  of  the  10th  instant. 

Sir  Alexander  Cockburn,  as  one  of  the  arbitrators,  then  ])roposed  to 
the  tribunal  to  require  further  elucidation  by  counsel  upon  the  follow- 
^ig  question : 

:  The  lej^al  eftect,  if  any,  of  tlie  fact  that  the  Florida,  after  loaviiis  the  Bahamas,  did, 
pfore  entering  on  her  employment  as  a  vessel  of  war  and  talviiij;'  any  V(!ssel  of  the 
pited  Slates,  go  into  Mobile,  a  confederate  port,  and  after  a  delay  ot"  fonr   months, 

oce(;d  from  Ihenco  on  her  crnise  against  the  shipping  of  the  United  States,  under  tho 

rcuinstauces  appearing  in  the  evidence. 

[The  tribunal  decided  to  adopt  the  proposfil. 

The  conference  was  then  adjourned  until  Friday,  the  23d  instant,  at 
Slfpast  12  o'clock. 

FREDERICK  SCLOPIS. 

J.  C.  BANCROFT  DAVIS. 

TENTERDEN. 

ALEX.  FAVROT,  Secretary. 


3G 


;  I 


« 


I  :^ 


11 


AKBITKATION    AT    GENEVA. 
rilOTOCOL  XXV. 


I.oril  Tcn.l.  nl.-nV 
jttilU'UMMlt  hImmii  t  ■ 
Idrs  lircJiHiit'*"!  I'V 
Mr.    |)tivi-> ;     II  r  M  11 

tlll'IltH  II  ?*  to    KI'lMil,! 

fiimlry  i!'*(i.-«iitfi^. 


Record  of  the  proceefl!nf/s  of  the  iribimal  of  arhltratUm  at  the  twentjififth 
conference,  held  at  Genera,  in  tSuJitzerland,  on  the  "S-id  of  August,  1872. 

The  confcrciico  was  liold  l)nrsn{iiit  to  adjonrnuieiit.     All  tlic  arbitra- 
tors ami  tlio  ajjicnts  of  the  two  jiovt'riiiiu'iit.s  were  present. 

Tiie  i)rotoi'ol  of  the  last  coiiierence  was  read  and  approved, 
and  was  signed  by  the  i)resident  and  secretary  of  the  trib- 
unal and  theaj>ents  of  the  two  governments. 

Lord  Tenterden,  as  agent  of  Her  J3ritannic  Majesty,  read  the  following 
statement: 

Am  iip'iit  oClltr  I!iitaiiiiio  Maji'sty,  I  liiivo  tlio  honor  rosiiectfiiUy  to  represent  to  tlio 
tribniiiil  tliat  tlic  tallies  of  claiiiis  wliicli  were.  i>ro  forma  presented  to  tliti  arbitrators  by 
the  aj^ent  of  the  Tiiited  States  ())i  Monday,  IDtli  instant,  but  of  wliieh  I  was  only  fur- 
nishe<l  with  copies  on  the  nij^ht  of  the  '21st  instant,  contain  new  and  additional  claims 
of  th<!  follo\\in;i  description. 

1.  a.  Claims  for  wa^re^  of  crews  of  captured  vessels  from  time  of  capture. 

b.  Claims  for  loss  of  personal  etl'eets  of  ollicers  and  crews. 

There  is  no  evidence  as  to  the  number  of  the  crews,  nor  as  to  the  lon<j  and  varyiufj  pe- 
riods for  which  their  wa<;es  are  calculated,  nor  as  to  any  such  personal  etlccts  havinfi; 
been  in  fact  hist. 

In  short,  tlies(!  claims  are  whtdly  conjectural  in  amount  and  unsupported  by  any 
evidence  wliatsctver. 

1i.  Additional  cliiims  for  shares  of  vessels  not  claimed  for  nptothe  present  time,  c.  (7. : 
where  an  individual  clainnint  has  only  claimed  for  four-fifths  of  the  vahui  of  a  vessel, 
an  arbitrary  claim  is  now  advanced  for  the  first  time  on  the  jiart  of  tlie  United  States 
Government  for  the  value  of  the  remaining?  fifth. 

It  is  not  allejicd  I  liat  the  part  owner  who  had  not  previously  claimed  has  now  given 
any  authority  for  this  claim  to  be  advanced.  The  stronj;  i)resumption  indeed  is  that 
he'niay  liave  already  received  the  value  of  his  share  from  )-hii;lisl(  or  other  foreign 
insurance  companies,  with  \\  lioni  it  was  insured,  and  who  are  not  entitled  under  the 
treaty  to  advance  any  claim. 

;$.  iLIlaims  )ireviously  presented  have  been  increased  in  .amount  without  any  ground 
appearing  for  such  increas«s 

Vhv  total  amount  of  tlies<^  three  classes  of  claims,  which  are  now  for  the  first  time 
advanced  on  tin  ]iart  of  flic  I'uited  States  (Joverument,  appears,  in  round  numbers,  to 
be  at  )e;ist  two  millions  of  dolhws. 

ludeiiendently  of  the  fuel  tliat  these  additioiial  claims  are  uusup|»ortr(l  by  any  evi- 
dence, it  is  my  (iuty  lespectfuUy  to  snbuut  to  the  tribunal  that  the  additioiial  statement 
of  any  new  claims  whatever,  in  this  stage  of  the  arbitration,  for  the  jinrpost^  of  influ- 
encing or  afl'cciing  the  judgment  of  the  tribunal  upon  any  matter  within  its  authority, 
is  contrary  to  the  judvisions  of  the  treaty. 

'J'he  ti'caty  contemplates  that  tlw  statements  of  facts  and  evidence,  constituting  the 
whole  case  of  each  party,  should  be  brought  before  the  tribunal  within  the  times  and 
in  the  manner  speeilied  in  Aiti<'les  I?,  4  and  5,  subject  only  to  such  further  statements 
or  arguments  as  inider  Article  .">  the  arbitrators  may  think  fit  to  iciiuire  or  permit  for 
the  elucid.'itiini  ofany  point  contained  in,  or  arising  out  of,  the  docunu'Uts  previously 
put  in  by  either  party. 

I  Imve  also  to  sulnnit  that  the  introduction  of  such  additional  claims  is  not  author- 
ized by  the  I'dpiest  made  by  the  arbitrators. 

Tiiis  re(|uest  was  that  comparative  statements  of  the  results  in  figures  of  the  claims 
already  nuule,  as  apjiearing  in  the  papers  iirevionsly  jiresented,  according  to  the  views 
of  the  respective  jtarties,  slumld  be  prepared,  with  explanatiuy  observations,  and  laid 
beforethe  tribunal,  and  it  could  not  h.'ive  been  intended  to  afford  the  opportunity 
for  bringing  forward  new,  or  increasing  former,  claims. 

Under  tliesi'  eirciimstaiices,  I  respectfully  re(piest  the  arbitrators  to  disallow,  as 
unauthorized  by  them,  and  as  contrary  to  the  treaty,  the  tables  containing  such  addi- 
tioual.claims,  presented  by  the  iigeut  of  the  United  States,  and  the  memoiandum  re- 
hitiijg  to  them,  without  ])r(judice  to  his  right  to  present  other  tables,  accomj)anied  by 
any  e.\i»lanatoiy  observations,  wliich  shall  be  limited  to  the  particular  claims  iilready 
set  i'orth  in  the  case  and  counter-case  of  the  United  States,  and  the  appendices  thereto. 

The  tribunal  decided  to  adjourn  the  consideration  of  this  matter  until 
the  next  conference. 

Sir  Itoundell  I'almer,  as  counsel  of  Her  Britannic  Majesty,  then  read 
the. argument  required  by  the  tribunal  on  Sir  Alexander  Cockburu's 


'W 


PROTOCOLS  OF  THE  COXrEHEXCES. 


37 


u'cni}ij\ftli 
Hit,  18712. 

10  arbitra- 
prescnt. 
approved, 
»t'  the  trib- 

e  following 

resent  to  the 
rhitrutora  l>y 
kiis  only  fur- 
tional  chiinis 

e. 

(1  varying  pe- 
jllects  Imving 

ortecl  by  any 

iMit  tunc,  e.g. : 
le  of  ii  vessel, 
United  States 

liis  now  given 

indeed  is  that 

other  foreign 

led  under  tlio 

t  any  gronnd 

the  tirst  time 
il  numbers,  to 

|l  liy  any  evi- 
tiiil  statement 

|i|i()se  ofinlln- 
itw  authority, 

istitnting  the 

Ithe  times  and 

•r  statements 

or  jiermit  for 

Its  previously 

lis  not  author- 

|of  the  claims 
to  the  views 

|ons,  and  laid 
opportunity 

disallow,  as 
Jug  such  addi- 
Inorandum  re- 
loiupanied  by 
llaims  already 
Idieert  thereto. 

liatter  until 


:,  then  road 
ICockburu's 


])r()posal,  upon  tho  «piostion  of  law  niontionod  in   I'rococol  XXIV,  and 
Mr.  I'iVarts,  as  otmnsol  of  the  United  States,  replied  to  it. 

On  the  projK)sal  of  Viscount  (fitajiiba,  one  of  tlie  arbitrators,  the 
tribunal  decided  to  adjourn  until  the  next  <'onterence  tln^  further  dis- 
cussion upon  the  Florida,  and  to  proceed  with  the  delinitivi^  vote  on 
each  vessel  separately. 

Tiu^  tribunal  then  d«'cided  that  it  had  to  con.sider  only  such  vessels 
witii  rojLjai'd  to  wiiich  claims  were  presented  in  the  case  and  coiniter-case 
of  the  United  States;  every  other  (pu'stion  \w'u\<^  conse(|uently  under- 
stood as  dismissed  from  consideratuui. 

Count  Sclopis,  as  president  of  the  trilmnal,  having-  read  the  Article 
Vll  of  the  Treaty  of  Washington,  asked  the  tribunal  whether,  as  to  the 
Sumter,  (heat  JJritain  has,  by  any  act  or  omission,  failed  to  fulfill  any  of 
the  duties  set  forth  in  the  three  rules  mentioned  in  Article  VI  of  tho 
treaty,  or  recogiii/ed  by  the  principles  of  international  law,  not  .incon- 
sistent  with  such  rules. 

Tho  tribunal  umiinmously  replied '' No." 

The  .sanu>  question  was  asked  as  to  tho  Nashville,  and  the  tribunal 
unanimously  replied  "Xo." 

The  same  question  was  renewed  as  to  the  Retribution. 

Mr.  Adams  answered  "Yes,  for  all  the  acts  of  this  vessel." 

Mr.  Sta'uiptli  answered  "Yes,  as  to  the  loss  of  the  lOmily  Fisher." 

Sir  Alexander  Cockburn,  Viscount  d'ltajuba,  and  (Jount  Sclopis  an- 
swered "  No." 

The  sanu'  question  Avas  aske<l  as  to  the  Georgia,  and  the  tribunal 
unanimously  answered  "  No." 

The  same  question  was  repefited  as  to  the  Tallahassee  and  Uhicka- 
Tuauga,  separately,  and  the  tribunal  unanimously  answered  "No"  for 
each  of  these  vessels. 

The  same  (piestion  having  been  repeated  as  to  the  Alabama,  the  tri- 
bunal unanimously  answered  "  Yes." 

The  sanu^  question  was  renewed  as  to  the  Shenandoah,  and  Mr.  Adams, 
3[r.  Sta'mi)Hi,  and  Count  Sclopis  answered  "Yes;  but  oidy  for  the  acts 
committed  by  this  vessel  after  her  dei)arture  from  .Melbourne  on  the 
l.Sth  of  February,  1805."  Viscount  d'ltajuba  and  Sir  Alexander  Cock- 
burn  answere<l  "  No." 

The  delinitive  vote  on  the  Florida  was  adjourned  until  the  next  meet- 
ing. 

The  conrerence  was  then  adjourned  until  ^londay,  tho  120th  instant, 
at  half  past  J  2  o'clock. 

FREDERICK  SCLOPIS. 
J.  C.  IJANCKOFT  DAVIS. 
TENTER  DEN. 
ALEX.  FAVROT,  Secretary. 


PROTOCOL  XXVI. 

Eecord  of  the  proceedings  of  the  tribunal  of  arbitration  at  the  twenty-six 

Geneva  in  ISwitzerlandj  OH  2l)th  of  Anyust,  iS12. 


conference  held  at 

The  conference  was  held  pursuant  to  adjournment.    All  the  arbitra 
tors  and  tho  agents  of  the  two  governments  were  present. 

The  protocol  of  the  last  conference  was  read  and  approved, 
and  was  signed  by  the  president  and  secretary  of  the  tribu- 
nal and  the  agents  of  the  two  governments. 


th 


1.  o  r  d  Tenter,  e 
prfHcriti*  new  labltM 
S  11 II  d  r  y  di-rifiiuti-'. 
.Mr.  I>:iviM  rfpli"'-*  tn 
Lord  Tenterden'.-  re- 
mark!' on  the  Anier- 
ieaii  titbtL'H. 


38 


AHHITKATION    AT    GENEVA. 


, 


Lord  Tcntonlcii,  ns  ii{;t'iit  of  I  Tor  IJritaiiiiic  Alajosty,  delivered  to  the 
tribuiiiU  iiiid  the  a^cnt  of  the  United  States  tahh's  of  fi<;nreH  rehitiiif? 
t"  tlie  elaiiiis  contained  in  the  tables  presented  on  the  part  of  the 
United  States  on  the  l!>th  instant. 

The  tribunal  eoneliidcid  the  discussion  of  the  question  concerniufjthe 
entraiicu^  of  the  Florida  into  Mobile,  and  her  stay  at  that  port,  anil  pro- 
ceeded to  the  detinitive  vote  on  this  vessel. 

('ouiit  Sclopis,  as  i)resident  of  the  tribunal,  havinj>-  asked,  undei  the 
Vll  article  of  the  treaty  of  Washiiif'tou,  whether,  as  to  the  Florida, 
(rreat  IJritain  had,  by  any  act  or  omission,  failed  to  fulfil  any  of  the  du- 
ties set  foith  in  the  rules  mentioned  in  Article  VI  of  the  treaty,  or  re- 
co};nized  by  the  prim;iples  of  international  law  not  inconsistent  with 
such  rules,  Mr.  Adams,  Viscount  d'ltajuba,  M.  StuMupHi,  and  Count 
Sdopis  answered  "Yes,  "  and  Sir  Alexander  Cockburn  answered  "No." 

As  a  (pu'stion  of  i)riiu!iple,  the  tribunal  then  unatamously  declared 
that  (Jreat  Jiritain  should  be  considered  as  responsible  for  the  tenders 
in  the  same  degree  as  for  the  vessels  to  which  they  were  attached. 

The  same  (piestion  as  had  been  put  with  re<»ard  to  the  Florida,  was 
next  asked  by  Count  Sclopis  as  to  the  Tuscaloosa,  a  tender  to  the  Ala- 
bama, and  the  tribunal  unanimously  answered  "Yes." 

The  same  (pu\stion  was  asked  separately  as  to  the  Clarence,  the  Ta- 
cony,  an«l  the  Archer,  as  tenders  to  the  Florida,  and  Mr.  Adams,  Mr. 
Sta'mpHi,  \'iseount  d'ltajuba,  and  Count  Sclopis  answered  "  Yes,"  for 
each  of  these  vessels,  and  Sir  Alexander  Cockburn  answered  "No"  for 
each  of  these  vessels. 

The  tribunal  then  proceeded  to  the  consideration  of  the  representa- 
tion made  by  the  agent  of  Jler  Britannic  Majesty,  at  the  last  confer- 
ence. 

3Ir.  J.  C.  IJaucroft  Davis,  as  agent  of  the  United  States,  read  the  fol- 
lowing statement  in  reply: 

L'lificiit  (le  sii  Majostf^  biitanniiiuo  a  pr<^sojit('  an  tiibmial  un  moinoraiuluin  dcstiiK^ 
k  ciiti(iiicr  Ic  if'siuiK^  dcs  iiidoniiiitoH  (leiiiaiidocH  jiivr  Itin  l^tafH-Uiii.s,  et  <laiis  le<iiioJ  lo 
trildinal  i-st  pri*"  do  reniottrc  ft;  ji'muiiio  a  I'aj^cnt  doH  fitats-lliiis  coiiiiiK'  non  avt'im. 

L'afjcut  <U'8  fitats-Uiiis  souticiiti  icspoctiiousiMiiout  c|Uo  son  rcsuiiu^  est  parfaitoinoiit 
oil  li'grlc  vt  oil  tout  conforme  aux  droits  des  fitats-Unis  aussi  bieii  qu'i\  la  demaude  i)ai- 
ticnlif'ic  dii  tribunal. 

1.  l^es  objections  do  I'a^jent  do  sa  Majcsto  biitanuique  portent  snr  les  points  suivants: 

a)  Les  gages  des  dquipages  des  uavires  captures  par  les  vaisseaux  arnids  des  confo'- 
dores  ; 

h)  iA'H  pertes  dos  porsonnes  do  ces  <^qnipages,  tant  ofTQciors  quo  niatolots  ; 
c)  Des  partiep  indivisi^es  d'un  navire  (jui  ne  paraisseiit  pas  expresscment  dans  les 
a  bleaux  originaux  ; 
rf)  Augmentation  pretendue  du  inoutant  total  des  rt^clainations. 

2.  E'agent  do  sa  Maji-st*^  britaunique  objocte  aussi : 
n)  En  niatiens  do  tbrnio ; 

b)  En  luatiire  do  competence. 

Nous  r(^poudrons  wriatim  h  toutes  ccs  objections: 

I.  Quant  a  la  Ibrnie,  il  est  evident  que  les  arbitres,  pour  fticiliter  leurs  investigations, 
out  desire  avoir  sous  les  yenx  nn  abrcg(?coniparatif  do  et!  (|ue  les  fitats-Unisroelauient 
et  do  la  critique  do  ees  reclamations  par  I'Aiigleterro,  critique  portaut  snr  les  cliiffres 
jinssi  bion  quo  sur  les  chefs  des  reclamations.  Cos  resumes  fa'ifs  par  les  deux  parties 
ne  lient  d'aneunc  maniero  les  arbitres:  co  sunt  tout  siuqilement  des  renseigueinents 
]U()i)res  a  guider  lo  t;  ibunal  a  travers  la  masse  do  cbiflVes  et  do  details  renferuit^s  dans 
les  memoires  et  les  pieces  justiiicatives  des  deux  goiivernemeuts. 

L'agont  do  sa  Majesty  britannique  prt^tond  <iue  les  I^tats-llnis'  doivent  calquor  lour 
resunu^  snr  lo  modelo  du  r<^8ume  do  I'Angleterre,  uon-seuleuu'ut  cjuant  a  la  forme,  nuiis 
aussi  (juant  an  fond.  C'est-a-diro  que,  s'il  i»lalt  a  l'Anglet(Mro  d'omettro  dans  son  y6- 
ynmo  tjuebiue  chef  do  reclamations,  I'Amerique  doit  aussi  I'omettre.  Co  serait  une 
etrango  table  synoptitjue. 

La  raison  reqniertl'oxplicationdos  dift'drcnces  qui  existent  ontre  les  chift'resdechatiuo 
chef  de  reclamations.  Mais  elle  requiert  anssil'explication  des  differences  qui  existent 
eutre  les  chefs  m^nica  des  reclamations.    Sans  cela,  I'Angleterre  u'aurait  qu'a  supprimer 


rROTOCOLS    OF    TFIK    COXFKRKXCKS. 


30 


(l(>stin(5 
■quel  lo 

•t-mi. 
■mont 

lie  pai- 

ivauts: 


lans  lc8 


iratioUR, 

jlaitH'ut 
chittrea 

iKiinents 
i\6n  dana 

uer  l«inr 

no,  niais 

aon  16- 

lait  uiio 

!  cliaqiu) 
exipteut 
ippviiiier 


dans  Hoii  rf^siuiu''  li>  (jliof  dcs  asHiiranncs,  on  celiii  ilcs  (VcfH,  011  rcliii  d'nn  iiavirt-  (iiu'lcoii- 
(|iif,  jiDiir  soiistraire  ce  clit-l'a  la  ('(niiiaissiiiici'  divs  ail)itrfs.  (.'t.«  iic  si-rait  |»as  Ic  iiii>yt'ii 
di'  ifiisfi^jni'r  1(!  liilniiiid,  mai.i  jiliiMt ci'liii  dn  In  troinpcr.  lliii^  telle  idi'c  a  Pair  d'um' 
liiaisaiitcilo,  (it  iiiillt'iiit'iit  d'uiK!  (lUJcctimi  si'iiciisc  an  taldeaii  den  I^tats-I'iiis. 

lit'  tiiliuiial  tixaiiiiiifia  li  s  n'siiiacs  dcs  di-iix  fioiivcriieiiiciitH.  A  la  ImiiitTf  dc  ct^s 
n'.suiiK's,  li»  tribunal  oxaiiiintTa  tons  Ics  docimn'Mts  rclatifr*  conipris  dans  Ics  moinoires 
et  (KHitrc-nn'Miolros  d«!s  deux  ^jouvi'incnicnts.  Cent  lo  droit  ct  c'ost  li'ili'voir  dc  cliaitut* 
jlouviTnennMit  dc  soiuncttro  an  trihniial  Ics  prcnvcs  rcsiicctivcs  sans  ret nincliuincnt 
d'nn  cAtf'  ist  sans  suppression  dc  I'antrc.     Alors  lo  tiil)nuai.jn;,'era. 

II.  l^iumt  a  la  conipetcn(iC  : 

«)  Le  tViihi' comitreinl  tdidt'H  Ich  nrhunatioiiH  den  lilalx-UniH  qui  Html  (h'^'Kiiu'iH  hokh  1c 
uom  irnuritiitc  (If  m:luiniiHonn  dc  I'.llnlxinia. 

h)  Le  tribunal,  par  sou  opinion  preliniinaire,  a  liniile  la  ^jcuoralite  rle  ces  mots,  en 
ecartaiit  des  rc^cdainations  certaines  i)ertes  nationales  allc;.tn<'M's  par  Ics  fitats-IJnis. 

Mais,  a  la  suite  do  cetto  o|>ini(Mi.  le  tribunal  reste  saisi  dc  la  (|nestiou  dc  tontes  les 
nnlainatlonM  t'aites  jtar  les  Elats-l'nis  tlans  Tinterct  des  individus  li'si's,  et  comprises 
sons  I>'  noni  g;cnci'i(|ne  dc  I'eelaniations  dt;  I'Alabania. 

Les  jiertes  des  otlieicrs,  (>t  en  ;^t''iicral  dcs  e(|nipa<je.s  des  iiavin^s (captures,  nc  sont  [las 
inoins  viilables  ([no  c(dles  des  arnniteurs  et  des  assureurs.  Lo  douto  est  impossible  a 
eet  <'>}jard. 

(■)  Des  n^fdaniationa  pour  les  pertoa  pcrsonuellcs  des  (^(juipaj^es  desnavircs  capture's 
soiit  tbrniulees  do  la  uianiL'ro  la  plus  cxplieito  ilauslo  UKhiioiro  dcs  fltats-ruis,  coninio 
suit: 

"  Ui'clannitions  por.r  dommajres  on  numvais  traiteuunts  inlli^es  aux  personnes.  et 
f)ui  out  6{(-  lo  r(;Hultat  do  la  destruction  des  vaisseaux  appartouant,  aux  deux  classes 

pn'cc'doiitus. 

it  #  #  fr  #  #  # 

"II  est  impossible  a  prc^seut  pour  les  f!tats-ITnis  de  souniettre  au  tribunal  un  (^tat 
d('taill<''  des  donima^^ea  ou  mauvais  traitements  personncds  (jui  sont  r(''snlt(^  de  la  de- 
struetion  do  eha([ue  classc  dv  vaisseaux.  Les  ot'tieiers  (!t  rt'(iiiipai;e  de  cliaiinii  vaissean 
avaient  droit  a  la  protection  du  drapeau  anidrieain;  leura  n'olamations  doivent  ('tro 
ineluscs  dans  la  soinme  totale  ((ue  le  tribunal  pent  alloner.  U'ajtrcs  lt!s  (^b'Mucnts  d'ap- 
preciatiou  (ini  leur  sont  lonrnis,  il  no  sera  ]»as  difdcib!  aiix  arbitres  de  eonnaifrt^  les 
iKuns  et  lo  touinij^e  des  biltimonts  cbHruits,  do  (h- terminer  le  nombre  de  ces  liardis  ina- 
rins  sans  ressources  (pii  ontt'tt'^  priv(^s  ainsi  do  lours  inoyons  de  subsisteneo  et  de  lixcr 
la  soiniue  totalo  ipii  <io  ci;  cliefdevraite'itre  placei^  dans  les  mains  (h^s  fitats-Unis.  Kilo 
no  pent  pas  (Hre  iulVMiiiurei  a  dcs  ciMitaincs  do  mille  dollars  et  olio  pout  s'('lcvcr  a  des 
uiillions.    (Traduction  tVanvaise,  pp.  I!??,!???^.) 

rf)  Nous  prion.s  les  arbitres  de  lire  ces  (!Xtraits  attentiv(!niont.  lis  verrout  quo  les 
l^tats-Uuis  out  prdsente  Itjs  reclamations  do  cetto  elasse  do  la  manlcre  la  plus  claiie  et 
la  jilus  positive,  coniuio  un  cluit' capital  (lesindeninitt'sdoniand(''es  a  laGraudc-Bretajjin;. 

N(uis  a.joutoiis  ([uo  c(s  sont  d<!s  reclamations  n'-dlcs  et  mc-rittics. 

L'ineortitudo  du  chittVc  no  unit  pas  a  sa  r(u-laniatiou. 

Nous  anrous  plus  tard  (piebint^  cbosc,  a  din;  a  ce  su.jet. 

e)  Les  portes  d'oft'ots,  soit  d'otUciors,  soit  do  luatelots,  sont  expressfSment  r^citt^es  dans 
plusieurs  cas.  Dana  les  ...tres,  ct!s  portos  sont  estimoos  d'aprtis  lo  chift'ro  des  pertes 
actnelleniont  exprimdes. 

Quant  aux  S"S''**  ^^  '"i  cliilVre  des  (■(inii)a<;;es,  nous  avons  essayed  do  rassembler  tons 
les  ronsei<;nemeuts  possibles,  ot  nos  (wtiniations  sont  fondi-es  sur  les  faits  dtn'ebqjpf^s 
dans  les  pi(>cos  justilicatives. 

Nous  distin^juons  entro  les  f^ages  dcs  (M[uipaj5es  do^'  baleiniers  et  ceux  des  navires 
marcliauds  propremeufc  dits. 

Pour  les  (l(Uix  classes  do  uaviies  l(>s  f;a<j;es  cut  etei  perdus,  ou  par  Ics  armateurs  (jui 
les  avaient  pay(5s,  ou  pour  les  I'quipa.i^cs  (pii  ne  les  avaient  pas  re(;.us. 

Pour  les  baleiniers,  la  porte(''fait  plus  siM'icusc,  pare:;  ([ue  dans  !•>  plupart  des  cas  le 
niontant  des  f^a^es  so  iixait,  en  tout  ou  (mi  partie,  sidon  Ics  btSit^l'  •  s,  "t  les  familh^s  des 
luatelots  rec«}vaient  do  rarmateur  mm  partio  notable  de  cos  gaj^v..;  icjiidant  K;  tt!iui)s  du 
voyagti. 

D.ius  cos  cas,  l(^s  matelots  des  baleiuiiu's  avaient  ^U'  vi(;tinios  dos  I'rais  (li;s  six  ou 
uenfprenuers  luois  d'uii  voyage,  on  aitiiinlant  les  bi'at^lices  qui  devraiout  ('tre  n>vu8 
dans  les  trois  mois  i\  vonir. 

Do  deux  Glioses  rune;  pour  iudemuisor  ces  gens,  il  faut  lour  alloner,  ou  des  b(^ndfice8 
cu  porsi»ective,  ou  des  gages  so  rapi)ortaut  :\  ces  iM^ni^tices. 

Pour  les  uavires  inarchands,  il  pent  se  fairo  ([uo  la  (luestion  des  gages  des  niattdots 
soit  compli(iiu!o  dt3  hKiuestion  dcs  frets.  Eii  supposant  tpie  les  iudomuites  domaii(I(5e8 
sous  lo  chet'de  fret  soiont,  commo  nous  lo  croyons,  les  pertes  actuidles  des  armateurs 
danscotte  relation,  il  s'ousnifc  (juo  nous  avons  droit  a  ("'tre  indoiuuisds  pour  les  gages. 

Pour  la  plupart  des  navires,  lea  Etats-Unis  i/sclament  sous  lo  noiii  de  gages  la  perto 
(In  temps  des  iuatel()ts,aussi  bieu  que  les  frais  de  Icur  transitortdu  lieu  dc  capture  aux 
lioux  rospectifs  de  leur  residence  liabituelle ;  ot  sous  co  cUitf  nous  allouous  des  gages 


;■•:-  ■:>: 


ii     il 


\i 


■    'a 

1:1 

.  1 

.'.j 

liJil 

40 


AKIilTKATloN    AT    GKN'KVA. 


(liiiiiiil.  six  iiioin  on  ilnraiit,  m-iir  iiinis,  si'loii  <|iii'  In  cnptiuc  ii  i-tr  fiiitu  iliiiis  Ics  cuiix  do 
1'Atlinilii|iii'  oil  bicii  (Imiih  ct'llis  dii  I'imIIIiimc. 

I'ji  clVi't.  iKiiiH  doiMiDiis  <li's  ni'W'"*  iloiiMi's,  ]M'iHliiiit  ti'ois  iiiois  pDiu'  Ic  iirciiiiiT  van  (it 
IMMHliiiit  (|iiiitrt'  iiKiis  ft  dt'iiii  piiiir  lt>  MccorHl  <'iih.  (/ii(ii(|iir  (■cci  im  Hoit  (iii'iiiii^  tNstiinii- 
tioii,  If  iv.snllat  est  iiii-dcssKiis  dc  lii  V(''iilr  pliitot  (|ii'iiii-d('.s,siif<. 

Ndiih  iivdiis  cstiiiK'  If  tdiillVi'  df  l'('i|iii|i:i;;r  dc  cliiiiini'  iijivii'f  coiifDi'iiii'iiiiMit  aux 
ddiiiifi's  iiu'oii  IroMVf  dans  mis  |»iciM!s  jiisiilicativcs,  i-n  ilisfiiictioii  dii  chitlri'  di's  Italid- 
uiiTs,  i|iii  hfcfssitcnt  iin  plus  inland  nondirn  d'lioniini's  ijiir  It's  navirfs  niandiaiitls. 

III.  I. IS  l^tats-lJnis  ic'diinifnt,  \)o\\v  toiili's  Ics  paitics  iiidivisccs  d'liii  niivirc,  sidt:  ((iio 
Ic  |ii'(i|ii'ii''lain'  d'nm^  )>artii>  niini'iint  (|iii'Ii;imii|iic  iiaiaissc  nn  non,  ])ai'(;(>  i[iM  li'S  r.tats- 
I'lMs  aiii'diit  i'l  n-poiidri-  a  tniis  li's  pnipiii'taircs  dans  lo  (^as  oil  Ir  triliiinal  ac.coidiu'ait 
en  Idoc  Miic  solium' anx  I'^tats-I'nis.  Sans  ccla,  il  y  auiait  injiisticc  fvidoiito,  L'(d»jt't 
dn  traiti'  rst,  d'indciiiiiisi-r  lis  rUats-lInisponr  tonics  Ics  pinti's  snl>icsi>ar  lours  citoytsiiM, 
I't  non  d'iinposoi'  nnc  particdc  ccfti\  imicinnillcatioii  anx  l^tats-lJnis  ciix-nir'iiii's. 

IV.  I  'auciit  d»!  sa  -Nlajcstii  lii'itaniiii|nc  rdijccto  ipic  nous  avons  aii^incnto  lo  moiitaiit 
dcs  I'ci-laination.s  en  ajontant  Ics  cIiUVk's  apiiartcnaiit  aux  tiois  diet's  siiivants  : 

(iaK»'s S'.KJi),  r.!)7 

Klicts ,   44 1,  (>r)0 

Inti'icts  indivisc.s 4'.i,  y7;{ 

1,4-J2,0'2() 


II  s'aj;it  do  iiioiiis  d'nn  million  ot  domi,  ot  non  dcs  deux  niillions  allf^giids  daiiH  lo 
incmoramlnni  do  I'a^icnt  ilc  sa  Majcsti-  l)iitannii|nc. 

11  est  \  lai  do  dire  qiTil  y  a  tU-  pins  line  addition  a  la  valeiii'  do  eertains  iiavires.  C'e.st 
line  ineprise  dc  I'exiieit  einjdoyi'  dans  Ics  calcnls  relat  it's  a  ccs  navires.  (Jetto  erreiu'  est 
expliiliit'c  e!  coiri^t'c  dans  line  note  |ila<'(''c  a  la  suite  do  ee  nieinorandiim. 

Mais,  en  nicino  temps,  muis  avons  mis  de  cote  Ics  ri'clamatiomi  Ibiidt'cs  sur  de.s  bdud- 
liceH  en  iicispeetive,  i|iii  est  Ic  doiildo  «le.s  additions  faites. 

V.  I'liilin,  ct  ponr  lesnnicr  ledi'ltat  : 

L'Aiicletcrie  ji  <'oinpo.s('  nn  taldean,  non  dcs  i'aits  actuols,  luais  tout  d'estiiiiations, 
d'aiijirc'iiaiions  ot  do  moyeniics  arliitraircs  et  siippost-cs. 

Notre  talilcan  est  compost'  dc  faits  actncls  et  pronvt's,  pour  la  pliinart,  aveo  uii  petit 
iiomhre  irappi't'ciatioiis  tii's-siniples,  et  iM'lli*s-ei  I'omlt'cs  snr  dcs  [ireuves  et  dos  aualoj^ies 
I'videiites  et  a])pny(ics  par  les  docnments. 

N'ons  avons  pleincment  Ic  tlroit  dc  nous  jilaimlrc  dn  taUlcan  tout  (Miti  rt'sentti  an 
mini  dc  rAiij;lctcrro:  clle  ii'a  '"i  fiiticincniiie  iinclipics  e  lii  tiros  sci'omhiiro.-  •nm  ordrc 

a]))iai'tenant  an  ineinoramiuin  dcs  I.,tats-rnis>. 

L'a-icnt  dc  sa  Majcsti'  jiarait  siipposer  iine  les  lUats-Unis  out  on  I'iutention,  dans 
tout  feci,  dc  prt'parer  notre  estiini'  di.'  manit'i'e  a  cxcreer  nno  intlutMiet!  taclieuso  snr  la 
oonscioiicc  tics  ai'liitrcs.  Kst-co  lo  triliunal  (lu'tm  soui>t,'onne .'  lOst-oo  I'airtnit  ties  f;tats- 
IJiiis  .'  On  ponnait  s'y  mt''prendrt\  On  jioniiait  mi-mt'  impntcrtlo  tols  motifs  h  ra<;t'ut 
do  sa.  Ma.jestt".  Mais  co  no  sciait  difjiio  ni  tie  liii,  ni  do  iions,  t;n  viic  dcs  rolations  coiir- 
toiscs  tics  a;>ents  ot  ties  otniscils  dcs  deux  f;tniveincnieiits. 

Mais  a  (pioi  lion  cottticrititiiic  tie  part  on  d'antre  .' 

Si  les  arliilres  allonent  nut!  soinino  on  Idoi;,  cette  soiumo  sera  ntSce.ssairoiuont  iiiio  ap- 
jin^ciati'ni  en  partie,  sans  (|noi  le  ivsnltat  dos  travanx  des  arliitros  no  surait  pas  iiiio  iii- 
dciiiiiilieation  ri'cllo  tics  r^lats-Unis. 

S'il  y  a  i|ncli|ncs  dt't'ants  secontlain^s  dans  les  jtrciivcs  ties  Ktats-Unis,  il  y  a  uu  manque 

I'stiiic  total  lie  preiivcs  di'linios  ilo  la  Dart  dc  la  (irautli-Uretairno. 


pr 


Mais  si  le  triliunal  rtmvtiic  cos  ri'damatioiis  a  dcs  a- 


•Ills,  rAujilotorro  sora  ton  no 


jiar  les  stiimlations  du  traite  tie  payor  anx  Ktats-Unis  la  soiiinio  ailjnj^t^o  par  los  assos- 
scnrs,  sans  restriction,  ni  do  pn.'uvos  atlirinatives,  ni  do  iniMivos  iH';iatives.  Alors,  les 
matelols  i|ui  ii'ont  pas  [irt'sontf'  lours  rt^claniations,  ot  int'nie  les  arniatoiirs,  assurours  on 
aiitrcs,  aniont  lo  droit  de  rdclaiiior  devant  les  assosseurs.  Tel  est  le  sous  evident  du 
traitf'. 

Ell  atttiitiaiit,  tout  ce  (ini  so  fait,  soit  do  la  part  do  rAint^riqiio,  soit  de  la  part  do 
l'Ai)};letei  re,  tcml  a  essayer  d'l'clairer,  par  Ics  moyons  tiui  soiit  A,  notre  disposition,  le 
Jiitjcmont  du  tribunal. 

Kiitin,  nous]iroti'stonsctintrocertainesapprcciationsdn  traite  do  Wasliington,  <|ui  soiit 
on  exprimt'cs  on  iniplii|udes  dans  lo  mdnitiire  de  Tageiit  do  la  Graude-Bi;etaj;ue,  sans 
nous  arreter  pour  les  discuter  ici. 


M)TK. 


A. — Les  ii'clamationa  pour  les  fiai;es  des  baleiniers  et  des  peehoiirs  dcs  na- 
vires detriiits  on  (ItHenns  jiar  l'Alaliania,iiar  lo  riorida.  on  (lar  le  Slionan- 
doali  apres  sa  sortie  do  Melliourno,  (la  eorroction  t'tant  faite  des  orronrs 
iiiitces  dans  It;  iiienioramluin  ipii  accomi>a}fije  iios  tableaux,)  estiuitk'S 
dapii's  les  preiives  soumisos,  s'tHevent  a $5b8, 247  CO 


I 


'4 


I'KOTOCOF.S    OF    TIIK    CONri.UKNCKS. 


41 


uds  diiiis  lo 


ir  di'S  beiio- 


eHtiiuations, 


('•' inoiitiiiit  <l<>i(  ("trt?  smistiiiit  «1(*  In  nuiiiiiio  totiilo  diUiH  \v  Hoinniiiiro 
aiiii<-x('',  si  !•'  tiil)iiii:il  iu'cmdr  Ic^i  ri'djiiiiivtiinis  ties  lialt'liiicis  iniiii' la 
jd'cht'  jdMsiifctivc  ct  pour  I'iiitcnuiitioii  ilii  voyajif. 

II, — Lcs  rrclanialitiiiM  pmir  Itsna^icsdcs  olilicici'.st't  ilfshomiiicM  tli'M  iiaviri-n 
niarrlianils  aiiisi  di-triiitu  »»iMli')t»*mis,  «'Mtiiiiri's  d'apri^s  Ics  pn.'uvt'.s  nou- 

miscs,  sVlovfiit  a _ 6-lt''^,  iCd  DO 

t^iifli|ii(^M-uiiH dfs  iia\'ii'«>sd<'tiuitM()ii  drtt'iiiis^taitMit  sur  l(»Mt,  Kii  tons 
(•as  pait'ils,  nous  insistons  siir  co  quo  lo  trihimal  nous  acfordo  If  total  di's 
(^a^t'^  i«^i'lanu'"S.  I'lnsicnis,  on  iiir>nit)  la  plnpart,  dcs  navin-s  <'taifnt 
fharfii's  d(!  tVet.  IJans  tons  Ics  casoii  lo  triWnnal  fst  convaincn  <|ni'  If  t'n't 
ivelanio  fst  fret  pnr,  il  doit  ai'cordcr  Ics  rt'iclaniations  ponr  ^•a;;cs;  mitis 
dans  tons  k-s  cas  oh  li^  trilinnal  est  convaincn  (pu>  la  riM'laniation  itoni' 
firt  ost  i)onr  fret  lirnt,  11  doit  refuser  d'a(;eorder  les  reclamations  jionr 
jj;a;;cs.  Ccci  est  exposii  d'niie  niauioro  tres-prdctso  dans  lo  inenu)randuni 
qui  accoinpajjne  nos  taldt^anx. 

C— liCS  estiiuat  ions  d<.'s  re<dannitioiis  ponr  les  cft'cts  personnels  dcs  olliciers 

ct  dcs  honnues  des  navires  ainsi  dt'^tniits  on  detenus  s'elevcnt  a 4"21,0()0  00 

Les  r,tats-l,'nis  insistent  sur  co  qu'il  Icnr  soit  uccorde  la  soninu!  totalo 
do  ees  reclamations. 

D.— Lps  tableaux  ))resent<^s  jiar  ragcutdes  T^tats-Uniscoinprcnaient  ton-i 
les  navircH  dotrnits  i>ar  1«  Shenaiuloali.  Depuis  quo  ces  tableaux  out 
^!ti;  tcrndni's  le  tribunal  a  decide  qutj  la  (jrande-Hretagne  n'l.'st  pas  its- 
spoiisalde  des  actes  dn  Sbenandoali  avaut  sa  sortie  de  Mtdl)ouiiu'.  Lc 
niontantdcs  rcclannitionsadednirt!  par  snito  dt;  cettodf^cisions'elevt)  ;\  ..     4r)l{,  *^'J0  4t) 

E. — II  y  a  nn(^  erp'ur  palpable  de  la  part  ilu  eomptable  dans  lo  tableau 
intitiib'i  "Shenandoah,  supplement,  classo  A."  La  valour  ^^stim^'(!  de  liuit 
navires  di' ten ns  (o'est-ti-(iire,  jJ-^n.OdiM.'hacnii)  fut  rettniuc  jtarleeomptablo 
par  nu'jiarde,  et  jointe  aux  cliillVes  de  la  colonne  dcs  totaux  de  pertcs. 
Dans  la  discussion  dctaillei^  dcvant  It!  tiibunal,()n  st*  scrait  apervu  tout 
de  suite  de  ct^tte  errcur,  (|ui  tUait  demcnr('>ti  inapcnv'io  dans  la  bate  di;s 
preparatifs  ])()nr  rcdi^rer  les  tableaux.  On  fournit  ci-inclns  un  tableau 
nonvcau  sons  le  nienu!  titro.     Lo  uiontant  do  cotto  orrour,  qui  so  trouve 

corri-ree  ici,  est  dt; 040,000  00 

,  F.— L'exposc  revise  ci-joint ;  totaux  des  n'clan  itions  compart^es,  exhibo 
CCS  corrections:  c"est-a-dire,  qui;  les  montanl>  D  et  E,  (ini  s't'devent  a 
sl,m):VJlH).l!»,  sout  <l(Mlnits. 
iC'est  an  tril)nnal  a  decider  si  uuo  partio  quelcouquo  doa  luontants  A  et  15 
doit  L'tro  (h'dnito. 


tm 


TOTAUX  DES  EFXLAMATIONS  COMl'AlJr.ES. 


iloiiliuits  r^'i'l.Tiiics      MontnntH  ncrordt's 

ilaiiH  Icj*  talik'iuix  diiiis   le   r:ii)lKirt 

uuicrirainsi.  ajmitii   I'V    larjiu- 

iiii'iit     biitaiini- 

qui!. 

Alabama Classe    A $1 ,  314,  'MJ  [)9  .*4r.0, 81(3  00 

Classo  B i,:«)r.,4:50  Ki  (;iM.r,;is  (to 

^ Clusse    C U,:{0!t,HV()  10  a,  (m4,:?7(i  0(» 

un  manque     ^^  Classe   D 41:{,-2H."^  IW  l:?li,0.ilOO 

Classes  E  ot  F lt>:{,  H07  78  47,  h.^)0  00 

r),.^)r)7,()t)0  o:{       3.-j()7,()7.-i  oo 

[Florida,  y  conipris  lo  Clarenco  Classo   A 2vH,«)41  92  Wri,-,m  00 

et  lo  Tacouy.  Classo   B » r>:iy,  179  10  U44, 709  00 

'Le  eomptable,  (|ui  a  fait  I'arraiisenient  des  navires  dans  nos  tablcatix,  a  placi'-  dans 
lla  classo  C  deux  navires  qui  auraiout  d(i  etre  duns  la  classo  )i,  savoir  : 

JL'Oneida §471,849  12 

^0  Windward •i2,.")9ri  00 

494,447  12 


Cette  errcur  corrigt'^e,  la  flonuno   totale  de  la  clasae  B  (sous  le   noni  du  Florida) 
erait  do  .*1,0:{3,62(5.22,  et  do  la  classo  C,  .§2,844,962.90.    Ct)nime   les  stuumes  totales 
Jes  reclamations  sons  le  noni  du  Florida  ne  seraient  aucun6inent  ehange'es  ])ar  la  cor- 
rection de  cetto  erreur,  purement  foriuelle,  j'ui  peusd  qu'il  ne  valait  pus  lu  peine  do 
JBhangcr  les  tableaux  ddtaillds. 


If 


IS  i 


ilii 


42  AKlilTRATION   AT   GENEVA. 

TOTAUX  DES  RfX'LAMATIONS  COMPARr:ES-Contiiuics. 


Montnnfs  rC-rlaiiies 
dans  loH  talileaux 
niiiLTicaiiiH. 


Flciida,  y  eonipris  lo  Claracnco  Classo   C I;!;?,  339,  410  02 

ct  IcTaconv— Contiimde.          Classc   D i:W,  i)2"J17 

ClasHOH  E  et  B' 278,  (i  1 8  62 

Classu    G 91,225  10 

4,  (iltl,  30:{  93 


Aloutaiits  acconlrs 
dans  Ic  rapport 
ajoiit)''  a  laitxu- 
infiit      britanni- 

§1,770,375  00 
44,570  00 
(51,350  00 


2,035,573  00 


Slionandoali :  Classo  A et  snpph'^nioiii: 3,203,149  55  1,171,404  00 

Kccai.itnlatiou:  Alabama 0,557,090  03  3,207,078  00 

I'lorida 4, 010,  303  93  2, 035,  57:5  00 

Shonaudoah 3, 203, 149  55  1 ,  171 ,  404  00 

14,437,143  51  7,074,715  00 

Reclamations  a-tuoUos  dos  l^hits-llnis  pour  les  dd- 
j>i'u.sc'.-i  caiisees  a  lenr  iiiariiic  par  suito  dca  actes 
du  Elovida,  do  I'Alabama  ot  du  Shcuaiuloab 0, 735, 002  49  940, 400  24 

21, 172, 200  00  8, 015, 175  24 

Rt'^clamationsprovoi.auT  »le  I'lntenuptiou  dos  voyages 
et  des  peites  jiu"  li(-ii.'t;.;''S  eu  perspective 4,099,302  50       

SOM.MAIKK. 

Totanx  des  i/tTaijiatior::-!,  'y  compris  les  ri^elamatioiis  proveiiaiit  do 
I'intorrupt.ou  d  ui  vov  vjjcv  et  des  pertes  siir  bendliccs  cii  ]»crBpec- 
tivc) 825,281,508  50 

Si  k's  siisditcs  Ti^clajuatioiia  soivt  comprises,  il  faut  ddduire,  (cide  A)..  588,247  50 

j  24,093,201  00 

On 

Totanx  des  rdclamatious,  (nou  conipris  les  dites  r<:5c]amatious) $21, 272, 206  20 

Dans  le  casoii  uue  p!»i"illo('''.imination  scrait  laitc,  il  iaiidrait  ajouter 
'2't''^  snr  la  valrnr  d.'s  ua vires  vi  di-s  ociuiponcuts,  (vide  le  memoran- 
dum qui  aecomptiguc  les  tableaux) , 400, 127  91 

/  •■  21,072,334  11 

En  tons  eas  il  faut  njouter  riut«?ri't  do  7^o  par  an  Jusiin'au  jour  dii  paiement  iudi([nd 
l)ar  les  termes  dn.  traite. 

After  (I'libiiifiiion,  the  tiibmuil  gave  its  (lecision  as  follows: 

Tlui  tribniirtl  ;1<m m  not  see  lit  to  order  tlie  witbdrawal  of  tli(!  tables  ])resented  on  the 
part  of  th*  r.iit'.<i  Stafi'f.  as  requested  by  Lord  'renterdeu  ;  but  it  declares  that  it  con- 
siders tli;;Ht!  doiiinients  only  as  simi)le  elucidations,  sncli  as  were  re()uired  l>y  one  of 
the  arbitrati»rs,  Viscount  d'ltajnba,  to  whicli  the  tribnnal  will  j^ive  such  attention  as 
is  rij^ht. 

Tlie  ti'ilmiuil  (letermiued  to  devote  tlie  next  conference  to  the  consid- 
eration of  the  questions  concerning;'  tlie  claims  for  *'  expenditure  inciirred 
in  pursuit  of  tlu^  cruisers,  prospective  protits,  freights,  and  interest,"  and 
decided  to  deliberate  with  closed  doors. 

Sir  Alexander  ('ockburn,  as  one  of  the  arbitrators,  declared  that  he 
objected  to  this  latter  de(;ision. 

The  conferiMice  was  then  adjourned  until  Thursday,  the  20th  instant, 
at  half  past  1-  o'clock. 

FKKDETMCK  S(  LOPIS. 

J.  C.  IJANCItOFT   DAVIS. 

TENTEHDEN. 

ALEX.  FAVliOT,  Sccrctanj. 


PKOTOCOLS  OF  THE  CONFERENCES 


43 


:  '■  I. 
i     f 


PROTOCOL  XXVII. 

Jiecordof  the  procccdiiif/s  of  the  trihuiKtl  of  arhitrntlon  at  the  twenfy-serenth 
conference  held  at  Geneva,  in  iSicitzerhind,  on  the  liOf/i  of  A^iyustj  1872. 

The  conference  was  held  with  dosed  doors,  pursuant  to  adjournment. 
All  the  arbitrators  were  present.  s„n.iry  .h„«  .,r 

Tiie  luotocol  of  the  last  coni'erence  was  read;  the  ap-  '''■ '•'^•^»'""'- 
proval  and  signing  of  the  same  was  deferred  until  the  next  meeting. 

Tlie  tribunal  proceech'd  to  consider  the  (|uestions  concerning  the 
claims  for  "  exi)enditure  incurred  in  pursuit  of  the  cruisers,  pr(»spective 
prolits,  and  freights." 

As  to  the  claims  for  exi)en«liture  incurred  in  ])ursuit  of  liie  cruisers, 
a  majority  of  the  tribunal  deci«le«l  to  rejr'ct  them  as  (comprised  in  the 
costs  of  the  war;  ^[r.  ytaemplli  and  Mr.  Adams  declared  them  to  be  ad- 
7iiissible,  as  belonging  to  the  direct  losses,  reserving  to  appreciate  their 
amount  according  to  the  bases  laid  down  in  the  table  at  page  1L*(>  of 
the  seventh  volume  of  the  appendix  to  the  case  of  the  United  States, 

As  to  the  claims  for  ])r(ispective  profits  the  tribunal  unanimously 
decided  to  reject  them,  reserviuj;,  however,  the  questioiis  as  to  the 
wages  for  the  whalers  aiul  the  interest  for  the  value  of  the  vessels  and 
tlu'ir  outfit. 

As  to  the  claiius  for  freights,  the  tribunal  unanimously  decided  not  to 
a''mit  of  the  gross  freight,  but  only  the  net  freight. 

The  tribunal  also  de(;ided  to  consider  at  the  next  conference  theipies- 
tious  concerning  the  valuation  of  the  destroyed  vessels  aiul  the  claims 
for  interest. 

Lastly  the  tribunal  decided  to  adjourn  this  conference  until  Friday, 
tlie  30Lh  instant,  at  1-  o'clock,  and  to  deliberate  again  with  closed  doors. 

FliEDEHICK  SCLOPIS. 
ALEX.  FAVKOT,  Hevvetanj. 


ritOTOCOL  XXVIIL 


Record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  trihnntd  of  arbitration  at  the  twentif-eiffhth 
conference  held  at  ikneva,  in  Sa-itzcrland,  on  the 'MUh  ofAni/nst,  1.S72. 

The  conference  was  held  with  closed  doors,  pursuant  to  adjournment. 
All  the  arbitrators  were  i)resent.  \,„,„ ,  „,,,^,,.,, 

Tlie  protocol  of  the  twenty-sixth  conference  having  been  '-'■'■' <""'<"^>-'-'^- 
C(»rre(;ted  was  approved,  and  tlu-  proto<'ol  •'  *"  the  last  conierence  was 
read  and  approved,  and  was  signed  by  the  picsident  and  secretary  of 
the  tribunal. 

On  the  i)roposal  of  Sir  Alexanikn-  Ctickl)urn,as  oneof  tlu'  arl»itrators, 
the  tribunal  permitted  tliat  tlie  counsel  of  Her  Britannii-  Majesty 
should  present,  on  the  (pu'stion  of  interest,  a  note  whicli  should  bo 
directly  communicated  by  the  agent  of  Her  Brittannic  Majesty  to  the 
agent  of  the  United  States,  in  order  that  the  latter  may  [uepare  u  reply 
to  it,  if  h(«  thinks  tit. 

The  tribunal  <lesired  that  these  two  <'ommunications  on  t'le  part  of 
the  resi)ective  ag(  nts  siiould  be  i)reseiited  at  the  conference  whieh  will 
[he  held  with  ch)sed  doors  on  Mondav,  the  2d  of  September,  at  half  past 
ll.' o'clock. 


44 


AKBITRATIOX   AT    GENEVA. 


Tlie  tribunal  ])rocco(le{]  to  the  considoriition  of  tlio  niattors  submitted 
to  tlieni,  aiul  unanimously  declared  that  the  '■'•  double  claims''''  should  be 
dismissed. 

The  tribunal  havinf;  discussed  in  general  the  award  of  a  gross  sum, 
re(iuested  Mr.  Stiemi)tli,  one  ot  the  arbitrators,  to  present  for  the  next 
conference  copies  of  a  synoptical  table  which  he  has  prepared  on  the 
subject. 

The  conference  was  then  adjourned  until  INIonday,  the  I'd  of  Septem- 
ber, at  half  past  1-  o'clock, 

fki:deiiick  sclopis. 

ALEX.  FAVKOT,  Secretary. 


rKOTOCOL  XXIX. 


('(II  kbiun  »      Mil-Ill 
rinidiiiii    r 
sum  in  KruA:'. 


Record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  tribunal  of  arbitration  at  the  twenty-ninth 
conference  held  at  Geneva,  in  ISicitzerland,  on  the  2d  of  September,  1872. 

The  conference  was  held  with  closed  doors,  pursuant  to  adjourunient 

«>,.,„  ti,',  "'^'^  *''*^  arbitrators  were  present. 
(it,t^,r„ta',,J'>ir a'  The  protocol  of  the  last  conferen(!e  was  read  and  ap- 
■».r!l!'n'«""H  proved,  and  was  signed  by  the  president  aiul  secretary  of 
the  tribunal.  Count  Sclopis,  as  president  of  the  tribunal, 
acknowledged  the  receipt,  by  the  arbitrators,  of  the  note  presented  by 
the  agent  of  Ifer  liritannic  Majesty  on  the  question  of  interest,  and  of 
the  rei>iy  to  the  same,  presented  by  the  agent  of  the  Uniteil  States. 

The  tribunal  tiien  proceeded  to  consider  that  <pu'stion,  and  a  majority 
of  four  to  one  decided  that  interest  siionld  be  admitted  as  an  element 
in  the  calculation  for  the  award  of  a  sum  in  gross. 

INlr.  StasmpHi,  as  one  of  the  arbitrators,  presented  to  the  tribunal 
copies  of  tiie  synopti(!al  table  which  he  had  lU'epared  as  a  proposition 
for  the  determination  of  a  sum  in  gross  : 


EMimatv  of  .\fr,  Stavnq^/H  for  the  dctvnnination of  a  sitni  in  groHn, 


A  ft  IT   tlio 
liiHt  Aincri- 
caii  tabic. 


liritish 
alluNvuiico, 


Amount  of  cliiiiiis 114,437,000  I      $7,071,000 

E.vi)i'iiilil III''  in  pursuit !        (i,  7:15, 000  !H0,  OiHI 

(  SliurU  out  as 
NUcli,  lull  lor 

ProsiM'ctlvc  inotits  ami  iuttrruption  of  voya^jo  . 


4,000,100    o^;:^!:.;„t;;,;; 

tlir  values  of 
.    vossfls 


Moan. 


810,005,  00 
Sti\u',k  out. 


588,  OOO 
400,  OOO 


U,8ita,(iOO 


KoumlHum $ia,000,ilW 


liiUrrsI from  tin:  Xxt  January,  1H()4,  to  the  ir>//t  September,  1872. 

1.  At  5  iM-rrcnt.  iluiiii'.M'inlit  .v<'ar»  untl  oi^'lit  and  onclialf  ni:)ntlM.  .H   x  JtiflO,ono.-:*4,POO,000 

«1  X     50,000  =       4-J5,000 

*5,2'r),noo 


17,'Jv!5.ii(«i 


Kvcntiuillj-  ouc  jciir's  iuU- rest  nioro 17,H'J5,ih*i 


PROTOCOLS  OF  THE  COXFEHENCES. 


45 


"   At  fi  pti' cent,  (luring  eigbt  years  .and  eight  and  onc-lialf  months.  .8      ^''JO.OOO-^^ij.TeO.OOO 
"  •  ■  i'i  '.     C-0,000-^     510,1)00 

C.'J70,000    ?IH.270,000 

Kvcntiially  one  year's  interest  more 18,;)!lO,000 

3.  At  7  per  cent,  during  eiglit  years  and  eiglit  and  onelialf  months  .8   x  $8-10.000=:  8(i,7v!0,non 

ejx     70,000^^      ,"i!i."i,0(IO 

7,Jir.,ooo  810,315,000 
Eventually  one  year'.-  interest  more f -10,000 

20,155.000 

Round  sum '.W.OOO.OOO 

Sir  Alexander  Cockbiirii,  as  one  of  the  arbitrators,  thi^n  presented 
tbe  following"  meniorandiini  on  Mv,  Sta^uiptli's  estimate: 

Afimorandinn  on  Mr.  Stnwp^ftVs  edhnate. 


The  fignros  in  Mr.  Stiu'uplH's  papor  require  somo  niiiterial  correctioii.s,  .".->  t.)  which, 
as  (soon  as  they  aris  pointed  out,  thcic  can  Ik;  no  (hmht. 

The  total  claim  by  th«  United  States  of  SU.ltJTjOilD  will'  bo  found,  on  an  iuspuction 
of  the  I 'iiited  .States  tables,  to  include  the  followiiijr  amounts: 

a.  All  the  double  claims,  without  exception,  notwithstanding  the  clear  expression  of 
o]»iiiion  on  the  part  of  the  tribunal  that  they  were  to  bo  struck  out  These  double 
claims  amount  io.Sl,f '02,2415. 

h.  The  gross  freights  of  tlui  nuMchant-vessels,  amounting  to  $l,((()7,l.")l?.  as  to  which 
tilt!  tribunal  ha.s  d(;cided  that  at  the  utmost  only  half,  that  is  to  say  !j,'>u:{.r)7(),  should  be 
allowed. 

c.  The  new  claim  of  .fil,4.")0.00fl,  advanced  for  tlie  first  time  on  the  UUh  of  Augii.stlast, 
as  to  whi<di  claim  Mr.  Sta-niplli  declared  he  would  excluile  it  from  consideration.  It 
is  important  to  observe  that  this  new  claim  comprisiss  over  ami  above  the  entirely  un- 
supported claims  for  shares  of  vessels,  and  for  additional  personal  ell'ects,  tlie  ciainis 
for  wfiges  ext(Miding  over  very  long  and  varying  periods.  The  tribunal  has  decided 
that  one  year's  wages  in  respect  of  the  whalers  are  to  bo  allowed  in  lien  of  prospective 
catch.  For  this  one  year's  wages,  Mr.  .Sta'inplli  has  made  a  separatt?  allowance  of  .■j>r)^'H,(iClK 
(an  allowance  whi<  ii  can  be  shown  to  be  excessive  by  at  least  sH>^,<)t)t», )  and  he  has 
therefore  ineliid'-d  in  his  calculation  the  claim  for  wages  tvvic(>  over. 

It  is  therefore  clear  that  Mr.  St,eiii])lli,  wliihi  he  exclude--  some  of  the  items  of  claim 
wliivli  the  tribunal  has  disallowed,  has  omitted  to  strik(!  out  the  other  iiems,  against 
which  the  tribunal  has  prononneed  its  opinimi ;  but  it  is  ciinally  clear  t  hat  all  the  dis- 
allowed items  must  be  excluded  before  a  comiiari  in  In-  fairly  or  usel'iilly  made  be- 
tween the  United  States  claim  ami  the  Hiirisji  e>; 

It  is  ueces.sary,  tlieref(U'e,  in  the  first  iilace,  to  dedu  him  the  I  nitcd  States  claiiii 
thethree  amounts  specified  in  paragraphs  a,  li,  iind  c,  lespt'itivi'I'  which  will  leave,  as 
i>sliown  by  the  annexed  table,  a  pioperly  reduced  claim  of  -I  '.-oI.:!-J|.  asagaill.^t  the 
lii'itish  estimate  of  ^7.4()."t,7(!l,  if  the  dilference  between  paiierand  .-"Id  iiiiTeiie,  be  (iiir 
the  present  purpose  disregarded. 

It  iiiiist,  li(<wevei,  be  carefully  borne  in  mind  that  the  claim  of  .^lo,Mi|.:i'i4  inejiidi' 
the  following  items: 

1.  ./  claim  (»/ .*(!.'>!),(  "21  /<»•  .vccdrcr/  <<innii</x,  which  ought  beyond  a  doubt  tn  '•••  reduced 
by  an  anioiint  e<inivaleiit  to  the  wear  and  tear  of  the  whalers  and  their  oni  ii-.  aiiel  the 
ciiiisiiiiiption  of  stores,  which  must  have  taken  pl:ie<'  bet'ore  these  earning-  could  be 
seriiicd,  and  for  which  a  de(liietion  should  l)e  made,  inasinnch  as  the  full  oi'igiii;il  values 
of  the  Vessels  and  their  outfits  have  been  allowed. 

■J.  The  clahnH  ill  resimct  of  till- mtrrliniil  rrsseln. — These  are  valued  in  the  United  S'  -es 
tables  at  more  than  %i(i<l  per  ton  on  the  average,  although,  acctu'ding  to  the  well  '  luwii 
titliejal  report  presented  toCongress  in  l'«7t»,  tin;  cost  of  a  first-cla,ss  perfectly  n<-  .Viner- 
i<  an  vessel,  made  leady  for  sim.  did  imt  average  that  amount  jier  ton,  anil  ,iiiluKigli, 
iuididing  to  the  same  report,  the  aver.ige  value  of  American  \essels  engaged  in  the 
fiiieign  trade  was,  in  IHiil.  only  §41,  and  has  been  sini'e  oiilfi  ^ i't  pi-r  ton. 

It.  The  cliiimn  in  rcxpcii  of  cariiocs,  (he  intnmmvx,  commissions,  and  profits  of  tin;  Haine, 
wliicii  pidlits  are  .sometimes  (daiined  at  the,  rate  of  twenty,  fifty,  anil  even  one  hundred 
per  cent.  The  vari<»ns  important  ctmsideiations  mentioned  at  page  i:{  of  the  British 
leiKiit,  and  the  fact  that  nnmerons  claims  fiir  cargoes,  presented  for  the  first  time  in 
April  last,  are  iinsu])ported  by  any  vouchers,  bills  of  lading,  (»r  like  dociimeiits,  un- 
doubtedly reipiire  that  ii  very  considerable  reduction  should  be  maile  under  thi.s  lie;id. 

4.  irartral  large  vlaimn  not  nupiwrkd  by  any  affuiarit  or  (kcluration  on  oath. 


wmimmmimmm 


! 


46 


ARRITRATIOX   AT    GEXEVA. 


Pi 


5.  ^iimfroiifi  clearli)  crfrarafiant  claimn  specified  in  tho  British  reports,  such  jia  tlie 
chiiiii  of  $7,00U  l»y  ii  hiirpooner  for  ])(;r.sonal  injiirics,  tins  duiiii,  l»y  ii  ]»jisHtMi}rfr,  of 
.*ilO,U()()  for  loss  of  ollice  as  coiihiiI,  all  tlie  iiiuntTous  claims  l>y  tho  masters  of  wlialcrs 
for  \va;;i's,  sometimes  at  the  rate  of  $ir),0(J()  or  .'iii'i(>,(M)(>  a  year,  aii«l  which  are,  of  course, 
siiixirseded  by  Mr.  Sta'iiii>tli's  allowance  of  SrjHHjdl Kt,  and  many  other  e([nally  exorI>i- 
tant  claims,  moro  particnlarly  specilied  m  the  British  reports. 

From  these  considerations  it  is  manifest  that  more  than  ami>le  justice  will  he  done 
to  the  United  States  by  takinj;  a  mean  hctwi-en  the  claim  of  6l".-i''l,'^'-il,  nnd  tht( 
British  esMniate  of  >r7,4l)4,7()4,  and  by  adding  thereto  the  allowiince  of  .'Ji!r)8"i,()(IO  in  lien 
of  )>ros]iective  catch. 

Mr.  .Sta-mpdi  has  also  added,  for  some  nnknown  reason, '25  i)er  cent,  on  the  values 
of  the  whalers,  an  addition  which  can  be  easily  shown  to  be  e([uivalcnt  to  alto- 
yetluiv  allowing  ov(!r  and  above  the  original  values  of  the  whalers  ami  their  onttifs 
a  percentage!  exceeding  l(((  per  cent.,  anil  this  although  tho  (juestion  of  interest  is  still 
loft  opi'U  to  the  decision  of  the  tribunal. 

Adnutting.^however,  this  extraordinary  addition  of  25  per  cent.,  and  the  excessive 
estinnite  of  the  wages,  it  is  shown  l>y  the  cint^xed  ta)>lo  that  if  Mr.  Sta»mplli's  (igures 
be  projterly  corrected,  the  estimate  would  scarcely  exceed  §10,U00,dU0,  even  without 
any  allowan(;e  being  made  for  the  great  difference  between  the  values  of  the  paper 
and  tilt!  gold  currency. 

Mr.  StaMiiplli's  calculations  of  interest  (supposing  interest  to  be  allowed)  are  made 
at  the  alteruiitive  rates  of  5,  V),  and  7  p«'r  cent.,  for  the  period  of  eight  and  one-half  years, 
from  the  lirst  of  January,  Irttil,  to  the  15th  of  September,  l"<7'i. 

But  to  this  he  i)roiK)ses  to  add  anotluir  year's  interest  for  the  period  of  dcday  in  pay- 
ment alter  the  date  of  thts  award  which  is  allowed  by  the  treaty. 

The  tribunal  has  no  power,  under  the  t''eaty,  to  award  jyaynu'iitof  <a  gross  sum  with 
interest.  The  amount  awarded  is  to  be  i)aid  witlnmt  interest,  and  if  the  tribunal 
werii  to  add  a  year's  iutertsst  to  the  gross  sum  which  they  woui<l  othei  wise  award,  in 
resjtect  of  the  yi^ar  allowed  for  i)aynient  by  the  treaty,  thej  would  be  doing  indirectly 
what  they  have  no  authority  to  do  directly,  and  woiihl  (it  issubmitttid)  be  cop. travelling 
the  true  intent  of  the  treaty,  Mid  charging  interest  where  it  was  the  intention  of  the 
tre;ity  that  interest  should  not  be  paid. 

This  is  the  more  objectionabh>  because  it  is  propos(Ml  to  charge  a  whole  year's  inter- 
est at  »'ither  5,  (i,  or  7  per  cent.,  whereas  the  British  government  h.-is  the  option,  under 
the  treaty,  to  pay  the  sum  awarded  at  any  time  ivilhin  the  year  allowed  for  that  pir- 
jiose,  ami  might  certainly  raise  the  money,  (if  that  operation  were  necessary,)  at  a 
eonsideruble  lower  rate  of  interest  than  5  per  cent. 

I'abh  in  reference  to  (he  eBtimatc  of  Mr.  Slampjii. 

Totnl  Fiiitf'l  States  claim  in  tlio  lust  rovispd  tables ^U,  4;)7, 143 

Neccssaiv  rcdiiclidiis  to  be  iiiuilc  IVom  tlie  aliove  sii]i|ip(iHO<l  total : 

1  )<i\il)le  clai'ms ?1,  li-ii,  2-t:t 

Xi'W  clahiis 1,  4."i().  (100 

Uiieliall'  f^ross  Ircif^lit iUlt,  jTii 

:,fjr),  Pin 

Making  the  total  leilnced  claiiii 10, 801,  324 

As  npiiiist  thi'  lii'itisli  estimate,  of 7,  4(i4,  7(i4 

The  mean  of  these  two  sums  is i),  133,  044 

Add  to  this  Mi:  Sta'iiiptli's  allowances  in  lion  of  prosjieclivo  catch  : 

One  year's  \vaj;es f.V-'S,  000 

Tweiitv-live  per  eeiit.  on  the  values  of  vessels 400,000 

9S8,000 

10,  l-JI,044 


Record 
confci 
her,  ] 

Thee 
AH  tlie 

TLe  ] 
proved, 
the  trib 

The  ti 

At  thi 
burn  kii 
French  i 

The  et 
half  pas 


\Itecor(l  0) 
CO  ij'ere 

The  CO 

Jl the  a 

The  pi 

)roved, 

the  tribu 

Mr.  Ad 

elation  of 


The  tribiuud  also  con.sidered  tlie  question  of  the  award  of  .a  sum  in 


gross. 


Aftei-  a  (U'tailed  deliberation,  a  majority  of  the  tribunal  of  four  to  one 
decided,  under  the  Vllth  article  of  the  treaty  of  Washington,  to  award  in 
gross  the  sum  of  $lo,500,()U0,  to  be  i)aid  in  gold  by  (heat  JJritain  to  the 
United  States,  in  the  time  and  manner  provided  by  the  said  article  of 
the  treaty  of  Washington. 

The  conference  then  adjourned  until  Fiiday,  the  0th  instant,  at  half 
past  12  o'clock,  to  be  held  with  closed  doors. 

FKKDEIMCK  SCLOPIS. 

ALEX  ANDEU  FAVKOT,  Secretary. 


PKOTOCOLS  OF  THE  CONFERENCES. 


47 


jia   tlio 

u^'Tt  of 

wliali'i-.s 

f  (ionise, 

oxi)il)i- 

bc  iloim 
and  tho 
I)  in  lieu 

B  valin'S 
to  Jilto- 
r  onttits 
St  its  si  ill 

'xcessivo 

H  lijiures 

witlioiit 

lie  itiipiT 

iro  uitulo 
alt"  years, 

y  in  pay- 

^uiii  with 
tribunal 
iiwanl,  iu 
ndivectly 
tmvtMiinj? 
ou  of  the 

vr's  inter- 
on,  under 
that  \yn- 
ary,)  at  a 


?i4, 4;n,  143 


10,  801,  324 
7,  4«4,  7(;4 

"n,liiii,044 

OHB,  000 
10,  lil,044 


I  sum  in 

ir  to  one 
iwaiil  in 
11  to  tlu> 
irticle  of 

t,  at  halt' 


TROTOCOL  XXX. 

Record  of  the  proceedinfjs  of  the  tribunal  of  arbitration  at  the  thirtieth 
conference  held  at  Genera,  in  Switzerland,  on  the  (jth  of  iSe2)teni- 
her,  1872. 

The  conference  was  hekl  with  closed  doors  pursuant  to  adjournment. 
All  the  arbitrators  were  present. 

The  protocol  of  the  last  conference  was  read  and  ap-  ..faec'^ui""'"""'" 
proved,  and  was  sifjned  by  the  president  and  secretary  of 
the  tribunal. 

The  tribunal  proceeded  to  consider  a  draught  of  their  decision. 

At  the  :  C'uiest  of  the  tribunal,  ^Ir.  Adams  and  Sir  Alexander  Cock- 
burn  kindly  undertook  to  provide  for  the  translation  into  English  of  the 
French  text  of  this  act  of  decision. 

The  conference  was  then  adjourned  until  Monday,  the  9th  instant,  at 
half  past  twelve  o'clock,  to  be  held  with  closed  doors. 

FKEDEKICK  SCLOPIS. 
ALEX.  EAVIiOT,  Secretary. 


PROTOCOL  XX XL 

[j?t'cr)»Y7  of  the  proceed ings  of  the  tribunal  of  arbitration  at  the  thirfy-Jirst 
CO  ifcrence  held  at  Genera,  in  Switzerland,  on  the  Jth  of  September,  1872. 

The  conference  was  held  with  closed  doors  pursuant  to  adjournment, 
ill  the  arbitrators  were  present. 

The  protocol  of  the  last  conference  Avas  read  and  ap-  ,,ifip"'y 'Sw;?,',';," 
)roved,  and  was  signed  by  the  president  and  secretary  of  l',,';;,;;!;',,,';";;';'''''' 
the  tribunal. 

Mr.  Adani.s  and  Sir  Alexander  Cockburn  presented  the  English  trans- 
lation of  the  act  of  decision,  which  they  had  kindly  undertaken  to  pre- 
are. 

The  tribunal  definitely  adoi)ted  the  act  of  decision,  which  was  consid- 
ered at  the  last  conference,  and  decided  to  Uave  it  printed. 

Viscount  d'ltajuba,  as  one  of  the  arbitrators,  made  the  following 
Itatement: 

Viseoiiut  d'ltajuba,  while  sijjniiijx  the  decision,  remarks,  wi Hi  regard  to  the  reeital 
Jiicerning  tiie  Hiipply  of  coals,  tliat  he  is  of  o[)inion  that  ovt;ry  y;overnnient  is  free  to 
iniisli  to  the  hellifferents  more  or  less  of  that  article. 

The  tribunal  resolved  that  the  decision  should  be  signed  at  the  next 
)nrer<'nce,  which  was  to  be  held  with  open  doors,  juul  adjourned  until 
Iftturday,  the  14th  instant,  at  half  past  12  o'clock. 

FREDERICK  SCLOPIS. 
ALEX.  FAVROT,  Secretary. 


If  V1 


irciary. 


fW 


48 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


PKOTOCOL  XXXII. 

Record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  tribunal  of  arbitration  at  the  thirtij-sec- 
and  conference  held  at  Ueneva,  in  iSwitzerland,  on  the  lUh  of  iSepteni- 
her,  187L>. 

The  conference  was  held  with  open  doors,  pursuant  to  adjournment. 
All  the  arbitrators  aiul  the  agents  of  the  two  governments 


.'•isii.ilurt'  of  (iward  . 

nnd  diKKoi.m....  of  ^\ow  presLMit. 

trihtinal.  


The  jnoiocol  of  the  last  confereiu'e  was  read  and  ap- 
l)roved,  and  was  signed  by  the  president  and  secretary  of  the  tribunal. 

The  president  then  presented  the  decision  of  the  tribunal  on  the  ques- 
tion of  the  "Alabama  claims,"  and  directed  the  secretary  to  read  it ; 
which  M'as  done,  and  the  «lecision  was  signed  by  Mr.  Cliarles  Francis 
Adams,  Cou;;t^^  Frederic  Sclopis,  i\Ir.  Jac(pies  Sticniptii,  and  Viscount 
d'ltajuba,  ar^i;  ators,  in  the  presence  of  the  agents  of  the  two  govern- 
ments. 

A  copy  of  the  decision  thus  signed  was  delivered  to  each  of  the  agents 
of  the  two  governments,  respectively,  and  the  tribunal  decided  to  liave 
a  third  copy  placed  upon  record ;  they  further  decided  that  the  decisio.i 
should  be  i)rinted  ami  annexed  to  the  present  protocol." 

Sir  Alexan<ler  Cockburn,  as  one  of  the  arbitrators,  having  declined 
to  assent  to  the  decision,  stated  the  grounds  of  his  own  decision,  which 
the  tribunal  ordered  to  be  recorded  as  an  annex  to  the  present  protocol.- 

Tlu'  tribunal  resolved  to  request  the  council  oi  state  of  Geneva  to 
receive  the  archives  of  the  tribunal  and  to  place  them  among  its  own 
archives. 

The  president,  Count  Sclopis,  then  directed  the  secretary  to  make  up 
the  record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  tribunal  at  this  thirty-second  ami 
last  conference,  as  far  as  completed ;   which  was  doiu',  and  the  record 
having  been  read  and  approved,  was  signed  by  the  president  and  secrc 
tary  of  tlie  tribunal  ami  the  agents  of  tlic  two  governments. 

Thereupon  the  president  declared  the  labors  of  the  arbitrators  to  bo 
iiiiished  and  the  tribunal  to  be  dissolved. 

FJiEl>El{ICK  SCLOPIS. 
J.  C.  UANCKOFT  DAVIS. 
TENTER  I  )Fy. 
ALEX.  FA\'1{(.)T,  .Secrdan/. 


'  For  a  copy  of  this  jiiipor,  sor  prrat,  No.  iii. 

-' Tliis  i»iiiPt'r  was  not  aniu'XiMl  to  tlic  oHicial  ]»i'oto('()l  dclivored  to  tlio  afj^cut  of  tlir 
rnitcd  States.  A  ]»apiT  I'lititk'd  "  Reasons  of  Sii'  Ali-xaniliT  CnUliiirn  for  (lissfiithiL; 
from  tile  awardof  till-  li'ilMinal  of  arliilratioii''  was  inililishrd  in  tin-  snpplcnicnt  to  tlii' 
London  (Jazfttc  of  tin'  •JUli  of  Si-ptiMiilier,  lf^7'2,  and  a  copy  of  tliis  niiniIxT  of  tlir 
(ia/cttc  was  transmittt'd  to  the  a^^i-nt  of  tlic  I'niti'd  States  as  tin-  paper  tliat  .slionlil 
liavc  hi'cn  annexed  to  tlu!  inotocol.  This  paper  i.s  printed  liereafter  under  the  titii' 
"  fiir  A.  L'o(kl»urns  Upinions." 


ii!  i 


III.-DFX'ISION    AND    AWARD 

Maile  1  !i  the  tribunal  of  ayttitrnlion  const  if  iifctl  hi/  rirtKC  of  the  Jir/it  article 
of  tic  treat}/  concluded  at  W'ashiui/ton  the  ^ih  of  Mai/,  ISTl,  licfirecn  the 
t'nited  States  of  America  anil  Her  M((Jesti/  the  Queen  of  the  inited  Kinij- 
dom  of'  (ireat  Britain  and  Ireland. 


IIi'cilil    ol'     |>r<i' 


A|>|H.iulriii-iit  <il':ir- 


Tlu'  Uiiitod  States  of  Aincricii  iuid   IFcr   Uiitiiiinic  MaJcstN   liavinj 
agriH'd  hy  Article  1  of  the  treaty  eoiicladed  and  signed  at 
\Vasliinj;'t()M  the  Sth  of  May,  LS71,  to  refer  all  the  elaiiiis 
•'^eiierieally  known  as  the  Alabama  claims"'  to  a  trihiinal  of   '"'""""""" 
arbitration  to  he  composed  of  live  arbitrators  named: 

One  by  tlr<^  I'resident  of  the  United  JStates, 

One  by  III.-  Jlritannic  .Majesty, 

One  by  His  Majesty  the  Kin^i'  (.f  Italy, 

One  by  the  I'resident  of  the  SwIns  Confederation, 

One  by   His  Majesty  the  Kmperor  «.f   IJrazil; 

And  the  I'resident  of  the  I'nited  States,  IFei'  Uritannic  INEaJesty,  His 
Majesty  the  Kin<;df  Italy,  the  President  ol'  the  Swiss  i\<u- 
fe«U'ration,  and  (lis  Majesty  the  EmpeKirof  Brazil  havinj; 
resjieetively  named  their  arl)itratoJs,  t«>  \^ it : 

Tlu'  President  of  the  United  States,  (.'hailes  .'"'rancis  Adams,  es(|nire; 

Her  iJritannic  Majesty,  Sir  Alexander  .lames  lOdmnnd  CocUhnrn, 
baronet,  ii  member  of  Her  Majesty's  piivy  council,  lord  chief  Justice 
of  1-ji^hind ; 

His  Majesty  the  Kin>>-  of  Italy,  His  Excellency  Count  Fi'cderick  Sclopis, 
of  Salerano,  a  Unijiht  of  the  Order  of  the  Annunciata,  njinistei-  of  state, 
senator  of  the  Kin;idom  of  Italy; 

The  I'resident  of  two  Swiss  Confederation,  >[.  James  Stiimptii ; 

His  >[ajesty  the  ICiuperor  of  JJrazil,  his  lOxcellency  Marcos  Antonio 
d'ArauJo.  Viscount  d'ltajuba,  a  j^randee  of  the  I'^mpiie  of  IJrazil,  nu'Ui- 
ber  (»f  the  ciuiucil  ot  H.  .\l.  the  10m|)eror  of  IJrazil,  and  his  envoy  extraor- 
dinary and  minister  plenipotentiary  in  France. 

And  the  five  arbitrators  ajtove  naiiu'd  haviuj^' assend)led  at  (leneva  (in 
Switzerland)  in  one  of  the  chambeis  of  the  Hotel  de  N'ille 
on  the  l.">th  of  J)eceml)er,  ISTl,  in  conforndty  with  the  terms 
of  tlie  sec(uul  article  of  the  treaty  of  \VHshin<;iton,  of  the  8th  of  May  of 
that  year,  and  havinj''  proci'cded  to  the  inspectii>n  an<i  veriticitiou  of 
their  respective  powers,  which  were  found  tlidy  autlienticated,  the 
tribunal  of  arbitration  was  declared  duly  orj;anized. 


OruanixatKiii 


The  agents  nanu'd  by  ea(!h  of  the  hijj;h  coutractin.^'  parties,  by  virtue 
of  the  same  Article  H,  to  wit: 

F(H' the  United  States  of  America,  .lohu  C.  IJancroft  Davis,  es(piire  ; 

And  for  Her  Uritanuic  Majesty,  Charles  Stuart  Ai'.i>rey,  Lord  Tent- 
erden,  a  iieer  of  the  United  Kinjidom,  companion  of  the  Most  Honor- 
able Order  of  the  Jiath,  assistant  undersecretary  of  state  for  loreij^u 
affairs ; 

Whose  powers  were  fouml  likewise  duly  authenticated,  then  delivered 
to  iwch  of  the  arbitrators  the  printed  case  prejjared  by 


r.elivery  orcBBCB 

aceomi 

other  evidence  Oh  which  each  relied,  in  cou- 


aided  by  the  dueument8,  the 


each  of  the  two  paities, 
otlicial  correspondence, 
fornnty  with  the  terms  of  the  third  article  of  the  said  treaty, 
4  B 


•II 


!l 


50 


AKBITRATION    AT   GKNEVA. 


i 


111  virtue  of  the  decision  iiinde  It.v  tli<'  tiibuiial  at  its  Hrst  session, tlie 

„,.i,v,,y..i , ,1   eounter-ciisc  and  additional  docniiu'nts,  cori'esjiondt'nce,  an<l 

"■'■"-■'■  evidenc*^  reierred   to  in  Aitiele  IV  of  tiie  said   treaty  were 

deliveii'd  by  the  res|H'etive  ajjcnts  of  tiie  two  parties  to  tiiesiMaetaiy  of 
tlie  tiiluina!  on  the  ir)th  of  April,  1872,  at  the  ehand)ei  of  eonference, 
at  tiie  Hotel  i\v  N'ille  of  (leneva. 

The  trihunal,  in  a(!('ordane('  with  the  vote  of  adjomnnient  passed  at 
ii..i,v,,y„i  „rK„    their  second  session,  held  on   the  I(»th  of  Deccnilicr,  1.S71, 
""'"■  re-asseinbled  at  (b^neva  on  the  lath  of  .Inne,  l.STL*;  and  the 

ayeiit  of  each  of  tlu^  parties  duly  delivere«l  to  each  of  the  arUitiators, 
and  to  tlie  aji'eiit  of  the  other  [)arty,  the  printed  argument  referred  to 
ill  Article  V  of  tlni  said  treaty. 

The  tribunal  havinji-  since  fully  taken  into  their  consideration  the 
n.iii»r„i..n«  of  treaty,  ami  also  the  cases,  counter-cases,  <locuinents.  evi- 

'"' ''  deuce,  and  ar<;uiiients,  and  lik«'wise  all  other  i'oinmunica- 

tions  made  to  them  by  the  two  parties  durin;j;  the  [uoj^ress  of  their  sit- 
tiiiy;s,  and  liavinj;-  impartially  and  carefully  t'xamim'd  the  same, 

lias  arrived  at  tlie  decision  euibodied  in  the  present  award: 

Aw  aril.  ' 

Whereas,  havinf»' repaid  to  the  V J  th  and  Vllth  articrlesof  the  said  treaty, 
the  arbitrators  are  bound  under  tlu^  terms  of  the  said  Vlth  arti<'le,  "  in 
di'ci«linj;  the  matters  submitted  to  them,  to  be  j;«>verne<l  by  the  three 
rules  therein  spectitied  and  by  such  princii)les  of  international  law,  not 
inconsistent  therewith,  as  the  arbitrators  shall  determine  to  have  been 
applicable  to  the  case  ;" 

And  whereas  the  ''due  «lili}>eiice"  referred  to  in  the  first  and  third  of 
D.iintim,  >,i  ,i,„.  the  said  rules  ouf^ht  to  be  exercised  by  neutral  j;()vernnients 
"'""«■""•  in  exact  proportion  to  the  risks  to  which  either  of  the  bel- 

lif;erents  may  be  exposed,  from  a  lailure  to  I'ulfil  the  obligations  of  neu- 
trality on  their  i>art ; 

And  whereas  the  circumstances  outof  which  the  facts  constitutiiifj  the 
subject-matter  of  the  present  <'ontroversy  arose  were  of  a  nature  to  call 
for  the  exercise  on  the  partof  Her  Britanni*;  Majesty's  government  of  all 
possibh'  solicitmie  fortius  observance  of  Iherijihtsand  the  duties  involved 
in  the  j)roclamatioii  of  neutrality  issued  by  Her  Majesty  on  the  13th  day 
of  May,  1S(J1 ; 

Aim!  whereas  the  efU'ects  of  a  violation  of  neutrality  committe<l  by 
,,  ,,„„.  means  of  the  construction,  (Mpiipment,  and  armament  of  a 
vessel  are  not  done  away  with  by  any  <'om mission  whiidi  the 
government  of  the  belligerent  jtowt'r,  benelited  by  the  violation  of  neu- 
trality, may  afterwards  have  granted  to  that  vessel ;  and  the  ultimate 
step,  by  which  the  offense  is  c()mi»leted,  cannot  be  admissible  as  a  ground 
for  the  absolution  of  the  ott'ender,  nor  can  the  consummation  of  his 
fraud  be(!ome  the  means  of  establishing  his  innocence; 

And  whereas  the  privih'ge  of  exterritoriality  accorded  to  vessels  of 
Kxt.rntnmiitj  of  ^^'>'''  has  becu  admitted  into  the  law  of  nations,  not  as  an 
v,,,.uo(  «»r.  absolute  right,  but  solely  as  a  i)roceeding  founded  on  the 
prin<;iple  of  courtesy  and  mutual  deference  between  ditt'erent  nations, 
and  therefore  can  never  be  appealed  to  for  the  protection  of  acts  done 
in  violation  of  neutnality  ; 

And  whereas  the  absence  of  a  previous  notice  cannot  be  regarde<l  as  a 
EHrrt  I  „„„,  „f  failure  in  any  consideration  required  by  the  law  of  nations, 
""""  in  those  eases  in  which  a  vessel  carries  with  it  its  own  con- 

demnation ; 

And  whereas,  in  order  to  impart  to  any  supplies  of  coal  a  character 
8uppiie.  »f  coal.      iucousisteut  with  the  second  rule,  prohibiting  the  use  of 


KMh 


DECISIOX    AM)    AWARD    OF    THK    TRIIU'XAL. 


51 


beeu 


*sels  of 
t  as  an 
on  the 
ations, 
8  done 


lle^p  in^iliilitv  ("nr 
iii'tH  <•!  tilt'  Al  I'Kiin  I. 


neutral  ports  or  waters,  as  a  base  of  naval  operations  for  a  l)elli<;erent, 
it  is  nect'ssary  that  the  saiU  snppiies  shouhl  be  eoinuMtted  with  special 
(•in'Minslan«*es  of  time,  of  persons,  or  of  phiee,  which  may  eoinl)ine  to 
oive  tiiem  such  eliaracter  ; 

And  whereas,  witii  respect  t(»  th«»  vessel  called  the  Alabama,  it  (clearly 
n'sidts  from  all  the  facts  relative  to  the  construction  of  the 
ship  at  lirst  d<'si};nat«'d  by  the  number  "UlKf  in  the  p(Ut  ol 
Liverpool,  and  its  e(piipinent  and  armament  in  the  vicinity  of  Ten^eira 
throa^i'h  the  ayem;y  of  tlie  vessels  called  the"  Ajurippina"  and  tlie  '*  lia- 
hama."  disjiati'lied  trom  (treat  liritain  to  that  end,  tliat  the  Ibitish  {^ov- 
ernment  failed  to  use  (huMlilijienct^  in  the  performance  of  its  neutral 
obligations;  and  es|>ecially  that  it  omitte«l,notwithstandinj;rlie  \v;irninjis 
jindoflicial  representations  made  bytlu'  diplomatic  agents  of  the  I'liitiMl 
States  during  the  construction  of  tln^  said  number  '"LMK»,"to  take  in  due 
(iine  any  elfective  measures  of  pievention,  and  that  those  orilers  which 
it  did  give  at  last,  for  thedetenti(Ui  of  the  vessel,  were  issued  so  lat(^  that 
their  execution  was  not  piacticable; 

And  whereas,  after  the  escape  of  that  vessel,  the  iiu*asun's  taken  for 
its  pui'suit  and  arrest  were  so  injperfect  as  to  lead  to  no  result,  and 
thei'efoi'c  cannot  be  considered  siillitient  to  release  (Ireat  Britain  from 
the  resp(tnsll)ility  already  incurred  ; 

And  whereas,  in  despite  of  the  violations  of  the  neutrality  of  (Ireat 
Hritain  coaimitted  by  the  "L'!M>,"  this  siune  vessel,  later  known  as  the 
confeclciate  «;ruiser  Alabama,  was  on  several  oc(tasions  freely  admitted 
into  the  ports  of  <;olonies  of  (treat  Britain,  instead  of  being  juctceeded 
against  as  it  ought  to  have  been  in  any  and  (^very  port  within  liritish 
Jurisdiction  in  which  it  might  have  l>een  found  ; 

And  whereas  the  government  of  Her  l»ritanni(!  Majesty  cannot  justifv 
itself  for  a  failure  in  due  diligeiice  on  the  plea  of  insidliciency  of  the 
legal  means  of  action  which  it  i)ossessed  : 

i'our  of  the  arbitrators,  for  the  leasons  above  assigneil,  and  the  fifth 
for  reasons  separately  assigned  by  him, 

Are  of  opinion — 

That  (Ireat  Britain  lias  in  this  case  failed,  by  omission,  to  fulfill  the 
duties  prescribed  in  thefirstand  the  third  of  the  rules  estaldished  by  the 
Vlth  article  of  the  treaty  of  Washingtcui. 

And  wheieas,  with  respe<!tto  the  vessel  (failed  the  "Florida," it  results 
from  all  the  facts  relative  to  the  co'istruction  of  the  "()ref<r' 
in  the  port  of  Liverpool,  and  to  its  issue  therefrom,  which 
facts  failed  to  induce  the  authorities  iu  (rreat  Britain  t)  resi.>rt  io  meas- 
ures aderpiate  to  prevent  the  violation  of  the  neutrality  of  that  nation, 
notwithstanding  the  warnings  an<l  repeated  representations  of  the  agents 
of  the  United  States,  that  Iler  >[ajesty's  goverumunt  has  failed  to  use 
due  diligence  to  fulfil  the  duties  of  neutrality; 

And  whereas  it  likewise  results  froai  all  the  facts  relative  to  the  stay 
of  the  "Oreto"  at  Nassau,  to  her  issue  from  that  port,  to  her  eulistuuMit  of 
men,  to  her  supplies,  and  to  her  armament,  with  the  co-operation  of  the 
British  vessel  "Prince  Alfre<l,"  at  Green  Cay,  that  there  was  negligence 
on  the  part  of  the  British  colonial  authorities ; 

And  whereas,  notwithstanding  the  violation  of  the  neutrality  of  Great 
Britain  coinniitted  by  the  Oreto,  this  same  vessel,  later  known  as  the 
confederate  cruiser  Florida,  was  nevertheless  on  several  occasions  freely 
admitted  into  the  ports  of  British  colonies; 

And  whereas  the  judicial  ac(piittal  of  the  Oreto  at  Nassau  <!annot  re- 
lieve Crreat  Britain  from  the  responsibility  incurred  by  her  under  the 
principles  of  iuteruational  law;  nor  can  the  fact  of  the  entry  of  the 


Anil  ol  till'  Fl4.rlc!ii. 


1^     I 


'      ■ 


1.' 


52 


A  H  MIT  l{  AT  I  ON    AT    OKNKVA. 


And  iiltli>'.-li>  II. 

tloult      Ilil'T     If.lV 

Mi^llKiiiriM'. 


Floriilii  iMlt»  dn'  coiifcdiMiito  port  of  ."Mol)!!*',  and  of  its  stay  tlicic  diiriiijf 
four  iiumtlis.  ('\tiii,i;iiisli  tlie  n'S|>()iisil)ility  pivvi(nisly  totlial  lime  inciir- 
lod  by  (Irciil   IJiitain  : 

For  these  iciisoiis, 

Tlic  tiilniii.il,  l»y  a  majority  of  tour  vitices  to  one,  is  of  opinion — 

Tliat  (ileal  Initain  has  in  this  case  t'aih-<l,  hy  omission  to  Inllil  the 
duties  ]tres<  lilu'd  in  tlie  first,  in  the  second,  an<l  in  thetliii'd  of  tlie  rules 
estahlislied  liy  Aiti<'h'  \I  of  tlie  treaty  of  W'ashin^iton. 

And  wiieieiis,  with  resix  ;'t  to  the  vessel  called  the  '•Shenandoah,"  it  re- 
sults from  all  the  facts  relative  to  the  departure  I'loin  Lon- 
don of  the  nierchanlvessel  the  "'kSea  l\in^,"!iMd  to  tlietrans- 
foriiijitioii  ol  that  ship  into  a  confederate  cinisei'  nude!'  the 
name  <»!'  the  Shenandoah,  near  the  island  of  ^ladeira,  that  the  j'ovoni- 
iiicnt  of  I  lei  r.:ilannic  .Maj*  sty  is  not  char^eahle  with  any  failure,  down 
to  that  <late,  ill  the  use  of  due  dilijicnce  to  fnllil  the  duties  ot  neiitiality  ; 

J)iit  whereas  it  results  from  all  the  facts  connected  with  the  stay  of 
the  Sheiiandtiah  at  Melhoiirne.  and  especially  with  the  aii,i;iiieiitati(»n 
which  llie  I'.ritisli  jiovernment  itself  a<liiiits  to  hav«^  lieeii  (  laiidestinely 
(dfected  ot  her  force.  I>y  the  eiilistiiu'nt  of  men  within  that  port,  that 
there  was  ne.nli,';eiice  on  the  part  (d' the,  authorities  at  that  place: 

For  these  reasons, 

Th<>  trilauial  is  unanimously  of  opinion — 

That  (iie;il  ill  i  tain  has  not  !ai!e<l,  by  any  act  or  omission,  "to  fulfil  any 
of  tin'  duties  prescriiied  by  the  three  rules  of  Article  \  \  in  the  ti'caty  of 
AVashin,ut((ii,  .or  by  the  principh's  of  international  law  not  inconsistent 
therewith."  in  respect  to  the  xcssel  called  the  Shenandoah,  dm  in<^' the 
period  (»l'  time  anterior  to  her  <'iitiy  into  the  poit  of  Melbourne  ; 

And,  by  ii  majority  of  three  to  tW(»  \  oices,  the  trilnmal  decid(>s  that 
tlreat  Britain  has  failed,  by  omission,  to  fultil  the  duties  piesciibe<l  by 
the  second  and  third  of  the  rules  albresaid,  in  the  case  of  tiiis  same  ves- 
sel, from  and  alter  her  entry  into  Hol)S()irs  JJay,  and  is  therefore  re- 
sponsible ibr  all  acts  committed  by  that  vessel  after  her  dejrarture  from 
MeUtourne,  on  tlu^  ISth  day  of  iM'biiiary,  IStJ.l. 

And  so  lar  as  relates  to  tlu'  vessels  calh'd — 

The  Tuscaloosa,  (tender  to  the  Alabama,) 


And  <i(   iIm-  'l"n*ca-  ..,.  ... 


fitny,  iiiid  A».-li»T. 


The  Taeony,  and 
The  Archer,  (tenders  to  tlu'  Flori<la,) 
The  tribunal  is  unanimously  of  opinion — 

That  siicli  tenders  or  auxiliary  vessels,  b('inf;])roi)er]y  regarded  as  ac- 
cessories, must  necessarily  follow  the  lot  of  their  priiu-ipals,  and  be  sub- 
mitted to  the  s;iine  decision  which  applies  to  them  resijcctively. 
An»l  so  far  a.s  relates  to  the  vessel  calletl  "Ketiibution," 

The  tribunal,  by  a  majority  of  three   to  two  voices,  is  of 
opinion — 

That  (Ireat  Britain  has  not  failed  by  any  act  or  omission 
to  fulfil  any  of  the  duties  ]»reseribed  by  tlie  three  rules  of 
Article  Vl   in  the  treaty  of  Washin<>ton,  or  by  the  princi[>les  of  inter- 
national law  not  inconsistent  tlier«nvith. 
And  so  far  as  relates  to  the  vessels  called — 
Tlie  (leorjiia, 
'J  he  SumU'r, 
The  Nashville, 
The  Tallahasse,  and 
The  Chickamauga,  respectively, 


No  rt'ftMMi'ibi'ity 
for  th'-  Kelnl.uln.n. 
(ii'orttia.  S  M  111  1(1, 
Na>hviIN-.  Tdhihi*- 
M'f,  nr  Clin  k.inu.uw  I- 


DKC'ISION    AM)    AWAK'l)    OF    TIIK    TI{[|U  NAL 


i3 


Tlic  <ril>iiii;il  is  uiiiiiiiinotisly  of  Mpiiiinii — 

Tliiit  (liciil  I'ritiiiii  lias  not  liiilcd,  l»y  any  act  oi'  oinission,  to  Inllll  any 
of  till' dill ics  |(r«'S('ril»t'<l  by  tlir  tlircc  rnlcs  of  Article  \'l  ni  ilic  treaty  of 
^VaslliIl^l(tn.  or  by  the  principles  of  inti'inatioiial  law  not  iiiconsisteiit 
tli('r«'\vitli. 

Ami  so  far  as  relates  to  tlie  vessels  calletl — 

Hie  .leliersoii  |)avis,  >.,»,.    mu.m. 

1  he  .Music,  .i".v  I1..I  i.k.Mi  iiiM 

llie  rxistoii.  anil 

The  \'.  II.  .loy,  respectively, 

The  tribnnal  is  niianiinously  of  opinion — 

That  they  oii;;ht  to  be  excliuled  ironi  consideration  for  want  of  evi- 
dence. 

And  whereas,  so  lar  as  relates  to  the  particulars  of  the  iiidenniity 
claimed  by  the  Tnited  States,  the  costs  of  pursuit  of  the  con-  ,i„„m  h.mMt  ..* 
fedeiate  cruisers  are  not,  in  the  Judgment  of  the  tribunal,  i  ■  ■  >  "'■<  """"••i 
properly  distin.yuishalile  from  the  general  expenses  oi  1  he  w.ir  eariied 
on  by  the  [  iiite(l  Slates : 

The  triltiinal  is,  therefore,  of  opini(tn,  by  a  niajorily  ol'  three  to  two 
voices — 

That  there  is  no  ground  for  awardin.;;  to  the  LTiiited  Slates  any  sum 
by  way  of  indemnity  under  this  head. 

Ami  whereas  prospectiv*'  earnin,i;s  cannot  i)roi)erly  be  made  the  sub- 
ject of  compensation,  inasmuch  as  they  depend  in  tiieir  na-  ^,„|  f„r  pro.i..ci 
tiire  upon  future  and  uncertain  eontinjicucies  :  .vtM.uiniiin. 

The  tiibumil  is  unanimously  ol  oi)inion — 

That  theri^  is  no  ground  for  awardinj;'  to  the  United  Slates  any  sum 
by  way  of  indemnity  under  this  head. 

Ami  whereas,  in  oriler  to  arrive  at  an  equitable  i-ompeiisation  for  the 

damaiics  which  have  been  sustained,  it  is  necessary  to  set     v,.,  |>,,„|„ , 

aside  all  double  cdaims  for  the  same  losses,  and  all  claims  tor  '|''">'- 
"  j^ross  fn'i<4hts,"  so  far  as  they  exceed  "'  net  freij;hts:" 

And  whereas  it  is  just  and  reasonable  to  allow  interest  at  a  reason- 
able rate ; 

And  whereas,  in  a(;cordance  with  the  spirit  and  letter  of  the  treaty 
of  \Vashiii.uton,  it  is  i)referable  to  ailopt  the  forin  of  adjiuiication  of  a 
sum  in  ^^ross,  rather  than  torefer  the  sni»jec.f  of  compeiis;ii!on  ibi' further 
discussion  and  deliberation  to  a  boaril  of  as.sessors,  as  [>rovided  by 
Article  X  of  the  said  treaty: 

The  tribunal,  nialvinj>'useof  the  autliority  conferred  upon  it  b.v  Article 
A'il  of  the  saiil  treaty,  by  a  majority  of  tour  voices  to  one,  .i.,;„kmi,ki  ,„,„ 
awards  to  the  Unitei'l  States  a  sum'of  .**1.V)0(MHK>  in  jiold,  '"""■»»"■"■''«''• 
as  the  imleminty  to  bii  i)aid  by  (Ireat  Uritaiii  to  the  Cnited  States,  for 
the  satisfaction  of  all  the  claims  referred  to  the  consideiation  of  the 
tribunal,  conformably  to  the  i»rovisions  (;ontained  in  Article  Vll  of  the 
albresaid  treaty. 

And,  in  accordance  with   tlie  terms  of  Article  XI  of  the  said  treaty, 


Thu  piiymeut  to  be 


the  tvibunal  declaivs  that  "all  the  claims  referred  to  in  the 
treaty  as  snianitted  to  the  tribunal  are  hereby  fully,  per- 
fectly, and  linally  settled." 

Furthermore  it  declares,  that  "ea<;h  and  everyone  of  the  said  claims, 
whether  the  same  may  or  may  not  have  been  [iresented  to  the  notice  of, 
or  made,  i»ieferred,  or  laid  before  the  tribnnal,  shall  liencelorth  be  con- 
sidered and  treated  as  tinally  settled,  barred,  and  inadmissiide." 

In  testimony  whereof  this  present  decision  and  award  has  been  made 


r 


B<i 


-   - 

"'? 

1 

j 

i 

■V 

] 

'• 

i   : 

k 

.•J 

i 

54 


ARIIITRATIOX    AT    (JKXKVA. 


ill  diipliciitc,  iiiiil  si^iiM'il  by  tin'  iiiliidiitors  wlio  liuvr  jjivt'ii  their  assent 
tlu'K'to,  the  wliolc  iu'iii;;'  in  rxiU't  ronronnity  with  the  provisions  of 
Arlich'  \'il  of  the  snid  trejity  of  W'iishiii^'toii. 

Miidc  iind  coiM'hKh'd  at  lh<>  Hotel  lie  Ville  ol'Cieiieva,  in  Swit/erhinil, 
the  1  Itii  iliiy  of  the  month  of  Se|ileinlu>r,  in  the  y<':ir  of  oiir  Lord  one 
tiioiisiiiid  »'i;ihl  liiindied  iiiid  seventy-two. 

i'llAIM.KS  KliANCIS  ADAMS. 

rh'KDKKICK  kSCLOIMS. 

STAMP  KM. 

VICOMTE  D'rrAJlJlJA. 


I 


Ill 


IV.-OPINKINS  (ir  THK  AIMMTIIATOUS. 


1.  OlMNIONS  OK  COINT  FiM:I  K.HU'K  Sci.opih. 

•,'.  OI'IMUNSOI'  N'lXDl M    dIIA.II  l(\. 

:!.  (ii-rMiiNs  ()!■  Ml!.  .)a(  (iii-.s  Sr  i:mi'i  I.I. 

I.  (  H'IM<»N>  Ol     Ml!.  ('MAIII.I.S  I'llWClS  A  DA  M.S. 

."i.  Oi'iNiu.Ns  Ol  Sii!  .\i,r,\AM>i;i:  ('ockiukn. 


OPINIONS    OF    COUNT   SCLOIMS. 

I.  TlIK  TIIKKH  (,•!  KSTIONS  OK  LAW  ON  \VIII('|[  TIIH  TIMIMNAL  OF 
AKIUTUATION,  IN  ITS  SITTINii  <»K  THK  L*."»Tll  .lULV,  ISTL*,  UKtJlKS  T- 
i;i)    KLICIUATIONS     I'ltOM     THK     COl  NSKL     Ol'     TIlK     lIKill     I'AKIIKS 

i'im;si;nt  at  tiih  hak. 

Ill  its  sitting;  of  tlic  L'."»tli  .Inly,  1S72,  on  the  i)roposiil  of  Vi.st-oiint 
(I'ltiijulti'i,  oiu'  of  tlu^  arbitrators,  tin*  trilmiial  dt'culcd  to  icciiiirc  a  wiit- 
tcii  *n-  priiitctl  stat<'iiuMit  or  ar^iinnciit  Iroiii  tlic  counsel  of  (iicat  l»ritaiii 
npoii  tlu'  following'  (jiU'stioiis  of  law: 

1.  Tlic  <|ii('stioii  of  due  dilij^i'iicc  ;;(*ii('rally  coiisidenMl. 

L*.  TIk'  special  (nicstioM  as  to  the  elVcct  of  the  comiiiissloiis  of  t'oiifed- 
erate  shi|>s  of  war  eiitcriii;;'  Jiritish  ports. 

.">.  The  special  (piesti(»ii  as  to  supplies  (»f  cckiI  in  Hritish  ports  to  con- 
federate ships,  with  till'  ri^ht  to  the  other  party  to  reply  either  orally  or 
ill  wiitiii}^',  as  the  case  may  he;  the  whole  under  the  terms  of  Article  V 
of  the  treaty  of  Wasliinjitoii. 

The  (pieslions  refer  to  Article  VI  of  the  treaty  of  \Vashinf;i'»n.  which 
is  as  lollows : 

Alii  km;  ^'I.  111  (Iccidini^  the  iiiiilti'is  .siilimittcd  to  the  iirliitnitor.s  tlit'.v  sliiill  lit-  u;(tv- 
cnictl  iiy  till'  rollowiny;  tliit'c  rules,  wliicli  iiiti  ii;;rff(l  ii|iiiii  liy  th<'  lii;;li  ciuitrai'tin;; 
liiirties  jih  nilu.s  to  be  Uikcu  its  :i[i|ilic:il>lt'  to  tlit-  ciisi-,  iiiiil   l»y  .sucli  princiiilt^.s  of  iiiti-r- 


Opiiiimis  till  Ciimtc  i'lriU'ric  Sflojiix  mir  lis  Iroin  i/iirilioiis  i}f  ilroil  mir  limimllrs  U-  Irihiiiinl 
(raihilniiji .  duns  su  .srtiiiir  ilii  '2't  jiiillit  l-T'J.  «  dimniidv  ilvx  I'rln'inisxi  mnilx  niix  coiiMtil"  di  s 
llllllll'i  jillllii:'<  l)li'.-«llU'<  <l  III  liiini. 

I>;iiis  la  st-iiiicc  (III  'i.">  jiiillct  1^7'J,  siir  In  )ii(i|Misitimi  dc  M.  It*  N'icninti^  (I'ltiijiiliii,  I'uii 
(Ifs  iiiliitrcs,  Ic  li'iliiiniil  lU'cida  dc  di-iii:iiidrr  iiii  cniiscil  di-  lu  (iiandf-ilrfi.ijfiif  iiix; 
t'xpo^itioii  oil  iii'^'iiini'iiiiil  ion,  t'crilt'.  on  iiii))riiii('M',  siir  Ics  trois  i|iicstii)tis  d<- droit  .siii- 
ViHiti's: 

I.  La  (|ii(>stioii  (Ics  dues  diliju'ciict's,  Iriiitrc  d'liuc  inanii-n;  !><''ni'i-iil(' ; 

■J.  La  i|ii('st ion  sp4'ciali' lie  savoir  (|ii('l  ii  vtv  W-ti'vt  dcs  coiiiiiiissioiis  posst'-dt'-cs  piir 
Ics  vaisscaiix  do  f^iicirc  couIVmIi'ics  <|ui  sunt  ciitrt's  dans  dcs  ports  lii'itaiiiii(|iics: 

:?.  La  (picstiiMi  sp('cialc  dcs  iipprovi.^ioiiiiciiiciits  dts  charlion  iiccordt-s  iiiix  vaissciinx 
(■iiiil'(''d('i(''s  dans  Ics  ports  liritannii|nc! 


out  en  nVscrviiiit  a  lii   piirtie  iidvcisc  Ic  droit  dc  r(^poiidi-<>,  .soit  oi'iiI(*iiicut.  soit  |)iif 


cerit.  scion  1(^  las,  Ic  tout  iiiix  tcrnics  dc  r.-iiticlc  V  dii  traitt>  dc  \Vashini,":'iiii,  Ics  (|Ues 
tions  .sc  n'rcicnt  a  I'iirticlc  VI  dn  traitc  dc  \Vasliiii<;loii,  ainsi  eoiivii  : 

"Aiii'K'i.K  VI.  Dans  la  decision  dcs  niatieres  a  cux  Honiniscs,  Ics  arltitrcs  scront  ;;nid4\ 
par  les  trois  ic;;lcs  siii vantt's,  doiit  Its  liaiitcs  i>urtii;8  contructantcs  convienncnt  d*? 
lairc  lino  application  spcciiilc  a  c.ettc  iiiU'Stiun,  et  piu-  Ics  principcs  dn  droit  den  jfcns 


I' 


^1 


5(» 


AHIJITHATION    AT    (JKXKVA. 


^t-l. 


:0' 


'V 


s« 


i)iUii>ii;il  l.i'.v  not  iiicKiisi.stiiit  tlicri'widi  as  tlio  aibitnitors  .shall  (lotoriiiiiic  In  liiivr  'iccti 
ii)i|)li>'alili-  !(>  till-  faso  : 

Hfl.KS. 

A  iiciitral  <;()\('nuiMMit  is  liniiml 

1.  To  M-;r  (liir  (iili;4ciici'  to  pn'M'iit  t  In-  (ittiinj;  out,  ariiiiiiy,  or  ctiiiiiiitiii;;.  wil  iiiii  it> 
jiiiisilii't  ion,  ol"  any  vessel  uliieli  it  has  reasmiaUle  ^rroiirni  to  l)elieve  is  iiitetided  to 
cruise  oi' to  cany  on  will'  anainst  a  power  witii  wliich  it  is  at  jieaite ;  an<l  aUo  to  use 
like  (iilieeni'e  to  ]iieven*  the  (le|iai'tiii'e  from  its  jnrisiliet  ion  of  any  vessel  intenileii  to 
ci'Mise  or  carry  on  war  as  al>o\ c,  sneh  \  essel  havine  lieeii  specially  a<lapteil,  in  whole  oi 
ill  part,  within  such  .jnrisiliet  ion,  to  warlike  use. 

2.  Not  to  permit  or  sntfer  either  ln-lliiferent  to  ni.al-e  nse  of  its  jxM'ts  or  waters  as  Ihi- 
Itase  of  naval  opeiat  ions  .ai^ainst  the  other,  or  for  the  purpose  of  the  renewal  or  an j;- 
inentalion  of  military  --uitplies  or  arm-*,  or  tin-  leernilmeiii  of  men. 

;{.  'I'o  exercise  line  (li'i;^'en('e  in  its  o.vn  )iorls  am  I  waters,  an<l.  as  to  all  persons  within 
its  jnrisiliet  ion,  to  prevent  any  vinlat  ion  of  the  toreij;oin'.;  •il)lieatiiiiis  ami  dnl  ies, 

I  III'  lirilaiiiiie  Majesty  ha  <  commaniled  her  hii;h  cnnimissi  -:ier.~.  ai'd  plenipotentiaries 
ft)  declare  ilial  Her  Majesty's  ^it\  eiiinieiit  cannot  assent  to  the  fi  re;roin<i  rules  as  . a 
st.-ilemeiit  of  priiieipli  s  "f  international  law  which  were  in  force  a;  the  time  when  flic 
claims  In.  ill  ioiied  in  Arliide  I  .arose,  hnt  that  ller.Ma|es'y's  ifoverrmeiil,  in  order  to 
<'\  ince  ils  desire  ol' st  renu;!  l.r  iiiiijn' t  he  iViemliy  relations  Iteiween  the  two  connlries,  ami 
of  inakiii",;' sat isfaetory  trov'sioii  for  the  fntnre,  aiteees  that  in  decidiiisj;  the  (|iiest  ions 
bet  ween  t  he  t  wo  conntiies  ari.-  inu;onl  <>''i  hose  claims,  the  nil  litra  tors  sin  mid  assume  that 
llcr  Maj(  ••'s  <;<)verninent  li.a«l  um'.  rtaken  f  o  act  npon  the  principles  set  forth  in  these 
rules.  .\!id  the  lii;ih  coni  rai't  iii_,  parties  a;;ree  to  ohserve  these  rules  as  lietwecn  thi'in- 
Hclvcs  in  fntnre,  and  to  hiine  them  to  the  Unowledne  of  other  maritime  |»o\i-er.s,  and  to 

iliviie  them   to  accede  to  tlleni. 

Sir  llomidi'll  I'aliiit'r.  loiiiit'ilv  iitlonicv-iiciicial,  on  Im-IijiU"  ol'  Ciicat 
Hi  itaiii.  ( it'iiciiil  ( ".  Ctisliiiij:,  .Mcs.sis.  lOvaits  ami  NN'aitt',  on  Itcliali'  td 
tlie  lIiiitiMl  States,  iiavc  Wct'ii  licaid  l>y  means  of  tlieii-  respective  arj>ti- 
menls. 


<pij,  .sans  {'tri'  en  desaceord  av^'c  cos  ie;xh's,  anront  ete  r'-eoiiiiHs  par  Ies  arliities  cniiiiiie 
ayaiii  «'lt-  applicahlcs  <hiiis  respcee  ; 


'•  i!i:tii.i:s. 


"  I 'n  piuverncliiilit   llellire     st   leiill  — 

'•1.  l)e  faire  ie>  dm-s  dilii;i'iiees  poiii'  |ire\'inir  rarnieinent  en  j^neire  on  leiinipement, 
!a!/s  lis  limites  oii  s'exerce  sa  Jnridiction.  de  tout  \aissean  (pTil  pent  raisonn.ilileinent 
oiipcoiiner  et  re  desi  iiie  a  criMser  on  faire  l.i  einric  eontie  niie  piiiss.incc  a\ee  lai|nclle 
UM'rucinent  est     n   paix:  de  faire  niiMne  dili;,jeiiee  poiir  empi'cher  le  I'l  pa't   hors 


dcs  limites  de  sa  jiirit  iction  d'-  ton!  iiaviie  dcsliiii-  a  croi 


il  <'st  dil  ci-il 


ser  on   l.iire  la  j;nerre,  conimt' 


essns,  ip  ,'imi  ce  iia\  ii'c  ;inra  etc  ■•pieialemeiil  ad.ipli  .  en  toni  on  cii    pailie 


(lulls  Ies  limites  lie  sa  dite  jni  idict  ion,  a  des  nsaycs  Itel,.     •rants. 

•"J.  Dene  periiietl  re  ni  sonlViir  ijlle  I'llll  <les  licllim'i, lilts  (asse  llsane  de  ses  ports  iii 
de  SI'S  caiix  coniuii-  d'nne  h.ase  d'oic  rations  n,ival"s  conire  rantre  helliyeranl,  ni  ponr 
ri'Moiiveler  oil  ;iii;,;ininler  ses  mniiiiioiis  miliiaiics  et  NDii  ai'iifnieiit ,  on  s'y  procurer  ses 
re<Tnls. 

'•:>,  D'i'Xcrccr  tes  dues  i!ilii;elices  dans  ees  cilllX,  et  d'empecher  ipl'ancline  persolilie, 
thins  rcnceinttMle  sa  jnridiction,  lie  viole  le-- oldijj.if ions  et  Ies  devoirs  pn'-ci'dents, 

a    .Majeste    hrilanniipie  a   chariji'  si'^    haiits  commissaires  et    idenipoleiitiaires  de 
iiveriieineat  de  sa    .Maji'sti'  ni'  saiiiait   iloniier  son  asseiitinienl   anx 


declarer  ;pie    Ii 

lee;hvs  pieei'dcntes  conilrie  a.  nil  »  \;pos<'  de  priiicipes  dll  droit  des  j;eii.i  en  viy;ili'in 
an  Mioineiit  nil  se  sunt  elevces  h's  lu'chim  iiions  inentio.iees  a  I'article  I;  niais,  jioiu 
diiiiin'r  nil  leimiiei)a;ie  de  son  desir  de  to.  ilier  Ies  I'latioMs  amicales  eiilie  Ies  denx 
jiays  it  de  |)iendre  eji  ahi- de  ra\enirdes  pri'eantioiis  .sali^t'ai>iantes,  le  e;  )iiverni'ment 
<le  s.i  Majesti''  consent  a  ce  ipTcn  di'ri.laiit  Ies  i|nestioiis  ipii  naiiseiii  de  ees  reidama- 
tionseiitre  ies  denx  pays  ies  ai  hit  res  tieiineiit  pour  accorde  ipie  le  };on\  eriicment  do 
.sa  Majeste  a  vonlii  a;.',ir  en  ennformile  avec  Ies  principes  r>iionces  dans  (res  ree;|es.  Les 
halites  parties  coiil  raelantes  >'enj;,n;ent.  a  ohserver  ees  rcy;leM  dans  lenrs  rajiporlN 
luniindKa  I'av  eiiir,  id  a  Ies  porleia   la  ciiunai«  .'.nee  des  aidres  pnissames  inaritiiiK-n, 


en  le.«,  invitaiit  a  v  ai 


Iii'ii 


<>nt  ('t*'  eiitendiis,  d.itis  leiii's  )>l,'iiilovers  respectifs,  Sir  iioiindell  Calmer,  ci-ile\'aiit 
ntloniey-y:eneral.  jioiir  !a  (irand-'-Mretajiiic,  .\I.M.  le  i;«'m'n\l  ('.  ('nsliine,  I'.vai-t.s  »'t 
\Vait<'.  pour  lis  litar.s-l'iiis. 


\\'( 


1 

1 
1 

Tl.c  Ii 
|iii!('  s 
1..  the 
iiilica 
eiiiplo 

treaty 
tlie    ti 

1 

Sllillll) 

heel!  ; 

•1 

ease  w 

W 

uitli  < 

m 

stateii 

m 

of    tilt 

m 

ijimt;'! 

M 

The 

M 

iiidi  o 

M 

lel'eis 

M 

eliteis 

1 

text.) 
tliat    t 

M 

ol)ii-a 

'm 

imposi 

M 

(|iiiif( 

M 

tlie  aii 

M 

tiiiie  t 

m 

••  !!ese 

m 

lakes 

-1 

mate  1 

m 

stniet 

1 

sihilit; 

jj^ 

Nous 
eellc  (|i 
faiidia 
la  veiil 
ilaiis  Ii 
file  lo 
•  retcllil 
.■isslllii 
-Cav" 

I  opiell,> 

jnrispr; 

coins  '■ 
l.cp 

I  pay;e  ' 
riipies. 
pics  e\ 
Taats-I 

miiivel 

i|iii  hii 
piiiii  i| 
I'' ^lini 
passa^ 
lioniiil 
lc;;iliii 
I'nis  (• 


OPIMONS    OF    COrXT    SCLOPIS. 


7. —  J>uc  (liliqence. 


57 


\''<  1 

'  '  1 

i 

1 

Dii:  im.Kii'Nci:. 


Nous  alldiis  iibiirtlt'i'  Ics  (|in'.sti<tiis  dc  |niii(iiii'<.  L;i  |irriiiii'r)\  i|ui  s'i)llVt^  Ti  nos  yi-iix, 
ci'lli'  (|iii  hiiiiN  ^rivira  ruinnir  ilc  IidiisshIc  nioiali-  ilaiis  ics  iippi't'cialitiiis  <|iril  nous 
t'aiidia  l'aii'1%  pai't'oiirant  Irs  ilirt'i'Tciils  cas  |)ratii|ii<>s  t|Ui  attniilfi.t  iiotrr  ili'ri.siuii.  c'l'st 
la  M'lilalilr  si^iiiiliiMlioii  a  attiilMH-r  aiix  mots  "iliic  tlili;;rMi'i','  i|iii  out  t'li'  cmiilnyr-M 
ilaii>  la  |ii'i'iiiii'rc  (Ifs  trois  n-^jli-s  ('talilics  par  rarticli-  \'l  liii  traili^  ilii  \Vasliiii;itoM. 
I'lii-  In  i;;iic  iiiMU.»>iuii  s"c.sl  I'lalilii'  riilii'  Ii'.n  ili'iix  |nii>,saiii-('s  siir  Ic  i»liis  on  Ic  nioiii.s 
<rrlriiiliic  (|iri)  fallail  iloiiiiiT  a  la  sii;niliralinu  il(>  cr.s  mi>lH.  On  iic  pi'iil  pas  dire 
assiiiriiiint  ((ii'il  vail  ili'l'aiit  (I'l'ilairrisscax  Mt>  siir  iiih-  matiirc.  l>aiis  Ic  pifiniiT 
"  CaM'"  ami'-rifain,  Oh  nous  a  domn'  toiil  iiii  Ion;;  jiassay,!'  dcs  paiidi'ili's  d'Ayiilir,  ilc 
lopiiiisfs  citalioii-i  dcs  uii\  I  jii;cs  dc  Sloivi't  dc  .loiics,  aiiisi  tpit' di-s  iiidiial  ioiir*  dc  la 
,jnris|ii  ail'iii'i'  siiiv  ic  dans  la   niainTi'  par  la  Conr  siipri'mi' dts    Miats-l'tiis  ft    par  i''s 


iitnis  I  cD^saisi's :  dc  plus,  on/.i'  s 

I' 


<intpl 


cs  (    lat ions 


la  -d 


MC   1 


liii 


anlcni> 
■  'cncc.'" 


>t    il 


en  <lonnc  nnc  di'nnition 


l.c  pichiicr  ••(  'a.> 
1  pa;;c  \!1,  tcxtr  aiijiiais)  (pii  n'cst  point  alisolnc.  c|  ipii  s'cn  rapporic  aux  tails  liisio- 
iiipifs.  liaii.s  Ic  ••  t'onntcr-i'UMc,"  Ic  ;i;onvcrncnicnt  lii'ilaniiii|n(>  cntrc  dans  di-  pins  ain- 
pics  explications  a  cct  <'';;anl,  (  jkm^c  'JI,  IcxIc  anj^lais,)  ct  il  s'liccoi'dc  avcc  cdni  dcs 
r.tats-Cnis  a  i'(Misid('-rcr  (pic  ics  mots,  /cv  f/oci  lUltijciicvx,  nc  crccnt  ancum-  oldiy;atioii 
noiivcllc  on  supplcmcniaii'c.  Ms  cxiijcnt  dn  ncntic.  duns  Taccomplissi'mcnt  dcs  devoirs 
pM  liii  soni  impom-s.  cellc  irwsiirc  dc  soin  (et  pas  d'anlre)  (pii  est   rcijnise  en  vt 


I'ln  di 


prni.  ipcs  oiilinaiies  i 


tela  ini 


rndt 


ileiinit ionalc,  SOU)  dont  i'aliscnec  eonstiiiilc  la 


iic;flj^ciiee  et.  ponr  appnvci'  sa  doclrine,  |e  " ( 'onntcr-ease "'  aiij^lais  prodnit  nn  lon^j 
pasNa;;e  dii  livie  dc  licildie,  "  K'ecliciclics  sur  le  didit  mariliincet  internalional."  Sir 
lioaiMlell  I'almer  prend  ees  mots  dans  le  sensiprnn  nciitre  doit  cmplovef  tons  les  nMiycns 
1<  i;iiiHics  I'll  son  poiivoii'  en  doni.ant  a  ees  mots  nnc  police  rai.siMinaldc.  Les  T.lals- 
I  nis  eteiident  le  caw  «l«  rcHpousahilite  ct  lis  Moiitieiimmt  ijiit'  lo  hollij^rTant  a  Ic  droit  »l») 


58 


ARHITRATIOX    AT    GKNHVA. 


lUMitral  to  onfon^o  its  iiiiini«;ipal  laws,  and  also  tlu»  proi^lainatioiis  of  its 
cxt'ciitivc.  TIh'.v  assert,  morctjver,  that  tlic  l)t'ili;4(M(Mit  has  tiic  rij;ht  to 
ri'qiiirc  tiiat  tlic  powers  with  whiitii  th(i  lUMitial  is  aj-iiuMl  shonUl  he  aii;;- 
iiH'iittMl  by  h'j'ishitive  mcasuics. 

C'ctpioiis  o.\[»hmation.s  have  Ihm'U  InniisluMlon  t'itJKM'side  by  the  parties 
in  dispnte. 

it  seems  to  nie  that  the  laoist  siniph-i  method  of  afrivinj;  at  a  (h'lini- 
tive  opinion  npon  the  h'^^al  hearing;' of  tlie  tpu'stion  is  to  keep  steadily 
in  view  the  followinu-  ideas: 

TUv  words  (hw  ttiliiiciirc  necessarily  imply  the  idea  oi'  a  i-ehitioii  be- 
tween tlie  dnty  and  its  obj<M't :  it  is  impossibh'  to  deline  a  priori  and 
llbstractly  an  absolnte  (hity  of  diliu'ence.  'Die  thiiin' to  wiiieli  the  (lil- 
ij^enee  iclati's  determines  its  dej^ree.  Takinj^'  tin-  scale  nt  de;;rees  ol' de- 
fault ac<*ordii(^"  to  the  Itoman  law,  deseendin«;'  Iroin  the  <ii>li(s  l»yliu' 
eiilitti  ItiUi  ami  '-^/y/a  h:ris  to  the  ciiIiki  Irris.simd,  we  find  that  tlieir  ai>!di- 
cabiiity  chanjics  according'  to  tlie  ol)jccts  to  wiiich  tln'V  refer.  I  pass 
over  the  respunsil»iliry  of  the  ••nai'dian,  of  the  trnstee,  and  several  otlier 
eases  speciticd  in  the  hiw.  and  will  tndy  cite  as  examples  cases  in  which 
responsibility  is  incnri<'d  by  {hv.  cidpK  Irris  and  excn  Icrissima.  Such  is 
that,  for  instance,  which  attaches  to  [lersons  char.ned  with  the  <-arc  (»f 
explosive  snbstanctis,  or  with  looking;  alter  the  safety  of  <hups  in  tinn' 
of  innndation,  or  in  whose  char^^c  aic  deposited  papers  of  exceptional 
importance.  All  these  persmis,  Ircnn  the  fact  alone  of  their  havini--  ac- 
cepted these  fnnctions,  ai'c  btaind  to  exercise  an  amount  of  ddiucnce 
deterndiu'd  by  the  special  object  of  these  sann-  functions. 

In  treating;  of  politictal  ipiestions,  the  yn'atest  extent  which  <'ould  be 
{fivcn  t(»  the  duties  of  dili.u'cnce  inciunbcnt  on  a  neutral  would  l)c  to 
r»'(|nir<' that  he  shoidd  act  with  rej;ard  to  the  Ix'lli^^crenl  as  he  would 
act  in  similar  circnmstanc«'s  in  his  own  intei-est. 

It  is  undoubtedly  iijL;ht  to  taki^  into  account  the  lopiirements  <d"  a 
bt'lli;ierent  with  rejiaid  to  a  neutral,  but  these  must  not  be  pusiieil  to 
such  a  point  as  to  endtarrass  tin-  neutral  in  the  normal  exercise  of  his 
ri;;hts,  or  in  the  «M'<^ani/ation  of  his  administrative  fnnctions. 


ili'iiiiMiilcr  :iii  Mfiitii'  ill-  iiii'ttrc  a  «'X<^i'Utioii  xcs  lois  d'ordrc  infi'-riciir  iiiiisi  i|iii'  li-  pi'o- 

rlillliatiuns  lie  siiii  |inll\  iorrsri'lllif:  '\U  Itl'i'li'llili'lit,  <!<'  pills,  i| III'  If  liclli;;iTlllll  a  Ic  (Iroil 
ill' (Ii'iiiiiikIi'I' <|ii(' It's  |ii)ii\'oii^  (Ion)  li'  iiciilif  tmI  aiiiii'  .siiiriil  aii;;iiii'iilrs  |tai  iiii'siiii! 
it'fi;isliiti\  I'. 

I)i'  i;raii(l"s  I'Nplii'ations  out  ('ti''  rniiriiirs  <li'  part  i-l  iraiitir  par  Ics  piiissami's  «'i) 
(li'sari'iiril. 

II  lilt'  paiait  i|iir  la  voii-  la  plus  siiiiplr  |ii)iir  anivrr  a  IInit  li'i^ali'iiii'iit  ims  iili  I's  siiv 
la  Mialii'ii-  est  di'  sc  lixci' siir  Irs  idi  t-s  snivaiitrs: 

L)'s  units  diljiri'iirc  diir,  I'luilii'iiiii-iit  iH'rcssaiiriiii'iit  ridrr  d'liii  rappiii'l  dii  di'Viiir  a  la 
oliDsc  ;  il  est  iinpiissiliji'  ^\^•  iliiiiiii'  <(  priiiri  alisl  laitciiu'iit  iiii  di'\  oir  alisnlii  di-  dJli'^iMu'i'. 
('"est  la  clliisc  a  lai|ii<lli'  iitli' dilijicncc  sr  iapp<il  tf  <|ai  cli  di'tcniiilK'  Ic  drf{H'.  I'li'liiilis 
l'(-i'li('ll(>  di's  iiiipiiialiiliti''^  si'liiii  If  driiil  hhii.mis,  cii  pailaiit  dii  (/«/'/'<  pniii' di'^^iriidrc 
par  la  ('((//)((  f((^(  ct  la  (/(///d  /(  c/n  jiiNi|n';i  \;{  fiilini  liris^inin.  vt  iiiMis  I  roiiv  t-riiMs  i|iii>  lc<< 
applica'iiilili's  SI' iiiiidiCiriii  d'aprrs  li's  nlijcis  aii\i|iii'ls  rlli's  si'  ii'lrrcut.  .Ic  pa'>>i' siir 
la  ri'spiiiisaliililr  dii  tiiii'iir,  dii  di'pnsitairi'.  rt  siir  pliisinirs  aiitrr^  ras  sprrilit's  dans  li's 
lois,  piiiir  111  citi'iiiiH'  I'l'M'iiipU' di's  cas  nil  la  icspoiisaliilili'  rsi  I'lu'iiiiiiii-  par  la  iiilim 
/( I'/'w,  (Ml  iiH'iiir  par  la  lirixxinnt.  Ti'lli-  est  (  rlli',  par  rxi'inpli'.  ipii  I'lappr  rrliii  i|iii  I'si 
cliaifir  di' ;;ardir  drs  mat  n  ics  cxplnsilili's,  tm  i|iii  dnit  vi'lllrr  a  la  siiri'tc  dis  l|jlr^u'^ 
dans  Ir  li'iiips  di's  itiondatioiis,  ci'liii  i|iii  ;;ardr  nil  dipiit  di'  papiris  d'mif  iiiipi'ilanri' 
cxcrpliiiiiin'llc.  'i'linti-s  ris  prrsDiinrs,  par  It-  snil  la  it  ipi'i'llrs  nut  ai'i'fptf  n's  t'l  phi  ■!  ions, 
sont  ti'iiiicN  tl't-xorftT  iiiii'  ilili<;i'nci'  di'-tcriniiK't*  par  foliji't  Npi'-cial  df  ccs  inciiifs 
toni't  ions. 

I'in  .sr  portunt  Niir  1*>  terrain  politii|iii<,  la  pliiM  ji^raiidi'  t'tondiir  <|iir  Ion  pnlssi' 
attiilnirr  au\  dcvoirK  di>  dili;;i'iiri'  d'nii  ni'iitir  sera  dc  liii  iniposi'r  d'cn  ai^ir  a  I'l';;!!!!! 
tin  ht'llioci'iiiit  rtnnnif  il  a^iiaii  pour  sun    propri'  inti'ivl  ilaiis  tit  s  ras  aii.'ilitiinf>. 

II  t'st  jiistf  siins  tliMitf  ill'  tfiiir  di's  rxini'iiri's  irnii  Iti'lli'^i'iant  a  ri'';,;ard  d'nn  iii'iitrr, 
iiiai.s  il  iir  laiit  point  Ifs  poiissi'r  an  |ioiiit  ilr  liriirr  Ir  nrniri-  dans  rail  ion  iii>rinali-  ilr 
HL'8  (li'oitH,  (liiiiM  rurgaiiiNinii  du  turn  luiicliiinH  Koiivurnantcs. 


M  Ik'ciimsc  It  iiiids  itscU  iiivoliiiitanly  in  a  s|U'ciiil  |)t)siti()ti  witli  r<><^.U'il  t<i 
M  llic  lu'lli-icrnit.  The  nciitr^il  iiuiy  Im'  asked  fo  put  tin'  powci's  ol'  lli^■ 
M  ptvi'iiiiiicnt  into  lull  activ  ily  in  (trdcr  to  iiiaiiitaiii  his  neutrality  ;  lie  e;iii- 
M  not  icasoiiiiidy  he  expected  to  niodity  the  or^ani/ation  ot  hisadininistra 
'M  tive  inaeliinei'y  to  sj-ive  tlw  interests  of  aiKtlher  ptiwer. 
M  We  must  beware  of  leiideriiij;'  the  e(Uidilion  ol'  neiitials  too  dilliciill 
Jk  and  ahiiost  iinpossihie.     The  iinpoitanee  of  eii'cunis<Tihin<;  war  is  a  inal 


It 


.railiiicis  \  oloutirrs,  d'aiitic  jiart.  <iiii'  Ifs  dcMiiis  du  iii'iurc  in'  iiiii'isciil  pjiM  t'trr 
ili-liiiiiiin's  jiar  Ics  Idis  ijiit'  ccltf  piiissimn'  mi  MTait  lailcs  dans  son  |iii>|>ir  iiitiirl. 
II   \  aiiiait   la  un   imtyi'ii   tacili'    dc  sc   soiistiairi-   a   dfs  rtspunsaliilili's  |)(>>iti\  cs.  i|iiit 

I'lijllilr  li'i'iiMliait  rl  (|l|i'  Ir  dl'oil   di'S  ;;i'|i>»  iiii|)iisi'.       l.cs  liat  ions  nut  rut  ic  riles  lui  droit. 

coiniiMiii.  oil,  si  nil  aiiiif  iiiiciix  tin  lien  coninniii.  roriin''  jiar  I'l'iiiiiti'  *')  sanctiniiiii'  pai  lit 
ics]n'ci  dis  inli'irts  ir'i'i|inM|ii('S  ;  <■»•  droit  conininn  sr  dt'Vt'lo|>|ic  snrtonl  i-n  s'aiiiilii|iiaiit', 
mix  tails  i|iii  sc  passi'iit  siir  la  iiii'i'.  la  on  Ics  conlins  in-  sont  point  Iraci  >,  on  la  lilicito 
doit  I'll')-  d'antant  pins  assnii'i-  par  nn  droit  ronininii  sans  l('i|ni-i  11  scrait  iin|iossildi-  do 
Sc  niciirc  a  ci  hi  vert  dcs  pins  llaj;iaiilcs  injustices  par  dcs  ;;araiil  ics  posit  i\cs.  (  'est  cii 
ipii  I'aisait  dire  a  cet  aneicii.  nonrii  dans  ics  lial)il  mlcs  dn  servilisnie :  "  l/llnipcreiircst 
Ic  niaiiie  dc  la  tcirc.  inais  la  loi  esl  la  inaiircsse  dc  la  iiier."  .raceorde,  ilmic,  an 
lielli;;crant   d'cxiiii-r  (|ni'  Ic  nenlic  ne  inctle   ])oiiit    a  coiisert  sa  i'ci>onsaliillili'  sons  des 

rej,;lis  ipi'il  sc  scrail  lixics  dans  dcs  \  nes  de  son  selll  inlelel,  ct  J'ellire  ideilieinelit  dailH 
les  \  iie.s  de  I'aiticlc  \' I  <ln  Irailc  dc  W'asiijiiiitnii,  qui  ne  (ait  ipic  donncr  la  prcrcrciici) 
an\  icm], ■■.  dc  l'e<piit»''  ;;r'iieialc  snr  Ics  disposit  ioi;s  d'niie  Icffislat  ion  pari  ieiiliere  <|iiclle 

(in'elle  pnJNse  ctle. 

II  He  nic  parait  pas  ecpenilaiit  adniissilde  i|n'nn  lieilif;cra:.t  piiissc  I'xiyer  <ln  ncntro 
<|iie,  pniir  reniplir  ses  dc\ oit'>  dc  iicni lalili',  il  anuuicntc  xon  pied  iiiilitairc,  son  systcnio 
oidinairededelcnsc.  Ilviinrait  la  niie  inlVactiini  a  riniirpciidaiicc  dc  cliai|ne  eiat,  <|ni, 
piMir  se  trnnvcr  involontaii'ciiicn'  dans  niie  position  spccialc  a  Tejiard  dn  lielli;;ci'aiil, 
'I  est  pas  tciiu  d'alidii|ner  nnc  |kii  t  ion  dc  sa  s<  ni  vera  i  lie  ti'  male  rid  Ic.  On  |tent  deniaiidcr 
III)  neiitic  dc  melt  re  en  pleine  act,  vile  Ics  ressorls  de  .•■  Ill  ;;oii  veiiicnicnt  jionr  niaiiilcnii' 
sa  nenlralitt'  ;  on  ne  pent  pas  iiu>  (niiial)leinent  altendie  d<^  liii  ijn'il  modi  lie  roi^ianisii- 
tioii  dc  sa  macliiiic  ^oiiveincnici.iale,  ponr  servir  les  inleiets  d'nnc  autre  pni-isaiK-c 

II  taut  liicii  se  ;;aidir  dc  rcndre  la  eondii  ion  iles  neiilres  partrop  dillleije  el  prcs(|iio 
.nipossildc.    On  parl<*  IiuiJouih  dc  rimporlanec  de  circi>ns(uir»j  hi  giicrri-,  ct  si  tni  acca- 


W  m 


i'  iff 


'  Dix,  lii>.  i,  df  \a%'  liliodiii. 


no 


ARBITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


w 


■.n< 


ter  of  coiitimial  ri'inark,  and  if  neutrals  are  to  be  overwlielnied  with  a 
burden  of  precautions  an<l  Ji  weijiiit  of  responsibility  wliieh  is  in  excess 
of  tlie  int»'rest  they  have  to  remain  neutral,  they  will  be  lortu'd  to  take 
an  aetivt^  part  in  the  war;  instead  of  a  pro|)er  inaction  we  should  have 
an  increase  of  hostilities.  There  will  no  lon,i>er  be  any  inrilii  between 
combatants;  the  disasters  of  war  will  bt^  multij)lie(l,  and  the  jiart  ol 
mediators,  which  neutrals  hav«'  often  undertaken  and  bron^^ht  to  a  sue 
cessful  (!oncIusion,  will  forever  <lisappear. 

Let  us  then  take  a  view  which  will  induce  neutrals  and  bellijierents 
mutually  t()  res])ect  one  another.  J.et  us  taki'  as  a  basis  the  two  condi 
tions  of  lu'utrality  laid  down  by  Dr.  L.  (lessner.* 

These  are  : 

1.  To  take  absolutely  no  part  in  the  war,  and  to  abstain  from  all  that 
mij;h{  <;ive  an  advantajie  to  oiu'  of  the  bcllij;ereut  jiarties. 

U.  Not  to  ])ermit  on  the  neutral  territory  any  proximate  hostile  act  ol 
one  party  ajjainst  the  other. 

As  to  the  nu'asure  of  activity  in  the  i>erformauce  of  the  duties  of  a 
neutral,  I  thiidc  the  following-  rule  should  be  laid  down: 

That  It  should  be  in  a  dii'cct  ratio  to  the  actiud  dauj^er  to  which  the 
belli,!H(Ment  will  be  exposed  throu^ih  the  laxity  of  the  neutral,  and  in  an 
inverse  latio  to  the  dire(!t  uu'aus  which  the  belli{;erent  can  control  for 
arrestinji'  the  danger. 

This  rule  leads  us  to  a  solution  of  the(pU'stion,  so  often  «liscusstd  in  the 
d(H'unu'nts  |»resented,  as  to  the  initiative  to  be  taken  by  the  neutral  in 
order  to  i)reserve  his  neutrality  to  the  prolit  of  tlie  belli^ieieut. 

Where  the  ordinary  conditions  of  the  country,  or  jtarticular  circum- 
stances which  have  occurred  on    he  territory  of  the  neutral,  constitute 
a  special  danj>«'r  for  the  bellijicreut,  who  has  no  dii-ect  nu-aus  of  protect 
inji'  himself  fn»n>  them,  the:  neutral  is  bouml  himself  to  take   the  initia 
ti\e  in  order  that  the  state  of  neutrality  nuiy  be  nuiintained  with  rej^anl 
to  the  two  belligerents. 


Ml'  Ics  iiciitiis  irim  t':M(lr,Mi  i\r  ])i'<'i':int  inns  i)  (rune  ri'^iiionsiihilif  i-  i|iii  ili'passi'  I'iiitiMi  I 
ijirils  Kill  ;i  ri'stcr  (laiis  hi  iK'Utralilt'.  on  Irs  t'niccia  a  inciiilii-  iiiic  pail  active  a  la 
jliicrrc:  an  lieu  (riiiic  rDinciialilc  iiiacliini,  on  aura  iim'  aii;;iii('ii(ati()ii  il'lmstilift's.  II 
n'y  aura  pin-,  dr  ninlii  ciil  ir  Ics  citniliat  t ants:  Ics  di'saslrcs  dc  la  jiucrrc  sc  innll  i|ilici'iiiit. 
ci  If  rule  lie  iiic'ilialciirs,  <iiie  les  neiures  out  siMivenl  eiilrepris  el  conilnit  a  lionne  I'm. 
.sera  cD'ace  a  jamais. 

I'lacoMs-iioils  ilonc  a  ee  point  ile  vile  ipii  piiisse  eiin'an'cr  les  neiil  res  el  les  l)elliy;^•l'anl^ 
il  so  I'esiM'ctei-  iiintuellemeiit.  I'reiions  pmir  liase  les  deiix  coiidilioiis  de  neiitralili' 
ti'lles  iprdlcs  sunt  posi'ivs  |iar  !c  docteiir  L.  (iessner.  c'est-a-dire  que — 

l,es  coiidilions  de  la  neutralise  soiit  : 

I.  (/iron  lie  pi'eiine  alisidiiiiieni  aiiciine  pari  a  la  guerre  ef  (pi'on  s'alistienne  di>  toiii 
CO  ipii  ponnail    pinciirer  nn  a\  aiilai;e  a  I'linc  des  ]iartics  ltcllit;eiantes. 

'■i.  C/n'on  lie  tolcre  snr  le  leiritoii'i^  iieiitie  anciinc  liostilile  imiiiediat*-  d'mie  paitic 
oiHitic  l'antr<'. 

(/nant  a  la  nn'snii'de  Fact  i vile  d.ans  r;iccoiiii)lissement  di's  devoirs  dii  nentrc,  Jo  crois 
(pi'il  seiail  a  pnipos  d'elabiii'  la  I'onnnle  siiivanle: 

(/n'elle  doil  eiri'  ell  raisoii  dii'cclc  dcs  ('anjrers  I'eels  ipie  h>  liellinerant  ]ieiit  couiir 
]iar  le  tail  on  la  lolciaiice  dii  ncnlre.ct,  en  rai.soii  inverse,  dcs inoycnsdirccts  i|iie  le  Ix'l- 
li;.teraiil  pent  avoir  d'l'viter  ccs  danjjers. 

Cetle  I'ormnle  miiis  conduit  a  rt'soiidre  la  ipiestion.  si  son  vent  di'lialtne  dans  les  docii- 
nieiils  prodnils.  de  rinitiiitivo  il  ]iruiidro  par  le  neiitre  an  profit  dii  l>clli;;'i''riint  pour 
siiuvcf'arder  sa  neulraliti'. 

La  oil  les  conditions  ordiuiires  dii  jiays,  on  des  ciri-onstanccm  p!U'ti(Miri(^res  Hiirvciino 
SUP  le  lerrilolrc  ilii  ii'iilre,  eoustitnent  nn  <laii;ier  spi-cial  jioiir  le  lielli<j;erant  tpii  iir 
pent  avoir  des  moveiis  directs  de  s'v  soiistiiiire,  le  nentre  est  teiiii  d'einplover  son 
iuitif'tivo  lUin  que  IV'tiit  do  neiitralito  so  inaiiitioiiiie  a  rofjiird  ties  deux  belliyerauts. 

*  "Tho  Law  of  Neutrality  at  Sea,"  Ik'iiin,  l>^\-y,  p.  22. 


This  iintii 
smiie  eiiterp 
iipplicatioii 
would  const 
would  impn 
other. 

It  does  n( 
•Voiii  res]>on 
(ItMice  sutlic 
would  be  to 
tlie  jiovernii 
with  these  i 
of  assi.><taiic 
lint  al.so  by 
aid  and  prot 
tee  their  sec 

The  oiciit 
of  tlu'  neuti 
and  to  pi'evi 
t'lits, 

The  niatt« 
event  can,  o 
ill  elieck.  «'V 
ticiilar  whei 
to  secure  th 
tlu'  neutral  i 
loiiLier  tie  b( 
could  not,  h 
tiality  to  be 
(leiniiiid  whi 
coniiivauee 

11  IVom  all 
lads  tor  wh 


('(•He  iiiitiat 

CKtlcplise  de  1 
ilrlliilice  llll  t'ai 
Ilillili  —  c"csl-a 
(liTcUe  de  I'ai 
II  lie  paraii 

lill'  Cll   exiiieai 

line  luoiednic 
I'liiiiiii  iiMi  d'liii 
Jills  de  ees  ('In 
n'i'st  pas  seiilc 
natiiius  de  se  ] 
ilaiicc  ct  eaiai 

I'liis  done  il 
plus  celnici  SI 
all  iH'olil  de  I'l 

I^a  cliiisc  .se 
I'lliililoi  de  .sei 
sc  plt-sciile  SI 
ilsMllci'  les  nil 
iiciitie.  Dam 
ijiii  v;  :ait  sau 
i|i''on  vh'le  sa 
iilrcsserait  <''i 

si  lies  prim 
U'.siiliels  les  E 


OPINIONS    OF    COl'NT    SCLOPIS. 


61 


Tills  iiiitiiitivp  may  be  taken  <'iMier  on  aceonnt  of  a  flagrant  case  of 
sonic  I'll tcrprise  (jf  on«^  of  the  hcllifi'crents  ajiainst  the  otiicr,  or  on  the 
iipplication  of  tlie  beliij;crcnt  (lenoiiiiciiif;'  a  fact  or  a  series  of  facts  which 
would  constitute  a  viohition  of  neutrality  in  re<;anl  to  liin:, /.  <.,  wliich 
would  improve  the  po.sition  of  one  bellij^crent  to  the  detriment  of  the 
other. 

It  does  not  appear  tliat  the  neutral  conld  in  sncli  case  release  himself 
'Voiii  res])<nisibility  by  re(|niriii<i'  tin'  bellijicrent  to  furnish  him  with  evi- 
(jciict'  siilliciciit  to  institute  re^iiilar  lu'oceedinfi's  before  the  courts.  This 
would  be  to  reduce  the  bellij;erent  to  the  condition  of  a  men'  subject  of 
tlic  ^iovcinnient  of  the  country.  The  law  of  nations  is  not  contented 
with  these  narrow  measures  of  precaiiti(»n  ;  it  re(|uires  a  lai';4cr  measure 
of  iissistaiice.  This  is  demanded  not  only  hy  tUv  ('oviil)(s  iiit<r  tftntcs, 
Imt  iilso  by  the  real  necessity  wiiich  naticuis  are  under  to  lend  reciprocal 
aid  and  protection  in  order  to  maintain  their  independence  and  ^uaian- 
tt'C  tlieir  security. 

The  greater,  then,  the  actual  (binjicr  to  thebe11i<i'crent  on  the  territory 
ot  the  iieutial,  the  more  is  the  latti-r  bound  to  watch  over  his  ueiitialitj' 
and  to  prevent  its  bein,ii'  violated  to  the  profit  of  either  of  the  bellij;er- 
ciifs. 

The  matter  apjiears  under  a  somewiiat  different  liji'ht  when  the  bellij;- 
I'lcnt  can,  of  himself,  by  the  i'luployiiK'nt  of  his  forces,  Imld  his  enemy 
ill  clieck.  even  on  the  neutral  terriicuy.  This  case  ]»reseiits  itself  in  par- 
ticular when  the  yeoji'raphical  position  of  a  state  is  sulVicient  of  itself 
to  secure  the  means  of  prtMujitly  repressinji-  any  enterprise  |»i-epared  on 
tlic  neutral  territory.  Under  such  circumstances  tlu^  neutral  would  no 
joii.iicr  Im'  bound  to  assume  an  initiative  which  would  haveiio  object.  He 
could  not,  h(»wever,  from  considerations  of  self-respect,  allow  his  neii- 
tiiility  to  be  violated,  ami  he  would  be  Ixuuid  to  comply  with  any  Just 
(Iciimiid  whi<'li  inij;ht  be  addressed  to  him.  in  order  toaxoid  any  kind  of 
coiiiiivance  with  one  or  other  of  the  bellij>'ereiits. 

If  from  abstract  luinciples  we  passto  the  consideration  of  the  particular 
facts  l(U'  which  the  United  States  Imld  that  (Ireat  Ibitain  is  responsible, 

C'l'ttf  iuitintivc  jxMit  ("tic  misn  cii  inonvciui'iit.soit  par  ini  cas  tlaj^iiinl  df  (|ii<'l(|iu! 
i'i;trf|iiisr  (if  I'uii  <lfs  li('IIi;;;<'raiits  coiilii'  I'aiilri',  soit  siir  I'iiistaiirc  dii  liclli;;t''raiit  (|ui 
(li'iiniicf  Mil  I'ait  1)11  iiiu- si'iic  »lc  fait.s  i|ui  \  inlciaifiit  a  son  i';;;!!)!  li-s  rc;ili's  lii-  la  ncii- 
tra'iilr — c't'st-a-iiirc,  i|iii  iciiilrait'iit  iiii'illfiu)'  la  posilititi  d'lni  liclli^i-ranl  an  tliltiincnt 
(If  ccllc  <li'  I'anliT. 


jiiis  (If  CCS  ('liditi'.s  nicsnrcs  (Ic  prccaiil  inns  :  il  Ini  Caul  phis  <lc  lai;;cni- d'assistancc.  Co 
ii't'st  pas  scnlcnicnt  la  roinilnn  iiilir  iiciilis  ipii  la  ri'chnnc.  c'cst  ic  licsoln  red  (in'onl  Ics 
iialiiins  (Ic  sc  pictcr  I'i'cipi'Dipicnicnt  aided  protection  pour  inaintcnii'  Icin  iinU'pcii- 
(laiifc  ct  •;araiitii'  Icnr  M('ciii'ilc. 

I'liis  done  il  y  anra  pour  Ic  1iclli;;(''ranl  dc  da n;;,.|-,H  n-els  Hiir  Ic  tcriitniic  dn  ncntro, 
plus  cclnici  sera  tcnii  dc  vcillcr  snr  sa  iieiiir.ilitt'-,  en  cinpciiiaul  (prclle  iic  soil  violde 
ail  )ii'(ilii  dc  I'nn  on  ('ic  rantre  dcs  lielliMiiiiiits. 

I, a  cliosc  sc  pr('seiile  nil  pi'ii  dili(  reimiiciit  lors(|nc  Ic  Itcliifxcriint  iiciil,  a  Ini  sciil,  jiar 
ICiiLploi  dc  ses  loices,  teiiir  cii  cchcc  son  eiiiicini.  nieinc  snr  Ic  tciriloirc  iicni ic  Cc  cii.s 
■^c  picseiilc  snrtoiit  li)rs(|nc  la  i»osiiion  !;e(i^i'aplii(|iic  d'nii  ('-tat  siillil  d'clle-nieinc  il 
a>,Mirer  Ics  inovciis  dc  ('('ptinicr  proinplcinenl  hnilc  cntrcprisc  pr(^pai<'-e  snr  Ic  leiritoirt! 


G2 


AKHITKATION    AT    GKNKVA. 


w(»  u\ns{  couimcucc  by  discii^^siiiy;  tlu'  coiistniction  of  sliips,  and  tlMM-ir 
c-iimstaiicrs  uiith'r  wliicli  such  coiistniction  took  place.  Indeed,  the  tact 
of  tlie  coii.stivuttion  of  tli<'  vessj'ls,  of  tlieir  arniainent  and  e(|iii|»ineut, 
and  of  the  expoit  of  arms,  assinnes  a  dilferent  aspect  aceordiMn  to  tlic 
circnnistances  of  th(^  time,  the  persons,  and  tin*  localities  in  which  it 
occunccl.  If  the  govern iiuMit  on  whose  territory  the  acts  take  place  is 
aware  <»f  a  permanent  slate  of  affairs,  leading'  to  a  decided  prol»al>ility 
that  snch  constriu'tion,  armanxMits,  and  exports  will  h(M*tfected  with  the 
object  of  assist  in;;  the  «|esi^ns  of  a  belliju'eicnt,  the  duty  of  vigilance  nti 
the  part  of  the  ;;(»verninent  becomes  more  pressin^i",  and  exists  to  a  ;;reater 
extent. 

Jiritish  int/'rit'iuHiiicNs. 


'\iiih 


The  Uiilish  ^iovernnieiit  was  fidly  informed  that  the  coiitederates  Inid 
est  a  I  )li  shed  in  l-]n;:land  a  liranch  of  theii'  means  of  at  l:ick  and 

"     defense  against  tin'  I 'nit  ed  States.  ( 'ommissioners  re|»resent- 

in^rthe  ^ovi'rnment  ol  bMchmond  were  domiciled  in  lionthm,  and  had  pnt 
themseh  es  in  commnnication  with  the  l']n;:lish  ;;overnment.  Lord  b'nssell 
had  received  these  confederate  representatives  in  an  nnotlicial  way.  'J'hc 
lirst  \isit  took  place  on  the  llth  of  .May,  ISdI.ihat  is  to  say,  three  days 
beloi'c  the  (^)inM  iTs  proclamation  of  nentrality,  and  fonr  days  liefoic  Mv, 
Adams  arriv<'d  :n  London  as  the  minister  of  the  ITnited  States:  and 
fnrtiier.  t!ie  Knylish  u-overnment  could  not  but  kintw  that.yi'i'at  <'ommer- 
cial  honses  were  mana,i;in;;'  the  interests  of  the  confedeiat«'s  at  Liver- 
pool, a  town  which  from  that  tinn*  was  very  openly  pi'ononnced  in  favor 
of  the  .Sonth.  In  Parliament  itself  opiidons  were  befoic  hnii;'  openly 
expressed  in  favor  of  the  insnrycnts.  The  (^JnciMi's  ministers  themselves 
did  not  disguise  that,  in  their  opinion,  it  wonid  be  very  diiHcnlt  lor  the 
American  Lnitni  to  ie-estal>lish  itself  as  before.  Then,  stran.uc  to  say, 
the  nM»st  inlliUMitial  nu'inbeis  of  the  House  •"  (.'omnM)ns  were  seen  to 
<letach  themselves,  on  this  <piesti«)ii,  fronj  the  nnidstiy  of  which  they 
ha«l  iteen  the  powerful  supporters.  Tin'  voice  of  Mv.  Cobden  and  that 
ol  Ml'.  l»ii"lit  were  raised   in  favor  of  the   I'nited   States.     Tin*  Ameri- 


il»i>'! 


di'vttii--;  iralmnl  pinlrr  (If  la  const iiii-t ion  d.'s  iKiviifs  .ft  ties  circonstiinci-M  an  iiiilit'ii 
(lfs(|iirllrs  .('s  coiistnictioiis  iMii'ciil  lii'ii.  I^c  fait,  ell  fH'ft,  <lr  la  const iiicl ion  tics  viiis- 
Kcans.  (Ic  Icnr  arini'Mn-Mt  cl  (''(|ni|)>'nii'nt,  dc  rt-xportalion  <lcs  ariin's  lic  ;;nrrr(',  lucnd 
nn  as|ii  (  I  ilillV-rcnl.  sdon  Ics  ciiconstiinccs  dcs  temps,  ilcs  |ifi'sonncs  ct  tics  lirnx  oil  il 
H'acconuilit.  Si  ic  ;ron vciiicincnl  snr  Ic  tciritoiio  <ln(|ncl  ic  tail  ki-  passe  a  connai^sancc 
(fiin  I'lat  <lc  ciioscs  permanent,  anipiel  vienne  si>  rattaclicr  nne.]>i'<ilial)ilili'  iiiai'i|nee 
(pie  <le  seinlilal>les  constrnclions,  arnu'ments  ef  ex  port  at  ions  se  I'asscnt  dans  Ic  Init  dc 
.scivir  aii\  piojet.s  d'lin  Itclliui'iant,  le  dexiiir  dc  snrvcillancc  de  la  jiart  dc  cc  ;;(»nverne- 
inent  (lev  icMl  pins  ('tciidn  el  plus  pi'cssant. 

I.e  non\ I'l nement  lii'itanni(|ne  <''tait  pleinement  infornn''  (luc  les  (■(»iif(Ml(^i'f's  anii-ri- 
eains  (III  Slid  avaieiit  ('talili  en  .Vnelfteriv  comnie  mi(>  siieciii-siilc  dc,  leiirs  nioy«>iis 
d'alta(|iic  el  de  d(''l'ense  vis-avis  dcs  Mtals-l'iiis.  I'll  ei>iiiit(^  de  rcpri'-scnlaiils  dii  ^roii- 
verncinent  dc  It'ieliniDiid  a\ait  (''ti'etaMi  a  Londrcs,  et  :l  s'('-tail  mis  en  rapporl  avce  le 
^(iiivcriicinciit  an^ilais.  I^oril  Russell  avail  re(;ii  les  d('l('';iii(''s  des  coiiriMhTes.  mais  sans 
caiacleic  oDicicl.  I, a  piciiiierc  visile  avail  en  lien  le  11  iiiai  l-'til— c"est-a-dirc.  trois 
jmirs  avaiit  la  proilamation  dc  neutralin-  de  la  rciiie  ct  (pii>^  re  Jours  .ivaiit  raniv(M-  de 
M.  Adams  a  l.oiidrcs  en  (pialil(' de  iniiiiNtrc  dcs  l.tals-l'iiis.  Ijc  ^roiivcnieiiicnt  an;;lais 
iit>pon\ait  pas  i^riionM' lion  plus  i|iie  dc  fortes  iiiais(Uis  de  comiiicrcc  mii^iiaieiit  ll^^  iii- 
(('•lelM  d(  s  coiit(^(J(''res  a  Liverpool,  villi^  tr('s-pronctne('e  dcs  Ioim  en  faveiir  dc  r.\m<'Mi(pic 
du  Slid.  II  lie  tarda  jias  a  se  pnuioncer  en  ]dciii  I'ai'lcmeiit  line  opinion  loiil  a  tail 
favoi'alile  aiix  iiiNiirj;(''s  du  siid.  I.cs  miiiistrcN  dc  sa  Ma.j('-Mt(' la  Iteinc,  ciix-im'-ines,  nc 
diMsiiiinlcrciit  point  i|n(>  dans  Iciir  iiiaiii(>n>  dti  voir  il  <>tuit  tii^s-dittieilc  i|uc  ITiiioii 
aiiit'ii"  aiiie  pill  hc  n^taldir  telle  (prellc  clait  jiiipaiaviiiit.  Alius,  cliose  (^lrany;e.  on  vit 
d«'s  ineiiilncN  les  |dus  intliieiits  dc  la  Cliaiiihrc  dcs  eoiniiimies  se  d(>taclier,  snr  ccttc 
«|iicsiioii.  (Ill  iniiiislcre.  doiit  ils  avaicnt  (''l('  «lc  jniissaiits  aiixiliaircs.  I^ii  voix  dc  M. 
Colideii  et  eullo  di^  M.  liright  ho  tiruiit  untuiulro  uii  favuur  duH  l^tittH-UnLs.     L(^H  AiiK^ri- 


OriMONS    OF    COUNT    SCLOI'IS. 


G3 


cans  oj'  tlie  Nortli  »'(>iil<l  li;iv»'  lisid  ii(t  iidvocntcs  more  dcvofiMl  to  tlioir 
cans"',  iiinl  tlu'v  <1m1  nut  fiiil  to  tjikc  iulvnntajii' ot  tlM'irjiulhoiity.  Tlu'so 
i^rcat  inovcnicnts  ot  ]>nl)li(>  opinion  in  contiaiy  iliicctions  t'oi'iii<'<l  as  it 
\v<-n>  an  atniosplicio  of  a<:'itation  wliicli  on;;iit  to  Inivc  kept  tlir  liiitish 
ministry  on  its  •^iiaid.  in  oiilcr  that  it  nii;;lit  siu-ct'ctl  in  nniintainin;^  per- 
Icctly  «Mpial  relations  with  the  two  lK'lli;;('i('nt  parties. 

li«'t  ns  lunv  tnrn  from  tln'sc  icniarks  on  tin-  tacts  to  the  consith'ratioii 
of  the  sptM-ial  hiw  of  the  <pn>stion.  in  llic  lirst  of  tlic  rnlcs  laid  down 
ill  Arlich'  \'i  of  \hv  treaty  (»f  Washin^itoii,  iiientioii  is  made  of  the  dne' 
(iilij;eiiee  to  prevent  the  liiiihliny.  e<piipment,  and  ai'ininj;  of  vessels, 
wliicli  a  ;;(>verniiient  is  hound  to  exercise,  when  it  has  ynisontihlv  (/roinKl 
to  l)eiie\e  that  this  hiiildin^.  arniiiiu',  and  e(pii|)pin<>-  are  for  the  purpose 
lit  liirnishiny  warlike  aid  to  one  of  tin'  lMllij;('rents, 

'ihe  same  words  occur  ajiain  in  the  third  ride,  wiiile  they  are  want- 
iii;i  in  the  second.  "  Why  so.'"  asked  I^ord  Cairns  in  tin'  deliate  on  the 
•r(iil\  which  to(dv  place  in  the  lioiise  of  Lords  on  the  I'Jth  .Mine  of  last 
year.  It  seems  to  ine  that  it  minht  he  answt'ied  :  l»ecaiis»'.  in  the  case 
of  the  liist  ami  third  rules  there  is  room  for  invest i^iatioiis  ot  pcisons 
mid  circnmstances  to  ascertain  tln^  facts  denonnccil,  whereas  the  secoiui 
relates  to  a  series  of  evident  facts  on  which  no  inquiry  need  he  made  as 
re;^ai<ls  cre<lil)ility. 

"  \\  hat,"  continned  the  noble  lord,  "  is  the  standard  hy  which  yon  can 
iiieasiin'  (Ine  itilijicnce  .'  Dtic  tlilijicm-e,  hy  itselt,  means  nothiiiji'.  What 
is  due  diliy<'nce  with  one  man,  with  one  power,  is  nt)t  tine  dilijicnce  witli 
aiiothei'  man,  with  a  ^^reater  power." 

I  )iie  diligence,  t  hen.  is  determined,  in  my  oi»inion.  as  I  ha  v«'  already  said, 
hy  the  relation  of  the  matter  to  the  oldi,j.;'ation  imposed  hy  law.  lint  what 
is  the  measure  ol"tlie,s(/^//V/c»/  ycason  /  It  will  iM'Inrnished  by  the  princi- 
|ilcs(»l  the  law  of  nations,  and  thecharactei'ol'  thecin-nmstances.  Ami 
liere.  not  to  leave  the  (piestion  in  ambi;;nity,  I  will  examine  some  of  tho 
lirop(»sitioiis  contained  in  the  ar^^nnient  »>f  Her  I>ritannic  Majesty's 
counsel  on  the  lirst  of  the  jtoints  mentioned  hy  the  tribunal  in  its  reso- 


J::^: 


ciiiiis  (111  nord  n<<  |iiMi\'aiciif  iivitir  il'uvocafs  ])liis  (If'snuf's  ;"i  Iciir  cause,  ft  ils  nc  miin- 
>|ii<'i'i'iil  |ias  ill-  sc  |)rr'vali)ii'  (!■■  Iriir  aiitDiili''.  ('r.s  liiaiuls  iiiiMivi-iiiriits  ili-  l'<i|iiiiiiin 
l'iililii|in'  ilaiis  (Ics  sens  djiikisi's  I'liii  a  raiiirr  t>>i'iiiaii'iit  (•imiiiir  line  aliiui.^iiliiir  il'.inita- 
tiiiii.  ijiii  ili'vait  ti'iiir  i''\'i'i)l<>  Ir  iiiiiiisti'ir  lii'ilaiiiiii|iii'.  atiii  <li'  iiitiivoir  si-  iiiaiiili'iiir 
iliiii^ilfs  i'a|)|i()rts  iiarl'aili'iiiint  rj;.;ti\  avrc  Irs  ilcnx  parliis  lii'lli);i'iiiiilfs. 

I'.issiiiiN  iiiaiiitriiaiit  ilf  ci's  ii'iiiaKiucs  siir  Ics  tiiits  a  ilcs  cDnsiilciatimis  siir  cc  (liuit 
NpM'ial.  !)aiis  la  prcinii'ic  ilcs  rc;;lr>»  ]misi>cs  i\  railiric  \'I  iln  Iraiii'  ilc  WasliiiiMtnii,  il 
rsi  |Milc  ill'  la  iliif  (til'nidiii  a  ciiipcclici'  Ics  cinistnicliims,  r'i|iii|)ciiiciits  cl  ai  iiiiiiii'iits 
ill'  \ai>scaiix  iin'iin  ^niivcriicinciit  est  tciin  ilc  iIi'iiIdsit  i|naiiil  il  a  \\n  "  nii-^aiKihlr 
ijnmiui"  «lc  criiirc  (|uc  ccs  cmistriictioiis,  arnicniiiits  it  I'liiiiitcnicnts  out  iiiuir  olijct 
il'iiiilcr,  pinir  I'lisajjc  At-  la  j;iicrrc.  nii  ilcs  liclli^ir-raiits. 

I.cs  iiiciiics  nulls  sc  ictriMivciit  ilaiisla  tioisicinc  ri';;lc ;  lis  iiiaiii|iiciit  ilaiihia  sccniiilc. 
"  l'iiai'<|ii(ii  cda  /"  ilciiianilait  l.oul  Cairns  ilaiiN  la  iliscii.s.sioii  siir  li'  traitc  mimMi.  i|iii  cut 
Hill  ilaiiH  la  Cliaiiilirc  ilc   pairs   Ic   l*i  Jiiiii  dc  1  aiiiicc  ilciiiicic.     II   iiic  sciiililc  i|n'iiii 


Imiirrait  rcpoiiilrc  :  c  est  pai  :-c  niic  ilaiis  Icscasdcia  pieiiiieie  i 


•t  lie  la   ti 


DIslcme 


lejjU 


il  V  a  lieu  il  lies  iiivcsti<;at ions  dc   pcrsdiincs  el    ile  clmses  )MMir  ccrtilier  Ics  tails 
iTiiiiiiies,  an  lieu  ipic  la  secoiule  sc  rapportc  i\  niic  si'tIc  iIc  tails  cvideiits,  siir  leM|ucls  il 
ii'y  a  |ias  dc  rcdicielics  i\  tairc  en  inatiere  de  ciediliilite. 

"(^ncl  est  tloiic  rctaliiii.'  ])(inrsnivait  a  dire  Ic  nolde  lord,  '•d'apres  le(|iicl  voiis 
iHiiivc/  iiicsnrcr  la  dii*'  itUiijiuw  ?  line  diliyi'iicc,  U  vWf  seulc,  ne  sif^nilic  rien.  (,'c  ipii 
cnI  iliir  dilii/ciirf  avcc  td  honiinc  ct  tel  ^ouvci'iiciiicnt  iic  Test  plus  avcc  tcl  autre 
lioniiiic,  td  autre  ^iiuvcrncniciit  pins  puissant  " 


l.a  (liii  (lilijiiiiif  sc  dctcrniim'  done,  a  niou  avis,  ainsi  que  Jc  I'ai  <lcj;\  dit,  par  Ic  ran- 
IMirl  lies  elidscs  avcc  riihli^atioii  iniposcc  jiiir  1»'  droit.  Mais  quelle  est  la  incNiiri'  dc  la 
rdi.siin  Miiffiiiaiitcf  C'c  soiit  Ics  priiicipt-s  dii  «lroit  dcs  j;cns  ct  la  qiialiti'  dcs  circniistaiiccH 
ijiii  nuns  la  doiincruut.  Kt  ici,  pour  iic  pas  rcstcr  daiislc  va^iitsj'cxaininerai  queli|ucH- 
iiMi's  lies  proiiositious  contcniics  dans  rarginiicnt  du  conscil  de  sa  Majesto  liritaiiniquu 
.xnr  Ic  premier  di>H  puhitH  iiidiqiK^H  pur  Iv  tribunal  dans  mm  arrct<6  du  '^4  juilict.    Ju  uo 


HI '  1 1 


64 


AIMUTUATION    AT   GKNKVA. 


I  .' 


■■V 


<    ■   \ 


!i:i 


Intion  of  tlic  L'ltli  .Inly.  I  will  lio  {•nidc*!  by  my  own  views  only,  while 
ivndt'riiiy'  t;.(l  Justice  to  tlir  siiitlU'ty  of  rciisoniii;;,  iiiid  to  tli«'  wcultli  oi' 
U'iivnin};  <iis|iliiyi>(i  by  t lie  illiistiions  iulvocatt^  who  has  drawn  np  this 
docnnicnU  woithy  of  hcin;;  placed  in  the  same  rank  with  the  e(|ually 
nMiiarkahle  papers  whi<-h  havt^  emanated  from  the  [ten  of  the  counsel  oi 
the  Anu'rican  (iovei'nm<>nt. 

I  read,  at  pa<;e  4  of  this  arj,'nnnMit,  that  the  ease  of  a  vessel  whicli 
leaves  the  neutral  country  iiuaruu'd  is  entirely  <lill'ei'ent  from  that  of  an 
armed  vessel,  sold  to  a  helli^ierent  with'ii  neutral  territory,  which  leaves 
that  teiritory  fully  capal)le  of  olfense  and  defense,  under  the  control  <it 
the  Ix'lli^icreut  purcliaser;  that  dej»arturc  of  the  former  vessel  is  no 
op<'ration  of  war  ;  that  she  is  y;uilty  of  no  v.<)lation  of  t«'rritory,  of  Un 
hostile  act. 

It  seems  to  me   that,  when   a  v*'ssel   has  been   built  and  titted  out  for 
war,  there  are  stronj;'  icasons  for  believing  that  it  has  been   purchased 
for  the  service  of  a   bellijicrent,  and   that   it   will  suddenly  yo  to  se;i. 
There  are  sli(my"  j^iounds  foi-  supposing'  that,  at  a  short  disiance  from 
the  territorial  waters,  arms  and  mnniti(»ns  will   i>e  broujuht  to  that  ves 
sel,  litlinji's  mad<'  to  measure.     It  is  exactly  the  case,  to  use  an  expres 
sion  of  iSir  lvound(>ll  Palmer,  as  i-eported  in  his  s|»eech  in   the  House  oi 
('(unnions  on  the  l.Jth  May,  l.S(»I.  to  act  niton  susiH'cion,  or  npon  monil  In 
lic/tinin(ilHi/iin<lNnspi(ion.     The  fraud  is  tooeasily  |ierpetrate(l  not  to  bf 
l»r<'sumed  u|>on  its  lace.     All   that   is  necessary  to  complete   it    is  that 
arms  and  en^iines  of  war  (»f  every  kind  sluadtl  be  shipp«'d  on   board  a 
vessel  strictly  mercantile,  and  that  this  vessel  should  meet  the  (ttiier  on 
the  hiiih  seas,  or  in  neutral  waters  ditlerent  from  those  of  the  tenitois 
front  which  she  oii^iually  staite(l.     It  is  the  story  of  the  Prince  Alfred, 
the  Laurel,  th<>  Alar,  th(>  A;>'iippina,  and  the   liahama,  of  all  th(>scconi 
binations.  which  cannot,  in  my  opinion,  in  any  way  diminish  the  respoii 
sibilit.s    incurred    by  (he   Alabama,  the   Klorida,  the   Shenandoah,  tli( 
<ie(»rjiia,  •.Vc. 

These  i'vasions  by  fra.iiinents.  this  complication  of  ditft'rent   forms  of 
action   with  one  identical  object,  shonhl  not  mislead  the  mind  of  the 


jiK-  l;ii>M'iiii  jiiiitlci'  <iiu'  \\tiy  iiicm  proprcs  vucs,  lout  fii  r<-iHliiiit  iilcinc  ot  ciiliiTr  justice 
;'l  i:i  liiifssc  do  nlisrlA  .'it  ions  rt  il  la  rirlicssc  dc  l:i  doctrilM;  <!»'  rillllstl'f  jlll'iscttiisllllf 
ii'dacli'iir  <lc  I'cllc  iiii'cc  (iiyiic  (iV'lic  iiiisc  .siir  iiiic  iiK'nic  li;;iic  avcc  Ics  aiilrcs  fjiiilc- 
iiioin  i('iiian|iialili'.s  sdrtics  lU-  la  |diiiiir  dfs  citiiscils  dii  ;'(Mi\<'rin'iii('iit  ain<-i'i<'aiii. 

.Jc  lis,  ;\  la  |ia;;i'  I  di' eel  ar^MiiiK'iit,  (|ii('  Ir  <'a.s  d'lni  iiavirc  qui  (jiiittc  If  pays  iiciitic 
Kiiiis  aiiiii'iiK-iit  <'st  toiil  a  fail  dili'init  ilu  cas  d'liii  iia\  in-  <(iii,  ariiif  cii  ji;iicrr<',  vi-ndii  a 
nil  l'(  llifi'iaiil  sur  Ic  tcrritoiir  nciilrt'  ct  cii  <''ial  d°atla<|ni-i'  ct  <le  s<'  d<'lciidn'.  (|iii(t<'  cc 
IciTiliiiii'  suns  I'aiitoi'ili'  dc  rarlicti'iir  liclliii<'Tfiil.  i]m'  sou  drpait  iTi'st  en  aiicmic 
I'avoii  iKM' op<'i'alioii  dc  ;;hcitc  ;  niTil  ii'csi  coiipaldc  d'auciiiic  vicdatimi  <lu  Icrriloirc 
Iiclltic,  lii  d'allcilli  acic  liosldc. 

Il  iiic  paiait  (|iic  l()i's()irnii  vaisscau  a  cti'-  coiisdiiit  ct  prcjiarc  pour  la  niicrrc,  (pril 
y  a  dc  Cortes  laisoiis  dcM'ioiic  i|ii"il  est  aclicti'  poiif  le  <'oiiiptc  il'tm  iK'lliiii'i'anl  ct  i|u'il 
va  soiMlain  prendre  la  iiicr.  II  y  a  liicii  dc.s  inolit'sdc  siipposcr  (pi'a  pcii  dc  ilislaiicc  <les 
^'•,ll\^s.  Icrritorialcs  on  apportera  a  cc  vaissean  dcs  amies  ct  ilcs  nuiiiit  ions,  dcs  vctcniiMits 
a  sa  laillc.  ("est  liien  li'  cas  dc  sc  scrv  ir  d'nnc  plirasc  dc  Sir  Koiiiidcll  I'alnicr — '•  lo  acl 
iipini  siiNiiii-i(ni,  or  iijiiiii  iiiiinil  in  lirj  i/oint/  Ihi/oiiii  xusiiivioii^' — (lu'oii  lit  dans  son  disconrs  a 
la  C'lianilnc  dcs  conununcs  Ic  |:t  .\lai  I'^ti-t.  ba  t'rande  est  trop  facile  pour  ipi't'llit  lie 
«loivc  pasctre  i»i<snin('i',  Ilsniliradc  cliaij^crsnr  iin  vaissean,  stnetenieiit  <le  coniniert*', 
<lcs  arnn-s  ct  dcf*  cn<;'ins  d<'  {iueiic  dv  Unitv  .sort«'.  ct  (pic  fc  vaissean  r«'Joij;ne  Ic  ]ireini<>r 
<ui  liantc  nicr,  on  dans  des  canx  in-ntrcs  ditlcrenics  dc  eelles  dii  territoire  priinilif  d'oii 
il  est  pal  li,  ponr  ipn- Ic  tonr  soil  tail.  C'cst  I'liiMtoire  dn  I'rinec  Allre<l,  dn  i^anrd,  dc 
I'Af^rippina,  ct  *ln  Paliania— dc  tonics  ees  eoiiiUinaisons  qni  ne  pourraient,  a  nioii  avis, 
diiniiincr  en  ricn  la  r<>spoiisaiiilitc  <priiiiraioiit  utietxiruc  I'Alabuuiu,  lu  Floridu,  le  8hv- 
iiandoali,  le  (M-oi^iia,  «.Ve. 

C'es  (Evasions  par  lra;;inciits,  ectte  <((nipliealion  de  foriiios  d'actioiiditVerentes,  daiiHiin 
iiit<^rct  idenlii|uc,  iii;  duivent  point  lonivoycr  ToHprit  dii  jii^u.     IJu  vaissean  tout  pr('- 


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I' 


jiidm'.  A  \('ss('l.  t  linroiij^llly  titled  out  loi-  \v;ii.  1  :i\t's  the  siioirs  ii|miii 
wliicli  it  li;!s  liccii  liiiill  wiliioiil  icccIn  in;;-  its  .iiiuiiincni  :  ,\  siinidc  iiici' 
(•li;irit\('sscl  is  (•li;ir;.ii'tl  willi  llic  tiaiispoi  I  ul'  its  iiriiiiUin'iit :  tiic  |»l;icf 
of  iiuMMiii.u  i^  lix<'<l,  iliiil  tlM'i'c  the  ;iriiim;i'  ol  llic  m-sscI  is  coiiiidclcd. 
Tilt'  )rifl<  is  ddiic.  r.iit  I  lie  Jiidu;'*'  ciniiiot  allow  liis  i'imsoii  and  coii.-ririiiT 
III  l»c  led  asl  i.i\  liy  siicli  st  rataufiiis.  On  tlic  contrary,  tlic  niaiicuvcr 
will  onl\  dcnionsli'iitc  nioi't'  ciciulx  tlic  criminality  of  both  vessels. 

1  return,  (lien,  to  what  was  said  i>y  Sii'  K'oltcrl  Peel  in  a  nienioraltle 
speecli  delivered  in  llie  i  louse  of  Coiniiions  on  I  he  U^l  li  Apiil,  isio.  ■•  If 
tlie  tioops  were  on  hoaitl  one  vessel  iiliil  tlieii'  ai'iiis  in  anojher.  did  thai 
make  any  dilVereiice  .""  and  1  do  not  liesitate  to  say  thai  if  llie  vessel 
was  ill  led  out  for  war  and  read>'  t  )  receive  hep  , inn ■nis-ii! .  and  her  arms 
were  on  hoard  .mother  vessel,  ii  made  no  difference. 

I  conless  that  i  do  not  (|iiite  iimlersiaiid  liie  true  nieanin;j ol  what  I 
rcail  at  pa^e!!:  "•  Willi  rrsjxrf  ti>  the  tliif  i  i:li ><"  (those  laid  down  hy 
Aiticle  VI  (d'  the  treaty  of  W'ashinu'lon.)  '■ //  h  impovtidit  to  ohsrrrf  Hint 
nil  one  of  tliciii  jtrcti  mis  llml  It  is  tlir  ilutii  of  a  iirrtril  (i:>rt  niiiinif  to  prcniit, 
inulcr  ((II  (■(rc((iiist((iic(s  irlidtcrcr,  tlic  ((rt.s  <((/(( Inst  irhicli  tlicfi  t(n-  diicrtcil." 
If  such  is  not  the  <luty  id'  a  titivernment,  the  cases  iii  which  il  is  neces 
sary  to  ol)ser\  (' lliem..  and  those  in  which  it  is  not,  shonhl  lia\e  lici  n 
specilied.  The  intention  of  inakiiii:;'  .ueiieral  the  oi)servance  ol'  these 
rules  seems  to  me  to  he  explicit.  Tlie  solemn  words,  '•  k  iicKlxd  (loiuru- 
limit  is  hoKiiil,"  and  the  linal  clause  (d'  this  article,  not  less  solemn,  that 
the  !iii;h  ('(uiti  act  illy'  parties  enuan'c  not  only  to  observe  these  rules  as 
Itelweeii  themseh  es,  lor  I  he  future,  hnt  also  to  hrili,u'  lliein  toihe  kiiowl- 
e(l;i;e  of  oilier  maiitime  powers,  and  to  invite  lliein  lo  accede  lo  them, 
|>ro\  e  this  inc(mti'o\  ert  iiily. 

How.  i  hen,  can  we  snpp(»se  that  lliere  exist  cii  ciim->lances.  luveseeii 
and  adinilled  l)y  the  hiuh  contriieliiii:'  parlies,  in  wlii(di  these  rules  aie 
Jiol  old i;na lory,  unless  such  <'ircnmsiances  are  expressly  men;ioie  <l  .' 

ITidon'otedly  it  is  necessary  ihat  a  case  for  liie  aoplicaljoii  of  these 
rides  should  be  iii;i(h'  out    re;;iilarl\ ,  and    liascd   on   snliiciei,l    ^roiimls; 


pun'  iiKiM  1.1  ^iinirc  (|uillr,  sans  rcccviiir  son  iiiiiii'iin'iil,  Ifs  pliijics  mu' Icsinicliis  11  a 
I'll'  I'oiisiniii:  im  \ai.-»i-iiii  l<iut  siinjilt'inrnl  (if  rtinuni'icr  .sf  clno'jic  dc  Iraiisixirtii' 
I'annt'nrnt  :  if  hrn  tin  niiilf/.-vonx  csi  lixi  .  la  sc  I'oniiilrfc  raniii'inrnt  en  i^niTic  (in 
\ai.--s('au.  I,r  iiiin  f.-.i  tail.  .Mais  la  raison  d  la  cunscichfr  dn  Jnur  he  iicnvml  m'  laissiT 
liirndn-  il  res  rnst's,  ISicii  an  roinrairr,  w  niaiii'^^t'  nc  scrv  iia  ((iTa  inii'nx  la  ire  rcssoil  ir 
la  I  !il|iaUilil('  (lis  ilciix  vaissranx. 

.I'l'n  ii'\  i(  IIS  (hnic  a  (■(' (jnc  (lisait  Sii  l.'uhcit  I'lil  (i'lis  nii  nniiinralili'  liiM'nui.-;  |»rii- 
iKinri'  ii  la  ( 'iiaiuliic  dc-;  (nnmniiii's  Ic  -J--  a\iil  I'-iiH;  "Si  Ics  I  mniics  (  liiirui  snr  iin 
\:Ms>i'aii  ct  Ics  iiniics  sni'  nii  ani  ir,  cclii  lais;iil-il  iini'  diriV't-cncc  .'"  la  ,)i'  n'lii'sitc  |iiiini 
iiliii'.si  li'  viii^.-cau  i-lait  a|i|iar(ill<'  iioiii'  la  ;;ui'nr  el  pn  t  li  ifcc.  i.ir  riUiin  incni.  i! 
lis  an  lies  I'tiiirnt  sni  nii  aiil  ic  iiii\  ire,  crla  in'  I'aisaji  aui'nnc  difiri  rnii'. 

■I'av  line  (|ni'  Jr  iic  nu'  lends  piis  liicii  cnniiilc  ili'  hi  \<'i  iliihlc  iiurtic  di-  cc  (iiic  jc  lis  a 
la  j'.ii;;''  (i .  ■'  I'mtr  <■<  ijni  iniicmif  rn<  imi:.  i-iijlir^,"  ^ci'lli's  (  inl)lirs  \\,\v  I'artiili'  \\  K\n 
Iraili'  (If  W'asliiii^ltni, )  "  (/  ci/  'imi>iir(niil  ih  ii  imiiiii'i  r  ijii'iiiiinnc  it'illi-i  /ic  y(r<7(i((/  (iii'il  mk/ 
(//(  ilrroir  (t'loi  j/oiiiiriK  nil  III  iiiiilri:  il'i  mfivihi  i\  iltiiis  luiis  lis  cum,  Im  iiilcs  nmlir  lixijiiih  illm 
loiit  mliijiJi/<."  Si  icl  ii"csl  pas  1(>  devoir  d'nii  fiouvcniciiiciit,  on  iiiii;iii  dii  spt'cilicr  Icn 
IMS  oil  il  (''tait  iiccrssiiirc  dc  1(*m  (disci'vt^r  I't  ccnx  oil  il  iic  I'l'lait  pas.  l/inti'iitinn  *\v 
;4i'iii'nilis('r  rohsiTvaiici^  dc  ccs  r(';;li's  iiic  parait  ronncllc.  Lcs  mots  sidciiiicls — "  «  iitii- 
liid  ijitviviiiiuiil  !■•<  Iioiiiiil" — cl  la  clause  liiiaic  dc  eel  artii'lc.  mni  nioins  sidciinclle,  (pie 
lis  lianies  piirlies  coiiti'iictantcs  s'cnuiinciil,  iion-scnlciii 'ill  ;i  oliscrs  cr  ecs  ic^^lcs  eiitic 
I'llcs  dans  ravcnii',  niais  encore  ii  Ics  jiorlci'  a  lii  coimiiissanccdes  anlns  pniw8iuu;i«*  inuy- 
tiiiicsct  ;i  Ics  iiuitcra  y  iicc('(lcr,  le  proiivent  a  ri-vidciiee. 

('oimiiciit  done  pininions-iunis  sii|)posei'  ipi'il  exisl(!  dcs  eireonstaiiecs  ]ir<''vnes  ct 
iivoni'cs  |iar  les  liiintes  parties  cinilractiinies  oil  (.'cs  rc<;les  n'olilijieiil  pii>,  siiiis  ((ii'oii 
I'll  ait  I'ait  inentioii  expre.'-se  ? 

Certcs,  il  I'liiit  ([lie  le  cas  (I'jipplifution  do  cos  rcijlet*  suit  dotcrmino  n-giiliiveinout  ot 

5  B 


ik; 


AinUTIJA  I'lnN     \l     (iKNK.V\. 


<i.l ' 


hut  wlicii  tliis  is  rstiiMislMMl,  tlic  nilfs  must  linvf  lull  :iiitl   iiiifestiiiti  i| 

o|icriltinii. 

Tlicsc  riih'S,  iiccnidiiiy  to  tlic  miiiiiici'  In  wliicli  ilicv  iirc  hiid  down, 
coiisl  itiitc  nil  <il)li<;;it  11)11  liiisfil  nil  tlic  •/ciiciiil  hiw  ol  ii:itiuiis,  and  n 
would  he  to  cliiiii^'t'  their  liiitiirc,  todi-sirox  tln-ir  cllcct  roinplctt'iy,  In 
admit,  as  is  roiitciidcd  in  the  ar.uiimt'iil  of  i  Icr  jirilaniiic  !MaJcsl  v's  coiin 
scl,  that  the  iiicasiirc  of  (III)' dilin»'i!cr  |(»  lie  csficisfd  mii>l  hi'  diiiw  n 
from  the  viile^  and  pi  iiieiph's  of  Icuislalioii  peculiar  to  imcIi  of  the  roii 
tractiii;^  parties;  that  islosav.  thai  the  neiierality  and  lireadlh  of  the 
ride  ma>   he  limited  l),\  the  miiiiieipal  law. 

No,  assuredly,  siieh  eoiild  not  have  heeii  the  intention  of  the  iii.uii 
eoiitraeliiiu'  parlies  in  franiin;.;-  llie  sixth  aitiele.  l'jiL;laiid  has  deelareil. 
il  is  true,  thai  she  <'ould  iiol  assent  to  the  tore^oin^  rules  as  a  staleiiieni 
of  principles  ol'  iiiternational  law  which  were  in  fore*-  at  I  he  linie  when 
the  claims  mentioned  in  Articl'-  I  ar.tse:  this  is  a  simpl.'  retiiopeelivf 
tjUestioii  of  the  sense  and  interpretation  of  the  law.  iSut  Iroiii  thi' 
moment  when  I'lnyland,  w  il  h  the  view  ol  sticiiwtheniny  the  Crieiidls 
r<'lalii>iis  iH'tweeii  the  two  eoiiiiliies.  ami  of  makiiiu'  satisfactory  pro\  is 
ion  for  the  Iriliire,  e(Uisenls  that  these  rules  sleiidd  he  hiiidin;;-  for  tin- 
past  also.  >he  iiiiisl  consider  tliein  as  |)ro\  isioiis  of  the  ^eiieial  luw  nj 
nations.  coii\»'!ilional,  if  yon  ph-ase.  luit  superior  to  an>  provision  oi 
municipal  hiw.  It  is  not.  in  my  opinion,  in  strtiin  the  natui'e  of  interna 
tionai  law ,  to  rc(|uire  that  it  shoititi  he  applied  without  uny  admixture 
of  political  interesls  h\  the  powers  who  lia\e  acceptc<|  it.  I  ayrce  thai 
wccaniioi  re«piiie  t  he  exeeiil  iim  of  what  is  aclmilly  iin|ios.sihle.  Thiii 
is  a  ease  of  <oiii rolling'  force:  ail  iiiijxissihilv  ni'itio  tnirtiir,  Ihit  I  rj'fusc 
to  reco.;iii/e  the  jxililli-dl  //(//;.*.v.s//»//''(/ ap|)ealed  to  in  the  ariiUlneiit  of 
Her  I'liilaiiiHc  .Majest\"s  c«uinsi'l.  Ndtliinii'  can  he  more  elastic  than 
these  woifis:  il  woiihl  ite  lo  altandoii  this  vital  part  of  the  treaty  to  the 
ciirieiils  ^A'  temporary  iiileiests,  of  the  accidents  of  the  immieiit.  Il 
wdiihl  he  said:  ^'cs.  I  cimseiited  to  lay  down  the  rule,  hut  I  ha\e  im! 
!he  means  of  carry  in;.;'  it  out  ;  so  much  the  worse  lor  I  lie  rule. 


iii 


•ivi'i-  lair  i:ii-on   ^ullisMnO':  iii;iis.  cil.i    |mi>c.  lis  ii  ^I.'h  (l(ii\ciit   ii]i(i(r  (Ic  |»lciii  (lidii. 
I'l  siin.s  jiurnnc  ri'sliictioii. 

('is  I'culi'S,  ill-  lil  fiiriill  ilitlU  I'llcs  sDiil  itahiii'S.  ('iiiisl  il  i|i-nl  ilin-  ii1ili<;atioll  l'oil(l<''('  MM 
If  tlioil  ilrs  Willis  ^I'hiTal  :  <■!  ri-  sciail  rii  rlianiifi' la  nal  me,  rn  (ifliniri' riiiiii>!i't(  iiiriii 
rrllrt  (|l!f  <l":iillli(I  I  IT.  ilili.si  i|nr  Ic  Mimlr.'lil  Wiri/ii  infill  <lli  <(iliM>il  (ic  s;i  .Miijislc  hiilaii 
iiii|iit',  (|iii'  III  ini'siiir  ili's  lints  ililiiiiiiris  a  riii|iiii\  i-r,  il  I'miu  la  di'iivrr  dcs  limit's  it 
•  Il  .■'  i)riiii'i|ir>  ill'  la  II  i;islal  inn  inoinc  a  cliacnui' ili's  jiail  ii's  cDntiai'taMtt's — c'csta-diii- 
unr  la  LiiMiiialiti' Il    la  ^iianili  iir  ili-   la   ii  i;li'  pnin  i  i«nt  I'l  ir   sDniiiisrs  n  (Irs  liiiiitatiDii-- 


(■'laliti'  I'l    li 
|iar  la  Im  iiinni('i|>ali' 


\(.i 


I.    |iiini'    ^'lll'.    Il 


h'a   iMi   I'ti'f    riMlcntion  ilt's    liaiiii 


pai'tii's    ('(inlrarlaiili's   en 


ii-!li;;raMl  Tailicli'  \'l.  l.'Ant;li'trri«'  a  ili-claii'.  il  est  \  lai,  iiii'i'llr  n'mti'mlail  iioint  ail 
nu'llri"  ijin-  Ifs  iculi's  pn'ritci's  mssnii  li-  r.-iractrcf  i\f  priaripi's  ({<•  (Imit  iiUi'rnalioti.il 
I'M  vi;;iiciir  a  ri'iMii|iii' 111!  Ii's  it'claniiU inns  cnDin'i'cs  a  rarlidi'  I  dii  traiti  piiicnt  nai« 
sani'c;  c'cst  la  nii-.'  simple  i|ii)>sti(iii  irtrospcclivc  (I'intcllijirnci'  ct  <riiiti'rpii''tat inn 
(Ic  droit.     .Mais  dii  iminicul   ipw  rAiijilctci  ic,  cii  vuo  dc  raltcrniir  Ics  rapports  d'ainiiii' 


lire    lis   dciix 


nalions   ii 


d.'  r 


pourvoir  (riinc  mann'ic   s.'itislaisaiitc    anx    cxi^i'in 


iivcnir,  ciinscni   a   cc  i|nc   ccs 


rc'ilcs  f 


tssciit   aiUonlc,  nicnic   punr   Ic   iiassi- 


doit    Ics  considi'nr  coninic  di's  dispositions  dc  dntil  dcs  trcns  ;ni  nigral,  t'onvcntioimcl  -i 


on  M'Ut.  niais  siip 


'ricnr  a  lo.Uc  ili' 


)ositi(ni   dc  droit   iiiiniiripal.     < 'c   n'cst  pas,  a  nin 

ati'j 


a\i«.  niiliir  la  naliiic  dn  droit  dcs  ;i;,.||,s  ,mc  d'cxi^cr  ipi'll  soil  appliiini' sans  iiicl 
d'iiilcrct  ]iolitiinii'  p.ir  Ics  puissances  i|ni  font  acccpti  ,  ,lc  snis  d'aci'in'd  i|n'oii  ai- 
piiissc  pas  dcinandcr  (|n"oa  execute  i!cs  choscs  iik/io'iV/i //oii/  iiniiDxsihli  s ;  c'csl  le  cas  ili' 
la  I'orce  luajeurc;  ml  inifionHiiiili  1111,111  liiuhtr.  Mais  jc  nu'  refuse  a  rcionn.-ntrc  VirniiK'-  1 
liililr  iiiililiiiiit  inv(ii|ucc  dans  Vnriiiiiiii  iil  dw  conscil  dc  sa  Majesir'  l)ritannii|ue.  Ki'  n 
ii"csl  pins  clasti(|in' i|ne  CCS  mots;  ee  serai  I  li\  rei  rcxi'cntion  dc  cctle  parlie  viiale  dn 
iraite  anx  conrants  des  inli-icis  leniporairc.s,  des  aei  ideiUs  dn  nionuMU.  Ondir.iii 
li>ui.  J'ai  consenfi  a  poser  la  icule.  inais  Ins  inoyeiis  d'y  mitisfiiir«  mo  iiiaii<iuoiit  ;  lain 
pis  pmir  la  re;;le. 


(H'lMONS    (U     (  ol  \  I     X  l.oris. 


♦  !< 


I  iitid,  in  cniicliisidii.  Hint  tlicic  is  no  <:ri>iiii<1  to  I'ciii'  licit  tin*  :i|)|)Ii<'ii 
tinii  of  these  lilies  eiiii  ;;(»  so  liir  j|s  tti  \  iohile  the  plilieiph's  oil  \\iii(  d 
iiiitioliill  };o\«'rilllH'llts  rest.  'I'he  iiiiliiie  of  the  eiiyiljieiiielil  Woes  iiol 
n;icli  thiit  point.  It  is  \cr,v  |Missil)h'  Ihiit  t  iieir  ;i|>|ili(;ilioii  iiiii\  soiiit 
times  eiiihiii  Tiiss  jl^on  ('niiiieiits  in  Iheir  political  eoiidiiel  :  but  it  wil' 
irioi'c  often  prevent  disoidel  s  eapalile  oi  leadilij;  to  liiisfoilnnes  wliieh 
eollld  !iot   l>e  siinieielitiv  deplored. 

'i'lie  rides  of  the  sixth  arti(deof  t  lie  treat  v  of  W'ashiiiyloii  are  des- 
tined to  heeoiiie  principles  of  iiiiiv<'rsal  law  for  the>inaiiitenance  (d'  lu'u 
lialilv.  The  \erv  text  of  the  treaty  sa\s  so.  and  Mr.  (lladsiniie  and 
Lord  (iran\ille  liaxc  al\va.\s,  and  with  reason,  insisted  on  this  prospe*  l 
i\e  Iteiielil  to  eivili /a! ion.  In  order  to  reali/i-  it,  the  sexcral  ,il;'o\  evn- 
incuts  11111.--'  take  measures  to  olitain  tilting'  powers  for  the  e\eeiiti<»ii  o' 
the  law.  As  rej^ards  the  past,  there  lia\e  lieeii  ;;real  <liscre|)aiicies  oii 
this  point  in  the  le^^i-datioii  of  dillereiit  nations,  ,'1'he  rniled  States, 
with  their  district  at  toiiievs,  their  marshals,  and  or;;ani/ed  pidice  otli- 
rcis,  were  lietler  assisted  til  ill  i'liiulaiid  was,  with  its  eiistoins  and 
excise  ollieers  only.  I  do  not  doiiht  that  these  \iewswilliie  ree<'l\cd, 
il  the  treaty  of  WashiiiLilon  is  to  he  carried  out  in  earnest,  and  it  woiihl 
ilea  ;;reat  niislorl  line  il  it  were  not. 

I  do  not  think  it  is  ai»soliitely  necessary  tbrour  purpose  to  discuss 
tlic  (d»sers  alions  which  ha\e  iteeii  made  respectinu  dilVereiit  ipiotations 
fioiii  the  woik  of  Sir  llohert  j'hilliniorc.  nor  to  (Iwt'll  on  the  (-(Hiipaia- 
ti\  c  study  of  the  legislations  of  Amci  ica  ami  I'. upland  in  mat  teis  (»l  iieie 
trality.  I'his  may  he  more  iisej'iil  when  franiin>;'  reunlatioiis  to  lie  made 
ill  iHirsiiance  of  Article  \'l  of  the  treaty. 

It  is  to  lie  hopi'd  that  this  process  of  reetifyin.u' <M' siipplemeiitini;  the 
precautions  to  he  taken  in  order  to  insure  the  execution  ol  the  treaty 
111  its  full  extent  will  not  he  delayed. 

We  ha\('  witnessed  the  anxiety  oi  I'ai.uland  to  modify  her  iieiiiialjiy 
laws  on  the  IneakiiijH"  out  of  i  he  war  in  IS70  helwc  ii  l-'iance  and  (ler 
iiianv. 


.I'MiniUi'.  |i(iiir  111  liiiir.  i|iril  \\'\  a  pa^  :i  rraiiiih''  i|iic  I':i|i|i1ii':itiiiii  ilc  crs  i-cyjrt 
|iiii>sc  aniv  IT  an  iMiinl  <if  \  lolii-  Ics  ])riiici|ics  siir  |fsi|iii'ls  ic|miscii|  Irs  ;;iiii\)'riiriii('iiN 
iiaticiiiaiix.  I,a  iiatiiri' (Ic  l'cii;;aniiiii'iit  iii'  va  pas  |ii>i|iic  la.  II  est  t  ics-|iiissil)lc  (|Hf 
<'iiti'  a|i|ili<'ati<iii  i;i'ii('  i|iU'li|iic'rnis  Irs  •;iiii\  I'l'iiriiiciits  ilaiis  I  I'M  I'  t'(  111(1  II  ill-  |ii<iil  ii|iii'.  ma  IS 
'111'  iiii]irrlii'ra  plus  sDiivi  III  ilrs  ilcsiii'ilri's  capalilrs  di-  piiiiiiiirc  ili-s  iiiallii-iiis  i|ir<in  nr 
^.iiiiait  a.ssc/.  ilr|)liiri'r. 

I.rs  li'jilrs  tlr  l';ilti(lr  \' I  illl  Haiti'  (Ic  W'aslllli^l  nil  sunt  ilcst  illi'i'S  a  llrM'llil  <li-s 
{iiiiii'ipi's  ill'  ill  I  lit  niiiiiiiiiii  pi  III  I  la  uaiaiil  ic  ilr  la  iiriit  lalitc  l.r  li'Xtc  iiii'iiii'  Ic  ilit ,  ct 
M.  ( ilail.stiiiir  it  l.inii  liiaiixillt'  mil  liiiiiiiiiis,  rl  aver  r:iisiiii.  insisti-  .siir  cctlc  pirvi.sinii 
'I'liii  liii'iit'ait  arijiils  a  la  ri\  iiisai  imi.  I'lMir  ijiic  ccla  st-  icalisi'.  11  laiiiira  i|iir  li-s 
'lillfii'iits  ;;iiii\iiii(iiifiit.s  pii'iiiii'iil   ill's  iiicsiiri's  aliii   iravoir  Ics    niovriis  cuiiMiiaUlcs 


piiiii-  I'M'i'uli  r  la  liii 


rmir  li'  p 


V    aval 


Ills  la  lii;islal  inn  ilrs  ililli'l'i'llts  pcilp 


t    lie  liiainl 


I'M  v.'irii'trs  en  I'l'llr  inaiKif 


Lis  Klals-I    Ills,   avi'i'    Inns   tlllnincilx  t\r  iWn- 


iiiii.  hills  man  rliaiis.  nllicirrs  ilc  piilirc  mnanisi'i'.  ilaii-iii  miciix  a  «sisli's  i|nf  rAn<ilc 
I'lils  riiiplii>  I's  ill'  la  iliiiiaiii'  rt   ill'  rai'i'isi'.     .Ic  nc  ilii.'tc  pdini  i|iii'  I'lm 
"'I'xriiilicni  iln   liaili'  ili-  \\'asliiii;;tiin  <l(iil  itir   "luist^  sci  iciim); 


111  ri',  a\  re  sfs  Si 


1  iiilii'  <lan 


s  ns  \  Ilrs,  si 


'I  ii'srrait  nil  jirami  inallii'iir  ^'il  in'  I'llail  pas 

•II' priisc  ipi'll  n'rsl  point  alisulnmi'iit  iii'ci'ssairi' pnnr  iiotic  I'linli  ilt;  ilisi-iitri  Ics  oit- 
M  r\ aliiMis  i|ir«ni  a  laili's  tiincliant  (litl'i'ii'iilcs rital inns dii  livri' dr  Sir  linln'il  riiilliiiiot'c, 
iii  ill'  nuns  aircliT  siir  ritinlr  ilrs  ii-i^islatiiins  I'nmpari'i's  irAtni''rii|iii'  ct  <r.-\ii;;li'tiTrc  im( 
Ilit  ill' iit'iilralili'.  Crla  ponna  miriix  si'i'\ir  ijii  iinl  km  traxaillcra  anx  ri'^^lfinciits  a 
iiiii'  ili'pi'iiiiainiiiciil  (Ic  rai'lirlc  \' I  (In  Haiti'. 

II  I'st  a  cspcrcr  (|nc  ccltc  icrtilic'ilinii.  mi  cc  siipjiii'ini'iit  ilc  pri'caiitimi-*  a  pii-mlrc 
|"iiii  aMsni'cr  I\'X(''('ntimi  dii  Iraiti'  dans  Imilc  smi  cli'iidnc,  nc  hc  ti'ia  pmiit  alti'iiilri'. 

NiHis  a\i)ii,s  Ml  l.'i  sDlliciliidc  di-  I'Anjjictci  ic  a  mndilicr  scs  lois  sm  la  iiciitialitc.  a 
I  "iiM  rturc  (Ic  la  i;ii(iic,  (.ii  IsTU.  eiitic  la  rrancc  i^t  rAIl(!iiiaj{ii»'. 


^ 


CS 


AijniTi.'ATioN   A 1   (;r.\i:\  \. 


illil 


i-  i 


\\  liy  siiniiM  \v<>  not  hope  Col' (><|iiiil  iinxictv  now  to  rouronii  to  the  1*1 
tci'  iiiiii  spiiit  ol  tin-  tn'iit.v  ol  W  !i.s|iinyt(»ii  t 

I  coiiif  lo  III*'  :i|>|ilinilioii  of  tlir  roiisitlt-nit  itins  I  )iii\f  |int  t'oi'w  iml. 
It  n-siilis  I'loiii  (Ills,  iicciiKliii^:  to  iiiv  \i«'\\s.  ilmt  ilif  IjiuMnIi  yovcii; 
niciit  IoiiihI  ils»'If.  <lniiny  the  lirst  vcjirs  of  t  lie  uiir  of  scrcssion,  in  ili< 
iiiidst  of  4'ii'(;niiiNtiiM<M's  wliirli  <'(inl(l  not  Imt  li:i\r  :in  inllncncc,  if  iini 
dii('(-tl\  npon  ilM'lf,  ill  I*m>i  iijiom  n  |i:ii  t  ot  I  Im'  |)o|tnl.il  ion  >ni)iffl  to  tin 
III  it  i>li  ( 'low  n.  No  jio\  ci  Mini'iil  is  siilc  ii^iiiii.Nt  rntiiin  Wiivfs  (>f  |inti 
lie  o|>iiiion  wliicli  il  ciinnoi  nnislrr  :il  il>\\ill.  I  iini  far  IVoin  I  iiinkiiiL; 
tint  1  lu' iininms  ol  ilic  l-'ji^lisji  yo\  crnnKMil  \^  as  hostilr  lo  tin-  I'rtlcii! 
(io\ fi'iiniciif  (liii'iii;>'  the  wiii'. 

Vft  titric  were  j:i;i\t'  <l:inu('is  for  Ilic  I'nitcd  Stiitrs  in  (Jii'iit  Uiilaiii 
iinti  lirr  coloiiirs  wliirli  tlicrr  ut-rc  iiodinct  nii'an.N  lor  :i\  rrl  in;^.  I'-iiu 
land,  tlicri'fori'.  slionid  liav*-  lnllill<d  In-r  ihitirs  as  a  in-ntral  I),n  tin*  t>\ 
t'icisc  of  a  diliuviiic  ('<|Mal  to  the  jira\it\  of  llir  dan.m-r.  I  imtiI 
oiilv  here  r<'|Mat  a  passauc  from  a  ifport  of  tin-  law  oflifcrs  n! 
Ilcr  Uiilaimic  Majcstv.  yixi'n  in  uplv  to  a  r»'<|in'st  of  Loid  K'ns 
sell,  on  the  iLMii  J  >t'('(MilM'r.  isil,"..  SpcaKinji  •>"  •'"<'  snWjfrl  ol  tin 
<M'oi\nia.  tin-  law  ollirtis  oitM'ix  r  lliat  llif  facts  n-sidlin.u  from  tin'di'pn 
sit  ions  i«'n'i\(Ml  Jiiniisli  mlilillinnil  firnninls  to  (liosr  alrriiili/  t.iisliiiii  I'm 
sli  inifi  iciinni/iliiiiHc  to  thr  coiifcilrrtili  i/nn  nnin  nl  on  iicnnnil  of  tlif  sj/s 
tnniilii'  riol(ili(ni  tij'  lirilisli  in  iitnilitii  In/  tliiir  iijinils  in  litiH.sli  tcrriloi  if. 
Jlritisli  Appcinlix.  \ol.  i,  p.  I  to.) 

It  raniiot  he  dt-nii-d  that  iIu'It  were  mommts  when  its  \valcliliilncs> 
seemed  to  fail,  and  w  lien  lechleness  in  certain  Uianclies  of  llie  piihiii 
service  resulted  in  i;ieal  detriineiit  to  the  riiited  States.  The  con 
setpiences  ol  such  let  Idciiess  can  lie  no  other  than  a  rep, nation  l*rr  tin 
damaiics  snlfcred.  Mail  li'iissell  writes  lo  Lord  l.voiis.  ii  a  letter  of  tin 
liTlli  .March,  is(;s.  that  "he  had  said  to  Mr.  .\danis  that  the  cahiiift 
were  of  opinion  that  the  law  wassullicieiil.  lint  that  leyal  e\  ideiice  coiilil 
liotalwaxs  he  procured.  That  the  I'.ritish  ydverniiiciit  had  done  eveiv 
thili.u  in  its  power  to  execute  the  law  ;   hut    that    headiiiitlcd    that    tin 


riiMr<|iiiii  III-  pas  rspt'^rcr  <|ii'iiii  sera  I'lnincss)' aiiiiiiinl'lini  a  sr  ('iiiirni'iniT  a  la  It'llirr' 
a  ri's|iiil  (Irs  sti|iiil:iti(iiis  (II-  \\'asliiii;;liiii  .' 

.i'l'ii  viciis  a  ra|ip!iiat  ion  <li-s  i-iiii^iilti'.'itio-is  ipic  j'ai  lailis.  II  rcsiillr  a  nn-s  \nr, 
(|iii'  II'  itiHivi'iiii-iiiriil  aii;;lais  s'i-s|  Imuvi-,  piinlaai  li--^  pii'iiiii'ics  aiiin'i-s  ilr  la  ;;iirin 
ill  la  M  rrNsion,  an  inilii-M  <li-  riirniistaiii'i's  ipii  n'lnil  pii  ipiaMiir  iinr  iiilliirin'c.  si  r< 
n'l  st  liii'i  rl  inriil  SMI'  liii.  iln  inniiis  .snr  iim-  pai  i  !■'  ili-s  pupnlai  nnis  .-MiiiniiHi-^  a  la  i'iiiii'i>iiii> 
irAnnlrli'irr.  Nnl  umiv  i-iiii-iiii'iil  n'l-sl  a  TalMi  ilf  i  rilaiin-s  si  i-unsM-.s  ili-  r<ipiiiiuii  |iii- 
liliipn-.  ipi'il  n'lsl  pa>  lihri-  ili-  mail  ri-^i-r  a  >-i>ii  iivr.  .Ji-  siii>  luiii  tli-  pi-iisi-r  inn-  Viiinniii- 
(In  i;uii\  I  rni-ini'iit  aiii;lais  ail  i-lr  liostili-  piinlaiil  irltr  <;iii'i  ir  an  (i<Mi  vi-rin-ini-i\l  li 
tlcral. 

_  ('rpi-nilaiil.  il  rsi-^lait  ilr  j;ia\  ■■>  ilaii;;i-is  m  Aii^ilcici  i  r  i-t  dans  si-s  rnlmiirs  pinir  li- 
I'^.tals-I'iiis.  ijiii  ii°a\aii>iil  aiiriin  iiii>\<'ii  ilii'i-i'l  ili-  ics  ciiiijiiri'i'.  II  I'aillail  iloiir  i|ii> 
r.Vii;;li  tn  i(- mil.  a  nanli-i- li-s  ilt-vniis  ili-  l.i  in-iit ralili-,  iiin'  (liliy;i-nri-  i-i)Hi'.-.piinilaiilr  :i 
la  ;;ia\  ill' (li- I'i's  ilaii;;i-is.  II  ini-  snilil  ili-  rapprli-r  ici  iiii  pa*sai;i' irniir  cimsnllati-ii: 
(Irs  runsrilli-rs  ir-;;an\  ill- sa  Maji-sli-  l)rilaiiiiii|iii>.  (-inisr,  snr  I'iin  ilalion  di-  LkiiI  I>u>- 
.s(-ll,  II-  Iv  ili-rrinlirr  tsiilt.  i'ai'|,-iiit  ail  siiji-t  (III  (iriM-jia.  ('CM  ('iiiis(-ill(-rs  ii'isi-rvaii'iil 
(|ni-  lis  fails  I't-siiltani  di- (|i-pi>sitii)iis  ii-riirs  ••/uiniiissnirnl  ilrs  ruisiniK  it  tijniilir  a  irllt'- ijia 
iui!*liiiiiil  ill  jii  fiinir  iidnssir  ill  rin  s  riiiiniilrioiiix  mi  iiiniiiriiinniil  iniijiiliii',  it  j)Vi)i>itn  ili  ''i 
riiilaliiiii  Kiitli'iiiiiliiiiii  til  In  mnliiilili'  niiiilnisr,  inmiiiini'  pitr  «('«  iii/nils  mtr  /<■  tirrititirc  lirilun- 
nil/Ill."'     ( ApiK'iidici-  lii'itaiiiiii|iii>.  \ol.  i.  p,  141*.) 

<.>ii  IK- saniaii  iiii-r  tniitcCnis  ipi'il  v  ciil  di-s  iiinmi-iils  oil  la  riirnciir  dc  snrvcillaiii'i' 
jiaiht  faildir.  ,  Dc  la  di-s  ({(-raillaiicrs  dans  (-i-riaiiics  parlii-sdii  s(-rvi('(- piihlic,  (pii  mil 
iiiiirnr-  all  ^iraiid  drsavania;;!-  ilis  I  Jatst'nis.  el  la  coiisiipii-iK-c  di-  ci-s  dcl'aillaiiccs  iir 
pent  I'-t re  autre  (|u'imt'  n'-paratioii  di-  (liniiiiia;;(-s  sniill'i-rls.  Le  ('iniit(f  Kiissell  ('-cril  u 
1,111(1  Lyons,  dans  iiin-  li-tlri?  dii  '21  mars  l^flit,  (pi'll  "avail  (lit  a  .M.  .Vdiiiiis  (pic  h'  calii 
in-t  ('-lait  d'ltpiiiidii  iinc  hi  loi  siiHisait.  iiiais  (pi'dii  n'avait  pas  pii  toiijoiirs  app(>rt(!r  ili'< 
jin-iivcH  W-fjalcs;  (pic  1(-  jfoiivciia-iiiciit  dc  la  tiraiidu-Hicta'iiK^  avail  fail  tniif,  co  ipn 
(■lail   ell  HiHi  pDiiviiir  pour  cxcciilcr  la  loi;   iiiai.s  ipril    rci-oiiimiNHait  ((lie  Iv8  cas  ili' 


i';is<'S  t 


oi'iMoNs   oy  (((INI    SCI. oris. 


)l    the  .\l:il>iilii:i  iilid  ()icl()  wcic    ji    siiiinhil.  iiiiil 


i\\) 


III    .siiiiir   (Inirn    ii 


'/' 


iirli.  In  tlic    Mlitsli   lilW: 


Siili>('(|it('iill,v.  ill  llic  \cr,v  tiioiiiciit  wlicii  \\v  iiiiidc  the  iiiotioti  |ir:i.\  ill'*' 
ihc  (^Mircii  l(»  ictiisc  to  rat  ily  t  lie  treat  vol"  NNashiin'titii.  Ilaii  l{ii>sfll 
(•  iiiditlly  adiiiitli'il  I  liat  I  lie  ^^hiccirs  prntlaiiial  ioii  ol'  Mav  Ii,  iSdI.cii 
jditiiiiL;'  iiciilralilv  in  llic  iiiirtntiiiialc  civil  w.w  in  Nortli  .Xiiiciic:  ,  Inid 
•icviial  limes  Iteeii  |traetieall\  set  at  iiaii;;lit  <>ii  I'.iilisli  tenitorv  1>.\  llie 
ilcH  i>r  |t,ilties, 

'riie()i).>^tacles  u  liieli,  at  tlie  nniineiil  w  licii  llic  letlei  wiiicli  I  have  jiist 
(|iiut('(l  was  writ  leii,  let  ler('(|  the  action  ol'  the  liiitisli  i.in\t'riinienl.  no 
idii;.;!'!' exist.  I lianK><  t(»  t lie  lilteial  |tiinci|iles  iiii|iii.se(l  l»y  Article  \  I  ot 
llic  treaty  ol'  W  asliinulon  :  itiil  tlie  cuiisei|iietices  of  tlie  acis  w  Inch  I'.ail 
i;a>seil  so  ciiinliilly  and  so  eiier^ictically  condeniiied.  still  exist  ;  and  il  is 
III  I  lie  reparation  of  (lie>ie  damages  in  a  just  niea  sure,  and  Itased  alwa.\  s  on 
oiillicicnl  ;:roiiiids.  I  lial  I  he  decisions  ut  t  he  I  rilinnal  ol'  aihit  i  at  ion  slnxild 


li-Mil 


I  willdilali-  no  tniiher  on  tiiis  point.  As  to  the  dispusition  which 
>!i(uild  prevail  to  iiiakc  pro\  isioii  I'oi-  the  I'litiire,  I  iie<'d  only  cite  the 
llrilidi  lore!;;!! ciilisliin'iit  act.  passed  on  ihe  \)\\\  Aiii;ii>l.  is7M.  This 
,ict  sl|(l\^swhal  piojuress  has  lieen  made  in  tlir  means  lor  prcsciv  in;;' 
iiciiirality. 

The  three  rules  laii!  down  in  Arliule  \'l  of  the  treaty  appeared  to  the 
Kiiulisli  ministry  less  eiiiharrassjii'j;-  lor  the  '.;o\(  rnmeiit  than  the  act  i 
have  just  alluded  t(».  '"  There  is  iioi  one  ol'  i  hcse  rules,"  said  Lord  (li  an 
\il!c  III  Ihe  [louse  ol'  Lords  oil  Hie  iL'tii  .lime.  jSTI.  *'  which  is  not  coiii- 
|il('Ul\  coxcii'd  l»y  ttiat  act.  and  il  cm-ii  noes  I'inthcr  than  lliey  do."  'i'he 
r(lrus|>ccti\  ('  cliai;;ctcr  of  these  rules  loinis  ihcir  especial  chaiader. 
wliii'h  ;4<>veiiis  the  whole  (piestioii  siil»mitte(l  to  the  decision  ol  the 
arldtiiitors. 


11  we 


II.—  \  K.-;si:i.s  wiiMii  11  \vi;  i;i-.»'r,i\!:i>  cMxiMissniNs. 
consult  I  lie  lllo^l  esiceincd  aiilliois  on   |Mililic  international  law 


\l 


|li:ilil;l  i-l  il 


l'(  drill  ;l\  .lii'iil    i-li'    III 


1     <(iiiiii(i 


la),    r\ 


II    ifii-  hiiii    III  (ii'i    nil  1 1 1 


iriiclir  :ill\    I'Pis 


.lllUi.ll^l-: 


rills  |;ilil,  ;lll  liiiillli'lll    lUi'liH'  uii   il   r;ii-.:ill    \:i    liinliiiil 


ill 


^iiiiiiiicr 


l:i  l.'ciiic  (Ir  II  liisiT  l;i 


iiiiruMtiiiii  (III  ii'iiiti'  di'  W.'islilii^tDti,  II-  CiiiMtf  I'lissi-ll  iiviiii^iir  ioviili'iiifiit  i|iir  la 
iiriii'laiiiatiiiii  di-  la  l>i-'ini'  ilii  ]'•'>  iiitii  l^dl,  i'ii,iiii<;ii:iiit  la  iiriil ralitr  ilaiis  la  iiialhi'iirriisi' 
,iii-ri't' civile  (If  l".\iinTit|iii'  tin  Nuitl.  avait  ('li'  |>liisiriiis  inis  |irarii|iii'iii('iil  rcdiiili-  a 
I'.iMiil  Mir  Ir  Irnitoiii-  aiiniaiN  ]'.<v  Ir  Tail  Avi  jiarl is. 

I.i's  nlistai'li's  i|iii,  an  imiiiih::!  uii  la  lil  Irr  ijiif  jc  \  iiii>  ili- iIIit  tut  iiiilr.  cut  ra\  aji'iit 
i  :irliciii  (III  <r<iii\criiiMiii'iit  liiit amiii| 111-  n'l'si.-ti'iii  plus,  miii-r  aii\  i)riiii'i|»i's  liliciaiix 
!iii|inMs  par  I'aitiilr  N'lilii  Haiti- d.-  \\'a--liinr  ti>ii :  in. lis  lis  (•inisi'i|iii'iirc>  dr^  tail-*,  ijiic 
^' Ciillllr  K'lissril  li'|>lim\  ail  >i  li>>  alrliidlt  i-t  si  iM|i'lj;ii|ili'llirlit ,  siilisislciil  I'liinii'.  rt 
'i^t  1  ii'iiarrr  rrs  diiiiiiiiaui'->  daiw  iiiif  jiisti'  iiii-inrc.  ci  Imi  jmirs  a\ n-  rappiii  d'niif  ijiIxhi 
^iiMi--:m|i'.  i|iii'  diiivriit  ti'iidri'  Irs  ili»i'isii>ii-<  dii  triliiinal  d'arliitiani'. 

•-piit  ill-  |»ri'Vi>\aii |iii  dnil  pn-va- 


ii'  II  iiai  |ia^ 


•  Ins  I 


mil  Mir  r.'  ii'ir.iiii.     <,>iiaiil  a 


II' . I  ravriiir,  il  snilii  ipic  jc   citi'  \f  fon iiiii-iiilistuii nl  ml  i\f  la  (iraiiilr-|{irtau:iii'.  vntf 


11'  '.I  aiiiit    1-7(1.     Ti-t    act 
aiaiiiti'iiir  In  iiciitc-ilili 


I'  mills  iiHiiiIri'  i(ii('ls  piKni'i's  una  lait  i|iiaiit  aii\   iimyi'iis  di 


■  Ir 


I.cs  ti'itis  r(';;li's  pKsci's  a  I'mi'I iclf  W  (In  tfaiti'  mit    pain  an  iniiiisli'ir  aii^lai-;  iiiuiiis 
laiili's  pi  III  I'  II'  uDiiM'i'iii-iih-nt  i|ni'  raclc  i|iii'  Jc  \  ii-iis  di-  «'itt'r.     ■•  II  n'v  a  pas  iiiir  sciiU' 


I'l'S    ri'LJll-: 


disait    Lord  (iiaiiv  illc  a  la  ('liaiiilni- di's  lords  li-  Iv*   injii   1-^71.  "  iiiii  lit 


--oil  rniiiprisc  iluns  III  acli'.  i|ni  \a   iiii'iiii>   ln'aiit'iHip  aii-ili 


I. 


iitrnai'l  ivili'  dr  i  I's 


•n  ruriiii'  Ir  rarai'lii'f  sprrial.  i|iii  dniiiiiir  tniilr  la  inatirri'  siiiimi^i'  an   in;irnirnt 


arliitii 


II.— \  Aissi  VI  X  i>i;vi;m  s  \v\  lui'.s  i  (»\;miss[()nxk.s. 


iKitis  cinisiilteiis  IcsaiiU'iirs  Ics  [dns  aicn'Mlitcs  dc  dniit  iniUlic  iiUiTiiuliiniiil,  <*  par- 


i- 


w 


7*> 


AKIH  i  K'A HON    AT    (iH\K\  A. 


;iii<l  «'S(i('ci;ilIy  two  wiitnsof;^!!'!^  wci^lif,  \vlmst>  nntliorits  will  lie  (IniictI 

,.„,,,„ „„..      iM'itlu'i    Ity   AiiH'iifa    ii(»f   Ity    ICii.uliiiui,  n;mn'l> .  Sloiv  ;iii(i 

""""  i'liiliiniiMc.  \v«'  fiii({  tliiit   tlir  |»ri\  ilc;^r.  nsnjilly  iircoi'dcil  in 

nllips  of  Wiir.  (>r  Itcili::' r(»ii.siti"l»'(l  ;is  a  piHtioli  ol'tiif  sl;ilc  w  liosc  Ihi^ 
tlH'V  ctirry.  aitd  li«'i!i;>,  ilnis  cxciiii)!  Iiom  ail  other  imisdict ion,  was  in  its 
cii'^iii  ii  |tiivili'u«' only  ;4raiit('(l  ])\  <'oiMt('s\.*  As  tii  s  |tri\  ilcnc  is  only 
ti('i;\('(l  tVoMi  !!ir  iisa^^r  ot  nations,  it  can  Ix' (  aiirclcil  ;ii  :iii\  inoninit 
villKint  caMsc  litf  olVi-nsr  hcin^  jii^cn. 

'!'l)i'  opinion  of   Story,  dcliNcrctl    in    (In-  case'  ol'  the   Mxcliaii;;*',  ai|<l 
t)iM»lr(l  li\   riiilliniiiic.  appeal  s  to  nit   .decisive: 

■'It,  nuiy,  lli<  rci'iiic,"  lusav-,,  ••  Iw  Jiisliy  Ii''!  (diwiiiiS  ;i  y;cni'l;il  iil'iipnsitidli.  tll.il 
.•lU  pcisoiiK  jiimI  piuiici  i  \  wiiiiiii  tln'  lei  ritmi.il  imi-^dii-l  ion  nl' ;i  so'Trri;;!!  .in'  iiiiifiialiii' 
!i)  till' jiu'iMlii'iiiiii  i)i' liiiiiM'h' III'  lii-i  roiiii;. :  aiiil  tliat  tlic  csciii)  inns  in  iliis  nili- aiv 
-iicli  only  as,  1)\  .(iiiiiiiiiii  iisa;;c  ami  pnli'lc  |M»!icy,  liavf  licfii  allnuiil,  in  ludcr  tu  pii 
Mi>rvi>(lic  jicaci'  aii<I  liiiiiniiny  <i|'  natidiis,  ami  In  ic^ii'ialr  tiirir  inliTiMMirMc  in  ;i  iiiaiiiiri 
i»c>l  siiiliil  to  tlicii  ilijiiiity  iiiitl  ri;ilils.  It  wmilil.  intlccd,  lir  straii;;i',  it'  a  licciisr,  iiii 
lilii'ti  liy  ].iw  IVom  tlif  yi'iirral  prai-tirr  nf  nrilioiis  lor  ilii-  piirposi's  of  |i(ai  c  nIioiiIiI  '"■ 
roiislnicil  as  a  I'icciim'  to  do  wroiii,  lo  tin-   iialion  jtscll".  ami   jiislily    tln'   liii'a<-li   ot'  nil 

iliKHf  oliliiiiiiioiis  \\  liifli  IX I   iaitli   and   (Vifmlslii)>.   Ity   tin-  same   implitatioii.  im|iovi 

iHMMi  llioM'  • .  Iio  mtK  an  as\  Inni  in  onv  p'irt.>."' 

'I'akinu'  ihcse  general  piineiples,  and  alio\c;ili  the  elcnial  iiiles  oj' 
ofMid  sen>e  and  the  dictates  of  oo,„|  iiiith.  ;is  out'  point  oj'  depaitiiie,  is 
:t  possihle  t't  admit  that  a  \essel,  wjilcii  has  been  riamlnleiitly  hnill  <»i! 
tlie  leriitory  of  a  so\  eicion,  in  oiieii  eon  Ira  vent  ion  of  t  lie  duties  of  nen 
ti;  lit.\  wh;eh  that  s<t\ creion  is  lioiind  to  liillUI.  and  with  the  ohjeet  ol 
)t!  ivateei  int;' on  hciialf  <if  one  of  t  he  l»ellio,.i-,iits,  can,  i»y  the  simple  ae| 
of  siicli  lK'l!i,;^ereiil ,  with  a  view  to  escape  disash-rs.  he  Iransfei'i-ed 
inio  a  commissioned  xcssd.  a.nd   tliiis.  wiili    imi»nnity,  de;y  that   same 


t  cnli.  ii'ini!!!   ili'n\  t-criN  ains  ifnu  uraml   nii  rile,  don! 


a'llonii    n<'   MTa  di>avoiirc,  in 


par  rAnniii|nr.  ni  par  rAny;li't"i  it,  tfl-«  i|iii    Slor\  ci    I'hillimoic,  n  nis   inni.inis  i|iif   \< 
privili'nr,  jiii'ncialfim'iit  ai'cordi'  anx  lial  iincnls  dc  ynnn',  d"ctri'  (•on>idt'Trs  coniim'  iim 
'.laction  di'  I'l'lat  doiit  ijs  purli'iit  li*  pavilion,  ct  par  la  rxiinpls  d>'  loiili'  antrc  Jiiiidi<  - 
;io!>,  n'a  rl>   111  iuiinaiirmi'iil  iiniim"  roni'i'«'>ioii  laiti    pav  coiirloisic.     Cinnna'  ccttf  con 
«i'S'iio;i  m-  diii\f  <[iir  di"  I'lisaiic  dcs  nation-*,  rllf  pint  rlrr  ii'\  (iiiin'i-  a  i|nrii| 
lint'  I'l-  suit,  sans  ijin-  I'i'l.a  pni-^si'  firi'  rnti-^idrri'  roininr  nn 


111-    I'OOIIIIi 


ilViiiN 


li'opinioii   ill'  .siiny,  '  noiii' 
nil'  pari.  It  ili'i'i-.i\  i> 


h 


ras  ill' 


n; 


■\i  li.in. 


I'l  i'a|ip'ii  III'  pal   I'liilliini 


■  On  ji.ni."  dii  it.  ••  lialilir  .'ivi  r  in>i  ii'i'.  roinnii'  pi'iposil  ion  ffi'iii'iali'.  <|ni'  lonli'  pn 
•uMiiir  it  loll!"  piopi  ill!',  dan?' l;i  |nii:li<'!ion  li'iriloiiali'  il'nii  snnvrrain,  .miiiI  .soiimi.si'x 
.'(.  til  Jiiridit'lion  ill' I'l-  sonvciain  on  tU'  nivs  I'liiirs  lU-  jn.Htici- ;  I'l  i|n'il  n°\  a  d'i'Xri'plioii« 
a  ri'ttf  ii'uli'  i|Hi'  ridli'.s  nni-|nfinrni  ijiii  sunt  aiimi-i"*  par  I'lisay;!'  roinniiia  ft  par  l;i 
jitililiijni'  piiiiliipii'.  dans  If  inil  ilf  inaiiili'iiir  la  pa'ix  ft  I'L.ti  niotiif  fiili'f  Ifs  nation.^,  ii 
•  If  ffuli'i'  li'iirs  rappiiils  df  1:1  laroii  la  niiiiis  d'ai'ioid  avff  1.  in  dijiiiiti'  fl  Ifiiis  ilioiis. 
1'.  M'i'ail.  I'll  M'lil.'.  lull  <  liaii^ri'  i|n'nni'  anloi  i>.ilioii.  ijiii'  It  dioii  a  lafitfiiifiit  ilfdiiitr 
It  I'  I.I  prat  iijiif  <i  III -I  all'  di-*  iial  iosi-.  d.in>  ilfs  \  iifs  fa  voiahli 


1.1   paix,  pill  fill'  II  Ifi 
pi'i'lff  I'nuinii'  iii.f  antoi  i'nal  ion  do  I'airf  dii  mal  .t  I'i's  iiifiiit's  niitioiis,  ft  fiMiinif  Jiinlili- 
at  ii'.n  df  rinliart  ion  iif  n-fi  i\r\  niis,  ipif  la  I  ton  in '  I'oi  i-t  I  a  ml  if.  pro\  maul  df  la  iiifim 
onii'f,  inipo'-i  nl 


ipii  I'lifi'i'lifiit  iiti  a^ilf  ll'ln^  iio>   poii' 


I'^n  pailant  tU-  l.i  ;;i'n.'!aliii' df  ffs  prim-ipfs,  I'l  hiiiIoiii  iIi'm  if uIi"^  df  I'l'lfriifl  lion 
Hf  n.s,  f  I  dfs  iiispir.ii  inns  df  l.i  I  ion  i  if  foi.  i  >l  il  poNsililf  d'adnn  lln-  ijii'iiii  naviif.  qui  a 
fill'  rraiidnlf  nsf  ini'iil  ''oiisl  rnil  .siir  If  li  1 1  iloiif  d'lin  souviTain.  f  n  )>lf  iiif  fiinl  rav  f  iilioii 
;<ii\  di'Miie*  df  iifia  ralitf  ijiif  fi-  .'MiiUfiain  <l  liim  df  iciiiplii.fi  ilaiin  Ir  Init  dr  »■ 
livrcra  l.i  foiirsf  dans  rintfifl  ii'nn  dfs  hflli^franlH,  picusf,  par  If  .'<fnl  tail  df  cf  'n  I 
'i;;f  I't'inl.  fii  \  iif  df  si-  sonslrairi'  a  dfs  fliaiiffs  in:illif  nrf  n:,i'N,  i'l  re  lian.sl'orhif  fii  vaism-aii 
i'omniis^ionn<'.  il  liiavi-r  par  la  inipiiiifinf  nl  fitti   nifiiif  iiinivfraini- If  ipi'll  iivait  a  !<ii  - 


I  hiliiinor' 
dnioii,   1^*71. 


(  iiiiiiiii  III  .11  ii's  upon  liilfi  iial  ioiia!  Law,''  vol.  i.  p.  :('.(!•,  i  /  .vny.     .Sim'i 


.1 


I'ltid.   p.    im.     I.'im|iif  Ii 


mil    admit    liial 


•1 


I  III'  liitili   seas  f.'Ui    111 


iv>i:>iilf  ifd  li>   ol  liiT  li.il  ioii.-i  111  III'   a    liarl  id    tin-  Ifililinv   of  lllf  slalf  «  lio'^f    llaii    sin 


cai  I'll  , 


hf  ri 


fioMiii/i's  this  assnmption  of  Ifi  i  iiorialii  y  onl>    in   ifspfil  to  lln-  inlirn.il 


iiiaiia);i'mi'iil  ol  llif  ship  and  tlic  ri\  il  and  poUlii  al  iflations  of  lliosf  mi  lniaid  id'  li 


R 


ol'IMttS.s    •»!••    c.H  N  (•    .se\L(>l'l>. 


71 


soMTcij^iity  iiuiiinst  wliicli  slic  liiid  iit  tlic  outset  so  livjivclv  olVriHlctl  .' 
AssMi  il'\  not;  these  (■li.ili;;es  to  lliee_\e,  like  the  sliilt ill;; ol  il  scene, 
tliese  triiiisloniiiilioiis,  eHecled  with  e()ii;il  iimhicity  iiiid  esise,  e;iiiiiot  In- 
talveii  seii(»ilslN .  Tlie  <'uiit  laveiil  ion  ot'  whieli  the  shi|»  Wiis  iniiilly  ;it  the 
ciiltillU'lieeinent  of  her  <Mi('er.  wilii  l*  spert  to  the  so\ cicijUll  ol  the  |il;ire 
whrre  she  was  Iniilt,  is  not  elVaeed  \\\  tlie  o|»<'iiition  ol'  an  imleceiil 
>l!iita;;<'iii.  All  the  wiiiieii  iiiaxiiiis  ot'  reason  if\olt  against  siieli 
tiic'vei_\  :  ilitlnx  iiiiiiiiii  jtdlrixiiimi  drhtt.  We  must  look  lo  tlie  bottom 
ot' the  matter,  anil  mete  imr  lull  Just  ice  to  tin-  I'laml  :  /this  roirt  iimxl 
ti<iiliir  iiii'itii  ijiio:!  .sliiiidufi'  rinicipitiw.  The  niiill  iiiheieiil  lo  the  xfssel 
will  not  he  iniri-cd  even  when  she  '.as  reeei\cd  a  eimimissioii,  a  eom- 
iiiaiider.  and  a  lia;;  lidm  Hie  |)o\\('i'  who  can  oii!>'  prolil  l»y  the  I'laiid  in 
llii,:;raiit.  violation  of  all  I  lie  rights  of  iien'.ality. 

Th"  weiiihly  autlioi'il\  of  Story,  in  the  <'ase  of  lli<'  Saiit'>sima  'I'liiii 
(lad,  is  ncneiall.x  <iiii.|im|  with  re;;ar(l  to  the  (|iieslion  ii«>w  raised  hefoi'e 
IIS.  laiid  I  lia\e  myself  <|iioted  him.)  Uiil  I  oltsei\f  Ihal  S|,n,\'s  doe- 
1 1  inc.  on  I  he  icsjieet  d  lie  lo  I  he  com  mission  ni\  en  lo  a  shiji  hy  a  ,uo\  em 
imiii.  is  only  a  ;;em'ial  thesis  on  which  evciyliody  agrees;  il  does  noi 
(lirccily  toMch  itn  llie  (|iieslioii  of  I'e  ori!;iiial  ;^iiilt  inciiiied  1»\  a  \fsscl 
hcloic  her  (•(niinii.vsioiiiii^'.  and  which  eaninit  lie  iilolled  oiii  witlioiit  a 
(Ji>lMrl>ance  of  all  the  |Minci|»|fs  whieli  j4<i\eill    the  duties  of    iieiilialil\. 

Allcr  ail.  e\  en  if  preei'deiils  eonhl  lie  (|no|ed  coiit  lar;.  to  I  he  opinion 
\sliicli  I  maintain.  I  should  repl>  that  the  teller  and  spirit  of  tin  tliiee 
Miles  laiil  down  in  the  sixih  article  of  the  treaty  ol  \\'ashin;^ioii  do  not 
alltiu   lis  to  lollow  the  old  nilili]i>'. 

Il  iiiiist  iie  st(  a(|il\  lioriie  in  mind  that  il  is  a  new  law,  full  of  .'ipiily 
and  foicsiiiht.  which  wc  are  now  to  follow. 

h  is  inie  Ihal.  acontliiiu  io  uciieiallN  accepied  ideas,  a  so\ereiiin  who 
i--  an  1 1  Ml  lie  :•  w  ilium'  '•»  U'aiil  the  pri\  ileue  of  e\tcrriiin'ialit,\   to  i  he  com 
laissioiied    sidps  of  other   powers,  must    pre\ioiis|\  ;ii\e   nolici'  |«»ihat 
(  ilccl .  so  Ihal  Ion  i;.;,n  iia\  ies.  forewarned,  iiia\   lake  their  piccaiil  ions  in 


11 


liililll     si     LJiaS  f'llll'llt     (tll'i'MHi'i-  ,'       Noll.   I'll     MTJIr:     trs    iIlMIIU'llI'llls    :'l     vile.  (•illMlllf    s'll 

-":n;is:-<:iil  ilcs  diiiiis  d'nii  I  IiimI  it.  res  liaiisloriii:)' iiiii>  itpinrs  mvcc  anlanl  (l";iiiila<-r 
Mill'  <|i'  tarililr.  Ill-  |M>ii\tiil  |iiiiiii  I'li'i-  |iri.s  iiii  >iiirn\.  I.:i  (uiitraM'iil  inn  iliml  1 1' 
iiiiviic  .'*"Hait  ii'IhIii  i'iiii|ml»li'  iiii  ('iiiiimi'in'iiiii'iil  i|r  s.i  run  ini'.  ciiv  its  li-  sunvcraiii  •In 
iiiii  nil  il  a  I'M'  r<..i>liiiil.  Ill'  s'l'llai'i'  )iiiiiii  |i;ir  rilii  I  il  iiiir  iiim'  iiiilci  riili'.  Toiili's  \i-, 
iiiii\iiiii-s  (If  la  r;ii>iiii  I'irilc  siIcn  cnt  iniiiir  dr  >.iinli:ilili  s  .sniiciclnaics  :  ilnlnn  iiiiiinii 
)iiitnti  i  till  I  i  ill  III  I.  II  I  nil  I  I'l'^^iinlcr  Ir  1 1  nil  I  tie  la  i'liiisi>  rl  liiiii'  I  mil  lie  J  list  Ire  ilr  la  si  inn 
l;iliiiii:  jilns  iiiIiIiiii.hI  iiijiliii  ijiiiuii  iiiihiI  siiniiliili  iiiiii  ijiiliir.  I,i'  vice  inlniciil  .in  ^iiis 
'X'liii  lit' i|is|)Mi.nlia  |iiiiiil  i|iian<l  iiii-inr  il  ani.i  iri'ii  iiiii'  ii.-iiiiitr,  nii  i-nnnn;ini|,'iiil  ii  nn 
{lie  nil  in  I  |i>  In  |MiisHa!iri'  i|ni  in-  inn  I  ijn':!  innlili'i  il<  f  i  li  ninii'.  i-ii  luiit  rinlii-l  imi  mix  iitr 
I  Inns  lis  limits  (In  innlijiiili'. 

•  •ii  liir  iirilinniri  ini'iil .  n  |iii>|iiis  di-  la  i|ni'^lii>ii  'jii'ini  ;i  ^inili'M'i'  i|i<\anl  innis. 
i'iiii|Hisiini(-  aiitmili'  dc  St.nv  (iim-  J'ai  niiiiini'ini'  iiiviii|nti' i  d.'iiis  li-  rus  de  la 
s;niii>ii'ia  Tiiiiidail.  Mai.-.  |'iil>si-i  \ .-  ijiir  i.i  (Inclriin'  Ar  Stnr\,siir  li-  ri".|ti'rl  dn  n  l,i 
'  iiiiiiiiissinii  limit  nil  ;^iiii\  iMiiiiiiiiil  a  nvi'tn  nn  iniviii',  ii'rsi  (in'ani'  tlnsi- ;.',i'iniiili'.  siii 
lai|iii-lli' iinil  II' iiiiiiid  rst  d'aii'inii;  illi  in-  Imirln'  pas  diic'li'iiii'iil  a  la  ijiicsi  inn  tin 
Mil' iri'ii^ine  rDiitr.icl'  par  nn  iiaviic  asait  i|n'il  s'lii  riimiiii>^iiniiii- :  \  irr  d'nriniin^ 
'|iii  lit' |ii'Ml  .s'l'llai-cr  sai.s  triiiild' r  tnii^  lis  jiiinripi's  i|iii  <;iiii\  riiii-nt  li^  liiMiii  s  ili- la 
III  iiliaiili'. 

.\prrs  (/ml ,  i|iiaiiil  niriiii' mi  imnnalt  cilri  iji  >  piici  lints  iniilraiifs  :,  I'lipinimi  nm- 
ji  siMilu-ii«.  jo  rcpmnlrai  i|iit'  la  It'll  ii-  fi  I'l'-piit  dis  iiois  ii-^jlt's  pnsfcs  ,'i  I'artirli' 
\l  ilii  f  till'-  «lc  \\'asliiii;;imi  iif  nulls  piniiii'l  ti'iil  pins  dr  snivic  raiifiiiiin'  juris- 
I'l  iiili'iii'.i, 

n  ('.'111  SI'  iiit'llif  liicn  ilaiis  fi'spiil  niic  r'i'sl  nn  limil  nnnsraii,  liint  inilni  d'fiiniti-  el 
'It  pvr  rii\aiiri',  tiiii'  nn'is  iIi'Mhis  snix H'  inainti  ii.'inl. 

II  I'-^l  vrai  i|in'.  srimi  Irs  idi'i'S  tii'iii'rali'iiii'iil  h'i.ih's,  nn  .smisi'iain  ijni  in  m'Ii'  pins 
1  'I 'til' r  If  pi'ivilf  i;f  d'f  \tf  ri  iliirialiti'  aii\  ini\  iifs  iinnniissiiiiiiif -.  ili-s  ani  if.,  piii>.>aint's, 
•  'I'  I'll  <riiniii'i' prt'alaldfini'iit  a\  is.  alin  tint'   Ifs  niaiiins  f  iiaiijif  n-s,  iivi'iiit  s,  prftini'iil 

III  •siiii'lfs  il  ('ft  f iranl.     .Mais  cfla  iif  vent  jms  dire  (pril  iie  pnisse  \  ii\mi- (I'l'xcfplimi 


Hi 


'  f 


ilMl 


^l^'*t 


,1 

'iS 


( _ 


AIM'.ni.' A  ri(»N     AT    (iKNKVA, 


lliis  fcsjicct.  !>iit  tliis  (lues  iiof  mcjni  tli:it  tlnMc  Miiiy  not  he  cncciiI  ioii> 
;irisiii;i  irum  ;i  cci'tMiii  special  tiiiiii  uf  (•iiciimslaiiccs.  and  iioi  tVoiii  tlif 
siiiiplf  caiiriiM' ot  llic  sii\  crciiiii  and  his  •^ovcniinciit.  Ndw.  il  is  on  the 
iialnrcol'  ihcsc  special  eirciimsl  aiiees  that  tlie  lirst  rale,  laid  down  in 
Ai  tii-le  \'[  ot  till'  treat\  of  Wasliih.uloii.  siiecilic  illv  resls.  The  opera  t  ion 
t»r  tiiis  rule  v.otild  1m"  illiisoi'v  il  it  eonid  nof  l)e  applied  to  \essels  sni)se- 
•  picntly  eounnissione<l.  The  ohjeet  in  view  is  to  prevent  the  construe 
lioi.,  ai'niini;.  and  ecpiippiini' of  a  \<'ssel,  and  to  preveni  hei  <lej>artui'e 
wlien  there  is  sni'licieni  j^i-onnd  I'or  ixdievin.u'  that  she  is  intended  to 
carry  on  \;ar  on  iiehalT  of  oim' of  i  he  l)elli!.;-erents;  and  when  pioi»a!)ilit\ 


has  1. 


■coii:c  eei'tainfy,  shall  not  I  h(>  rnle  l>e  appli('al)le  to  the  direct  and 


)Mipal»ie  eons(Mn -nces  whicn  il  oriuimilly  was  intended  to  ]>n>v(  nt .' 
(an  this  act.  in  \  indication  i»f  a  li.uht  which  hns  at,  the  (irst  l»een  olui 
onsl\  violated.  i)e  looi<:'d  npcHi  as  a  \iolation  of-  pn!)lic  i^'ood  faith  and 
I'f  ihelaw  of  nation.^  in  ii'uard  to  one  of  the  belligerents'^  1  can  see  no 
vi(dali<in  ol'  pnhlic  jioorl  failli  wlnre  there  is  only  ;i  HauTani  abuse,  a 
manilesi  e(nitra  vent  ion  .d  ihe  principles  of  neutral  dn  ties  sam  lioned  l)y 
ihe  iiii I'l^oini;  rnle. 

'I'he  hoiioraltle  attorney general,  in  the  nnMiunalile  speech  whi(di  lie 
made  in  the  1  louse  of  ( '(unnionson  the  l;>th  ()f  iMay,  l.S(»l.  in  reply  to  Mr. 
Itaiiii'4'.  foi  lually  deciaie(i  •■  ( hat  he  had  not  the  least  doui>t  that  Vax'^ 
land  had  the  riijut,  if  she  thouji'ht  lit,  to  exclude  from  her  jiorts  any 
part  icniar  .^liio.  or  class  ot'  ships,  if  >lie  considered  that  they  had  violate<l 
In-r  neutrality,  luit  that  such  pttwer  is  simply  discretionary,  and  should 
lie  exercised  wii  h  a  dee  I'e.u'ard  to  all  the  eircnmstances  of  the  case." 
(I'niti'd  Stales  l>ocnments.  \ol.  v,  |).  oS;}.)  >\'hy  was  not.  then,  thi- 
I'uhr  e\t'rciscd  at  least  witii  respect  to  the  Vessels  which  had  lla,iirant l.\ 
\  iolated  (he  d  ii  m's  ol  neuiralit\'  .' 

I  will  iKtt  follow  the  aruunicnl  of  the  Cnited  States  in  tlu' .li^l  inct!  ». 
il  seeks  to  (iraw  lietwcen   pui»lie  ships  of  reco_iini/,e(i  and  sovereign  iia 
tioiis  and  tiie  shii)s  lieloiniiny'  to  a   belligerent  power  whose  soverei^Li'lity 
i•^  not  recifjiii/.ed.     Tlu'  stains  ol'  l»elli,n('rents  ha\iu'4' been  acciu'de<l  in 


\:tl 


i!<ii\  ;na  I  I'll  1 1  <  i-i  i;iiii  (in  hi'  ill'  l';!ils  'ipiciaiiN.  il  iioii  ilii  siiaplr  (■.■ipiii  r  ilii  •.mivfriiiii  n 
lie  soil   ni'i'.'.  Il  iirincni.     <»!,  c'r^i  MirJM  iiiUinr  ill'  t'i's  liilts  .spi'i'iiinx  i]iii'   ill    iin-inii'ii- 

1.  Lilt-      |.i'-..'c     :i     r;irl|ilr     \1      illl     Il.lili'     (l(.'     W  il>lllll:ill)ll      s'iqipllii'      pli  c-;-i    lU-Mt.  I,,l 

<l ispDsiiiiiii  ilr  ri'tU' i'>';;li- M'liOt  piiri'iiin-iiiriit  illiisuiii'  si  1)11  III-  riipplii|<i:iit  pas  ni\ 
r. IS  ill-  \ai--siaii\  pu;li'rii'iin'in>'!il  luiiiiiiissiDiiiii's.  On  vi'iit  riiiprilicr  la  i  uiislriU'iiini. 
I'iii'ini-iiii'iit  I't  ri'i|iiip('iiii-iit  (I'liii  \aissiMii.  cm  riii|ir>'lii'i'  la  smi  ic  i|iianit  il  y  .i  raism: 
'iillisaiiif  (if  iTiiec  unc  i-f  vaisM-aii  isi  ili'siiin''  a  fairc  lii  ;iiii'ii-i'  an  prnlit  il'iiii  if - 
lii'ili;^!!  ants;  i-l  c  .,,,i(l  leu  piiilialiiliiis  aiiniiil  fall  lirii  a  la  <  iTiitiulf,  la  ir;;li'  iic  s,  i 
'iln.-.  apjiliialif    ilaiis  lis  riinsi'iincncis  iliri-di's  el    p.dpalili's  iiii'i'lji'   vuiilail    d'a'i.ni 


I'liipi'i'lii'r.     <     t    ai't<'   <!•'    nvriiilicatiiin    it  iin    i 


liniit. 


(|<ii   a  etc  ('Villi  innii'iil    violi     au 


niniriM'i  Mi'iit,  |i(iiirrail  -il  rlrc  I'livisayi'  I'ltiiiiiU'  inn   \  i'iial,ii>n  ilc  la  t'ni  pMl)lii|iii',  ai 


11^ 


i|iii'  ilii  ilioil  ilrs  ;{i'ns,  I'livi'i's  I'lni  ill's  lirlli;ii'ranl;.  .'  ,lr  lie  sanrais  vuir  viulaliun  ili'  I;. 
|\<i  )iiililiitiir  la  nil  il  n',\  a  i|n'iui  uImis  tla;;raiit,  iiui  rnnti'.nlicl  inn  .iiaiiii'r.stc  aiu 
piiinipi  s  ili-s  ili'\  nil's 'III  iiriil  re  saiiri  iniiin  s  par  la  ii'/lc  incriti'i-. 

l.'liiiiMM'alilr  at  liirii(',\ -);;i'ni'i'al,  ilaiis  li-  nnniinaMi'  lii.si-oiiis  i|ii'il  a  prunniii'i'  liai  > 
la  s/'aiii'i'  ill-  la  Cliaiiiliri-  ilcs  rnininiUU's  It-  |:>  iiiai  iStU,  cii  irpoiisr  a  "I'liii  ili'  M. 
ilaiiirj;,  a  l'>riiii'ili-iui-ii(  ilii'laii'   '  n'y  asi.ir  Ir  inniiHhi'  doiili'  ipii'  rAii.!;lrtii  r    a  Ic  ilrm: 


•mIiiii'  ill 


piirl- 


•lli-   I 


I'  rrnit    riinvriianh',   Innl    vaisoi-aii    nn    (Miai    rlassi*  ilr 


vaissi-aiix.  si  cllr  i  rnit   i|ni-  res  \'aissi-an\  niit  \ii>li'  la  nriUialih  :  niais  i|iii'  i-i'  ili-i,it  i-si 

Innl  siiiipli'iiii'iu  ill  -ni  I II III na Ml'  i-l  (lull  s'l'Mici-r  cii  i  g.uii  a  innlcs  Irs  i  iirnnslaiKM-s  ilii 

as."     ( 1 1,  prnniriits  pruilinls  par  li-s  P.!  a  is- I'm  is,  vnl.  v,  p.  .')•'.  1. )     |*oin'i|niii  ilmic  n'li-t-it!! 


pas  an  nniiii.s  iisi-  lic  ir  i 


lii'it   a    f' 


aiil  ili's   \aisii'aii\   ijci   I'l.iirnI    ni   rnilnivcnf inii 


a^iaiitc  iin\  ili-vniis  ili>  I  i  mntialitr  ! 
.Il'   III'    siiivi'ai    pas    II-    piaiiloyi'i'  ili-s    r.l.tls  I'liis  ilans   la   ilislinctinii   ipi'il   piopiei 
•nin-    li's   iiavircK  '.miIiI'i's  iK-s  nalioiis   ii-nniniii'H   vi    snini-raiiii's  iI'.'ivit   Ii-s   imvirr^ 


ipparli-nint    a   inn-   )Miis.siini'( 


I. 


liiii'ianli' i|ni  II  i-s|    puH   iiiit-  .-toiiviTaiiii-ti-   ri-i;iitniiii'. 


i.'i  i:it  ill-  Ill-ill;.;!  laiil  ayaiil  I'-li'  I'i'rininii  di-.s  iii-n\  roll's  ili-s  piipnlaliniis  iiini-rii'iiiiiri 
III  s|    pniiii    in-i'i-ssiiiri' iriii.siMtrr  Hiir  ci-lti-  i)iii'i>liini ;  Je   ilirai   i^mi'   Ii- .jni^c  aiin^'iraii 


nl'lMoNS    or    (olM'    S(  l.ol'I.' 


73 


Ixttli  ))iirti('s  ill  AiiKMicii.  it  is  not  iifcfssury  to  dwell  on  tliis  »|ii('stion. 

I  will  s;iy,  Willi  tlic  Aincriciiii   .lii<l,',;i'  (Ji'icr.  "roi'ci^ii   nations  rt'C(i;;iii/(> 
t!i;il  llicrc  is  war  l>_v  ;i  iMnchniiat  ion  ol'  nciii  ralii  \ ."' 

Tin'  liU't  ill  at  a  vessel,  at'ler  Inivin.n"  been  eoniiiiissioned,  lias  l>een  re- 
c'ivetl  as  a  sliip  ot'  war  in  the  |MMis  of  ilitfcri'iil  powers  before  her  en- 
liaiicc  into  the  parts  of  the  power  whose  iienirality  she  had  (niijiiially 
violated,  shoidd  not,  in  my  opinion,  inlbiein-e  the  rei-oL;'nition  oi'  the 
(liai'.ieter  ol"  such  vessel.  Where  the  vessel  had  no  liability  to  answei' 
tar.  it  was  iiatnral  ihat  she  should  beadtnitleil  as  a  >liip  ol'  war;  bnt 
ciiciimstiinees  entirely  ehaii^e  when  the  \essel  enters  tlie  territorial 
waters  of  the  soxcreiun  towards  wlnnn  she  is  ;4iHlt.\ .  of  t  he  so\erei!^ii 
wlioin  she  has  eoini)roiiii-.e(l  as  re'^ards  the  other  beili".ereiit.  Here  her 
;^iiilty  eliaraeler  cannot  lie  (n crlooked  ;  she  may  lie  >ei/ed  and  eoii- 
ilcnined. 

1  ihink  thai  it  is  for  the  inleie<i  of  all  luarimiie  nations  that  they 
>lieiild  hold  to  the  prineiples  which  have  just  iteeii  proponnded.  'J'lie 
iiiiiiiher  (if  \  ('-(st'ls  frandiileiit  ly  iuiilt  on  iieiilral  territory,  with  tlie  in- 
li'iilioii  of  privateerin;^'  on  behalt'  of  belligerents,  will  deert-ase  in  pio- 
|ii)ition  as  iiicirased  severity  is  shown  towards  them,  cncii  when  they 
liresciit  themselves  under  t  he  jUDteet  ion  oi'  t'alse  pretensions  |o  »vhieli 
ilicy  are  not   entitled. 

Tlie  poweis  which  si;^ned  the  treaty  of  Washington  expiess.  fli  tliis 
same  Artieie  \' I.  the  desire  and  hope  that  the  t  hree  rules  which  they 
have  there  laid  down  will' be  adopted   by  tlu'  other   maritime   powers. 

II  iiinst  then  be  inferre  '  that  the  siyniii.u:  poweis  considered  lliesi-  rides 
as  clear,  jneiise.  and  applicable  to  the  various  ci'ses  which  are  therein 
ciiiiteuiplaled.  If.  on  the  contrary,  it  is  to  lie  supposed  that  the  inteii- 
thai  of  the  conliactiiijji'  parrn-s  at  W'ashiiintini  was  to  admit  explaiia- 
tiaiis  and  reser\  ations  of  thes«*  same  rules  in  tlie  sens(>  "of  not  largely 
Maiisceiidinn  the  views  of  international  iiiMritiine  law  and  poli.-s  which 
Would  be  likely  to  commend  thcinsehes  |(»  i  he  ;;enerai  interests  and  in- 
|clli;^elice  of  that   p(Ut  ion  ol    mankind."  '  t  he  ad\  antaue  o|   i  he  example 

laii'i' :  ••  I,cs  iiatiuii>  i|  i,iii;iri('s  icciinii.o>siiii  i|ii'il  \  ;i  j^iiii  ic  jiar  iiiir  iiiiirlaiii;il  ion  ilc 
iMiuiaiilc." 

I,:i  ciicdiistaiiii'  iju'iia  \:iissiaii.  ilisciiii  (■(l||||l'i.^^it'Illl^.  ail  «  |i-  ri  i,  a  iimaac  vaisscaii 
«lc'  ^iii-nr  (liiiis  (li's  pints  lies  (lilti'TcMlr-*  |iaissaiifc.s  avani  (|iir  iffiitifr  dans  di's  ports 
ill' la  piiissaiici-  iluiit  it  avail  d'alxinl  viitlc  la  iiriitraiili',  iii<  ine  p:,rait  puiiit  il<-M>ii' 
iiilliicr  siir  la  rcciiiniaissaiirt'  dii  carai'lcrr  i!c  cc  naviir.  I.a  oii  '•(•  vaissi-aii  ii'avait 
uiriiiic  ( (iiiiplaliilili'  a  ii'!;li'i^  c'etail  iiatniil  i|n'il  lilt  adiids  coniiiic  lialiiiiiiit  dc 
'^iii'iii-;  mais  la  rliuM-  cliaicj;!'  •■•.ilaliaiifin  des  i|Mi-  cr  sais>i'aM  tinic  dans  Ics  ian\ 
III! itoi iaii's  dii    <wi\rrain  ciimts  Ii'ijim'I   il   >'i'>l    irndn   I'onpaMi'.  dii  stia\i'rain  i|n'it  ii, 

(•    sii 


iMiiiiiiinds  \is-avis  ilc    I'aiilic   Itflliuiiani .      |i 


I"  'f.'.iwv  ;  il  pent  cUi-  Hai^i  i-t  con 


l.inon 


III     |M  nt    Ini    lairc   ii'ini»'  d 


.II-  pcnsi'  i(ii'il  cut  d»'  I'inlcn'l  dc  inn  lis  Irx  iia  lions  inai  il  ini<  >  dc  «<'rn  tcnii  aii\    pi  in 
<  i|ifs  i|iii>  |'(M)  s  inn  d  inunrrr,     II  v  ania  d'autain  ni<dns  ilr  imeli  n<  iii>n-<  l!aiidnli'n>c: 


''III' an  Icri'ltni  it'  Ileal  IT  di-  iiavirrs  di-xi  mo  n   la  I'lUU'-r  i-ii  lax  <'Mi  lii-  It 


t  am. I 


pills  d 


I'     Ml'Vfllll'  fllN  I'l  ■'.     I'lll\-Cl.    litis     llll'llll'   llll    i 


ii'iiiiiii  ■*  ;{ai'anli^s,  ipi'ils  m   nn  nli'iit  pas. 


il-i  -.1'  pi 


an|x  i|i 


lit 


i^i'lilil'ali'hl  Mill'   ill'  pit' 


l.i's  puissances  si;in.jti»iii's  llll  trail'' dn  \\'asliin;.,ti>n  r\priiiii-nl,  daii.s  cc  nifiiic  iirti- 
I  i"  \'l,  It' di'><ii'  el  I'l'spiiir  (|iii'  li'sdiiis  li'Ltli-s  iin'i'llrs  v  mil  I'taltlics  siticiit  ailopd'i'K 
I'M- It's  audi'-.  piii-.stinri-M  inai'ltiiiics.  II  Cant  in  cnnilnii' ijiii'  li's  pnissiinccs  ^i^nalai1'l■h 
mil  I'm  isa>{r  i  fs  r«'>.;|i's  cniniiic  I'laii'cs,  picfists,  ri  appliralili">  aiiN  dini'ii-nls  fas  ipn  y 
■*'ni\  riinti'inpjes.  S'il  fallail  'iippnsi-r.  an  laiiitrairi'.  i|ne  riiitcntmii  di".  pariiis  rnntiac- 
i-aili'^  a  WaslniiLttitn  t'lait  <l\  ilini'llii- dfs  I'spliralinns  it  dcs  ii'si-rvt's  '»iir  ,','s  iik'hh-h 
ii;iii's  ilan<>  If  sell'*  "  td*'  lie  p'ts  di  p.t-si-r  tie  lnaiii'iiii)!  If  idi'-is  dc  lei  rt  piili'iijiH' 
mil  i  iiiii' inli'inal  iiiiuilf  i|iii   a^  aie'iit  If  pin-*  df  iliaiiii''  df  <«f  laiic  ayjircr  dfs  inti  rets 

ill  till'  riifiif  case  id'tlif  I'iawatti.'i,  Hiitisli  pii/f,  laptintil  li\  llif  fnilfd  Stales  at 
1^    '  iiiiimi'iiienii  III  111' I  lie  f  i  vi  I  war. 

\r;;iiiiient  nl'  Her  Kniannif  Ma,jcst\'s  cDiinsel  on  thf  puinls  nii'itiiined  in  llie  resn- 
'  li'iii  of  till-  ar!  <  iialois  of  .Inly  '.'a.  I-T'J.  p.  :•». 


;! 


f ' 


m 


n  > 


■ipplM' ■!. 


«4  AHiUTKATKlN    A I     fiKNKVA. 

;;i\«'ii  woiiM  be  cMtiicIy  Inst.  Tlic  mici-rtiiiiiJy  of  its  intcrpn'tiitioii 
would  iilwiiNs  ciKlaii.uci'  tin-  stiiUilily  (»l   llic  iiilc. 

III. — SI  i'i'i.ii;s  Of  (■<»Ai,. 

I  ciili  only  trcjit  the  (|ii('sliuii  of  tlic  siiiiply  ;iih1  sliipinciil  uf  coiil  ii> 
coiiliccl)  (1  with  tlic  use  ol  :i  1i:im'  of  ii;i\;il  opciiltloiis 
(liicclctl  ;i,L;;iiiist  (tiic  ul'  tln'  l»ri!i<^cr('iits,  ur  ii^  ;i  lliijiiiiiii 
4'ilS(>  of  colli  I  ;il):ili(l   of  \V;ll'. 

I  will  not  s;iy  iliiit  till' simple  fact  of  Innin.n  iilloucd  ;i  ;;r<':it<'r  iiiii(Hiiii 
of  r(»;il  tliiiii  \\;is  iiccf-^sary  to  ciiiiUlc  n  \  <'ss('l  to  icacli  llic  iiransl  port 
of  its  coiiiilrv'  const  it  iitcs  in  itsdf  :i  siiriiciciil  liiicx  aiicc  to  call  foi'  an 
iiMlcnmify.  As  tiic  F.md  (Miaiiccllor  of  l-Ji^^laiid  said  (»n  tlic  iL'tli  itl 
.June.  1^71.  ill  tlic  House  of  Isolds.  Iliinland  find  the  riiited  States 
cipially  hold  tin-  piiiii'i|ile  that  it  is  no  violation  of  iiiteniat  ioiial  law  to 
fnniisli  anus  to  a  liclli;^-ci'cnl.  I'tiit  if  an  excessive  siipplv  of  coal  i> 
connected  with  other  circiinistanccs  which  show  that  it  was  used  as  n 
veritahle  iis  IkihHIIs.^  then  there  is  an  inlViiinciiiciit  of  the  scctnid  rnli 
of  Article  \l  of  the  treaty.  It  is  in  this  sense  also  that  the  same  i.oid 
rhanccllor.  in  the  speech  lieforc  ineiititnicd,  explained  the  intcntiini  oi 
the  latter  jiarl  of  the  said  rule.  'I'liiis.  when  1  .-c,  for  example,  the 
i'loiida  and  the  Shenandoah  choose  for  their  Held  ol  adicm  one.  tin 
slrelch  of  sea  hetvvcen  Hm-  IJahania  Arcliip('la;^(»  and  ricriniida.  In 
cruise  there  a)  its  ease,  and  the  other.  .MeII»oiiiiic  and  llobsou's  Ihi.v. 
for  the  purposes,  iinmediati'ly  carriecj  out.  of  ^ioin^-  to  the  .\rctie  seas, 
there  to  attach   t  he  wlialin;^- vessels,  I   cannot    hut    rc;:ai(i   the  siipplio 

H<'iirr;iii V  I't  di'  cclli'  )iiii'lii>  di'  I'limiiiinid',"  Tii\  ;inlam'  ili'  I'lAi'iiii'Ir  ilimiu'  sciaii 
riitii'ii'ini'Jit  |iir(lii.  l/iiih'i  inc'liil  lull  lloi  liiiitc  ('iii|ii<  iii  .ni  iiiniiiiii.>  .^lu  l;i  I'l  t'liU'ti' ili 
la. vol... 

II.  — M'i'i.'ov  isii>\m:\ii:m    di.  <  ii  m;i;i)V. 


II 


<,*li:int  M  l:i  <|lli'sliii||  ilr  l°a|i|il'ii\  i>|ciiini'lllt'Ml  rl  lill  rli;ir<;'i'liii>Ml  lie  cllill'lion,  Ji-  III 
>iim  :ii-.  1:1  I  laHi'i  "llic  xMi^  If  iioiiii  ilr  \  in- d'nii  c.'i'-  ciiiiiicm' :i\  cc  i'ii-.aL;i'  d'niH'  liasi 
d'i>|i' ral  iniis  navalis  diiij;iis  innlir  rim  di^  lulliuri  aiil>.  tui  d'niic  <  a.--  llani.iiil  ili 
<  mil  ii'liandr  di-  j;iii'iir. 

,)>' III' diiai  |i'is  i|iir    Ic  siiiipli-   I'ait  d'iivnir  alliiiic   iiii"  i|iiaiitili'  di' diai  lioii  plus  lini' 

(|i!e  ci'llc  I Msaiic  aiix  \ai>'<faii\    pimi  ri'o;|M||,.|- li-    |iiiildr    Inn  \>:\\>   ii    pliix  viii.-'iii 

riiiisl  it  III'  a  till  si'iil  nil  jti'iirl'  .•.nllisaiil  |iiiiii'  dDiiiii'i'  lirii  a  iinc  iiidi  iiiiiili'.  Aiiisi  i|ni'  h 
di-ail  Ii;  cliaiKi'liiT  irAiiylfli'iri'  li-  I'J.imii  1-71. a  la  <:|iaiiiliiv  iIih  liuds.  rAnnli-lrii' 
il  li'N  l\lal>  I 'ills  sp  liiMiiii'iil  r-jialrinriil  aUaili>>aii  )iriiiri|ii'  |ii'al  ii|iii- qti'll  n'y  a  |i.i- 
viiilal  imi  dii  iliuit  drs  ui'iis  I'li  ruiiniissaiil  di-^  ai'iiii>aii\  rriii^i  ranis.  Mais  >i  r>  I 
I'Nci  daiil  ilr  |ii  i>|iiii  I  iiiii  dans  |'a|i|iiii\  i^iiiiiiii'iiH'iil  dr  rlia  I  l»'i.  v  niii  sr  jiiiiidrr  a  ir:iiilr<  - 
ririi(iislaini>  i|iii  niari|iiriil  i|!i"i»ii  s'cii  «->i  siTvi  <  >>i'uiir  (i'lini'  vi'iilaldi'  rti  hoxlili' 
alms  il  \  a  iiilVacliDii  a  la  diiixiiini-  rr;;le  di'  rarlirlr  \'l  dn  liaili'.  ("est  dans  n 
sens  ••iii^-si  i|ii<'  II'  iiiriiir  Inid  iliaiircliiT  i'\|dii|nail  dans  \v  di>-r>.iiri«  iiii'iiii-  la  jimti'i'  il' 
la  ili'inirir  )>artir  dr  l.i  dilr  II  ;:(<•.  Aiiisi.  Imsi|iii' Ji'  \  i>|s.  pai  i  M'ni|ilr.  Il'  t'lmida  ri  1' 
Sliriiaiidnaii  I'liiii  il'  |iuiir  I<  iir  rliain)i  d'ailimi,  I'lin,  l'i'S|ta<'i>  dr  ini'i  i|iii  I'sl  I'lilii 
l'arrlii|ii'l  ilis  Mrs  Kaliannis  i  i  Irs  liiiutiidi's,  iioiir  >  nois.-r  ;i  huh  uisr;  r.-wilrc.  Midlimiiiii 
(>t  la  liaii'  ill'  liidison.  ;ivi'<-  !«•  dr.ssfiu,  I'M-i-iitr  iiniiii'ilialfiiifiil  !iinrs,  i\v  sc  ii'iidrr  d;ii!- 
Ii's  iiii'is  ,\ii  lii|iirH.  piiiit    y  allai|iit'r  Irs  li:ilfiiiii-i>.  jc  tn-  puis  Hriinpi-clivl' dc  cnlisiilrli  i 

■'lill'  Irariii'ii  l,an')iii'di,  spi'nk  !l^  ul'  •  oiiiialiaiiM  of  was . -sa* -. :  "'!'\vu  cmii'iiririi! 
riiriiiii.staiii'i's  an- iir('r.s.surv  ill  i-rm'r  that  tiirsc  iirt iclfK  N||«M»jiii  tiK'^Mnii'  tliu  i  liarai'di 
(if  rmilialiaiid  : 

•'!.  Tlii'.v  iiiiist  lia\«'  !I<'(huI!v  J>^ min'  !lir  piotHM-tA'-itl  »Ik>  rrn-ni,,  ,m,  ;a  |i"!s,',  1m'  i!i- 
|iii,si'd  ill  iiiaiiiirr  tli'it  tlu-y  may  im«  in'roiiic. 

"'2.  'I'lii'V  innst  lia\f  tifi-ii  ><  iil  out  id'  tlic  f'rritwv  snKioct  to  l!ii>  iii-nlral  nnd  paf'li' 
Movcri'lifii.  'I'lii'V  tlii'ii  Iwruiiii'  ri  •<  IiosHHh ;  ilii>\  MS9.>in:i  tli*;  rliararliT  111'  I'liiitraliaM'i 
j{imhIm.  iVc."     (,(i.  M.  I,  iiii|uiil    ••  •  M  till-  ('iMiiiitiM'c   ••!  %'■  I. (ml  Nation  -  in  I-hh'  ol  \\  .ii 


oi'iMoNs   OK  rnuNT   sci.ons. 


<.) 


cii  ((Kil    11  «|iiiiiititi('s  sunicit'iil  lor  such  piii'iHtscs  as  inlViii,ii:(('iiionts  oftlu^ 
MMiiiiil  rule  ol'  Hie  sixtli  iirticle. 

IN. — TlIK  'ALAUAMA. 

TIm'  vessel  wliicli  lias  had  the  iin<>u<ial>h'  inivMc^ic  ul  juivin.i;  its  iiaiiie 
In  the  mass  ot"  chiiiiis  ailxaiieed  l),v   the  (  Ion  (•iiiiiieiit  of  the 
I'liited  States  a;^aiiist    tlie    ^•ovenimeiit    of    Her    Uritaiinie 
Majestv  was  the   ohjeet  of  aii\i<ais  care   on  Ihe  pait  of  the   repieseiila- 
lives  of  the  I   iiited  States  fioiii  the  time  wlicii  siie  was  in  eoiuse  of  etui- 
strnetioii. 

The  eoiitraet  for  her  <'onsli'uetion  liad  Iteeii  eoiicliided  Itel  wet  ii  ( 'ap- 
lian  Mulhiek,  a  known  a^cnt  (d'  the  eonfeiUaates,  on  tlie  one  part,  and 
Mcssr^;.  I.aiid  on  tlieotiier.  Sin*  was  exidmtl.N  a  vessel  of  war.  She 
viis  (»f  al)out  '.MM*  tons,  was  'J'.'A)  feet  in  length.  .'IL'  in  linadlii.  and  L't»  in 
tcptl';  when  ]»ro\isioned  ami  sni>plied  with  the  eoal  necessary  for  a 
crinse  she  drew  \'>  feet  of  water.  Her  en.L;ines  weie  of  ."KIO  horse  power: 
>h('  carried  ei;;Ii|  ;^ii  ns,  six  broadside  and  t  wo  on  pivots,  one  I'oiward. 
die  other  altaft  the  mainmast.  On  the  l.'ttli  of  Ma\.  l.sfil!.  llie  vessel 
was  iaiiiii'hed  under  the  iiiime  of  i  he '_VM>.  her  Itiiildiiiu  iinmlicr  in  the 
\;iiii.  !''oiii'aI  represeiilalioiis  were  addressed  lo  l.nid  li'us-<eli  hy  .Ml'. 
Ailaiiis  on  the  'J.'d  of  .lime,  in  uhieii  he  m.ide  an  express  demand 
lliat  the  projected  expedilioii  should  lie  slopped,  or  else  thai  it  should 
lie  eslahlished  thai  the  piirposi  ot  tin  vessel  was  not  hostile  to  tln^ 
|M'(iple  <i|  the  Cnited  Stales.  .Mr.  Adams  liased  his  slateiiieiil>  on  pnlt- 
lie  report,  on  special  piesinnpl  ions,  and  on  a  letter  iiiiercepled  liy  the 
('in\  eriiliieiit  of  the  I    liiled  Stall's. 

].i\\t\  l»'ii>sell  relerrcd  tin  matter  to  the  |noper  deparlmeiil  of  Her 
llrilaiinic  .Majeslv's  i^'iveiiimcni.  .\  repoit  was  received  from  the  ens 
mills  olliceis  in  which  it  was.-iaid  that  the  builders  of  I  lie  vessel  did  not 
iillcinpt  to  disjii'inse  what  was.  in  fad .  apparent,  namely,  llial  she  was 
iiilciided  lor  a  ship  of  war.  'rite  lliilish  ;;o\  einiiieiil  proiiii>ed  to  Ueep 
>|K'ciiil  watch  upon  her.     The   svstem  adopled  bv    the  cnsioms  otliciuU 


li-  I  lliiruiiili'lil".  i\f  liiiirlMiM  ell  i|iMiitilc'   ;ili:iIi'^Hc'  :ill  tir,«.(iiii  ilc  cc-i   i-.\|ii  (liliiill.i  lollllili- 
1"  -  ipli  .11  I  iiMis  ;i  ill  (liii\iiiiic    ii  lilr  lie  rarlicli'  \'!. 


I.  M   Ml  \M  \. 

I.r  vaj'isi'iin  t|iii  :i  I'll  Ir  1 1  i-.li  |)i'is  ilri;!'  ill'  (lull  Ml T  --Dn  iiDiii  a  'a  iii:i-<.si'  tie  n  riainat  lulls 
.iiliiSM'i's  liar  li-  (iuiiv  cnirini'iil  di'.--  f'.talN  I'lii-.  ati  ijKiiM'i'iiriiii'iit  dr  >.a  .Maji'>|i'  luitaii- 
Mii|iii',  a  rfi'  riiliji't  til'  vivfs  Millicitiiili'.s  ilr  la  pari  iIi'n  ii')iii','«i'iitaiil-.  ilrs  l''.lal>-l  \i\»  ilr.s 
!i'  ti'iii|M  nil  it  i-hiit  (Ml  riitiHli-iii'liiiii. 

1.1' I'oiitral  iiiinr  ci'tlf  riiiislriictiiiii  avail  rti'  rmiilii  par  Ir  laiiil.iiiii'  lliilliiili,  af^fiit 
' 'iiiiMi  ilrs  ciinri'ili'ics,  iriiiic  jiai't.  t'l  jiai  .MM  Laird  lii- faiilrr.  C'rlaii  rv  idi'iniiK  nt  iin 
^.n-.iail  ill'  y;iii'rri'.  11  il.iil  d'rll\  iliili  '.HHi  iniilii's.  avail  '2'M>  jiirds  dr  lo",;.  :!"J  dr  lary;('. 
'.'"  ilr  )iiiil°iitiilMir ;  i|iiaiiil  il  ilail  a|i|iri)\  iNiniiiu'  d  t'tnit  |iiiiiivii  ilc  rliailxui  in'ri'sviili'i- 
.1  mil' i'iiii>ji'ir,  .sun  liraiif  dail  di'  !."■  jiii-ds.  Sa  iiiailiiiii' I'-lait  dc  la  I'lnrr  dc  Heo  rlii'- 
*.iu.\  :  il  I'lail  ariiii'  di-  linil  raiiniis^six  •^iir  Irs  ri.iis  r\  di'ii.x  a  |ii\  ni  |)lari'<.,  I'liti  a  I'avanl, 
'•iiilii'  a  Taiiii  II'  ill)  ;;i'aiiil  iiial.     I.r  l.'i  iiiai  l-li",'.  If  vaissraii  till    laiiri'  smis  '„•  nuiii    li' 

'-II'.'  I  liiifir  ih'  ruiislni'l  lull  ail  rliaiilii'!.  I>rs  rri'laiiialiiiiis  roriiii-llis  I'lmnl  |iiirl'  ''s 
I  i.uiti  liiissi'll  |i,ir  M,  .\daiiis  li  ■,':!  jiiiii :  il  _v  ilait  exjiri'ssi'iiii'iit  lail  di'iiiaiidi'i  d"i\r- 
I'l'i  I'l'Npi  diliiiii  pri'jrlrr,  nil  liii  h  d'l  lalilii  ijiii  Ir  vai^si'a'i  ii'iivail  pas  iriiitiiiliiiiiM 
li">  ilrs  ciiiiiri'  )i'  pciipli' (Its  r.lals-riiis.  M.  .\daiiis  SI-  riiiidait  Mil  In  \  iii\  piildiipii'.  Mill' 
li'^  |iiv.,iinipi  inns  spcclali's,  ci  sin  niir  Iri t if  iiiii'iri'pii'i'  pal  If  <'ioiiv('rii<'iiii-iit  d'-s  r.tiu«- 
I  lii-.. 

I.i'id  liiisMfll  ii'init  i'allaiir  an  di'pai'ti'incnl  fnni|ii'ti  nt  du  ^fniiMinrnn  nt  dc  sa 
Miiji'.^ti-  lii'ilaiin'i|iic.  II  s'ciisiii\  ii  nn  rappnrl  ilcs  nUiciiTv  di  s  dunaiii'^,  dans  Iciitnd  il 
■  '  ilii  i|in'  !i'H  riiii^lrnrti'iiis  dn  naviii'  n'rhsaNaii'iit  pas  dr  ilis>iiniili'r  nn  fail  Ins  ('\i- 
'I'  ill,  >aMiir.  ipi'ii  II  ait  di'siinr  a  drvi'iiii  nn  \  ais^raii  dc  yin  iir.  I'nc  siii  \  lillaiirc  ^pc- 
'     1'   till  iMi'tni.sf  dc  lu  pai  t  (III  ^niivcincint'iil  III  iLuiiiiMiiic.     Ia  .syNtdiic  adnptc  par  Ich 


ill 


TT 


7(i 


AlMii  rii'A  I  loN    AT    (iKNKNA. 


(Iiiiiii;^*'  the  wlidlc  (•(uirsc  of  Mr.  Afliiiiis's  ('oiii|iI;iiiifs  was  to  take  un 
i!iiliati\('.  iiihI  to  rciniirr  always  a  rmiiial  i('i|iiisiti(iii  on  the  part  (d"  the 
I'liitrtl  Slates,  athnisNililc  liffoic  an  Mniilisli  ''(MII'I  of  law.  An  cMiiiMMii 
Kiiylisli  < 'oiiiiscl.  Sir  \l.  r.  < 'ollici.  roiisnltrd  l>y  t  lie  Aiiiciicaii  consul 
at  !,i\  ('rpool,  (lid  not  licsitatc  to  dcclair  that  the  vessel  in  (|i!e>tinii 
iniuiil  he  sei/ed  l»y  llie  piineipal  olli'-ei'  of  casjonis  at  that  poiM.  and  iir 
advised  llie  Slid  consid  to  a|>|ily  (o  tlie  Seei-etaiy  ol' State  lor  l-'inei;.;!! 
.'i 'lairs  to  lal  ily  the  sei/nre  if  inade,  (U'  to  direct  ihat  it  shonid  Ite  made, 
l''i\e  allidavils  were  |)rodneei|.  which  Mr.  (".)Ii!er,  in  the  lirsl  instance. 
and  the  ;l;o\  eminent  alteruards.  reco^ni/,ed  as  fmidshin;:;  eonciusixc 
e\  ideiice  (liat  the  cliaracter  and  ijestination  of  the*  vessel  were  in  direct 
coni  ra\  eld  ion  of  the  foreign  cidis;  aient  act.  If  the  ad  is  not  enforce(l 
(HI  this  o(77rs/(i;/.  added  Mr.  ('olliei'.  //  Is  lilfh  hilfif  lliiin  <i  ilmd  tittry. 
The  Aniciiean  consul  al  i.i\er|iool  topwarded  this  opinion  to  tin-  iindei 
seta'ctary  of  sl.ite  for  toreinn  all'airs.  and  lo  tiie  secaclary  lo  ihe  l>oai(l 
of  ci:>loi;!s.  The  under  secretary  of  .>»lale  took  no  iinincdiale  steps  npon 
thi>  e<inininnicat  ion.  and  the   sciactai'S  to  the  hoard   (d'  cnstonis  had  to 

Inch   did   not    reach  him 


a\'.ail  Iheordeisoi  Ihe  lords  ot  thctreasnrv 
nidi  I  I  he  L'Si  h  (tl  -Inly  ;  the  same  docnmeiit>  were  also  commniiicaled  In 
Lord  iJiissell.  ( )n  the  same  da\ .  t  he  -"^t  h,  I  he  lawotlicers  ol  t  he  ( 'row  n 
iiaNc  I  heir  opinion  Ihat  the  \essel  vlioiild  It 


•i/ed;  orders  to  that  eifect 
were  coiiMipienllN  jii\('ii  mi  the  L'lilh  1».\  Ihe  IJrilisli  i^ovcriiineiit.  Tie 
cirennistaiice  of  the  illness  of  the  (Jneen's  ,id\ocate  has  heeii  adxaiiceil 
to  Jll>!ify  the  leli;4tll  of  time  which  elap>i'd  helweeii  the  presentation  el 
the  do(aiiiients  to  the  minister  lor  l'oiei;;n  alVaifs  and  the  delivery  ni 
the  opinion  to  t  he  law  oflicers  of  t  he  < 'rowii.  It  is  dillicnll  to  accept  thi> 
e\(aise  \  hen  we  i»ear  in  mind  that  there  were  oilier  i-oimsel  to  replace 
this  oflicer.  and  Ihat  aii.\  dela>  was  perihai-.  I'lider  these  cireniii 
>taiices.  the  \t'ssel  had  ample  time  to  escape  I  will  not  enter  into  the 
det.iils  of  the  precaniions  taken  hythe  commander  of  t he  .MahaiiiM 
to  elude  the  Hot  over  strict  vi^iiaiice  of  t he  laishmis  oHicers,  inn-  iiile 
the  caieidalions  of  the  distances,  longer,  or  shorter,  which  had  lo  he 
traversed,  in  order  to  arrive  in  time  to  arrest  the  vessel  on  her  toiudiiii" 


rmii  I  iiiiiniiiii's  il<'  I;'  <|iiii:iiii'  |m'IiiImmI  IiiiH  iv  idiiin  iIc  |il.'iiiil('-i  (If  M.  Ail.iiiis  ihiil  <lr  W' 

1ir<>ii<lri'  luii-Mih'  iiiiiial  ivc  el  (I'lsi;;!  r  tdiijiiiirs  iiiic  iii.st.'iiiiT  rornn-lii'  ilr  hi  )i;m  i  di  >  I'IImI^- 
■|ii!«  i«  Tl  Mililr  |iiir  li's  triliiiiianx  iiii;'l;ns.  I'li  tiiiiiii'iil  li'^isliiiiiiilai-..  Sir  ti.  I'.  Ci  til  in. 
ilUriro^i-  )iiif'4r  I'ciiisiil  :  •>!i".'<i'jiiii  ii  hi v rr|iti<i|,  ii'lii'sita  |Miiiit  A  <li  rliii'i  r  i|ii<'  Ic  \ai>s(':ui 
I'lt  i|ni'siiiiii  imiivail  I'ti'i' saisi  |i!ii' It- clicr  drs  olliricrs  dr  (loiiaiirs  an  ■.ii-^ilit  imri,  el  i! 
niiiM'iila  an  lit  I  r(iii>iil  (li-  fi'ailiTssiT  an  niinisiiM'filrs  alVaii'i'S(Mr,Mi;;ii'ri's,  aliii  ijii'il  raliliiii 
ci'ttc  H.'iisii-  ?.i  flic  I'liiit  t'ailf.  mi  I'urilniiii.it  si  tlii'  uv  I'l-lait  pas. 

Cill'l    illhiliirih   ilUtMit    inoiliilbt,   i|Mi'    M.    ( 'iillii'l'  it'alioiil   4't    clisiiili'    Ir    j;iiii  Viinclili'lit 
rrcDiiiiiiiiMil  I'oiiiiiic  |ii'cii  vi-s  riiiirliiaiili's  siir  la  i|iialit  -  ct  la  ili'il  iual  ioi>  lin  v  ai>'ti'a>i  <'ii 

il  (III :  ni  (•)■  .-.t.it  111  u'cnI  pa,^  a|ijilii|iii,  f/ri/ei  II  .7i 


pliiMi'  cnnliav  Minoii   :i\i  tnrihin-i  n 


lixlli 


(ircinc'I'iiiiu ,  ajiiiitail    M.  ('uliii'i-,  il  :i'(sl  (/iiiic  (fn 


l(  I, 


imirlc. 


h 


(■  <'i>ii-.iil  aim  ritaiii 


hiv 


4Tpiiiil   rt'init   crltc  I'liiiMilialioii  ail -iiiii 
hiii'i'  (111   liiirt-aii  ilf>  iliiiiaMf-4.     I.i 


an  xci'i'i 


ri'lairc  il'i'tat  di-s  atfairi's  r|iaii'j,fri>  it 
'iis-si'ci<>fiiiii'  il'i  lal  lie  iliiinia  pas  it"  suit'' 
iiiiiiii-iliati'  a  crilf  i'iiiiiiniiiiiraiii<M,  ct  Ir  sri'i'ilairi'  ihi  Uia'i'aii  di's  dmiaiirs  iliil  iilliinln 
li's  iirdii"H  drs  turds  ill' la  ti't'sitri'iii'.  i|iii  iii' liii  parv  iiliful  ijiii^  Ic  'J*  Jiiillcl ;  Icn  iiirini- 
(Ini'tiiiutiis  rniTht  aiissi  ('i)iiiiiiiiiiii|ii)''<  a  l.ird  l{n.s>ill.  I'c  nicitu- Jniir.  ','-  inillfl,  li« 
I'liiisrillrrH  li<;>aii\  dc  lt»  ciiiii'itieii- av  aiit  liiriiiiili' li-iir  avin  dc  l"i«irc  arivirr  l^  \aissiMii, 
Ic  *.i:(.di's  urdifs  liirnit  diiniii's  ilnMH  i  r  >t'lis  par  )<'  I'DiiMTiM-iiiriit  lil'ilaliliii|ll<-.  I'mii 
jiiHlilici  II'  liiii^  di'diii  i|iii  i-i:iil  iitli'i'vciiii  I'litrc  In  pi'<>Miitaii<iii  dcN  diM-iinii'iiis  an  mi 
iiiMti't'c  di's  altairi's  i-f  ranndcs  cr  Ic  iiiuIidiu'c  tli-  I'sivIm  iIcn  riMiHcilli'rH  |t-i.jii\  dc  la  on- 
roniic,  nil  inviii|i'a  la  cinithsirtiici'  dc  la  iiialadic  (\<-  I'iivncal  dc  la  ({cine.     On  a  dc  li 


pcnii 


.sariciir  Mir  ci'tlc     \cnsc,  dii  iiii>iiiciit  i|ii  il  --i- Iriniv.-iii  d  amies 


piMivaiciil  rcinplaccr  cc  lunciioiinairc.  ci   t)i 


.1    V 


cllll'cr.lllcs,    Ic    vaisNc;iii   cill    lillll 


dct 

ilKSI 


IcMtp 


dl 


ivait   pen 
liappcr. 


I:i   d 


Ic-ist 


ciiii'iirc 
lii 


CS     Hill 

.Sill    ri'> 


I  lie  111  clciidiai  pas  sin 


111 


Mt'caiUiMnM  prises  par  Ic  cnniiiiaiidaiil  dc  I'Alaliaiiia  pmir  clnilci  la  s  i;{ilaii 


'/  pi-'i  si'Vt  !('  «!•  s  i.iiicicis  ills  iliinaiics,  ni  Miir  Ic: 


Ills  dus  iIislaiK'iN,  |>liis 


uiiiiiis  luiii^iicH.  'in'iiii  iiiiniit  a  tVaiiclilr  |ioin'  arrivci  a  icinps  dc  fiiic  I'aitc  aricicr  Ic  iia\  ii' 


uI'lMdNS    ()]•    (  (H   \r    SCI.dl'IS. 


<  < 


;it  ''.caiiiiiaris.  .MocllVii  liny.  ;iiitl  INfiiil  I.yriiis.  TIm'sc  dilliciilt  ic?^  in  tlic 
\\,\\  1)1'  prompt  iiclioii  ;it  llic  hist  in<»iiiiMit  <l(i  iio;,  it  must  he  iidiiiil  tvd, 
utuiic  lor  tlir  want  of  an  active  sii|ti'rvision  wiiicli  li  i«l  ItciMi  piomisiMl, 
iiiit  wi'icli,  iiiit'ort iinatcly.  was  not  exercised. 

AlloA-  MM'  Ii('i't>  to  leproducc  a  passage  iVoin  tlic  jileadinus  ol'  (lieat 
r.nlain.  in  wliicn  it  is  said,  with  ret'ereiice  to  the  coinphiintstd  the  Inited 
Slalc>  on  the  siihject  of  the  escape  ol'  the  Ahiltania.  '•  It  is  asUini;-  that 
;i  niiveiniiieul .  uilii  its  \arions  depart  ineiits.  wiili  its  modes  ol  iriion 
wliicli  are.  of  iii'cessity.  inelliodical  and  more  or  h-ss  complex,  shall  act 
at  all  times  with  a  inechaiii<-il  preci>ioii  which  is  not  apjiln-  ihle  I'*  the 
jiiactiia!  !)usiiirss  of  life."  It  seems  to  me.  in  liie  lirst  jdace.  thai  liie 
ciiraiii^iances  in  whicli  tlie  llrilish  liitv  ernment  was  phiced  .ii  iliis 
iiiiiiiieiit  were  not  exaci  ly  t  he  ordinary  cfuirse  of  li te.  Too  many  mirrc-ts 
were  at  .Niake.  too,nian\  contendin;;  tears  and  hopes  were  Inouulil  into 
play  at  1  he  comnieiicciiriit  nf  I  he  formidalile  i-onte.-t  lieiueenihe  North 
,iiid  liie  South  of  llic  American  I'nioii.  to  allow  of  the  matters  which 
ri  lalcil    lo  these   ;^reat  a^ilat  ions  followiii;:;-  t  lie    oidiiiars  course  of    life. 

'I'lie  measures  to  he  taken  lor  the  preser\  at  ion  ot  l'Ji,i;lish  iieaiialil\ 
were,  luoititv  cr.  iieiiher  \  eiy  complicaleil  nor  o\er  arduous,  it  would 
!ia\('  siilhced  thai  the  customs  olliceis  should  have  lieeii  iiioie  ;  lleulixe. 
iimie  alert,  and.  perhaps,  less  prejudiced  In  la\orot'  a  caii^e  wliiiii  iiad 
hccoiiie  popular  at  Lixeipool.  and  other  llii.ish  shij)  iMiildiiiu  centers.* 
Tliere  is  ;;idiind  l'<U'  some  siiipiise  at  liiidiii.u'  tlie  colleci or  of  <  asloiiis 
I'liii.slitnlilij;'  himself  ;.  jiidL;i'  ol' h'nal  c\  ideiice.  w  Ik'H  what  was  reipiii-Ml 
was  a  piompt  recourse  to  more  din  et  means  of  i;iiaraiitee;iin  the  diilicN 
4if  iieiilrality.  In  I  he  ( 'ouiiier ' 'ase  presenled  l»y  the  ■^o\-eruiii.'Ul  of  llcr 
Ihitaiiiiic  MajestN.  (pa;n4'  SI.)  I  reail  tiiat  il  is  true  that,  in  case-,  ot  lhi> 
.'laiuie,  neutral  ;;o\  (■rniiieiits  onliiiKfllii  expect  lo  receive  iulormaiioii 
iKiai  the  ministers  or  consuls  of  l(elll;;eient  powers  lesideiii  within  (heir 
Il  riitiuies.  I  stop  at  the  word  o/7///((0'////.  and  !  inter  from  ii  iiiit  ihe 
iailish  uo\i  iniucnl  iiself  reco'^iii/e^.  and  with  ureat  reason,  thai    1  here 


iiiiii'Ji;int  !i  lti':!iuiiin')-<.  a  .Moi-lliii  Itiiv  ri  :i  I'iimU  I.nii.'is.      Co  iliDii'iillrs  <|'ii>;ir  |iriiiii|ili' 
III)  al  a  la  ilcriiii'ii'  liiun'  iic  cinivii'iit  jias.  il  I'aitl  ravmii-i',  li-  iii:mii|||<'  iI'mm"  siirvcillaiii'i 
.icii\i ,  !'.-!lf  r;!!"cllf  avail  rli   |ii<iiiii»',  iiiaiM|ai  nialiwun'ii-ihirnl  n'a  |ia>.  <ic  cmmcit. 
(t'li'ij  nil'  snit  |ii'i  mis  ill-  ii'|irii(|inii'  iii  iiii  |ia.->>..i<:r  <li<  jilaninv  ir  lii-  la  (•i'atMli--l>ri-tiii;iti' 
il  i'>i   ilil  .1  |in>|iit,-.  ili'M  plainli's  di-,   laal>-l'niN,  an  ■•iiji'l  tie  riva.siim  ilc  rAlaliam 


(   I'st    ilciiiaiiili'r  iiii'mi    "imi\ci  iii'iiirnl.  avi'r    m's   luaiiilii's    \ai 


If'.'.iill^  iloiii 


iMi'lliill    rst     III  i'i'ssail'i'li:rnl     i'uiil|ili<|lli'i'    I'l     jillls    nil     llliillis    lint  iiiiilii|ni',   liilli't  Inline  I'll 
toiil  ti'iii|is  avi-i-  iiiii-  |in')'i>i<>ii  iiii<'aiiii|iir  i|iii  iirsl  \i;ts  a|ijilii'alili' an  iiain  ortiinain-  <|i' 

.1    Ur."        II     llir     [laiall     iraliiHll    ijllf    li"«    il  I  iiMl>laliri'N  oil  sc  1 1  nil  V  a  i  I    ii-  UiMI  ViTlli'llllMI  t 
'Il  il:iiinii|iir.  I'll  re  iiiiillli'lit.  li'i'laii'lil    |iiiiiil    |ii  if  i-<riiii'iil    l<-    liaili    inillliail'i;   ilr    la    vie 


ini 


'I 
|t  iliiiti  ids  t'laii'iil  fii  jiii.  1 1 


nil  Ilr    I 


laiiiii's  ii    ir(H|>i'rain'i'''  •>«•   rniMirranaii'!!!  iiii 


'illlllli'liri-llli'lll   ill'  la   llllti'   I'm  lllili.'lltli'    I'lllli'    II'    linKJ  I'l     ir    >tlii    ili 


11 


Minn   anil  rD'ainiv 


ii'iiir  i|iii<  li's  iilVairi's  i|iii  a\  aiiiif  I  rail  a  ''i-<  nianilfs  a^ilatimis  iliis>i'iit    '-nix  r.'  Ir  iraiii 
"iliiiaiic  ill'  la  v  if. 
I.i-N  Micsnri'H  a  ini'inhr  |iniii'  saiivc^anii'i   la  iiriilialili'  aii^iai-i'  ii'i'tai'iii  il'ailli  ins  ni 

l|ii|i  I  nlll|i|ii|lli'<>s  lii  trnp  alillli'S.  II  aillail  >lll)i  ijllr  li'<<  nllirli'ls  ilr...  ilnllaili's  I'llssi'lll 
'  Il  |illls  al  Miilil--,  pill-.  .(Ii'lli's,  I'l  pi'llti'lli'  ninilis  pi  I' VI 'I  I  Its  I'll  I  a  Veil  I  if  line  railM'  <|lll, 
l.i   ripnni  i[   ilaiis  iriiiilirs  rltaiilii'r>  iiii^lai'".  •'■  a  il    ili'Viiini'   pnpniaiir.t      II  \  a  lieit 


il  1  111'  i|iii'lipii'  pen  •.iiipiis,  en  I'liii'iiilaiil  li'  iiii  Irtli'iir  < 


Ics  ill 


nil's  s  i'ii!;i-r  I'h  appii'c 


li'iii  (Ir  pii'iois  liMali's,  laiiilis  ijii'll  ainail  lallii  ircniiiii'  )iininpli'iiiriil  a  ile-.  nmv  riis 
I'l  lis  ili  I  III..,  lit-  Maraiitir  lis  i  lev  mis  ilr  la  in  ill  oil  in-.  I  >aiis  le  ■  ( 'miiiii'i-iasf  "  pri'snitc 
I'll'  li'  ^>mi\  I'liii'ini'iil  tic  sa  .Majcsli'  In  ilamiii|iii',  (  pani  "I, )  Jr  hs  iin'il  isi  \  lai  i|iii'.  •  la  lis 
il  ^  I  Is  i!i-  I  (1 1 1'  iiatiiir,  li's  L>mivri  iiciiu'iils  iiiiii  ii's  s'al  teiiili'iii  (t  iinliiiiiiiT  n  n  itn  nir  iles 
Il  iiMiyiicini'ins  ill's  iiiiiiislri  s  mi  <!•  s  cniisiils  (|iii  repieseniriii  sin  li-wis  tm  litmirs  Irs 
iniissatiri's  )ii'lli){i  raiitt'H.  .Ir  nrarirtr  Niir  le  unit  <riiitliiiuiii  uniliiiai  ilv  >  el  j  <-n  ileiliiis 
<l>i('  Ic  ^uiivriiii'iiii'iil  lii'itaiiiii(|iie  ri'i'tiiiiiail   iiii-iiirinr,  aver  j.|;i'iiiiili   raisnii.  ipfil  priil  y 

•  See  Hpri'clns  ami  Itispalelus  nt'  l''.ail  KiimsiU,  \nl.  ij,  iiaj^rs  'J.'.'.i,  •.'liti. 
f  Voir  "  SprcrlirH  uiiU  iliNitaldirs  of  Kail  Hn.-srll,"  Mil,  li,  pp.  •j;")!*  a  •J'iil. 


78 


.\WI»ril{ATl<»N     AT    (;!.\i:VA. 


iiriiis  ill  iiiiollicr.  (Ih!  Ilmt  iii;ikt'  :iii\   (liircrt'iirc  '.      Was  siicli    ;i    pit'lciisc 
Im  Itc  t()lfi;llr(l  Its'  ('(iiiiiiiuii  sciinc  '." 

TIm'  \t'ssc|.  coiiiplclclN  aiiiifd.  iil»iiii»l<>ii(Ml  licr  iii'illiiiM-t  iciil  ilf-ii^iiiit  inn 
'•l!!N>"  tor  tlic  iMiiiif  III'  tlic  Aliiitiiiiiii  ;iii(l  liuiNliil  llic  ll;i,n  ol    I  lit'  foiilt'd 
(Tiilc   ]Lj:(t\  «i  iiiiu'iil.  which   liuwcvcr,  on   ocfusioiis.  shr  rcpliu'cd   Ity  tin 
I'.iiiuh  ll;i;t  ill  onlci'  the  lii'ltcr  to  (h'c<i\f  \rssfls  wliich  slu-  w  islicd  to 
:itl;i(-k.     Sh;'  tliiis  ('oiiiinciifcil  :iimI  |iiirsiitMl  iici'  ;id\  ciil  uroiis  and  dcsas 


avitir  ilrs  i';is  r\Ii:i<ii(lmairfs  oil  int  nciifri'  ilnit  ajjir  miiis  atfriiiln  des  rciisiMLini'iin 


•  i'lin  I 


I  iM'lll;;i 


i:iiil  |Miiii  t'liii'  i<'>|irclcr  sa  iMiitialil" 


(^iir  Ir  ras  ilit  N"  '.".HI  ni'  liil  |iiiinl  nil  t'.'i>  <iiiliiianr.  rrja  nil'  |iar:iil  iIiiiikiiIh'.  |iiii~ 


iiii^tnicliiiii  a\ail  (Icuiiu'  i'i-\i'll  a  taiil  ili 


ilmli 


i,iiiaii<l  li'ili'{iail  ill'  11'  vaisscaii  Int  I'lniNlaii'.  I.iinl  jtn.-.vi'll,  |n'i'\  uvaiil  i|ni'  |niilial>li 
iiii'iil  il  III'  |iiiiii'i'ait  |ilns  t'tiT  ani'lc  tiaiis  Irs  laiis  imi  mi  allail  |i'  ilnii  Imt  aiiN  ii'ili  --  '! 
rAiiuli'li'iii',  ilit  iin'an  .--miilns  i!  iliininiail  ili-'  i>riln'>  iimii  I'aiuti  r  a  NaN^air.  mi  : 
t'lait    |>liili.lli'r  ijU'oll    Ir  tl'iillX  I'lail. 

<(>iiaii(irAlaliaiii:i  i|uilla  la  liair  ilr  Miirll'ia.  il  avail  nii  i  >|.ii|i'i;;r  dr  ijiialri'-v  inu 
liiiiiiiiirs,  il  >iii\  It  |ii'iiilaiil  i|iii'li|nr  triii|i.>.  la  itirr  il'li'laiiilr.  i>iii.-  toiirna   la  rotr  iiot'il  >! 

rrltr  llr  rl  sr  ililiyra  sill'   'rrlrriia.  rillir  ill's  Arint's,  nil  rllr  ailivil  Ir   HI  amit. 

I/Alaliaiiia  Int  irjniiil  ilaiis  Irs  ranx  ilr  Triiriia   par  (h-nx  \ais.sranx;   rA;;i  ijiiiina  i 

If  llaliaina,  sdIIIn  i'';;alr|nrlll   ilrs  purls  irAll;r|,.trirr.  ijlli   illi  a))p(M  trii'lir  nil  I'i'liliil'I  I'lMi 

HiilriaMr  llr  laiiniis,  <|r  iiiiiiiit  iiiiis  rt  d'apprm  i-<ii)niirini'iil. 


I. 


ar    lull  riiliilillli  r   lir    vaissrailX    pDI'taill     rl     I'rrrNailt     lii  >    inilhll  lull'' 


'I     ill 


vi.  iiililii'liii'iils  I'linst  it  III'  nil    fait    ruiiipli'M'  riiipnl'laiil   illir    rr>|iiiii--aliiliti'    siiliilai 
mix  ijni  MiiiIrN  nairiit  ilrs  ilmitrs  a  rrt  I'iiaiil,  mi  pmiriait  n  piiiiilrr  avir  Irs  pari>ir>  il' 


Sir  If 


rt    I" 


niiiiiMiii'rs   (tans  la  Ni'aiii'r  llr  la  ( 'li.iinln  r  ilr.s    iDiiiinniirs   Ir  "J-   avril 


I";!!!:   "I'.taii  ri     a    iliir  i|iraMi'iliir  rvpnlit  inn  n'riail  iiiir  rxpnlilimi    iiiililairr  a  iiiiiiii^ 


till 


Irs  t 


iiiiiirs  irnissriii  II  Ill's  ai'inrs  avri' rlirs  siir  Ir  niriiir  \  aissran  .'     si   Irs  iroiMii" 


rtairiit  siir  nn  vaissraii  rt  Irs  ariiirs  siir  iiii  antrr.  nla    I'aisait-il   iiiir   ilillrrriirr  .'     I' 
trilr  prrlriltiDIl  riait-rllr  silp|)iii'tal>lr  par  Ir  srlis  riniiliinil 


•»'  M I 


i.r  vaissraii  aril miipli'lrinriit  ni  ;;iiri'rr  i|iiitla  sun  itnliralrni  at  itlMnrlii|iii 

iinr  prriiili'c  Ir  iimiiirAlaliania,  liissa  Ir  pa\illnii  tin  y;mivrriiriiiriil  dis  ridilrilrrrs,  i|ii';i 
'iicrasiiiii  rrpriidaiit  il  iriiiplarail  par  Ir  pa\  illmi  In  itaiiiiiijnr.  pmir  inirii\  tnnntirr  Ir- 


\assraiix  ipi  il  \nnlail  allai|iiri'. 


II 


nlrrpril  it  pmiisiiuil  aiii.-.i  srs  riMirst'savrnlni' 


M's  <.'(  dr-va«(atrlrrs.     I';ilrs  painrriit  diiritrs  avrr  dru  di't.iils  iiiiiinlirnx  rt    lrriiiiii|i 


tlltiliji    "'Il 
ill-tails,  ill 

till'    I'ol'lll    II 

lliai  liint' 
l»v  tlic  Ah 
On  nil  i\ 

\('SSt'I.S    ol 

nulisli  si 
with  till'  n 
Alahaina 


iiiiiN  Ik'  (•\ti;i(>i'din;ii'v  ciiscs  in  wliicii  a  nciilral  should  taUc  action  n 
cnlorcc  respect  lor  its  nciitiality,  witlioiit  a\viiitii!<;  inronnatioii  IVoni  ; 
l»cllii;cit'iil. 

'Ihat  the  case  of  the  No.  L".Mt  was  not  an  ordinary  ease  seems  to  nn 
evident,  since  Ihe  const;iielion  ot  the  xcssel  had  ,i;iveii  lise  to  m»  iiinri 
anxiety. 

\\  hen  the  depaitnie  of  this  xcsscl  was  ascertained,  l<o)d  K'lissell.  Ion 
seeiii^i-  that  |trolial»l\   it  iniijht  not  he  possihie  toairest  lier  in  the  walei'v  |  Kii.uli";''  ^1 
on  the  coast  of  I'lni^land.  where  seafcli  was  heiie.:   inaile  for   hef.  stated 
that  he  would  furl  her  :;i\(' ordeis  to  ai  lest  liei  at  Nassau,  w  heie  it  wa- 
pt'olialile  that  she  iiii.uht  he  found. 

When  thcAlaltania  ipiitted  Moelfia  I'.ay  she  had  a  <'re\v  ol  eii;hi\ 
ineti :  she  kept  lor  some  t  iiiie  aloiiL;  l  he  Irish  Sea,  then  lomided  the  inn  Ih 
coast  ol  that  island,  and  sfeered  lor  Teieeiia.  inie  ol  tlu-  A/.or«'s.  when 
sheariixcd   on  the  lOth  .\iiuiisl. 

'I'he  .\lal' una  was  joined  in  the  walei  s  of '["eiceii  a  l»\  t  u  o  \  csscls.  i  In 
iV^l'ippina  and  the  llahaina,  which  had  also  stalled  fiiun  lainlish  ports, 
and  which  Inoiij^^ht  her  a  considcraltle  supply  of  cannon,  iniinil  ions,  and 
stores. 

The  coinlniied  action  of  \cssels  carrsiii;;  and  reccivin.;.;'  miinitioiis  ami 
provisiiitis  eoiisiitnlcs  a  complex  act  eiitailiii;4  a  Joint  responsil»ilit\, 
Those  who  ina.N  raise  aii.N  doiihts  on  I  Ids  ipiest  ion  may  i>e  answered  in 
the  words  of  Sir  Ifoheit  I'eel,  pronounced  in  the  Mouse  ol  ('oinmons  eii 
thcL'Sih  April,  ls.l(»:  ••  W  as  it  then  to  he  contended  Ihat  no  expedit inn 
was  a  military  expedition  except  the  troops  had  theirarms  on  hoaid  llir 
same  vessels  with  them  .'      Il    tlie\    weieon    hoard    one\essel    and    their 


Hope. 

The    col 
was  appn 
inipe  that 
ivpairs  w  e 

l>i!  her 
Hope,  and 
ilie  comin: 
Mito  this  1» 

Tlic  III! 
ihal  llie  \ 
riaiidesl  in 
namely.  1 1 

Ihltlire.  'I 
ilie  Alahai 
'hat  this  II 
jnrisdici  io 
Al'Ki  hi 
iDiiiied  tin 

m|    lli.s    pic 


d.nis  Ir  jiinri 
nil  iiiivraL-r  ( 
nili'tinils  i\r 
'i'lal.  Ir  Hal 

Arrivr  a  l;i 
iiiiilais.  A I 
!i.i'.>r  y  ii'i'iit 
i'lilis  aplrs  I 
I  >|ii'raiirr. 

I.ii  <'<iiiilnii 
'''I'-si'H.  i|iii 

ill'  Irs  li'pai 

Anivr  a  I: 

!  iliiiis  li's  car 

inrmiiia  !r  ;;i 

I'  jiiiratiiiiiN  i 

I.''   lOllslll 

■-ll'-i  rt   i'll\  II 

II"  piiinaii  p; 

'  I  ^l-a-ilirr, 

'V'lis  fAlaliii 

.~'ill\  rlllrlllr 

■Mulliisr  111'  I 

Ajirrs   .>,mi 

f.:"iivriiiciiii. 

''    I'll^i-  linos 


n|'l\HiN>    HI'    (ol  \l     scl.nlMM. 


79 


i;itiii;t  rniiscs.  'riic.v  iipiHiirtd.  ilcscrilu'd  willi  Miimitr  ;iii<l  Iffliiiical 
ilctiiils.  ill  ilic  joiiniiil  Ufpl  on  Itdiiitl  l)\  Mr.  I'lilhiin.  iiiid  cMri  iindcr 
ilir  lui'iii  <it  rt.iiiaiicf  ill  :i  umiU  iiilfiidcd  to  sMlistV  piili  it-  cmiusiix,  ;it 
lllill  lillit'  "iiu  li  cxcih'd  on  lln'  snltjcrl.  Aliioin;  l  lie  vessels  dcsliovcd 
l(V  IIk'  Al;ll>;ilii;l  wiis  llic  l''cd<'l;il  war-jiti.'illlirr  I  liilti'iiis. 

On  111  ri\  iiiu  ;il  -Iniiiaii  ;i,  tlif  A  l;ilt;iii'i;i  loiiiid  in  llic  port  tlnrc  I'lii^lisli 
vcssi'ls  of  Wiir.  I  lisle, id  ol'  Imim^-  arirstcd  in  i;ii;Ji>ii  waters  l»\  ilw 
Iji^lisli  ships,  llieerew  iiit't  willi  the  Itcsl  reception;  slie  was  supplied 
Willi  till'  iiicans  of  rcpairiiiLi'  her  daniaucs,  and  se\  eii  days  allerwai  d  the 
A  tall. I  ma  steered  lor  the  coast  oi  I5ra/il.  and  I  hence  lo  t  he  (  ape  of  (lood 
Hope. 

The  eoiidiiei  ol  the  l".iii;lisli  authorities,  under  these  eircniiislaiic««s, 
was  approved  1»>  Lord  iinsseli.  who  eonliiied  hiiiisell  to  e\pr<'ssiii;;'  n 
iiope  I  hat  t  he  \  essel  w  oiihl  Ite  leipiired  to  lea\  e  as  snoii  as  t  he  necessary 
lepairs  weie  liinshed." 

(hi  her  arri\al  at  Saldana  ilax.iii  the  coloii.\  ol  ihe  ('a|eot'  Ciood 
llupe.  and  coiiseipieiiily  III  the  territorial  waters  ol  the  liiitish  empire. 
ilie  coiiiinander  of  the  Alaiiaiiia  inrorined  the  '^oNcnior  that  he  had  put 
luio  this  iiay  with  Iheolijeei  ol'  eti'ecl  inn' some  imlispeiisaltle  repairs. 

Tlu'  I'niled  Stales  consul  protested,  without  los>  ul  time,  deiiiiihdiiii: 
ilial  the  vessel  should  he  seized  and  sent  to  lai^land.  >.\  hence  she  had 
riaiidestiiicly  escaped,  aildiiiu  thai  the  repairs  Hiakiiiy  lo  Ihe  vessel, 
namely.  Ihiil  of  repaiiil  iii'^  her.  could  iiol  be  considercil  asolaii  iirueiil 
nature,  'i'lie  >aiiie  consul  added  that  he  had,  w  il li  his  own  eyes,  seen 
1  lie  Alabama  laUe  a  prize  in  I  hose  same  waters.  'I'lie  govern  men  t  replied 
liat  this  had  taken  place  at  a  distance  Iroin  the  shore  lo  which  iiritish 
jiiiisiliclioii  did  not  extend. 

Micr  her  arrival  at  the  Cipe.  the  commander  ol  Ihe  .Mabania  iii- 
iHiiiiedthe  government  that  he  had  left  outside  ol  llril  ish  w  aters  one 
•ij  liis  previous   prizes,  the  'Tiixaloosa.  and  tlial    >he  would   >hoill.\  ar- 


U  I 


i- 


B' ' ' 


'IIC'IIII'MI- 


imiNiiiii 


•  i.iiis  Ic  j(inni;il  ti'im  :"i  lii>r<l  \k\v  M.  {■'nlljiin.  rl  im'-iiic  s<iiih  dcs  f.  inirs  ^<)lll.'lM('^<•|lll•^  <iaiiN 

Mil  n|i\  iMur  <1<'^I  ill''  .1  ill  ;i:i\ «  r  l;i    cMliiisilc    |il|liiii(lli',  .I'lil^    sliicvcihc'.       I'aillli     les    (l(  N 
iiiiriinii^  lie  saisscaiiN  ii|m  ni's   pm   I'A  Lili;nii:i.  il  \   riil    i  illr  dii  shaiiicr   >{<■   j;iirri('    Ii 

•  i'  i.ii.  \r  Hall.  ra>. 

\iri\i' a  la  .lania'ii|iii',  i'Alaliaina  .\  ii'iii'<>nii;i  <l:iii-.  !i' imrt  I  i')is  vai^iscaiis  dr  ;iiuirc 
iiiijlai''.  .\ii  iiiMi  tl'i'lrf  anvil'  ilaiis  n^,  i-aiix  aii^laisrs  par  di's  iia\  ires  anglais,  i'c<|iii- 
irim'  y  ri-i,'iil  If  nirilli'iir  arrrn-il  :  mi  liii  ilniiiia  li"<  muyiiis  ilc  rrpai'iT  si-s  avaricH,  et  si-pf 
I'Mis  apii-s  fAlali.iiiia  Ml' (111  i^ra  --iir  la  rnti' ilii  Itii'sil  it  ili-  la  mts  Ic  Cap  ilr  Itnmii- 
I  ^lii'iaiirc, 

l.n  I'liiiiliiilr  lir-i  aiiliiiiii's  aiiiilai-ii's,  ilaiis  n's  riirmis' aiHi'-',  liil  appi'iiix  n'  par  I, mil 
ti'i'^'^1'11.  i|iii  sc  limiia  a  I'spi'in  i|nr  if  s  aisscaii  an  rail  rlr  rriinisili'  pari  ii'  aiissjidi  apirs 
'111'  li's  ii'paial  imis  iiiili'-piii-'alili"'*  aiiiaii'iil  iii-  irriniin'i's.t 

Arri\r  a  la  liaii'  di-  Sa  Manila,  dans  la  riilmiii'  dii  (  ap  dr  l!minr  r.^prraiici'.  ii  par!  a  ill 
■I  Ills  li's  I'aiix  lirrilmiali's  ill  la  .siiiiviraini'l''  aiinlaisi'.  Ir  roiiiniaiidaiil  dr  rAlalianiii 
;  liii  Ilia  !i- ;4iiii\  oriii'ini'iil  (|ii  il  I'lail  \iini  a  ri'ttr  liaif  dans  ]<■  lii.i  di'  Caiir  i|iii'li|iii's 
I'  |iniMliiiiis  indi-|irn<a1di's. 

1.1'  iniisul  dr-i  raals-l  III  is  lie  laida  pas  a  pi  iilisi  I'r,  1  n  driiiaiidaiil  i|iii'  Ir  vaissi'aii  liit 

•  i!--!  rl  I'ltviiyi'  I'll  Aii^jlt'lrrii',  d'nii  il  s'l-iail  i  rliappi-  rlaiidrsiiiicniriil.  I'll  ajmilanl  i|ii'i>ii 

I"  |mii\  ail  pasriiiisidr'rfi'ciihiiiii'  iiiii'  irparalimi  iir^iriili'dn  na\  iir  ndlc  i|iii'  I'dii  faisait  — 

''I  a  din-,  df  It' I'l'pi'iiidiv.      la-   iiii'-liir  coiisiil  a.joiilail  ipfil    asail    vii    dr   scs   priipr*-s 

^I'lix  i'Alaliaiiia  I'M'riilrr  di's  prises  dans  ITS  inriiirs  raiix.     II   In!  Int    rrpDiidii    par  Ir 

i.>>ii\('niriiii'iil  i|Mi>  ci'la  s'l'lail  pasKi-  a  iiin-  distanri-  dr  la   <'i>li'  a  laiinrllc  la  Jtii  idid  inn 

iii;laisi'  III-  pmivail  pas  s'rli'iidii'. 

\|iii's   M)ii    arrui'i-    a    la    \illi'    dii    Cap,    h-   rniiiiiiaiidaiil   >\r    rviahaiiia    inruniia    !•' 

'iiMi  iii'iiiiMil  i|u'il  avail  lai'«si'  lim's  di's  rails  aiiulaisi's  hih'  dr  sis  rapt  iiirs  pin  rdnilrs. 

I  ii~i' liiiiisa.  rl  i|ii'i'lli' an  ivirail  liirnlnl    m  i|iialilr   dr   tiiidn-.     i\'   naviir  iuriv  a,  m 

*  l.rtirr  iVmn  Mi.  Ilainninnd  In  Sir  I'.  K'urrrs,  l^'rlnMaiy  II,  It'll:!, 
t  laltir  dr  .M.  Ilaiiiiiiniid  a  .•<ii  V.  {{opT.M.  II  frvrk-r  IHlJJ. 


il 


so 


ARTtlTTJA  I  Ion     AT    (;r.\i;v.\. 


'. 


'!> 


rixc  ill  llir  (';i|»;U'ilv  <»r  tciidcl'.  This  \cs;c|  ill  t'lict  ;iili\  III.  ;ill(l  iici 
«'iiruc  (»r  wool  Wiis  iii:i<l(>  over  !<»  a  liicicliailt  ol  (".i|m'  Tinvii  in  lie  tilliCii 
to  I'iiinipi'  :iii(l  Mi'il  ilii-i'i'.  Till'  nnuo  wiis  tlisiiiiliinlvtMl  ni  n  pnin; 
iiiiiiit'il  Aiiuiii  .l'fi|iii>iiii,  iiiitsiilc  of  liiilislr  iiiristljci  ion. 

W'licll  I  III- TiisimIoio;!  :i|>|M';iifi|  in  the  pari,  llic  r.iil>ll  H;ii' iidriiii  ii|. 
Sii'  llnldwiii  \\  mII^i  r,  wioir  to  liic  ;i()V»Tnor  to  know  il'  tliis  \i">s('l  oii:Ji, 
.-•till  loin-  coiisiiU'r.il  ,is  :i  [ui/.c.  nil  lion  i;li  she  Imtl  nc\  rr  lictii  coiHlriiitii  il 
as  such  iiv  n  roiii|M'|i-iit  1 1  ilniiinl.  lie  pi-rsisiiMl  in  liis  o|iinion,  wlmh 
was  ill  (liii'cl  MiriaiHc  with  the  loli-riiiicc  ot  tin-  ;4o\('inor  :  the  lain  i 
r«'l'»'nc(l  to  the  ntlorncN  •;;('ii('iiil.  niid  he  siil»st'i|n<'nll\ .  repjit  d  on  ih, 
iidvicrol  this  hist  olliccr,  Init  in  tcniis  which  liclniycd  u  tiiltcriii;:^  cmi 
vij'tion  that  the  vessel  nii;;ht  he  considered  as  a  \es-el  of  war. 

A  eonespoiMlenee  ensued  bet  ween  the  f;o\  criioi'  ol  t  he  <  'ape  and  I  in 
Colonial  iiiinislei'.  the  hiilvc  ol  Newcastle,  as  to  llie  li;^alii  v  ol  the  c;iji 
lines.  That  minister  disapproved  the  I'oiidiici  ol'  ihe  ;^i)\  ei  inn- and  tin 
appli<-allon  oi'  the  piiin  ijiie,-,  ot  law  on  wiiieh  the  attininN  general  ii.u! 
based  liis  opinion. 

\\  Idle  this  was  taking  place  ilie  'I'nsi  aloosa  had  reliiriied  lt>  the  ]>nit. 
and  having  thus  plae<'d  hcisell'  within  the  liinils  of  Ibili-li  jnrisdii 
lion  she  was  seized.  The  llritish  jioveiiiinent .  w  hen  iiii.riiiril  ol'  tlii- 
act.  di-.a\owed  il.  and  lUih  red  ihat  the  \  esM'l  shonid  \t\  ii<U)i\'i\  to  lln 
eonlrderale  lienleiiaMl  who  eoininaiided  her;  in  >  ase  inat  otiieer  ii.iii 
lell  the  Cape,  direclioiis  were  ;;iv«'ll  to  wall  till  llu*  Vi'(*««'l  eoidd  1m- 
handed  o\  er  to  some  pel  .son  whom  the  e(nnm.iiider  of  tin-  .VlaWaiiia  oi 
I  he  -^ov  eriiiiieiit  ol'  the  t 'onledeiale  Slates  ini;;lii  i;';ii: iaan'  !  )i  the  pin 
pose.  The  rji;ilish  lllillistei,  re\  elsili;;  ill  soliie  lit'.ufee  his  huiiier  (lecis 
uni,  based  llic  iii>t  lilrl  ions  as  to  |he  reslitiition  ul"  liie  \cs.<el  on  iln 
peculiar  eiiciini.-.laiices  ol'  the  case.* 

Her  111  II  anil  ic  Majrsl\"s  iiiiiiistei  declares,  in  the  same  dis|)aleii,  '•  ihr 
.'I  ficciiiiiis  iniiiiioisiiiii    Id  ilisiK.ss    ivlitllur,   mtliir   nlnni    Id   iIh    ('(Ijh:  IIi' 


Al 


I'll'i't.  I  I'll  a    Nil  rai;;:ii.-<iiii  ilr  laliir   a  iin   iii.iiiliaiiil  <li'  ('a|ii'  'I'owii  pi  mi   la  M  aiiMiiorli  i  < 
i'airii|ii',  aliii  il'.v  riff  vciiiliic.     I,a  >  .■ir;4;iisuii   I'lii   ili'lMi'i|iii-f  siir  iiii  p  liiii  .i]>)ii'ir' .\iiU'.' 
I'fi|iii'iia,  fii  ili'lior.H  lie  lajiii  iilit'liiiii  l>ritaniiii|iii'. 

],i>r^i|iii- II- 'rii.scalixtsa  jiai'iil  ilaii.->  r<  I  iiiiliuil.  Ir  rnnlii'-.iinii.ii  aii;ilais,  .sir  llalil\Mi. 
Wa]l\fr.  iM-ris  il  an  yniivfiin'iir  iiiiiir  -.avoir  .si  r.'  \ai-M'aii  ilr\  ail  ill"  cMi-nri' I'on.siilii' 
I'oiiinii- mil- pii.-.r,   liii'ii   i|irii    ii'i'iil    jniiais  rii'   I'luiilaiien- i-imiiiii>-  I  >'lli- |i.ir  iiii  trilnni.i 

r<  Mil  pri  rill,    II  iiisjsla  I  la  IIS  .'.I  II I  I  ipi  nil  III  loill  ,1  tail  oppuM-i-  a  la  IuIiMMIIi'  ■  illl  ;;i>IIVrl'llrni  . 

ii'liii  ri  I'll  ii'li'ia  a  I'al liiriirv-;;i'iii  lal,  rt  I'l'piniilii  i-iisiiii  >,  il'a|>i\-.>  I'a^  is  ilr  n-  ili  1  niri 
Miais  ilaiis  (Ir-H  ii'iiiiis  ipii  1  i'alii^>airiil  iiin'  I'liiivici imi  rliaiiri'laMii'.  ipir  co  iia\ii' 
poiisail  sc  riiii>i(|i  irr  ruiiiiiu'  \  ai.ssi'aii  ili-  ]L;iiri  rr. 

I 'ill'  i-i  nil  spell  11  la  I  Ml'  s'l'iisiiiv  il  ml  ro  Ir  ;iiiii\  n  iniii  ilu  ( 'ap  d  li-  iiiini^l  ii'  ilrn  ctilniih  ■ 
«lni'  ill-  Nrwi'aslli',  .siir  la  lr.;alili'  ili"i  rapluii's.     Ci-   ininislii'  ilrsippr  iii\  a  l.i  I'liinliiii 
(111  Umiv  ri  iii'Mi  rl  r.ippiiral  iiiii   (li"i   piiiM'ip's  ilr   iliiiii    siir  'iMpii  is   !'ai  Illl  iii',\  j;!-!!  I 
.s't'tail    I'l'iiili'. 

I'i'iiilaiil  ipir  ri'la  SI'  pass.iil.  Ir  'I'lisi-aliKisa  r-liiil  miilri'  iIiiiin  Ic  pml  :  il  .s'l-tuiit  aiii'i 
plan-  ilatis  W-  liiiiiti's  ill'  |;i  jiiriilicliiiii  aii^laisi-,  il  I'm  Haisi.  l.ii<  ii'iiiiviM'iii'iiiiiii 
lii'ilaiiiiiiiiii',  iiil'iii  nil'  ill'  ri'l  ai'ii',  Ir  ili'savoiia,  ci  lit  ii'inlrr  cr  vaissi-au  an  liriili'iiiii': 
i;iiiii'i'ili'ii'.  i|ni  II'  riMiiniaiiilail  ;  itaiis  lo  cas  oil  crt  iillirii  r  I'lil  ipiilli- Ir  Cap,  il  aj<'iii  • 
ipi'll  lallail  all''nilir  pmu'  rriiii'llni  It'  vaissi-aii  a  la  piT-iKiiiir  ipii'  li- riiinniaiiilanl  <i 
r.M.'iiiania,  mi    li'  ymiv  ri  iii'iiiriil   ilrs  clals  riinf'i'(|<'i'i'>,  aiiiail   «lrsi;;nir  a   ccl    cllrl  ;  i' 

lllilllsl  11'     ail-^lais,  |'i'\  rliaill     rll    ipli'li|llf  sollr    sill'    jHi'S    plrinii'l'i'S    i|i  ri>iiilis,  llil.sail    ill' 

in;«l  1  iirliiiiis  nlaliM's  a  la  I'l'si  II  ni  inn  (In  iiasiir  snr  hs  riiiiiiintiiii<iiixinilioiiiulli''>^'' 
I'air.'iiii'. 

1,1'  iniiiisH'i'  ill'  .'-a  Maji'sti'  Writ  :inniipii«  iliilaii'  il.iiis  la  nn  nn'  (l.'priln'  iin'il  n't"!  |'l■ 
utiU■tll^lH''|^ll(l^l'  ii<i  "'III  I'lliiiii'  'I"  '  I'y  l<    I'lt-ifiiliioxti  iDH-ii  (  TKi/  tmiJDiui  II  ('((»'((( i<7'c  (i'liiii  im- 

"  Di^palcti  (<r  till'  Jfiikc  III'  NcwcaHlli'  tn  Sir  I',  WuiIi'Ihhisi',  Manli  In.  tsiil:  "  I  Iw^' 
now  til  cxplri'.n  thai  I  liis  ili'i'i.sinn  was  not  rniiinli'ii  mi  any  j^'iirial  piincipln  rcspi'i'lin. 
till'  trraliniiil  nl  pri/rs  raplnicil  l>y  the  (;nii.s('r»  of  cilhcr  ln'lliyi^ii'iil,  Inii  mi  'lie  i"'"' 
liar  i.:ii'(iiiiittlaiu't'.s  ol'  lln;  caae." 


OlMNIONS    OF   COUNT    .SCUH'IS. 


81 


Tiisnilnimn  still  ftttihinl  thv  charnrtcr  of  ti  /o'/rc,  or  iclirlhrr  .she  fun!  lost 
lliot  I'lmrortvr  oml  liml  aysiinuil  lliuf  of  on  onnnt  Ini^lrr  to  thv  Alnhiiimt, 
mill  ii'lo  llirr  tliiit  inir  rliKtiofrr,  if  jniipi  ilji  t  shihllslml  and  ailiiilitnl,  icniilil 
hun  cittillnl  lor  to  Hit:  saiitr  itririhyr  oj'  <t(liiiis.siiui  ichich  inii/lit  he  tdcorUcd 
Id  her  rojitor,  the  Ahihinnti.''  "  -t  ** 

III  iii.\  tM|);i(  ity  lis  ill  i>it  latoi'.  I  (MiiiDtl  :i\oi(l  ii  (lisciissioii,  i-vcii  tlioii^ii 
it  .sliiMild  III'  wiiiiuiit  use  to  uim>  uI  tlir  iMiiics,  hikI  I  iiiiist  ;ii|iiiil  tliiii  it, 
Ncciiis  ti*  nil- tli;it  till'  oliscix  ill  ions  oi'i;;iiiiill>  iiiiii|i>  wii  li  <M|iiiil  ciiiiilor 
1111(1  ;;<)nil  stiisc  liv  lifiir  Adiiiiiiil  WiIKit.  (iIIIh'  liiili.^li  iiiivs ,  slioiild 
^iiiiic  llic  ii|iiiii<iii  1)1'  lilt-  iiiliiitiiil  ill  till-  ilcrisiiiji  Ml'  tlif  puiiii  wliicli  ihc 
lliilisli  ;tuv('i  iiiiifiit  iT^iinlcd  iis  diiDciilt  iiiid  doiilitliil. 

Tu  rcsiiiiic,  I  iiiii  ol'  (i|>iiiiuii  lliat  tin*  iinitiiility  id'  (insit  l>ritiiiti  Wiis 
^lilM'lv  ctiiiiiiioiiiiscd  li\  (111' \  I'sscI  iiifiiird  t  III' AliilMiiiil.  <  iilisci|in'iil  ly 
(iii'iit  Uiiliiiii  is  ii's|ntiisil»li'  lor  tin-  iirls  ol'  tin'  s;iid  ve.ssi'I,  iis  wt'll  us 
till  tliosi'  ol   liiT  tciidcr  till'  'rusciilovts.i. 

V. — Tin:   SlIKNANDiiAII  '///(/.s  SKA  KIMi. 

First  iiort. 

Till'  liist  cliiirjic  wliicli  tlic  I'liitrd  Stiitcs  biiim"  iii-iiiiist  tin-  lliiljsh 
"Iiivcniiiii'iit  with  ii'Liiiid  to  this  m'sscI,  wliicli  Uiis  iiiiilt  mi 
iIh'  slioii's  of  till'  Ciydi',  's  liiiit  sill"  wiis  sold  to  liirliiird 
Wiiiilit,  of  Livi'ipool,  ii  Ut.lisji  siihji'cl,  iiiid  fiitlicr-iii  liiw  of  .Mr.  I'rioliiiii 
of  Soiitli  ( 'iii'oliiiii :  this  liittrr  liciii;;'  tlif  liciid  |)iirtiii'i'  ul'  tlir  liriii  of 
I'liist'i. 'I'rciilioliii  «\:  ( 'o.,  notorious  lor  its  iiitiiiiiitc,  ichitions  wiili  tln^ 
ciiiifcdciiiti'  ;;ov  ('innu'iit. 

Tlic  (iiili'd  Siitii's  iiiiiintiiiii  thiit  in  \  ii'W  of  (lir  iiliovc  rrhilioiis,  wliirli 
rollid  Mot  lie  lllil\llo\\ii  to  tlir  l'!ii;;li.sh  !^o\  rl  lltiirli! ,  lliis  liitti-l'  oll;;lit  to 
liiiVii'  UiMi'hril  (he  t  liiiisfi-rs  ol  t  lir  cliiss  id' vcsst'ls  w  liirh  lloiii  thrir  liitihl 
lii'liiiycd  dcsiuns  hostile  to  tlir  I'liitrd  St;it('s.  Mr.  Adiiins,  on  Ilic 
;:ioiiiid  ol  t  wo  drpositioiis  of  siiilois  on  ho;ird  I  ids  vcs.sci,  dinoiiiu*t.'d  lit'i" 
to  Ijoi'd  Jinssill  iis  dcstini'd  tor  tin-  coiili'di'ijitr  j^ovcnniu'iit. 


.•ili.-irin.'  iih. 


'Ill  x'il  (irail  firnlil  rr  citntitiir  noiir  pvinttw  nliii  il'iiil  hi'itininil  ilv  •»<  friliitir  <iriiii'  pour 
rAhthioiiii.  il  m'  rr  IIIIH  rum  niniiliri,  ililniiii/  rnnsiiiti  il  mtinis,  hii  niiniil  ilniinr  tlinit  iiiij'. 
Ml/ i/K.i  y(;(Ci/(  I,"" ''''"'""''''"'"  '/IIIIH  iliiiiiil  iiiiiinli.siisiiii  niiiuiiii  iu\  I'  .{liihtoiid. 

hiiiiM  ma  i|iiiiliir  (I'm  liitii- Jc  iic  puis  pas  iTiirtcr  iiin'  disciiN.-iiMi,  i|iiaiiil  iiii'iiic  rlli-  iic 
sfiiiit  ptiiiil  mile  a  I'mif  ili's  parties,  el  Jc  dtiis  a\  niirr  4|iii'  IrsiilisriN  aliniis  lailrs  ifaliDid 
iiviT  aiilant  ilo  lnvaiOr  i|iir  ili'  Imii  sriis  par  Ic  ciiiii rc-aiiiiral  Waiivri ,  ilr  la  iiiaiiiii) 
lii'ilaiiiiii|iir,  nil-  paiaissiMit  ilcvnir  <liri;;i'r  rnpiiiinii  ilfs  ,in;;cs  ilaiis  la  ili'ii^ioii  (ii-  n* 
|ii>iii|,  i|ih-  !r  ^iiiivi'i  iii'iiifiit  liritaiiiiii|iir  I'ln  isa^rail  cimhiik' ililiiiilf  <■!  ilDiilciix. 

Mil  iiK'  ii'siiiiianl,  Jc  siiis  il'avis  (|ii('  Ir  \ai.>>raii  tioiiiiin-  rAlaliama  a  ;^ra\  i-iiii'nt 
■  oiiiprniiiiH  la  III  III  lalili'  lii'ilaniiii|iii-.  ( 'iiiis>  i|iii'iiiiiii'iit,  la  rrspniisaliiliti'  ilc  la  I  Iraiiili'- 
ilii  ta^iu- m' i  nun  <•  rii;;a;^(-o  taut  pour  ics  I'aits  ilii  ilit  \aisscaii  iiiii'  par  ci'iix  ilc  Kim 
liiiili  r,  Ic  TiiscaluKNa. 


I.K    SIIi;\.\M>OAlI.    \l.l\s    S|:.\    KI.NIi. 

I'lriiiiiic  inirlk, 

'.I'  prt'inicrri'iinxOu'  nui',  It's  l-.tats-I'nis  ailri'ssnit  an  j^oiivi'i'iiriiu'iit  an!;;lais  A  prupoM 
ill' 1 1-  vaixsraii  III  'r'il  -air  Irs  liorils  dr  la  Clvdr,  r'i->l  ipril  a  ili-  m-iuIii  a  l>ii'liard 
Wi  i^li  I,  df  l,i\  'ip'.!  !  'iiji't  a  II;;  la  IS,  ct  lii-aii-piTc  df  M.  I'linlraii.  ili'  la  ( 'aiidiiii'  dii  Suit ; 
(■(•  driiiirr  assi.  '.'■  I'll  i.ipal  i\>-  la  maisdii  f'rasrr,  Tiriilioliii  ct  ('",  ronmir  jiar  m's  irla- 
liiilis  ilitiiiii'S  a\  '    •  'i'  ,■  illVrl'llt'lilrlll  dcs  cdiili'dt'l'i'S. 

i-i's  i^tatsfii  s  ,;>iili 'iiiii'iit  iiiic,  Ml  li's  rt'lal  ions  -iiisditi'H,  ipii  ii<>  poiivaii-iit  ^tro  i>^no- 
I'ls  par  Ic  ^iMi'  rrih'iiiciil  ;iii)^liiis,  it  deiiiifr  aiirail  do  snivcillcr  Irs  luiiisCfrfs  di'  I'dtn 
riitfy;(irir  dc  vii is.-'i'aiix,  i|iii,  jtar  Iciir  i-oiistnictiini  ari'iisaii'iit  drs  projcts  linslilrs  aiix 
Kiats-t!iii.s.  Nl  Adams,  appiivi' dr  dt'iix  tli'p'^iilii'iis  di'  mati'lids  a  Imrd  di-  ri'  iiaviic, 
ili'iiDiivait  a  Lord  Kiissull  iadi'Mtiiiatioiido  lo  vaissi-iiii  an  j;onv<-riii'iiii'iit  ilfs  ri(iilV'dcn''H. 

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ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


TIk',  St'ii  Kiiiji'  look  out  a  ('l«'{U'aiico  for  Boiiihay,  jiiid  coal  and  supplies 
for  a  ciiiisc  of  twelve  mouths.  Ilai'dly  had  she  wei-^licd  auclw/r,  when 
a  tele.niaui  sent  to  Liverpool  autioiuiced  her  de|)art[ii'e  to  tlie  eouredf'rate 
ayciit  at  that  ]»oit,  Tiu-  same  eveuiu.n'  a  sfrew-steauu'i',  ricaily  new, 
adniirahly  achipled  lor  e(|uipmeiit  as  a  privateei",  iiaiiu'd  the  Laurel, 
luauued  l)y  men  thorouyldy  devoted  to  the  confederate  ciinse,  wlio  Inn! 
served  on  Itoard  the  Snmter,  .Mahama,  ami  (!eor_i;ia,  wiis  laiU'ii  with 
arms  ami  steered  for  the  bay  of  Fuuchal,  in  the  island  of  Madeir;i. 
where  she  awaited  the  Sea  Kiui--,  which  ariived  two  days  sifter  her. 

in  a  desert  coiiier  of  the  bay  of  ."Madeira,  the  arms  aud  ammunitioii 
were  transshipjx'd  Irom  the  Laurel  to  the  Sea  Kin.i;'.  A  man  named 
Corbett,  an  faiulishmau,  who  had  recei\('d  from  ^Vl■i^■ilt  a  power  of  ai 
toruey  to  sell  tlic  vessel,  addressed  the  (!i('w,  announced  the  sale  of  the 
vessel,  which  was  about  to  chanjic  her  nanu'  aud  take  that  of  Sheuan- 
tloah,  and  endeavoi'cd  to  persuade  the  nu'U  of  the  crew  to  follow  the 
^•essel  in  her  lU'W  career  in  the  confcderale  ser\ice.  Of  eij^hty  saih>rs. 
tweidy-three  only  consented  to  remaiu  in  the  uew  vessel  of  war. 

The  comltict  ol' Corbett  appeared  to  be  in  such  evident  contra\'ention 
of  the  f(»rci,ij;n-enlistnH'nt  act,  that  the  ibitish  consul  at  l-^nu  hal  sent 
bin)  home  in  custody  to  10uglau<l,  Captain  Waddell  suct-eeded  him  iit 
comimind. 

Mr.  Adams  did  not  fail  to  inform  Lord  Russell  of  all  that  had  taken 
plac(^\\ith  it'.uard  to  these  two  vessels;  lie  added  that ot  the  oflicers 
trausfe  r<'d  to  the  Shenandoah,  the  j;reater  \r,\vt  wert^  Dritish  subjects 
who  had  been  saved  by  Eii,nlish  intervention  at  the  mouient  when  tluy 
Avere  ^i'oiu.u'  on  board  tlie  >\labama. 

The  Slieiiaudoah  went  from   Madeira  to  ^Melbourne;  on  the  ))assaj;e. 
Avliich  lasted  ninety  days,  she  destroxed  sev(M'al  vessels  ot  the  merchant 
navy  ot  the  Cinted  States  with  theii  cargoes,  and  linished  by  anchor 
inn  on  the  l*~»th  flauuary,  180."),  at  Saudrid^i^'c,  a  small  vill;i.ne  two  m^lcs 
from  Melbourne. 

If  we  are  to  believe  a  letter  addressed  by  ^Ir.  I'danchard,  United 


lli'^^ 


I.c  !^lii'ii;ni(l(iali  in'it  scs  imjiici's  do  Ixird  'hiiii'  l?i)nihi\y.  vt  du  cliarlioii  cf  dcs  ajiiirovi- 
sioiiut'inciits  ])(iiir  iinc  crDisii'ic  dc  doii/.f,  iimis.  A  iiciiic  li'  Sen  Kiiii.';  avait-il  Icvt'  raiu'ic 
(lu'iiii  t<''I('',uiiiiimii' csiH'dii' It  I>iv<'r)ii)nl  aminiicait  son  d<'iiart  a  I'aLi'ciit  coiiti'ihTt' dc  cr 
])(>it:.  1  'aiis  la  iik'HK'  soirt'i'  uii  steamer  a  hi'lice.  ]ii  esijue  iieiil',  adiiiiiablemeiil  aiiinopric' 
u  nil  .niiiieiiieiit  di>  e(iuis(>,  iio'inne  le  J.amel,  nidiitt'  ]iar  <les  hoiiniies  tii's-devoiies  an 
parti  foiit('il('ic,  i|ni  ii\  nieiit  servi  a  Imrd  dii  Siiinter,  de  I'Alaliama  et  dn  (ienrma.  eliar^eii 
des  amies  el  se  diri^-ea  \ers  la  liaie  de  I'liiiclial,  dans  I'lie  de  ilade:c,  oil  il  atteiidit  li' 
iit",\  Kiiijj,  qui  aniva  d<'iix  Joms  ajjii's  liii. 

Dans  MM  eoiii  desert  ilt;  la  liaie  de  Madere  il  se  tit  iin  traiishovdeiiieiit  d'ariiios  ct  d'' 
immilious  dii  Laurel  siir  1"  .Sea:  Kiiijf.  l;ii  iioiiiiiu;  C'oiliett,  nil  Aii.nlais  t\m  avait  i('(ii 
de  A\'ii^iit  nii<:  procnration  ])()nr  veiidrc  le  iiavire,  se  pi-esenta  a  )'e(iniiiaLje.  aiiiioiii.ii 
lit  veiite  f'aiti^  dn  vaisseati,  (|ni  ailair  cliaii^iiT  dt;  iioiii  et  itreiidre  eeltii  de  Siienandoali,  ct 
»'n,t;a<;('a  les  lioninies  de  r('<]iiinaj;e  a  snivic  ee  vaisseati  dans  fjcs  iioiivelles  destiiiees  iiu 
service  des  contedi'ii's.  Stir  (|nalre-viiij;l  niatelots,  vinj-t-trois  setileiiiciil  coiiseiitirciit 
a  rester  stir  ce  iionvean  vaisseati  de  niierre. 

J, a  condnite  de  Corbett  iiantt  si  evideninieiit.  coiitrain'  .m  forcijiii-niHntmciit  art  que  Ic 
j'oiistil  aiijilais  a  I'niiclial  Teiivova  prisoniiier  on  Anf^leterre.  Lo  caiiittiino  Waddell 
Ini  sncct'da  dans  le  coiiniiandeinent. 

M.  Adams  ne  m  tin  qua  iiasd'inl'oritier  Ijord  Russell  de  font  ce  ((iii  s'etait  passe  a  |)ro])(is 
«!•' ces  deiix  vaissejtnx:  il  ltd  ajottta  <ine  |iariiii  les  olliciers  traiisti^it's  stir  le  (Slieiiitii- 
doali,  la  jtlnjiart  elaieiit  des  siijets  anf-liiis,  ({iii  aviiicnit  (■to  satives  )iar  nni!  intorvontitm 
any,'liiiso  an  moment  oh  ils  so  icnilaient  i\  bord  de  rAlaliaimi. 

]^e.  Slionandoali  se  ))orta  d<'  Madeio  snr  M-lboiirno;  dans  lo  trajct,  <itii  dnia  qiiatic- 
viiiflt-dix  jonrs,  il  dc'trnisit  plnsiotirs  vaisscaiix  do,  la  niarino  niarcdiaiidt*  dcs  lUa^s-l'iiis. 
ainsi  (|tie  lenrs  careai.>oiis,  et  liiiit  par  ,jett»r  I'ancre,  lo  '^5  Janvier  Mi^i,  a  ISandriilj;o,  mm 
petit  villiti.;e  a  detix  inilles  <l(^  Molbotirno. 

Si  Toil  LU  croit  une  kttre  adressce  ijur  M.  liluncbard,  consul  cles  iStatB-UnlBil  Mel- 


OPINIONS    OF    COUNT    SCLOriS 


-sn 


states  consul  at  Afcllxninio,  to  ]\[r.  Seward,  Sccivtary  of  State  at  Wasli- 
iiiL;t«>ii,  the  mail  IVoiri  I'^iiropc,  \vhic!i  liiid  arrived  some  days  iK^I'orc,  had 
bi'oii.iiiit  news  that  the  Sea  l\iiij;'  had  h-l't  ICiii^Iaiid  with  the  inteiitioii  of 
bt'iiiii'  transformed  into  a  vcssc!  of  war  to  cruise  a<;aiust  the  commerce 
of  the  I'uited  States. 

The  I'nited  States  consul  at  ^lelhouiiie  informed  the  governor,  with- 
out loss  of  time,  of  all  the  circumstances  which  lie  consideicd  as  proofs 
that  tlie  Slienandoah  was  not  a  vessel  of  war  of  a  rec(».iinize<l  l)e]lii;erent, 
hut  rathi-r  a  privateer  heaiiuji'  all  the  marks  of  its  .yiiilt. 

The  IJritish  authorities  at  >rell>ourne  are  accused  of  havin<>-  been  ex- 
('essiv<'ly  complaisiint  toward  the  comman(U'r  and  crew  ot  the  Shenan- 
doah ;  it  is  asserted  that  tlie  .governor  had  unoflicially  re-assured  lu'r 
commaiMU'r  belbre  ofticially  .yrantinj;  him  what  he  re(|uested. 

Captain  Waddell  did  not  hurry  himself  to  state  what  were  the  repairs 
and  supplies  which  he  nee(h'd,  and  the  ^^overnor,  instead  of  adherin.i!; 
rigorously  to  the  ;n'eneral  instructions  with  which  the  British  jiovern- 
iiiciit  had  furnislu'd  him,  referred  it  ratlu-r  to  ^Vaddell  to  determine  the 
length  of  time  to  be  .granted  him.  While  the  I'cpairs  were  slowly  u'oiii.n' 
on,  Wacidell  was  makiut;'  recruits  in  the  town  of  iMelbonrne  to  till  up 
the  yaps  which  were  left  in  his  crew. 

in  the  American  .Vpi»endix  (vol.  v,  ]»p.  (I(>()  ct  Ncq.)  i\n\  inserted  tlie 
rc'ixirts  of  the  |)roceediu,u,s  of  the  legislative  {issend)ly  at  Melliourne, 
which  show  that  the  opinion  of  the  majority  was  in  iavor  of  treating' 
the  commander  of  the  Shenandoali  with  h'uii'iu'y,  and  leaving'  the  mat- 
ter to  the  decision  of  the  j^overnment  and  the  colonial  authorities.* 

j'ressed  by  the  riMuimstrances  ami  protests  of  the  I'lnted  States  con- 
sul, the  uovermtr  referred  the  <piestion  to  the  liiW(>tTi(;ers  of  the  colo- 
nial iioverinnent,  who  rt'idied  that  there  was  no  evidence  of  ))irac\  hav- 
ing- been  committed  by  any  onc^  on  boai'd  the  vessel,  and  that  she  should 
he  treated  as  a  ship  of  war. 


s-/ 


Imurni'.  h  M.  Scwiird.  Sccrotairc  d't'tut  fi  Wasliiiiiitoii,  la  iiiallc  d'Europc,  ani\('i'  (jiicl 
<|iU's  jdurs  aii|iara\ant,  avait  ajuiorlt'  la  Moiivcilc  (|iu'  U-  Sea  Kiiij;  avait  (|iiitf('  fAii.nlc- 
tcri'c  a\c(;  I'iiili^'iitiiiu  dc  se  traiisl'oniier  en  vaisscau  dc  jriiciic  jioiir  I'roiscr  (joiitrf  1(3 
(■(HiiuiiTcc  (ii's  lltats-l'iii.s. 

1a' consul  (li's  fitatN-Tiiis  dans  ('rtti>.  villc  iic  tai'da  pas  a  iiiforint'r  Ic  lioiivcriicur  dn 
tdiitcs  los  (•ircoiistaiicii.s  pal'  ltsi(iifllt's  il<'r(,yait  jinrnvt' qnc  Ir  Sticiiaiidoali  n'l'lait  point 
<lu  tout  nn  \aisscau  dc  jjucnc  (I'nn  lie  Hi  ;.;■(' rant  ice  mnn.  niais  birn  iilnlot  un  cDi.s.iiii;, 
ayant  tontcs  Irs  niar(|ncs  dc  sa  cnlpaliilnc. 

Oil  acciisi^  Ics  auldiiti's  an;^laiscs  dc  Mcll>oiunc  d'avuir  cti'  cxccssivciiicnt  coinlcsccii- 
iliiiilcs  en  vers  Ic  coininainlant  ct  rt'i|uipai;'c  dii  SlieiiaiMlnali ;  on  ]»i(''tend  ([lie  ee  yonvcr- 
iicnr  avail  lassnii- ollicienscnient  Ic  conmiandant  avant  dc  Ini  accordcr  ((I'ticiidicnient 
I'c  (jii'il  deinandait. 

l.e  caiiitainc  Waddi'U  lu^  sc  jircssa  point  ])onr  (aire  coiinaitrc  (|ncllcs  etaient  ]i'h 
i'i'|)aralii)n.'-;  ct  les  approvisionncmciUs  ipril  lui  I'allait,  ct  Ic  nonvernciu',  an  lieu  dc  s'cu 
tciiir  ;i  la  rio-eiu-  dcs  instructions  <;('n(M'alcs  ipw^  Ic  jj,dnvcrnciuciit  auj;lai.s  lui  avait 
naiisiniscs,  s'cii  rapportu  pliUot  a  Waddell  snr  I'cspacc  d(  temps  a  lui  accordcr. 
Pendant  (inNui  pi'itci'ilait  Icntcnu'nt  aux  i('|iarations,  Waddell  Caisait  dcs  recaaies  dans 
la  ville  de  McUionrnc,  ponr  roniplir  Ics  vides  (pic  laissait  son  ('(piipajrc. 

Dans  rap)>ciHlicc  anuMicain  (vol.  v,  paj^cs  (idO  ct  snivantcs)  on  a  ins('T('  dcs  rappoits  des 
aites  (Ic  riisscinlil(''c  l('';;islativc  iW  Mcll)(>uruc.  (pii  nianpuMit  (pu'  Topinioii  dc  la  niajoritcj 
iiiciinait  a  ni(''naf;(,'r  h^  (H)innnuidant  dii  Shenandoah  ot  a  s'on  rcnitsttre  a  I'avis  du  ,i;on- 
virneuu'nt  ct  dcs  ant((rttos  colonialcs.t 

I'iess(''  ]iar  les  instances  ct  les  protcstaticuis  dn  eonsnl  dts  I^tats-Unis,  lo.  gouveinciu- 
(lil'i'ia  la  (piestion  aux  conseillei's  h^jjaiix  du  ffonvcrueincut  colonial,  (pii  n'-pondircnt 
i|u'il  n"y  avait  ancnnt^  preuvc;  dc  piratcrie  oonnnisc  par  <pii  ((we  celftt  an  bold  du  uavirc, 
<t  (pie  Ton  (U'vait  traitor  colui-ci  ooinnio  uu  bAtimont  do  gaerre. 

*  Soc  tlip  speech  of  Mr.  O'SluinaHsy,  p.  (itll}  of  tlie  vohime  referred  to. 
f^oir  le  discours  de  M.  O'SbaimsHy,  p.  (jO'J  «lu  volume  cite. 


ir : 


:l, 


ilii ; 


mm 


^'f 


84 


ARBITRATION   AT   GENEVA. 


•'ill 


'.,! 
;< 


Tlie  sn.si)icioi]s  whidi  had  beoii  eiitcrtaiiuMl  of  tlie  clandostine  sliip- 
moiit  of  soino  persons  on  hoanl  Ww.  Shciiaiuloa'li  coiitimied  to  increase. 
Till'  pcnnission  .i>iaiit('<I  to  tlio  (!aptaiii  to  take  in  supplies  and  make  re 
]iairs  was  snspended,  and  the  j>oveniinent  published  a  proclamation  for- 
l)iddin<«'  IJritish  subjects  to  yive  aid  or  assistance  to  the  Siu-nandoah. 

The  assertion  of  the  fact  of  the  clandestine  shii)nuMit  of  certain  men 
on  board  the  Sheinindoah  was  borne  out.  and  the  commander  ami  oHi- 
fci'rs  of  that  vessel  had  to  yive  explanations  as  to  the  assurance  they 
had  <>iven  that  no  shipment  of  this  kind  had  taken  place,  and  as  to  the 
fact  that  they  had  unfortunately  not  fulhlled  this  engagement  made  on 
their  word  of  honor. 

The  American  case  and  the  British  counter  case  contain  details  as  to 
the  facilities  which  the  to])ographical  situation  of  Jlobson's  Bay  and 
Port  Pliilii*  afforded  for  the  escai)e  of  men  watched  by  thejiolice,  whose 
insuthcient  means  di',1  not  allow  of  thvir  exercising  sut)ervision  at  eveiy 
point,  in  order  to  prevent  the  departure  of  the  persons  enlisted.  It 
may  also  be  doubted  whether  the  legal  advisers  of  the  colonial  gov- 
ernor and  his  ])oli<;e  oflicers  were  over-anxious  to  second  the  energetic 
eliorts  of  the  United  States  consul. 

I  will  note  two  circumstances  which  appear  to  me  to  deserve  special 
attention : 

I.  The  confidential  instructions,  by  which  the  autlnnities  at  IMel- 
bonrne  had,  from  the  first,  said  that  they  must  be  guided,  are  published 
at  page  125  of  the  tilth  volume  of  the  Ai)pendix  to  the  British  Case, 
and  the  last  document  contained  in  them  traces  exactly  the  line  of 
conduct  which  was  hnallv  followed  by  the  government  towaid  Captain 
AVaddell. 

L*.  The  postscript  of  a  letter  from  ]\lr.  Adamson  to  "Sir.  Davis,  whicli 
is  to  be  found  at  page  (J.'JT  of  the  documents  annexed  to  the  American 
counter  case,  (French  translation,)  reveals  a  moral  pressure  producing 
a  i'ynical  disavowal. 

Tlie  Shenandoah,  on  leaving  the  ])ort  of  ^Melbourne,  took  with  her 
40(>  tons  of  coal,  if  the  American  consul  is  to  be  believed,  with  full 


Lcs  soupfons  qne  I'oii  avait  do  rcmharqneniont  claiidcstin  de  (lUflcjues  porHoiiiies  a 
l)()i(l  du  Siioiiaiidoah  no  iirt^iit  qii'auffiiKuitor.  La  pormi.ssion  accordot*  aii  ('a[)itaiiio  de 
faiit'  dcs  ai)pr()vi8ioiiiii!iiii'ntM  of  dcx  ivparation.s  t'lit  susmoikIiio,  ot  to  f^oiivoinoinciit 
jinblia  iino  pioi'lamatiou  pimi-  di'loiidre  aiix  HUJctH  IjritamiKiucs  do  proter  aide  et  assis- 
taiico  an  .Stujiiandoali. 

L'a8.s(atioii  du  fait  do  I'cmbarqtieiiiPiit  cland(!8tin  do  (luolciuos  liommes  dn  Slioiian- 
doah  fut  inaintomto,  ot  lo  coiniiiandaiit  ot  li's  olilicicrs  do  (m;  vaissoaii  duront  doniior  dcs 
oxplicatitms  siir  la  parolo  (pi'ils  avaioiit  doiin(''i!  (|ii"aiiouu  onil)arqiioiiiont  do.  co  ^^'onrc 
ii'a vait  on  lion,  ot  .snr  lo  fait  (pi'lls n'aviiient  malliouiousenieut  pas  rdpoudn  il  cot  ciiga^e- 
luoiit  do  parolo  d'honiionr. 

Lo  "CaHo"  ainorioain  ot  le  "Conntoi'-caso"  anj^lai.s  coiitionnont  dos  d<^tails  snr  la 
faoidto  (pio  la  sitnation  t()p()j>rai)lii((no  do  Hobsoii's  Way  ot  Port  Philip  piotaifc  a  i'ova- 
sion  d'hoiiunos  survoillos  par  la  polico,  dnnt  Ioh  failtlo.s  nioycHM  no  i)ernu^ttaiont  point 
d'cxorcer  \uio  siu'voillanco  Hur  tons  lo8  points,  atin  d'c^nipoclior  oos  sortios  do  gons  o,ni- 
lianolios.  II  est  anssi  ponnis  do  dontor  (pio  los  consoillor.s  loyanx  du  {ronvornonr  coloniiil 
ot  SOS  otiioiors  do  polico  fnssont  dos  luicux  disi)osos  a  seconder  I'enipressoiuout  (U'S 
dounirdios  dn  consul  dos  Jltats-Unis. 

Jo  )U)torai  deux  circonstancos  (|ni  nic  paraissent  nKiritor  nno  attention  spocialo: 

I.  Los  instructions  conlidoutiollos  d'apros  losqnollos  los  autoritos  do  Molbonnic 
avaiont  dit  d'abord  otro  obli{j;oos  do  s(!  rd<;lor  fnront  publiees  a  la  page  12'^  dn  cincinioine 
volume  do  Tappoudico  an  "Case"  anjrlais,  ot  la  dernioro  pioco  iiui  s'y  rattacho  tracii 
exactniont  la  lij^ne  (ini  a  6U''  suivie  par  lo  youveruemeut  on  dernier  lieu  vis-u-vis  du 
capitaino  Waddoll. 

'<J.  La  poxt-seriptum  d'unc  lottro  do  M.  Adamson  a  M.  Davis,  ipii  so  lit  a  la  page  C37  des 
piocos  anuexooH  an  "Conntorcase"  amoiicain  (traduction  frauiraiso)  rdvide  nne 
prossion  morale  prodnisant  nn  cynique  ddfeavou, 

Le  SLeuaudoah,  eu  quittaut  lcs  eunx  de  Melbourne,  etnx)ortait  avec  lui  400  tonnes  de 


OPINIONS    OF    COUNT    SCLOPIS. 


8; 


;) 


special 


»s 


sailinj;  rigging,  trusting  more  to  her  sailing  than  to  her  .steaming  pow 
ers.  This  excess  of  sn[)plies  was  denounced  to  the  governor,  and  the 
United  States,  reckoning  up  tlie  several  shipments  of  coal  made  by  the 
Shenandoah,  infer  that  she  was  meditating  a  fresh  cruise  on  her  depart- 
ure fioin  M(^lbourne,  so  that  that  port  became  a  base  of  naval  opera- 
tions for  tiie  insurgents. 

The  cruise  of  the  Shenandoah  furnislu's  materials  for  a  special  de- 
scription, and  among  the  reviews  of  the  facts  relating  to  this  vi^ssel  is 
(»iie  to  wliich  1  will  here  refer — that  of  Mr.  .Montague  Bernard,  who 
says  that  sc  large  a.  number  of  recruits  as  we  may  believe  to  have  been 
shipped  by  her,  could  not  have  come  on  board  witlu>ut  Captain  Wad- 
dell's  knowledge,  I  shall  I'eturn  to  this  (piestion  of  the  number  of  re- 
ciuits,  wiiich  is  evidently  exaggerated. 

One  cannot  resist  the  belii^f  that  the  tolerance  of  the  authorities  at 
Melbourne  contributed  greatly  to  enable  the  vessel  to  pursue  her  adven- 
turous career  in  th(!  Arcti(;  seas,  whither  she  re[)aired  by  JJehring's 
Straits. 

The  number  of  whaling-vessels  which  the  Shenandoah  destroyed  in 
these  waters,  at  a  time  when  the  ('.onfederate  government  had  ceased 
lo  exist,  raises  the  amount  wiiich  tlu'  United  States  lay  to  Inn-  charge, 
to  a  sum  little  less  than  that  for  which  the  Alabama  is  held  responsiljje. 

It  is  not  pi'oved  that  the  Shenandoah  absolutely  lost  her  original 
character  of  a  IJritish  vessel  nuinned  by  a  Ibitish  erew.  It  is  aflinned 
that  this  vessel  shipped  at  ^lelbonrne  .'>(>b  tons  of  (toals,  v.hieh  liad 
been  sent  to  her  iVom  Li\erpool.  The  (iovei'nment  of  the  United 
States  adds  that  the  name  of  the  vessel  which  bi-ought  this  coal  was 
the  John  Fraser,  and  this  occurrence  it  seeks  to  adduce  as  an  iucaini- 
iiiating  circumstance. ' 

The  JJritish  goviu'nment,  in  its  counter  ease,  (page  110  of  tho  Fi'eiu-li 
translation,)  says  that,  at  the  i)resent  day,  wheu  the  distance  of  time 
and  place  prevents  an  exact  kin)wledge  of  all  the  ]»artieular  circum- 
stances, it  would  serve  no  useful  puriiose  to  follov.-  all  the  details  of  a 
techiucal  discussion  founded  largely  on  conjecture. 


cliarltou,  si  Von  en  croit  Ir  consul  ioiu'ri  iiin,  inn!  iiiiUun;  comitli'tc.  s'cn  ti'iiaiit  jiliis  a 
la  voile  ((iTa  la  vapi'iii'.  Co  liix(*  d'approvisiomu'iiifiit  tut  (U'lniiict'  an  j^oiivei  in-nr,  ot 
Ics  I'Uats-Cnis,  en  sniipntant  Ics  divers  (•liar^i'nients  de  eliarlimi  I'aits  par  W  Slienandoaii, 
til  (h^diiiseiit  <iii'il  ludjettait  niie  iioiivelle  (Moisieie  en  soitaiit  de  Mtdltouriie,  dt;  sorte 
i|iie  ce  ]n>r(  di'vciiait  poni'  les  insnrjfes  line  base  d'opi'iatioiis  navales. 

La  (•i(ii>ier('  dn  Slienandoaii  (oiniiit  la  niatierc  a  une  description  lout'.'  partieiiliere, 
ct  paniii  les  appii'cialions  des  t'aits  (pii  coiieenient  ce  vaissean  il  y  en  a  iini>  (pie  Je 
lappiirle  ici,  celled  de  M.  Moiinta^iR'  Bernard,  (pii  ilit  (prim  iionilire  aiissi  ^raiid  (1(! 
icci'iies  (pi'dn  i»i'nr  (^roire,  (pii  ait  (^t(''  enihaiipK'  a  son  hi>rd.  n'aiirail  ]ni  s'y  reiidre  sans 
(pii'  le  eaiiitaine  W^iddell  en  cut  connaissaiice.  .Je  vais  reveiiir  siir  ce  iKiiiilire  de 
iccnii's  ('N  ideiiiineiit  exa'^'i'ic 

<  In  lie  pent  se  I'etuser  a  croiic  (pie  la  loji'rance  des  aiit<irit('s  de  Mellmiinie  a  lieaiiiiiiip 
Mi(l('  a  iiiettro  c(!  vaisseaii  en  ('•tal  de  poiirsnivre  sa  cairiere  aveiitiirciise  dans  les  iiieis 
Aictiipies,  oil  il  se  reudit  par  le  di'troit  de  HeliriiiL';. 

Les  (lestnictions  des  lialeiniei's  (pii'  le  Slienandoaii  opi'-ra  dans  ces  eaiix,  dans  iin 
temps  oil  le  ;^()ii\  ernenieiit  des  conlVilt'ii's  a\  ait  cess('  d'ev  ister,  I'l  rail  inontcr  la  emiipta- 
liili(('.  (lout  les  l';ialsrnis  le  cliary.i'iil,  a  nii  diillVe  de  ])tii  inl'erieiir  a  celiii  ih.i.t  "ii 
I'iiarjic  la  i'es|)oiisaliilit(''  de  rAlaltaina. 

II  n'est  pas  'proiiV(>  (pie  le  Slieiiandiiali  ait  etVeetiveiiieiit  perdu  son  caiact(''r(^  luiniitit' 
(le  \aisseaii  et  d"(''(piipae('  l)ritanni(pie.  II  est  allii'iiK'  (pK^  >•('  vaisseau  einltaitpia  ii 
Mclliiiimie,  '.](){)  ((limes  de  cliai'lion,  (pii  liii  avaii'iit  ('ti'  ex]i('di('es  de  Liverpool.  \,i' 
(ioiiveriicnient  des  I'Uats-lTnis  ajoiite  (pie  le.  iioni  dii  vaisscan  (pii  apporta  ce  cliarbon 
('■tiiit  le  John  I'laser,  et  il  piu'tend  (Mi  dcdnire.  iin  ai'^innent  dv.  (•nlpal>ilit(^ 

Lc  jto'ivciiieuient  britiiinil(iiit,  dans  son  contni-inenioiio,  (p.  110  dc;  IV'ditioii  franfai.se,) 
(lit  (pi'il  ci'tti)  heiin?,  oii  le  temps  et  la  distance  eiiipeclient  de  reconnaltre  avc<.'  exaeti- 
tiide  tons  les  (l<Stail8  aecessoirea,  il  n'y  anrait  anciine  utilitc''  n^elle  a  suivre  tons  les 
diHails  d'unc  augmentation  technique  torgee  largeinent  sur  des  conjectures. 


86 


AUBITIJATION   AT    GENEVA. 


IV'l' 


The  Anu'iiciin  riovcniinciit  docs  not  i«'liii(|iiisli  its  ooinpliiiiits.  T  coii- 
sidci'  tluit,  in  order  to  loiiii  a  Jiid;;int'iit  on  the  lust  pciiod  of  the.  crniso 
of  tlic  SlK'niindoidi,  it  is  of  tlM>  .yrcjiti'st  inijiorliince  to  dwell  on  liic 
swoiii  depositions  ot  the  two  iniisteis  of  wliidiiiy-vessels,  Mhene/.er  Mve 
nnd  'i'iioiuiis  Ihitliuwiiy.  wliieli  are  jiiveii  iit  tin-  end  of  tlie  second  part 
of  (lie  selections  from  the  Appendix  to  the  Ciise  of  the  IJniti'  States, 
(French  translation.) 

Tt»  replace  the  force  of  a  vessel  in  a  projiortion  ecpial  to  that  which  it 
lind  lost,  is  not,  strictly  speaUin,ii',  sni  un<;nientation  of  force.  W'v  find 
this  maxim  laid  down  in  a  Jnd<>inent  oi'  the  Wnpreme  Conrt  ol'  the  I'lnted 
States,  quote<l  in  the  interestinj;  memorandum  of  .Mr.  Abbott,  (Loid 
Tenter<lcn.)  It  is  ne<;essar\,  therefore,  to  ]>ro\e  an  extraoidinary  ini;^- 
mentation  of  force  ' ,\  order  to  establisii  a  solid  presnnii)tion  ol  fresh 
attemjyts  ayaiiist  tlie  dnties  of  neutrality.  It  is  on  these  mnch-dis- 
])ntcd  I'acts,  which  are,  in  my  belief,  capable  ol' further  elucidation,  that 
I  beu' my  hom>iable  colleaj>ues  to  assist  me  with  their  information.  It 
neci  ssary  1  will  apply  to  the  jtarties  theuiselves  for  tnrther  explanations. 

ISccond  jmrt. 

In  t^e  session  of  the  (hiy  before  yesterihiy,  beiny  jthieed  in  the  d(>li- 
eate  position  of  haviii,<i  to  det<'rmiiie,  by  my  castin,i;'  \  ote,  the  decision 
in  the  important  and  complicated  case  of  the  Shenandoah,  1  appl'cd  to 
my  honorable  collea,!4'nes  for  elucidations  calculated  to  determine  my 
o[)inions,  disturbed  by  doubts.  J  may  be  excused  this  hesitation,  caused 
by  certain  apparent  (tontradictions  in  the  facts  of  the  case,  and  by  the 
desire  not  to  allow  myself  to  be  led  away  by  a  cond)ination  of  appear- 
ances, which,  thou<>h  supi)orted  by  [)lausible  reasoning,  mi^^ht,  never- 
theless, be  deceittul. 

1  m)w  bej»'  you,  j^ontlemen,  to  allow  me  to  state  to  you  my  ojnnioii, 
hesitatinj4'  the  day  before  yesterihiy,  coidirmed  to-day  by  the  results  of 
the  discussion  which  I  havi^  elicited,  and  whi(;h  you  have  succeeded  iii 
iienderinj;'  fruitful  and  decisive  bv  vour  information. 


liO  fi'ouvcriicinoiit  aiiu^ripiiiii  iw  so  (l('sist<'  ])iis  dc  scs  ))ljiiiit('s.  ,Tn  rrois  (pril  (>sr 
d'liMc  fxtrfiiH!  iiii|i(irt;iiH'(',  iKiiir  t'oriiicr  iin  Jimciiiciit  siir  la  dcniii'rci  jn'riodt^  dc  l;i 
croisicii'  (III  Siii'iiaiidiiah.  dc  s'arn'lcr  siir  Ics  dt'iiositioiis  assrriiifiitiM.s  drs  deux  ]>atrriiis 
dcs  iiaviifs  tialciiiicis.  i^hciic/cr  Nye  ft  'I'lKiiiias  llatliuway.  iinc  I'oii  troiivc  vers  la  liii 
*h'  iii  dfiixicnic  [laitic  dii  flioix  dcs  jjii'i/fs  jiistilicalivcs  ii  fapinii  dii  iixMiioirc  dew  Etats- 
I'liis. 

Li!  rciii))lacciiiciit  dc  la  force  d'nii  vaisscau  dans  uiic  ])i'()))()rt  ion  ci^alc  a  ccllc  qii'd 
avait  jicrdnc  n'cst  pas,  a  parlcr  rij;dnrciisciiiciit,  niic  augmentation  dc  fojcc.  Nous 
tronvons  cctte,  niaxiinc  eonsiniw'c  dans  nii  Jnjicnicnt  de  la  (joiirsupienic  dcs  lUat.s-lInis, 
eitt' d.ins  rintt'icssant  mcniorandiini  de  M.  Aiiboti.  ( Loid  'J'cnterdcii.)  II  taut  done 
«'tal>lir  line  an<4Mientation  di-  ibrce.  en  sus  de  l'ordlnair<',  pour  (|n'il  y  ait  i)icsoini)tiim 
jbiidi't!  de  noii\'clles  cntrcpiiscs  eontre  les  devoirs  ile  neat lalilc.  (''est  snr  Ics  I'aits 
t res-con trovers(''s.  ci,  a  ec  i|Ue  Jc  crois.  snscciitililcsd'nnc  plus  ;;randc  ('dMcidation,  (pie  je 
])iie  iiics  li(Hioral)lc>  collcs;iics  dc  nraidcr  dc  Iciiis  luniicics.  >S'il  est  iKiuessaire,  jc  d(!- 
uiandciai  encore  aiix  parties  ellcs-nu'iiics  dcs  liclaircissenicnts. 

DcHxlime  parlic. 

Hans  la  s('ance  d'avant-liier,  ]dac(' dans  la  cireonstanct^  tics-d(?licate.  do  ddterniiiici' 
\y,ii-  iMoii  vote  la  majoi'iti'  ])oiir  la  lU^'ision  dii  cas  aiissi  j>iavc  (pK^  conipli(|U(-  dii  SluMian- 
doali.Je  deinaiidais  a  ni(s  lionoi'al>les  collc;riics  dcs  ('claiicisscnients  i)ro)ires  a  tixcrnies 
idees  .;;;it<''es  p.i'' le  donle.  On  nie  pardonnera  ces  aj;itations  ])i'odiiitcs  par  (^er<^aiii('s 
contradictions  apparentes  dcs  fait.s  de  la  eaiisis,  vt  ]»ar  le  (h^sir  dt;  no  jms  nut  laissei' 
enliaiiicr  par  rensemltlc  d'ap)»aiences  (|iii,  bien  (pio  ruttaeliees  a  des  iiiolif's  pluusibles, 
}»oiivaient  nt'unnioins  ('Aw,  ti'oni)tcuses. 

.le  voiis  deniandc  inaintenant,  incssicnrs,  la  jierndssion  de  vous  exi^oser  nion  opinion, 
cliiiMcclante  iivant-liicr,  arict(''e  aiijourd'lmi  i)ar  siiifo  de  la  discussion  que  j'ai  Houlevce, 
et  <iue  vous  uvez  su  leudro  fecondc  et  decisive  par  vos  luniieros. 


OPINIONS    OF    COUNT    SCLOPIS. 


87 


m 


I  ou,ubt,  in  tlio  liist  ])liU'(',  to  rcpoiit  wliat  [  luivo  iili'cady  siiid,  tliaf, 
in  uiy  ()i)iiii<Mi,  it  is  not  iibsoliitcly  pioNcd  tliat  tl't^  fjict  of  tlic  icpiiirs  nl 
tlic  SliciiaiMloiili  at  .Mclhoiinic  (•■)iistititr('s  l»y  itself  y-ron lids  I'or  a  ciiary'ii 
of  violation  of  iiciUrality.  It  is  proved  that  these  repairs  were  neces- 
siiiT,  and  it  is  not  shown  that  the  replaeenieiir  of  the  foi'<'e  of  this  \ esse!, 
1)V  means  of  t''.ese  repairs,  sni'i»assed  the  measure  of  its  foiinei'  eondi- 
tion. 

It  remains  to  be  seen,  then,  whether  the  e\eess  in  the  supply  of  (;oal, 
and  al>ove  all  the  elandestiiie  recruitment  of  |)art  of  tlie  crew,  effeefed 
nt  Melbourne,  assume,  or'  not,  the  eliaraeter  of  a  base  of  na\al  o])erii- 
tioMs,  such  as  is  e()ntemi)lated  in  the  secon<l  rule  of  Article  V'l. 

Tie.'  SluMiaiidoah,  on  her  de|>aitnre  from  lOn.uiand,  in  tin?  month  of 
October,  ISdl,  had  a  crinv,  according  to  the  American  I'ejjorts,  of  forty- 
seven  men.* 

At  tli(^  time  wlien  slie  ])art<'d  from  tlie  Laurel,  the  Slit  iiandoah  had 
no  more  than  twenty-three  men  on  l)oard,  including  oflicei's.t 

It  appears  that  in  the  voyage  fnuii  .Madeira  to  .Melbourne  she  shipped 
many  more  men,  since  the  governor  at  .Melbourne  says  that  on  liei'  ar- 
rival at  Jlobson's  l:>ay  the  crew  of  the  vessel  amounted  to  ninety  men. J 
It  api)ears,  also,  that  a  considerable  iiuml)er  dispersed  themselves  i^lter 
that  arri\  al,  as  Captain  W'addell  de(;lares,  since  an  oflicer  in  the  coali- 
(leiice  of  the  governor,  instruiited  to  make  conlideiitial  iiKpiiries  as  to 
the  state  of  the  vessel,  estimates  the  number  of  the  crew  at  no  more 
than  forty  or  lilty,  all  rough  and  undisciplined  meu.4 

It  is  v(>ry  diiliciilt  to  ascertain  exactly  the  number  of  men  who  were, 
oil  board  the  JSheiiaiidoah  when  she  left  .Melbourne  on  her  way  to  the 
Arctic  seas. 

According  to  a  rejiort  of  the  !M<'lb()urue  ])olice,§  the  i:iimb(>r  of  men 
shipped  at  Melbourne  on  board  the  Shenandoah  was  said  to  an;  ^uiit  to 
sixty  or  seventy.     According  to  the  atli(hivit  of  William  A.  Temple,  the 


.Tc  (li)i.s  (Vnlionl  rt'ix'tfr  ct-  i\\u\  J'ni  <l<',i;'i  ilil,  (|n';\  nioit  avis  il  u\'st  ])!i.s  nbsolmnonfc 
promt' (jiic  Ic  I'ait  (Ics  K'liiUMtioiis  (111  ,Slii'ii;niil(>;ili  a  Mcllioiinic  const  it  iic.  a  liii  sciil,  iiu 
ai'niuiiciit  lit'  \inlatioii  (If  iiciitialiti-  II  est  jo-oiivi'  ([Ik;  ccs  it'iiaiat ions  (■laicnt  n('(;('s- 
saiii's.  ct  il  n'cst  pas  (h'nioul it'  (jiic  Ic  icniiiiaccnicut  i\v  la  force  dc  co  vaisscaii,  piir  siiito 
dc  CCS  i('|)aratioiis,  ait  (li'|)as-('-  la  iiicsurc  dc  son  ('-tat  idi'ci'ilcnf. 

11  faiil  iUi\ir  voir  si  I'cMihcraiicc  dc  i',i|)](rov'isii)iinc!iiciit  (K;  ( liarlxni,  (^t  siirtoiit  lo 
iccMitciiiciit  (.'laiidcst ill  d'linc  ])ai'li(!(lc  rt'tiiiipani'  (i|M'Tt''  a.  Mclliouriic,  iircnnciit,  ou 
aoii.  Ic  caractiTc  d(;  base,  d'opi'rat  ions  navalcs,  telle  ((u'clle  est  pn-vuc  par  la  •^""-'  I'cj^lo 
del-article  VI. 

Le  .Slicnaiidoah,  a  son  d('pai't  d'Aiijihiterrc,  an  nutis  d'octobro  ISfJI,  avait  iiii  0([iiipaf5<?, 
d'a|)ii's  les  rapports  aiiitMicaiiis,  dc  tpiaraiite-scpt  lioimnes. 

All  iiiomciit  oil  il  (|iiitta  It;  fiaiucl,  le  .Siu'iiandoah  n'avait  jiliis  quo  viiiu;t-trois  lioiniiic,'* 
a  liord.  y  coiii|)ris  les  ol'licicrs. 

II  ])aiait  (pK!  dans  le  trajet  dc  Madi'ic  a  Midhoiirnc  il  ein))iU(|iia  liicii  d'aiitrci* 
lioiiiiiics.  piiis(|iic  le  n()iiveriieiir  dc  Mcllioiiriie  dit  (pra  son  ai  rivi'^c  dans  le  1  lolison's  l!ay 
rt'i[iiipa;;(' (111  \ai.-si'aii  se  moiitait  atpiatre-viiin't  di\-liiiit  lioiiiiiics.  11  parait  aiissi  (pii! 
btiii  noiiilirc  s'cii  di<pcisa  apii's  ciMIc  ani\  it',',  an  si  ipic  le  dt'tdarc  le  capitaine  Waddtdl, 
)iiiis(pi'iiii  til'ticier  di^  ciinliancc  dii  jiouvcrnciir,  cliar.iit'  tic  prendre  dcs  inl'orniations  coii- 
liilcnticUcs  siir  I'etat  dc  rcinliarcatioii,  ne  poitc  le  nonlbrc  d(!  rei|iiipaet'  (pi'a  tpiarantt^ 
(Ml  ciii(|iiai'te,  tons  }j;ciis  j^rossici's  ct  indiscipliiK's. 

II  est  trt's-dit'licilt!  de  savoir  an  Juste  le  nonilnc  ties  lioinnics  (pii  sc  troiivaient  a  bord 
(bi  Sliciiaiidoab  (piaiid  il  partit  de  Melbourne  i>iuirs(!  reiidrc  dans  les  iiiers  Arcti(|iies. 

D'apri's  111!  rapp(Mt  de  la  ixdice  <h?  Mcllxminc,  le  iiombrt.' (riioinines  einbariiiK's  a  M(d- 
bourne  a  bord  dii  .Slieiiandoali  (s'(.'li.'verait  ;"i  soixantc  tmsoixaiite-dix.     U'apres  l'rt_^;r/(f);i( 

*  Ainerican  Appendix,  vol.  v,  p.  .')()0. 
t  H)id.,  p.  «)I0. 

t  Appendix  to  British  Case,  vol.  i,  j).  5G4. 
$  Ibid.,  p.  557. 


,    !  i 


:,il 


88 


ARCITRATTON    AT    GENEVA. 


crew  of  tlio  Slionandoali  on  lior  rotiirii  to  Liverpool  amontitod  to  oiio 
bniulrod  and  thirty-three,  ii  iimnber  which  includes  some  men  wlio  bad 
died  at  .sea. 

In  the  disposition  of  Captain  Khenezer  Nye,  it  is  said  that,  when  he 
came  on  board  the  Shenandoah,  tlie  want  of  sailors  was  ninch  felt,  as 
there  were  only  forty-five,  half  the  nnniber  re(|nired.  It  is  said,  also, 
that  ]Mr.  Nye,  in  conversation  with  Mi'.  Hunt,  lieutenant  of  the  Shenan- 
doah, learned  from  him  that  I'ovty-two  men  were  en!iste«l  at  ^Alclhonrne; 
that  Cai)tain  Waddt'll,  had  refused  the  governor  the  rij^ht  to  search  tlu; 
ship  while  a  nniiiher  of  recrnit.^  nrrc  on  hoard.  From  tlu>  allidavit  of 
1Vmi)le  may  be  jiiathered  certain  details  as  to  the  men  who  came  on 
board  the  Shenandoah  from  several  vessels  captured  in  tins  Ai'clic  seas. 
They  seem  to  have  been  twenty-six  in  nnniber,  wliicii,  adde<l  to  Mfty, 
the  pi'csumed  crew  of  tlie  Shenandoah  on  Icaviiifi'  Melbourne,  and  further 
adding;'  the  oflicers,  lifty-seven  in  number,  would  .yivea  total  of  one  hun- 
dre«l  and  thirty-three,  corresixmdins'  to  the  number  ^^iven  by  Temple, 
with  the  deduction  of  the  two  men  who  died  at  sea. 

This  witif'ss  has,  no  doubt,  l)eeu  mu<;h  discredited,  but  in  \\\o  letter 
from  Mr.  Hull  to  IVIr.  Bateson*  will  be  found  a  formal  denial,  in  Cap- 
tain Waddcll's  name,  of  several  of  the  assertions  of  Temph',  without 
any  mention  of  the  list  of  the  crew,  which,  no  doubt,  <leseive(l  special 
attention,  and  which,  uotwithstam'iiij:;',  is  not  disputed.  Lord  (Claren- 
don hiniself,  in  his  letter  to  Mr.  Adams,  of  January  1!>,  ]«()(},  whiUs  he 
examines  the  beariii.i!,"  of  some  of  the  remarks  in  Temple's  list,  makes  no 
obseivation  as  to  the  correctness  of  the  hj^ures. 

The  law-ofticers  oi'  the  Crown  themselves,  in  their  o]»inion  of  the  2.Stli 
of  INIarch,  ISdO,  while  refusin.u'  to  attach  credencci  <;'enerally  to  Temple's 
statement,  do  not  specially  discredit  the  list.  They  seem  to  beliisve  that 
none  of  the  pei'soiis  on  board  the  Shcnaiuloah  had  been  j^uilty  of  acts 
on  which  leual  i)roceedin,ns  could  be  founded;  and  they  advise  tiat  the 
matter  should  be  allowed  to  drop. 


dc  William  A.  Temple.  lV'i)uii)!i(j;('  du  Sheiiiiiulonli  a  son  retour  riLiverjxjol  anniit  <?tc(le 
cent  trente-ti'uis,  noniluc  ((ui  coniin-end  <inel(pies  lionmies  niorts  en  nier. 

Dims  lii  (U'|>()>!ition  du  eapitain  5  Kl)enezei'  Nye,  il  est  dit  «[ne,  lorsipiMl  ])a.ssai  a  bord 
du  Slieniuidoali,  lciiiaii((ne  de  niatelolsse  faisait  vivenieni,  sentir,  ]>uis(iu'il  n'y  en  avait 
qne  qnarantre-cinti,  la  nioitie  dn  noinlire  vonln.  II  y  est  dit  anssi  (jne  M.  Nyo,  eii 
«'enti'etenant  ave(^  M.  Uniit.  second  dii  SlitMiandoali,  Ini  avidt  appris  (pie  (|naiante-deiix 
lionmies  f'lticnt  eniiile.s  a  Melhonrnc,  (pie  le  eapitaiiie  Wadtlell  avait  refuse  an  j^onver- 
nenrh^  dioit  de  visite  tandis  (\\\nii  iirlaiii  iininhvv  dc  rccyiicx  claiciil  u  hord.  De.  Vafftilavit 
de,  Teiii]>le,  il  n>su]t(^  eertain  di'tail  des  honunes  (pii  seiaieiit  veiins  a  hord  dn  Slienaii- 
doali,  sintaiit  de  }ilnsi('iirs  navires  eaptiir(\s  dans  le.s  iners  Arefiipics.  Lenr  noinhrc 
Kerait  de  viin;tsi\.  qni.  se  joinnaiit  anx  eiminanic  t  i'ois,  ('(|nii)a!i'e  piesnnie  dn  Slienaii- 
doali  (|iiittanl  McHioni'ne,  et  en  jijontant  lesoiiieii  is  an  noniliri^  de  eiiuinante-sepf,  don- 
iieijiit  mi  tola!  de  cent  tiHMitc-trois,  coirespondaiil  au  eiiitiVe  indinui'  par  Teniph;,  soi's 
la  deduction  {\o  lU'w^  homines  morts  en  mer. 

I.a  personne  (In  temoin  a  snbi,  a  la  V('rit(',  de  ti(vs-j;rands  reproehes,  inais  dans  la 
leltre  (le  M.  iiiill  a  M.  IJateson,  on  tionve  iii(^  I'ormellenient,  an  mnn  i\n  capit.'iiuc 
Waddell.  )iliisienis  des  assertions  de  Teniide,  sans  f|n'on  y  piirle  de  la  liste  de  r('(|nipaj;i', 
qui  nn'ritait.  sans  donte,  nne  attention  spi'ciale,  et  c|iii,  ee])endant,  n'est  point  contestee, 
J.ord  ('liireiidoii,  lni-ni(-me,  dans  sa  lettr(!  a  M.  Adams  dn  11)  Janvier  l^'liH,  tandis  (pi'il 
ex.iiniiie  la  pord'e  de  (iUi'!i|nes  indications  de  la  liste  de  Temple,  no  I'ait  aiiciine  obser- 
vation (plant  a  Tcxactitiide  des  cliilVres. 

l.es  ollicieis  l('t;;Mi\  de  la  conronne,  eiix-nn~mes,  dans  Icnr  avis  dn  28  mars  1H(56,  tout 
en  ret'nsaiit  (rajonter  I'oi  !;en('ri(in(Miient  anx  allirmations  de  Temiile,  n'inliriiient  jioint 
sp(>cialenient  sa  liste.  lis  paraissent  eroire  (praiuaiini  des  persoiiiie!'  a  hord  du 
Slieiiandoah  lie  s'est  nMidue  eonpaldo  d'acdions  jioiivaut  doniior  lieu  a  des  poursuites 
judiciaives,  et  ils  couseillent  do  laisser  toiuber  I'affaire. 

*  American  Appendix,  vol.  iii,  pp.  501,  502. 


OPINIONS    OF    COUNT    SCLOPIS. 


89 


I  will  smnniarizo  the  principal  Uocuinents  relative  to  the  violation  of 
neutrality. 

At  Mclboiirno,  the  authorities  believed  jjenerally  that  the  neutrality 
],.i(l  been  violated  by  (Japtain  Waddell.  The  att<n'ney-j>ent'ral  of  the 
colony,  in  his  report  of  tiie  14th  of  February,  ISO"),*  expressed,  as  I 
tliink,  a  very  scMisible  opinion,  in  deelarinj;'  tiiat  the  exemption  which 
Wa(l(lell  clainie<l  was  inadmissible. 

Tlie  j>'overnor  had  adopted  this  opinion  while  awaitinj;  instructions 
from  London. t  The  lej^al  a<lvisers  of  tlu^  Ciown,  in  their  o]»inion  of 
tlic  L'lst  of  April  of  the  sime  year,  approved  the  c;)nda(!t  of  the  j^'ov- 
criior  at  >leli>ourne.  Tiiat  iiijih  officei"  had,  in  fact,  limilly  formed  a 
correct  idea  of  the  whoh^  case,  when,  writin*;'  to  tlu'  j^'orernors  of  the 
tlic  colonies  of  Australia  and  Xew  Zealand,  in  a  dispatch  of  the  UTth 
of  Fcbrmiry,  l.S(ir>,|  he  declared  that  there  was  no  doubt,  from  the  in- 
I'oniiation  he  had  collected,  tlt((f  Ike  iicntfulify  had  been  Jiatjm nil \j  violated 
hji  1li<!  (•(niimandcr  of  the  tSlieiiaiHloah. 

Finally,  almost  on  the  same  day  on  which  the  law-oflicers  of  the  Crown 
rcitortcd  that  the  case  of  the  Slienandoah  niijiht  be  allowed  to  drop, 
the  li'ovcrnor  at  .Melbonnu',  writin,y  to  .Mr.  dai'dwell,  repeated  to  him 
tliat  he  believed  the  neutrality  had  been  JlafifitHthj  riolaird  by  ('iii)tain 
AVaddell  ;  ami  that  he  had  read  without  sni[)rise,  thouuh  witli  deep  re- 
j-ict,  the  list  furnished  by  Mr.  Temple,  whicli  he  looked  upon  as  furnish- 
iiiii'  evidence  in  support  of  his  opinion. § 

Lastly,  in  the  ol>servations  whi(di  Sir  Rounchdl  PaliiuM",  Jfer  Ibitan- 
iiic  Majesty's  counsel,  submitted  to  the  tribunal,  on  the  LMst  of  Auj^ust, 
I  read  that  there  is  no  doubt  that  a  shipment  of  men  was  ellectcd  dur- 
iiiU'  the  ni<;ht  of  the  17th  of  February,  at  the  moment  the  Shenandoah 
was  leavinf>-. 

In  i)resence  of  so  imposing-  a  nniss  of  declarations  emanatinji-  from 
the  British  authorities  at  Melbourne,  in  view  of  nunuM-icai  calculations, 


Jc  ivsumo  los  <locmiieiits  principiiux  rclatifs  i\  la  violation  »1<^  iicntralitd. 

A  Mclboiinie  Ics  autoritt^s  cnircnt  ;j,on(''ra](Mnoiit  quo  In  iKMitralitt''  uvait  (-{^  viol<^e 
]>iir  Ic  (Mpitaino  Wadtlcli.  L'attoriicy-jjitMioral  do  la  colouic  dans  son  avis  dn  14 
IV'vritT  ist)."),  avait  cniis  un  vote  fort  S(misi',  a  nion  avl.s,  on  dtjclarant  quo  I'oxtsniptioii 
(limt  Waddi'U  prottMKiait.jouii'  n'ctait  jxiiut  adniLssildc. 

Lo  f^oiivorneiir  .s'c-tait  railio  a  cetto  opinion  en  attendant  los  instructions  do  Londres. 
Los  coiiseillers  K'j^aiix  de  la  eoiironne,  jtar  lenr  avis  dn  'il  avril  de  la  nieine  annoo, 
appioirerent  la  conduite  dn  fjfouverneni'  de  Melbourne.  C(!  Iniut  fonctionnain*  s't'-tait 
I'll  ctiet  a  la  tin  Ibrnie  une  idee  Juste  de  I'enstMnlile  do  I'alVaini  lors(|n'en  .s'adressant 
iiiix  y-oiiserneiirs  des  colonies  de  I'Australie  et  de  la  Xonvelle-Zelande,  dans  nno 
•li'licclie  (111  'il  t'l'-vrier  lHl!r>,  il  di'clara  n'y  avoir  point  di!  doute,  d'aprcs  l<'s  reiiseijjne- 
iiicjits  ipril  avait  reciieillis,  (/(«■  la  iniilrtilil'' urait  t' c  notoircmviit  violi'c  [lur  Ic  commaiHlant 
dn  ShfiKUiddttli. 

Kiiliii,  ]»res(|iie  an  nieine  jour  oil  les  coiiseillers  l('i>anx  de  la  couroime  opiiiaient 
li'Mir  (|n"oii  lajssiit  toiiiher  rallaiie  dii  Siu'iiaiidnali.  \i'  ^ouv'rii.'iir  de  Mellxiiuiie,  en 
>.Hlrcssaii(  a  M.  Caidweli,  lui  ri'petait  (pi'il  eroyait  ((lie  la  iieiiti'alitt^  avait  t-le  notoirc- 
1:11  lit  riohr  ]K[V  le  caiiitaine  Waddell,  et  qiTii  avait  In  sans  siu  prise,  (pioiqiui  avec 
liiiiilcur,  la  liste  loiiriiie  par  iL  Teniplt!,  qii'il  considerait  eonuiie  mm  preiive  a  Tappiii  do 
^iiii  opinion. 

l.iiliii,  ilans  Ics  observations  quo  Sir  Ivonndell  Palmer,  conseil  de  sa  Majeste  britan- 
iiiijiie,  sodinit  an  tril)niial  dans  la  seance  dii  i'l  aout,  on  lit:  n'y  avoir  aiicnii  doiito 
Mn'il  s'oiK^ra,  eniiiaiipieiiKMit  d'honinies  dans  la  unit  dii  17  fovrior  au  uioinont  oil 
li'  Sliciiandoali  allait  partir. 

Kii  iiiesence  (rune  masse  si  iiui»osan*o  de  d(5c.laratioii8  (5inan(>cs  des  ,antorit<^s 
iuii^laises  do  ilolbourue,  ou  viio  de  calculs  nnm(;'ii(iuos  ([ui,  s'il.s  u'attcigiiont  pas  lo 

*  Appendix  to  the  British  Case,  vol.  i,  p.  549. 

t  Ibid.,  p.  5.50. 

t  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  565. 

$  Ibid.,  p.  722. 


!  ii 


u 

!  15' 


!  :■ 


T' 


t  . 


,(      ! 


li 


!)0 


AHr.I'l'lv'ATIOX    AT    (JFAKVA. 


wliidi.  if  (licy  do  not  iittiiin  tin*  last  <l(';;n't'  of  precision,  still  leave  no 
<l()iil)t  lull  tiiiil  rnptiiin  W'nddcll  did  iictiiidly  enlist  men  iit  Melitoiirni', 
and  aller\sai'<l  ship  tlieni  on  Itoard  the  Shenandoah,  for  liis  expeditimi 
a;!,aiiist  the  wlialeis,  I  no  longer  hesitat(^  to  re('o;i;ni/,e  the  responsibility 
ui  (iie;it  ISrilain  toward  t  he  (lovernMient  of  the  I7nite«l  Shites. 

^\s  (o  the  supply  of  ('oal  in  so  liii';(!  a  (pinntity  as  that,  w  Inch  the  vessel 
received  from  laverpool,  in  addition  to  tliat  with  wiiittli  she  was  already 
furnished,  it  can  only  l)e  re,i4'ar<led  as  a  pieparation  for  hostile  cxpcdj. 
tioMs  a;nainst  tiie  coi,inu'rce  ol'  the  IJniteil  Slates,  and  this  falls  [)recisely 
within  the  scope  of  tho  second  rule  of  Article  VI  of  the  treaty. 

\\. — THE    TLOKIDA   (tlldS  OKHTO. 

Availing;  myself  ol'  the  libeity  which  each  arbitrator  has  reserved  tn 
himself  of  yivinj;'  to  tln^  expression  of  his  opinion  on  thedc. 
cisioii  of  the  case,  sin-h  form  as  may  appe;ir  to  him  movt 
convenient,  I  will  abstain  IVom  follo\vin<;'  in  detail  here  all  the  pliascsoi 
tiu^  career  of  I  lie  vessel  i'Morida.  l''or  this,  iis  a  whole,  1  refer  to  the  vd- 
Inndnons  docnnienis  which  have  becn.commnnicated  to  ns,  and  which 
Jiave  Ininisln  d  mattci'  for  three  sepaiat*^  statements  by  the  ])arties.  i 
am  not  the  k'ss  oblijicd,  however,  to  my  honorable  collea^nes  who  have 
spoken  before  me,  for  the  statenuMits  llu'v  havennnle  to  ns  of  the  series 
of  events  which  have  led  them  to  form  a  jndj;nient,  not,  indeed,  as  yet 
iii'evocable,  but  .still  stronj^ly  detined  as  the  final  r('snltof  tiieir  investi- 
,i>ations. 

1  will  conline  myself,  then,  for  my  pait,toinformin,<fyon  of  the  i)()intsof 
fact  whicii  have  had  most  intlnence  in  (ixin^- my  convictions  on  the  snbject- 
xnattei'of  the  <piestions  which  we  hav<' to  <lecide,  (Convictions  which  niiiy 
iu>  donbt  be  niodilied  in  coiise<pienc(^  of  an  interchange  of  oi)inions  with 
yon,  bnt  which,  for  the  moment,  seem  to  nu'  to  be  sni)ported  both  by 
tacts  and  i»rin<:iples. 

Jt  does  not  seem  to  nn^  to  he  very  ni'cessary  to  dilate  nincli  on  thellrst 
part  of  the  career  of  the  I'lorida,  since,  dnrinj^  that  peiiod,  this  vessel  nei- 
ther nnidi^  any  captnres,  nor  assisted  in  any  way  the  operations  of  tlio 


♦leniier  (leiiir- (le  ineeisioii.  lie  Inisscnt  ooi)Pii(l:int  aiieiin  (li)iite  i\\U'  ]o.  v;\]V]t;\'m(^  WmV 
flell  ;i  ili'ecliv  eiuelll  raciili'  ;'l  .Mflhollllie  (les  lioimiles  et  les  ii  eu.silitt:  emli;ir(|M(''S  ;ill 
IkhiI  <1u  Slieii;.ni<l(i,ih.  ])i)iir  sim  exiu'ditioii  coiitre  les  hali'inieis.  Je  irii('>itt!  jiliis  a 
reciiiiiiiijl  re  (Hie  l.'i  ies|M)ii.s;ihilit«;  (111  ;;'oiivei'iieiiieiit  l)riUiiiiii(iiie  est  eiij^ai^ec!  eiivei's  Ic 
OoiiveriieDieiil  des  lltiits-l'iiis. 

(^iiijiit  u  i"a|iiin>vi.si(iiiiiemeiit  <le,  (diiirlxin  diiii.s  une  (|iiaMtili''  iiiissi  forte  (|iio  cello 
ijiril  leeiit  (le  Jii\  eipool.  en  aiiuinentat itm  tie  I'eliii  (loin  11  ehiit  dejii  tuiirni,  on  iif 
]teiit  ((lie  r('ii\isaj;er  eoiniiie  nil  iii(''|iaiiitit'  jioiir  des  exjieilitions  hoslilesan  coniinei'ii' 
des  Mtats-lJnis,  cl:  cela  toinlio  pi'i'^ciseiuciit  sons  la  dcnxieiuo  ivj^le  do  I'ai'ticlo  VI  (hi 
train-. 

I,K  FLOIUOA,  ALIAS  OltKTO. 

Kn  nic  servant  do  la  liliert('  (^iie  eliaciiii  des  arbitres  s'est  n'servee  de  doiinor  a  I'cx- 
})r(Ssioii  de  son  oiiiiiion  siir  la  di'cision  de  la  cause  tell(>  fiinne  (pii  liii  jiaraitiait  )ilii-^ 
i'oiiveiialil(>,  je  in"alistieiidiai  de  snivn!  iei  eii  dc'tuil  loutes  les  phases  de  lacanii'i'e  \ku- 
Conine  par  le.  vaissean  \e  Florida.  .J(i  ni'ou  rajtportt^  pour  reiiseiiilde  anx  vtthiininciix 
doeuineiits  i|ni  nous  out  oti'  conininiii(|iii''s,  et  ((iii  out  i)ar  trois  I'ois  Ibnrni  inatii're  aii^ 
dires  des  ])arti('s.  Je  lie  snis  ixnirtant  ])as  moins  ohlij^e  aiix  lionoraUles  colli'jjnes  (|IH 
m'oiit  j)n''ct'd(^  en  ])reiiant  la  i)aidle  des  ('xpos(\s  (pi'lls  nous  oiit  faits  dv  la  sovU'  (lis 
»'V(Mieineiits  ((iii  les  out  conduits  a  asseoir  im  jnj;('ineiit,  certes  ])as  encore  irrc^vocabK', 
iiiais  dt'ja  tontelois  trt^s-foiuh'  snr  les  deriiicrs  rt'siilfats  (h;  Icnr.s  iiivesti(>atioiis. 

Je  me  lioriierai  done,  ]wnv  nia  i)art,  a  vous  iaire  coniiaUre  les  jioiiits  (mi  I'aif.  qui  out 
on  le  pins  d'iiilliiciice  a  dtahlir  iiies  convictions  snr  le  fond  des  (luestions  (pie  nous  avoiis 
a  jiif^or,  convict  ions  (pii  pourroiit  bitni  se  moditier  par  la  suite  de  I't'cliange  de  vos  id('e.'i, 
uiais  (pii,  ])onr  1(^  inoineiit,  iik;  i)araisseiit  appuyt^es  en  fait  et  eii'droit. 

11  ii(^  UH'  seinble  jtas  tout  !\  fait  ii(^(;(!ssaire  de  s't'^teiidn^  beaucoup  snr  la  preniit're  partio 
de  la  earriere  dii  Florida,  i)uis(iiie  duraut  cct  esimco  do  temps  ce  vaissean  u'a  ui  lait  do 


OPINIONS  OF  rorxT  sf'Lorrs. 


01 


cniircdcriitcH.  It  is  snlliciciit  to  stiih'  tliiil  tliis  xcsscl  was  built  in  l-iiij"'- 
liiinl,  tiiiil  iVoiii  the  liisl  she  Wiis  tlii'  olijcct  <»!' rcprcsciitiitioiis  adtlicsst'd 
hy  tl  "  I'liiti'd  Stiitcs  iiiiiiistcr  in  liondon  t()  tlic  iJiitisli  .nuNciiiMiciit.  nnd 
tli;il  tlic  hitler,  with  the  t'xrcption  of  suiiic  in(|iiii'irs  which  it  insliintcd 
lis  tu  iIk'  i'(m1  destination  of  tin-  vessel.  niaden(>;^reiit  ellort  to  prevent  lier 
(Icpai  lure.  It  is  also  proved  tiiat  il  tiiissliip  was  not  aetnall.v  a  vessel  of 
war,  >ii<'  was,  at  all  (^cnts,  capable  oi'  Itei'OMiiny  oni^  at  any  moment, 
1111(1  that  she  was  registered  as  an  I'^n.^iish  xcssel,  and  manned  hy  aeiesv 
aliiiest  entirely  composed  oi'  Ilritish  snhjects, 

ll  is  denied  thai  the  l"'lorida  was  equipped  ti»r  war  at  the  tinui  she 
Idt  the  waters  of  (Ireat  Mritain,  but  it  I'esnlts  from  u  repoit  of  the  olli- 
ccrs  of  the  (Ireyhonnd,  a  xcssel  of  tln^  royal  navy  of  ller  IWitannic 
Miijesty,  thai  on  her  arrival  at  Nassau,  the  l-'lorida  had  a  complete  war- 
like ecpilpMM'Ut,  and  that  all  that  was  wanting'  on  Itoard  ol  her  were  niu- 
iijtioiisdf  war.  It  further  appears  that  the  captain  of  the  \-essei,  when 
liiniiall\  and  solemnly  iiitcrrui^ated  in  the  preseiu'c  of  three  ol'  ids  ofli- 
ccis.  and  of  the  oflicers  of  the  (ire.\  hound,  whether  the  vessel  was  al- 
ready thus  lillcfl  on  lea\iu,i;'  Lix-erpool,  replied,  "  Ves,  in  .ill  res[»eet.s; 
and  MO  alleralion  or  addition  had  been   nunle  whatever.'' 

It  is  on  her  ariival  at  Nassau  that  the  true  charact'r  of  tho  ve.s,se\ 
iuid  Ihe  consecpH'Mces  (d'  her  real  destination  stand  foilh. 

1  must  rel'er  to  another  clear  and  complete  declaration  of  the  sanio 
ctiptain  coniinandin^'  the  (ireyhonnd.  This  docunn'Ut  seems  to  me  itu)st 
(■(inclusive  as  to  the  moial  aspect  of  the  ease.  (.'a|»tain  llickley  doe^'i 
iKit  hesitate  for  a  nM>nient  to  ask  the  ydvernor  of  Nassau  to  sei/.o  the 
vessel. 

^VIlen  an  oflicer  of  this  rank  ami  experience  says  that,  in  tlie  present 
condition  of  the  I'Morida,  his  professio:>al  opinion  is  that,  "  with  hercrew, 
;;inis,  arms,  and  ammunition,  .i^oinj;'  out  with  another  vesstd  alon.>4si(U^ 
of  ller,  she  couhl  be  e(juipped  in  twenty-1'oiir  hours  lor  battle,"*  all  my 
(l()nl)ts  disajtpi'ar,  anil  I  become!  convinced  of  the  immediate  intentions 
of  the  vessel. 


captiiri's,  111  (Idiiiu!  iiiicnn  iippui  aiix  oix'iatioiis  dew  uoiil'i'ili'irs.  II  jiicsiii'lil  <l('(M)ii,stiif<"i- 
<)»('  vv  vjiissfiiii  :i  (■(('  fi)ii!s(riiit  en  Anulctciic.  i\nj'  <lc's  Ics  ]H'('iiii<-is  jours  il  a  t'tci  l'i))ijft. 
tics  iivcrl  isst'iiii'iils  iidi't'sst's  )iar  Ic  iiiiiii.strn  dvs  l''.tats-t'iiif<  a  I.oiidii'.s  iiii  noiivci'm-iiifiit 
lMitMiinii|Uc,  sans  (|iu'  I'cliii-ci,  a  jiait  (|1H'](|Iii's  leiisiioncini'iits  iin'il  a  (Iciiiaiidt's  siir  In 
vi'iilalilr  (1(  ,il  iiial  ion  dii  iiaviic,  sf  soit  liraiictiiip  occiipc  d'cii  ciiiin'ciicr  la  sortie.  II  est 
ciiiili'MU'iit  coiisialc' (|iic,  si  cf  vaisscaii  ii'a\ait  point  rachialilo  (run  batimi'iit  (Ici^rucirc, 
il  MVMii  (III  nioin>  la  capacilr  dc  dcvcnir  tcl  a  nn  nionicnt  doniK',  ct  (pril  a  t'tt-  ('nrc;;isti(;'i 
(■(iiiiiiic  lui  iiaviif  aii,i;lais  ft  montt^  par  nn  ('(iiiiiiai;!'  pr<'S(iiif  I'liticii'intMit  roinpos*'*  do 
siijrls  liiitaiiniiincs. 

On  conicstt'  rajiparcil  dc  liiicnc  dii  I'lorida  a  i'l'poqiii'  oii  il  sortit  dcs  caux  dt>  In 
(iiaiidc-JJiciaunf  ;  inais  il  irsiillc  d'lin  rapjiort  dcs  oriicicis  dn  (ircyhound,  vaisscau  do 
l;i  iiiariiic  royalf  dcs  a  Majcsic  hritannitiiic,  niTa  son  ariivt'c  a  Is'iissaii  Ic  t'lovidu  avail 
nil  cipiiiplct  appaicil  dc  ffiicrrc,  ct  ipic  scnlcincnt  il  inani|iiail  dcs  uinnitioiis  (l(^  };iicric  i'l 
Mill  lionl.  11  K'snltc  dc  plus  ipic  Ic  cajtitainc  dc  cc  iiaviic,  lorincllcaicnl  ct  solcnncUc- 
iiiiMit  iiilcridi;c  cii  picscnci'  di-  trois  dc  scs  ollicicis  cl,  dcs  olli(^icis  dn  (Jrcyliound,  si  cn 
Miiittant  Liverpool  Ic  navirc  t'lail  dcja  dans  ccl  aiii)arcil,  ri-pmidit  :  ''iV.s,  I'y*  all  itxptitx; 
uitd  III)  iillcraliiiii  or  (idiliHoii  had  bivii  iiiudc  irludircr.'' 

C'cst  a  son  arriv('(5  a  Hassan  (pn-  Ic  caractcrc  proprc  (to  cc  vaissciiii  ct  Ics  foiiscipioiR'cs 
(Ic  sa  V('rital>lc  dt  stiiiation  sc  dct-sinciit. 

11  IV.iit  (pK' Jc  rcvicnnc  Hiir  iiiu;  antrtMl('(!laraiion  clairc  ct  coinplcto  do  nicnic  caj)!- 
tiiiiic,  c(iinniaiidant  Ic  (ircylioiind.  (_!(,'  docnnu^nt  mc  scinlih^  Ic  plus  (M)iivaiiii|nant  pour 
lii  iiuiialitt'  dc  la  clicsc.  Lc  (^uiitaiiie  llickley  ii'lu\'5itc  pas  uii  uiointMit  ii  dcmandcr  nu 
giMivcnicnr  dc  Nassau  la  saisi(?  dn  uavirtj. 

I.iirs(prnn  ollicita'  dt^  cc.  graile  ct  dc  cctto  oxpi'ri*  ncc  (lit  (pic,  dans  la  condition  uctn- 
cllc  (ill  I'Morida,  son  opinion  ijrolcssionncllc  i!st  "  (pi'avcc  son  ("^(luiiia^c,  scs  canons,  scs 
amies  ct  scs  niniiitions,  s'il  est  aceouipaf^nc  d'nn  antr(!  vaisscan,  it  pent  ctrc  prct  a  livrcr 
'lataille  dans  vin<>t-(piatr()  licurcs,"'  tons  incs  doiitcs  disparaisseut,  et  ki  certitude  so  fait 
eu  moi  des  desseins  iuuuediats  de  ce  batinieiit. 


n 


''! 


I; 


"■■\ 


|1      ;  . 

92  AUMITHATION    AT   CiKNKVA. 

TIio  situation  of  Nas.siiii,  wliich  boc^amo  n?i  asyliini  of  prottHition  for 
the  Kloiida,  mcrcasrs  in  my  view  tlu'  rcsponsiltility  of  l"in;;Ian(l.  liorii 
Uiiss«'Il  <li«l  not  hesitate  to  t«'Il  Mr.  A(hinis,  in  a  h'tter  yiveii  at  pa^^c  7i» 
of  the  liist  volume  of  tlie  Appendix  to  tlie  Case  of  tlui  United  Stales, 
that  "  Nassan  is  a  position  IVoni  wliieh,  on  tii»^  on«^  liand,  eonfe(U'i:ilc 
])rivateeis  miylit  liave  {greatly  annoyi'd  tlu!  eomnieree  t>f  tlu^  United 
States,  and  wliieli,  <ni  tlh'  other  hainl,  mi;;lit  hav(!  been  a  eonvenieiit 
base  of  operations  fo)'  tlie  United  States  Navy.'' 

Under  these  eireiiinstanees,  did  it  n()t  lieeomt^  the  imperative  dniy  ol 
England  lo  take  eai'<'  Ihat  all  the  duties  of  the  nn)st  sei'Upulons  neii- 
tialily  were  fnllille«l  '. 

It  is  true  that,  the  vieeadniiralty  eourt  of  the  I>ahamas,  by  ilsjndj;- 
ment,  whieh  is  ^iven  at  pa^^e  ."tiM  of  the  (ifth  volunu;  of  tlieAppen(Mx 
to  the  American  Case,  ae(|nilted  the  I'Minida  of  every  charge;  lull,  while 
respect  in;n  the  aiitJKMity  of  the,  ris  JiiilicdtK,  1  ask  whether  it  is  possible 
to  deduce  from  this  an  ar;;ument  on  wliich  to  found  a  nnual  conviction 
that  the  IOn;;lish  ji'overnment  is  released  i'rom  its  responsibility  undci 
the  rules  laid  down  in  Article  VI  of  the  treaty  of  \\'ashin;j;ton  .'  I  ;il»- 
stain  Irom  ri'peatin^'  tht^  considerations  into  whiidi  my  honorable  cdl- 
leajiiies  who  have  pj'cceded  me  have  entere(l  on  this  subject. 

It  is  not  the  (piestion  of  siieeial  le^nal  respiuisibility  with  which  we 
liave  here  to  <leal,  but  rather  that  of  the  responsibility  which  results 
from  the  principles  of  international  law,  and  tlu^  nu)ral  (M)uviction  :it 
Avhich  we  have  arrived  in  conseipience  of  the  acts  i;Mi)Uled  to  thi'  I'Moridii, 

This  eouvi(!tion  is  stren};thened  by  a  consideration  of  the  terms  of  the 
conclusion  of  tlu' jud";nu'nt  of  ihe  vice-admiralty  court,  where  it  is  said. 
•'that  all  th"  circumstances  of  the  ease  taken  toji'ether  sceiu  sutlicit.:: 
tojust'.l'y  .stion^'  suspicion  that  an  attempt  was  beinj;-  ma«lc  to  infriiij^v 
that  neutralityso  wisely  deteriidn«'d  upon  by  Her  Alajesty's  <;()\cniuient."' 

The  decision  of  tlu-  viee-admiralty  court  may  then  be  considered  as 
conclusive,  even  if  iu)t  perfectly  correct,  as  l)etween  those  who  clainicil 
the  vessel  and  the  British  government,  which  claimed  its  coidi.scatiuii 

La  situation  do  NaHsnn,  qui  flevint  I'lisilo  protfctcnr  fin  Florida,  nnsmf-nto  h  nm 
\iMiN  la  icsiMmsaliiliti-  <l('  I'Aiij'ictcrii'.  ]>oril  Iiiissi'll  n'lK'sitait  pas  a  diic  a  M.  Adaiii^, 
dans  inic  icttrc,  citiM!  a  la  pajjje  711  dii  prcniiur  vcdiinic,  do  rapitmidiiM^  an  "  (Jasn  "  dcs 
lOtats-l'ids,  (|iic  "Nassau  est  niui  jiosition  dc  la(|ii('lle  d'nii  ('uto  Uis  iMii'saircs  (!(>Ml'rd('rv> 
out  pu  ])(iitci-  KM  urand  ti'ouliI(»  dans  Ic  coninn'rcc  dcs  Htats-tJins,  vt  ipii  d'nn  autre 
cCttr  a  pu  Cdurnir  nnc  liasi^  d'opi'ration  convcnaltlc  poor  l(.'s  forces  niaritinics  dcs  f-tat,'-- 
I'nis. 

("cs  ciicoMstunccs  donni'cs,  n'otait-il  pas  nn  devoir  rijifonrcnx  pour  rAnf^lotcric  ib' 
vcillci'a  (•('  (|Uc  tons  Ics  dcvciirs  (h'  la  plus  scnipidciisc  ncntralitc  I'nssent  rcniplis  .' 

II  est  vrai  (pu' la  cDur  de  la  vice-amiranti'  (le  Hali:iiiia  par  sou  juii;  ■incul,  i|a'iMi  lit 
:\  la  itajj;!^  .")"JI  do  t'inll^i(•nl(^  V(dnint'  dc  I'appciidiec  an  "Case"  anw^icain.  •;  a<M|nitti''  Ic 
I'Morida  dc  tiiMtc  aeeiisatinn  ;  inais  tout  en  rcspeetaiit  I'aiitoriti^  dc  la  cln.se  ,ini',('e.  ji' 
dcmandc  si  on  pcnl  induirc  dc  la  nn  ari.Muncnt  solidc  dc  conviction  morale,  <pii  tli'-eliariii 
le,  j;()nvcrncnient  aiinlais  dc  sa  rcspniisahilifc  d'aprcs  Ics  regies  <''ral>hcs  a  I'artielc  VI 
dn  traitc  dc  W'ashiiijilon.  .)c  in'alistiens  dc  r<'|)crcr  Ics  di^vcloppcnients  ipu;  Ics  lioiiii- 
rabies  c()llc;;iics  (pu  ni'ont  ](r.'!'cd('  nous  ont  fournis  a  ci',  snjct. 

Co  n'cst  point  dc  la  rcspousaliilit<'  Jnridiiiuc  sp(''cialc  unc  nous  iivons  iY  nous  occii- 
per  ici  ;  c'cst  liicn  pliUol  dc  la  rcsponsahiliti'  (pii  di'-rivc  dcs  prin/ipes  dn  droit  (l> 
j^cns:  c'cst  dc  la  conviction  nioi'alc  ipic  nons  avons  accpiisc  par  la  suite  des  i'aits  iniiniti's 
an  Florida. 

Cettc  c(nivi<'tion  s'accroit  m\  considcrant  les  tcrnn's  dc  la  conclusion  du.)n,i>cnu;nt  ilc 
la  cour  d(^  vicc-andrautc,  oil  il  est  dit'Spn^  rcnscnittl"  dcs  circonstanccs  dc  la  cause 
est  de  natnn;  a  jnstiiicr  dc  fortes  prcsoiuptions  (pi'nno  tentative  d'infraction  a,  la  nen- 
tralitc,  si  s.ijrciiicnt  adniiso  eu  principo  par  Ic  gouvorueiueut  do  sa  Majostc,  dtait  eu 
voic  d'exdcution." 

La  ddcisiou  dc  la  cour  de  vice-auurautd  f)eut  done  etre  consid<5r(^3  comnie  con- 
cluaute,  si  ce  n'est  coinnie  parfaitenient  juste,  eutre  coax  qui  rdclamaicnt  le  navireet 
le  gouveruemeut  britauniquo,  qui  eu  deiuaudait  la  couliscatiou  d'aprcs  les  clauses  du 


OI'INIONS    OF    COINT    Sf'LOPIS. 


[):] 


iiiiilcr  tlir  cliiiisos  of  tli*'  lorciyii-JMili.stinciit  act:  but  I  do  iiof  tliiiik  it  is 
<iiiniclciit  to  l)ar  tlu'  claim  of  ilic  Ignited  State-  against  (iicat  I'.iitaiii. 
riic  I'liitcil  States  were  not  parties  to  tiu!  suit;  eNcr.vlliiiij^'  reiatiii;;'  to 
it  is  lor  tlieiii  rrn  iiitrr  (dios  iivt't. 

As  to  tlie  proceed i II i^s  of  tlie  l-Morida,  l<iio\viii.i>ly  periiiitted,  if  not 
I'lvoi'cd  l»y  tlie  IWitisli  ^•overiiiiieiit,  as  represented  by  the  (loveiiiincnt 
of  tlie  I'liited  States,  tlie  same  llrilisli  yovenimeiit  declares,  at  paf^c  78 
((f  its  ('oiiiiler  Case,  "that  it  has  not  the  means  of  veiifyiii;;- or  dispiov- 
iii<>' tlie  truth  of  this  statement.  Assnminj;'  it  to  be  tine,  t  hei'c  can  bo 
iiodoiibr  that  ii  violation  of  the  Hoverei;;nty  and  neiiti'd  ri;ulits  of  (lieat 
I'.iitain  was  comiiiilted  l>y  the  commander  of  the  l-Moiida.  lint  the  fact 
of  sacli  a  violation  lia\  iny'  occurred  does  not  argue  iie^^ligcnce  on  the. 
|),ii't  itf  iler  Majesty's  ;;<)\ t'liiment." 

The  conduct  of  the  (toininander  and  crew  of  the  Fh»rida,  after  she  was 
released,  Justifies,  and  luorc^  than  Jnstilies,  all  the  suspicims  that  had 
lieep  entertained  as  to  the  true  character  other  voyage. 

As  to  what  i)assed  between  that:  vessel  and  the  schooner  Prince  Alfred 
tortile  purpose  of  arming  the  former,  tlu^  nnmerous  afliilavits  given  in 
tlies'xth  volume  of  the  American  A[)[tendix  olfer  irrefutable  e\idencc 
of  tlie  acts  impnt<Ml  to  the  l-'lorida. 

It  is  thus  easily  understood  why  il.c  Florida,  while  ecpiipped  for  war 
oil  her  arrival  at  Nassau,  had  not,  as  I  liave  mentioned,  any  munitions 
of  war  on  board.  Jt  was  because  she,  i'xpe(;ted  them  by  the  l*rinc«>  Al- 
fred, at  the  spot  agreed  on  before!'  iiid  f<>r  the  scenic  of  her  oi»eratioiis. 

Supplies  of  coal  play  a  conside:  ile  part  in  the  charges  brought  against 
the  l-'huida.  The  Ameiican  Case  says  that,  during  a  stay  ol' thirty-six 
lioiirs  in  tlit^  port  of  Nassau,  she  toolc  iu  a  siillicient  (piantity  for  three 
iiioiitlis"  navigation.  I  must  not,  however,  omit  to  observe  that  the 
.stiiteiiient  of  the  (piantity  of  coal  is  derived  only  from  the  albdavit  of 
-loliii  Demeritt,  ii  laborer  who  had  worked  at  putting  the  coal  on  board, 
and  who  says  that  the  quantity  might  be  one  hundred  and  eighty  tons, 
ail  excessive  (]iiantity  iu  the  opinion  of  the  United  States  Government. 


j'i)mqn-iuHntm())t  act,  iiiais  je  ne  penwc!  pas  i|ii'i'll(^  .sullise  ]w\\v  dolioiiter  It-s  f.tats-T'iiis 
ill' li'iirs  iiretfiitions  fiivcrH  Ic  j;()iiV('i-Mciiiciit  aii;;laiM.  f^i-s  Elats-l'iiin  n'l-taiciit  iioiut 
I'll  t-aiisc  ;  toot  ci'  <iiii  tient  a  cc  pioci-.s  est  i)()!ir  eiix  nn  inter  alion  octti. 

(pliant  aux  tn-reincntis  do  Florida,  toli'-it-s  sciiMiiiiieiif,  si  cc  u't'st  favr)ii.so.s  par  lo 
jjimvrrncincnt  l)ritaiiiii(|iii',  tcls  (|ii('  li-s  rciiri-sciitii  U;  (Joiivi'i'iiemcnt  dcs  fUats-rnis,  lo 
iin'inc  }|()iivt'i-iit'iiieiit  biitanniqiie  drclaia,  a  la  pafi<!  '"^  dc  sou '•Comiter-easc,"  "(iii'il 
ii'ii  pas  Ics  inoyciis,  soil  do  vi'-iilicr,  soit  do  coiitt'stcr  la  vi-ritc^  do  co  ijiiu  I'oii  avancc. 
lout  oil  adiiu'ttant  ([iieccla  soit  vrai.  it  lie  iit-iit.  •'dit-il,"y  avoir  dn  donte.s  (lu'imi!  viola- 
.  tinii  (Ic  la  sonvcraint'te  et  dt-s  droits  dc  iiciitralitt-  dc  la  (Jraiidc-Hit-tajfiic  a  i-ti'-  coiiiiiiisi;. 
Mais  (111  fait  t|iit!  I'C'tte  violation  a  t-n  lieu,  on  no  ]»('iit  pas  ai'j!;iior  (lu'il  y  ail  t-u  do  In 
iK'^liKt'iice  dc;  la  part  dii  jioiivcrneniciit  do  sa  Majcstt'." 

Lii  coiiduitt;  dii  coniiiiandiint  ct  do  I'l-iinipaifo  dii  Florid.i,  apros  ([it'll  fiit  rolaidid, 
jiistitie,  ct  an-(k'la,  tons  les  H()up(,-oiis  (jn'oii  avail  eoii^-iis  sur  lo  earuc-ti'ro  voritablo  de 
son  t'X|)('dition. 

(Jnaiit  a  eo  qui  so  passa  eiitro  co  vaissoaii  ct  la  goi-lotte  Princo  AlfrcMl  pour 
riiniifiiu'iit  (ill  pr(Mnier,  les  nombronx  ajfiddrili  ri'lat('s  an  sixii-ine  voliiiiic  do  rajipoii- 
ilici!  aiuf-ricain  poiivont  sorvir  di;  prouvo  irriiousablo  di-s  laits  iinpiit»'-s  an  Florida. 

On  8'i'xiili(pio  ainsi  facileiiient  poniciuoi  lo  Florida,  tout  en  otant  on  ajtparoil  do 
giicire  a  son  arrivoc;  a  Is'assau,  n'avail  jias,  ainsi  ([uo  jo  I'ai  note,  des  iniinitions  do 
giicrre  a  son  bord ;  c'est  qu'il  «!n  attendait  par  lo  I'rinco  Alfred,  a  I'eudroit  convouii 
(I'vuanco  pour  devenir  le  t.b<^i1tre  do  ses  operations. 

Les  cliargoments  do  cbarbon  joiiont  un  r(')lo  coiu- dcrable  dans  les  imputations  faites 
an  Florida.  Le  "Ca.se"  aini^rieain  dit  que,  pendant  un  .sf'jour  do  treutcs-six  bcnres  dans 
It'  iiort  dc  Nassau,  11  on  cliarj;ea  uiu;  qnar  titd  siiBisanto  pour  trois  niois  de  navij>ation. 
Jt'  ne  dots  point  oiuettre  toutefois  dc  lairo  observer  (pie  rindieation  do  la  (iiiantite  do 
cliarbon  ne  riSsultc  que  dc  YaffulinU  de  John  Demeritt,  un  ouvrier  (jui  avait  travaillo 
pour  le  cliargemeut  dii  ebarbon,  ot  qui  dit  (luo  la  (iuantit(5  pouvait  en  etrc  do  180 
touues,  quautit^  exubdraute  au  jugemeut  du  Gouveruemeiit  des  £tats-Uuis. 


'1^1- 


m 


ii 


III 


94 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


Tliiit  Govfti'imionf  nsscrts  that  the  pfoveriior  of  Xsissan.  Mho  alIo\v('(l 
th('s(»  f'iK'ilitics  to  the  l-Moriihi,  liad  only  granted  to  lh(^  Fcch-ral  vi'sscl 
Dakota  iK'niiissioii  to  takiMii  a  iiiiich  siiiaiU'r  supply  of  cuiil.  The  Kno'. 
]ish  iioveniinciit  shows  tlic  iiiilbuii<hMl  cliaractor  ot  tliis  i-liiiruc,  dcclar- 
iiiji'  tliat  the  <ioveriior  of  Nassau  had  no  iiistnictions  which  lorhnde  him 
to  fiiaiit  pei'Miissioii  to  take  iiioi'e  coal,  and  that  it  was  the  coaniiaialcr 
of   he  Dakota  who  did  not  chdose  to  take  more. 

Shortly  alteiwavd  tlu'  I'^lorida  ayain  took  on  hoard  about  <>ne  hundiod 
tons  (»f  ('oal  in  the  ]n>r(  of  IJarbados.  The  cnniplaints  in.i(h>,  on  tliis 
jKtint  by  Kcar-Adniiral  Wilkes  only  elicited  an  evasive  answer  Ironi  liic 
governoi-  of  the  island. 

The  United  States  call  npon  the  Ibitish  s'overninent  to  iirov<'  tliaf  ir 
is  not  in  fault  with  regard  to  the  facilities  granted  to  the  I'iorida  while 
that  vessel  was  in  the  territorial  waters  of  tiu'  I'jnglish  colonies. 

Here,  then,  would  be  a  case  for  the  application  of  the  second  rule  of 
Article  \l  of  the  treaty  of  Washington,  taking  all  the  re>our('es  which 
the  Florida  obtained  at  Nassau,  Bermuda,  and  Barbados  us  e(|uivaU'iit 
to  the  use  of  a  bas(M)f  naval  opeiations  which  eiuil)led  her  to  make  prize 
of  fourteen  vessels.  Iler  devastations  did  iu)t  end  there;  several  ollun' 
Aessels  of  the  mercantile  navy  of  tlui  United  States  becanm  her  prey, 
until  she  tei'nnnated  her  career  at  J5ahia  on  the  7th  October,  fStli. 

it  seems  to  be  sniliciently  ])rove<l  that  the  facility  with  which  tlic 
Fhnida  was  allowed  to  suit|)ly  herself  with  coal,  luitwiflistamling  that 
the  I'higlish  government  had  pi'ohibited  the  lormation  of  depots  of  tliis 
article  in  those  colonies,  was  not  in  conformity  with  the  strict  neutrality 
Avliich  should  have  been  observed  in  these  latitiules.  whether  in  view  id' 
the  iiatuie  of  the  localities  (»r  of  the  sympathy  whi(di  the  population  ot 
tin)se  same  col(»nies  showed  lor  the  (;onfederate  cause. 

To  these  ]»recise  data  are  added  a  class  of  facts  autre  dilficnltto  .iscoi- 
tain,  such  as  too  easy  compliance  on  the  part  of  the  English  governinoiit 
in  allowing  the  tinu'  recpu'sted  for  repairing  ami  relitting  to  be  pro- 
longed at  the  will  of  the  eomnuunU'r  ot  the  vessel,  beyond  what  the  iral 


CcnduvcnKMiK'iit  prc^tciid  ((iic  Ic  jfoiniTiiciir  dc  Xiissnii.  (|iii  iicnnctf.iit  ccs  larj^cssos 
an  florida,  iTaAait  accorde  an  vaisx-au  I(''(Ii-im1  If  Dacofali  l.i  prrinissioii  dc  i-iiarncr  dii 
t'liariidn  «|ii<'  dans  nnc  ]n'i)|)oi'tiun  I'ort  inri'riciuc.  i.c  jioiivcrncniciit  aiinlais  fait 
ii'ssditir  If  juMi  dc  soliditr  dc  cf  cliff  d'acfiisaliiMi  en  assnianl  ([Ui'  If  lionvfiiifMi' i!i' 
Nassan  n'avaif  aufiiiif  insti  nctiiiii  (|ni  Ini  d(''l'fndil  d'acfurdfr  la  tafiilti'  di-  infiidiT 
jdus  df  cliailiiin,  ft  (|nt!  c'cst  If  coniiiianctant  dn  I>af'itali  iiiii  n'fiiu  \ii\h  vii;ilii 
davautaf;c. 

J'fU  (If  lfni)is  ai>i'fs,  If  Florida  f!iar<rfa  cncoic,  dans  la  i'a<lf  des  ]5arl)adfs,  fnvirmi 
cent  tonnes  (If  (diarlKin.  I,fs  idaintcs  S(>nifV('fH  a  cct  (^"'jiard  par  If  fonlic-aniiiai 
Wiilvfs  ii'(dit  iiircnt  dn  j;()n\'f  rofnif  lit  dt'  I'ilf  fin'iiiif  i('|ioiisf  ('vasivf . 

l.fs  Elats-l.'nis  dfiiiandfiit  (|iif  Ic  i;(iiivfiiif  iMfiit  aiifiais  iiroiuc  (]n'i!  n'y  a  [las  c  inli' 
sa  I'antf  dans  Ics  lafilltt's  afcord('fs  an  I'lorida  ixiidanr  inic  cf  xaisscaii  ctait  dans  Ics 
eaiix  Ifriitdiialfs  des  cdldiiifs  aiiiilaiscs. 

11  s'a^iiait  ddiif  d'apidiiiiif r  la  dcnxii  nif  ri<j;lf  dc  ravtiflc  VI  dn  traitc  dc  AViisIi- 
iii';t()n  (Ml  fi)iisid('Taiit  toulcs  Its  rfssoiircfs  (iiic  If  Florida  troiivait  i\  Nassau,  anx  Mer- 
niiidfs  ft  aiix  I'arliadfs  cdiiinif  riisa.ue  d'niif  liasf  (I'din'ratioiis  iiavalcs  uni  In!  valiiicnt 
(|natdr/.f  prises  dc  vaisscanx.  I.fs  di'vastatioiis  iie  se  lidiiii'icnt  jioiiit  la;  ))liisicMrs 
aiitres  vaisseaiix  df  la  iiiariiu?  cdiiiiiifivaiilf  des  I\tats-t 'iiis  (ifviiirfiit  sa  pioie,  jiis(|ira 
CO  (pie  <M'  vaissfan  aclieva  sa  fairi'~'i(^  df  crdisfiir  a  Maliia,  It^  7  oftoliff  l."^()4. 

II  parait  asscz  [Mdiivi'  ipie  la  laeilite  avcc  lailiifllf  on  laissa  le  I'Morida  s'approvisiiiii- 
iier  (le  eliarlidii,  iiialj;r(''  (iii'il  .v  efit  d(''fense  de  la  part  dn  fioiivc riic iiic nt  aiijj;lais  dVla- 
Idir  des  d('p('>ts  de  f(Mte  iiiatii'ic  daiiM  ecs  colonies,  ne  r(''poii(lait  pas  a  la  stricte  neiitni- 
lit(^  (pi'il  anrait  fallii  oliscrvfr  dans  ce.s  jiara^^cs,  soit  en  viu!  des  localit('s,  soit  u  (;aiis« 
des  syiii)tatliicH  (juo  la  jio[mlatioii  do  ces  nu''iiies  colonies  montrait  pour  la  cause  di'S 
coijledtMCM. 

A  ccH  doniK^cH  jiivcises  vieiinent  s'ajoutor  des  r(^claniatioii8  d'nn  ffcnre  de  faits  plim 
dillicile  a  coiistaler,  tids  (pie  le  trop  dc  condt^sceiidancc  dn  gonvcriieinent  imj^lais  i; 
tolorer  (pio  lo  temps  deinaiid(5  i»our  proccder  a  des  n'-tiarations  et  a  des  radoubs  se  pro- 


Ij  ^! 

ii 

JL. 

liU'J^I'S.SCS 

;irnrr  (111 

i^-liiis   t;iit 

niriir  !'■' 

]»r!'nilii' 

lilH    Vd^llll 


l)ns  ell  di' 

(lilllS  lis 

(Ic  Wnsh- 
;MI\  liil- 
VllllllVIlt 

])liisii'iii> 
ie,  jiisiiii'ii 

provisidii- 
hiis  tlVla- 
t('  iHMitia- 
it  u  can  so 
canst'  <lt'S 

CaitH  pliis 

iHli^llUS  i! 
bs  HC  1110- 


OPINIONS    OF   COUNT    SCLOPIS. 


95 


iippossity  of  tlu'  ciiso  rtMiiiircd.     It  ciiniiot  but  I)o  iickiiowlcdocd,  liow- 
(vcr,  tliat  tlio  lichl  wliicli  the    I'Morida   li;i<l  clioscu   for  her  dcprcchitioiis 
otlVrcd  special  ••ireiiinstaiices  to  insure  lu'r  success. 
As  to  tlu' stay  of  the    l<Mori(hi  in  the  i»ort  of  IMobih',  and   tlu^  conse- 
ces  I'esultiu,!^'  therefrom.  I  shall  coiiline  uivsell'to  considerini;'  tlieiu 


qiu'n 

ilS 


(lllCS 


I  special  proof  of  the  d(>cisive  chaiacter  of  the  career  of  the  Florida, 
1  I  adopt  on  this  subject  the  answers  to  the  oliject  ions  raised  by  (Ireat 

ritiiin,  contained  in   ])ara!4raph  'S>  of  the  ol)servations  of  our  honora- 

(' ('ollea,u'ue,  "SI.  Sta'niplli.  1  reserve  to  myself  expressly  to  ti'eat  the 
tion  relative  to  the  effect  which  nniy  b(>  ])rodiU'(Ml  l>y  the  ti'ansfor- 
]ii;ition  of  a  privateer  into  a  vessel  of  war  of  a  l)elli,ij;'erent,  when  thai  sub- 
ject, winch  is  to  be  (!onsi(lered  .yciierally,  comes  bef,)re  us  for  dis<'iission. 

I  refrain  from  attaching'  to  the  Ibitish  ^'overnment  any  very  serious 
iliUMC  for  the  oflicial  salute  i-eturned  by  the  authorities  of  liernnida  to 
the  salute  of  the  l^'huida on  her  entry  into  that  ])ort ;  this  may  have 
lu'cn  the  ]»ersonal  fault  at  the  moment  of  an  offn-ial  of  sui)ordinate  I'aidi. 
but  1  maintain  that,  in  matters  of  hatutual  admini.sfralion,  and  in  what 
ivhites  to  the  execution  of  special  regulations,  the  resi)onsii)iiity  foracts 
(if  nil  subordinate  a.u'ents,  in  (piestions  of  controversy  Ix'tweeii  two  ji'ov- 
cnniicnts,  must  attach  to  those  who  are  char,i;'ed  with  tlie  su[)reme  j^ov- 
cinnient. 

Censiderinii'  the  tenders  as  corps  detached  from  a  mrps  (Vitrwrc,  a.iid 
coiisciiuenfly  as  subject  to  (he  same  responsibility  as  the  pi'incii)al  ves- 
sel, that  resiKiusibility  mus!  be  extended  to  the  cases  of  the  Clarence, 
Tiicony.  and  Archei',  which  served  successively  as  tenders  to  the  I'lorid.i. 
I  will  conclude  tlu'  series  of  oi)inions  which  1  submit  to  my  honorable 
collcajiues  by  a  ((notation  which  apjtears  to  me  to  inive  decisive  wei^^ht. 
Lord  I'ussell,  in  a  dispatch  to  Lord  Lyons  of  the  L'Tth  .Alarch,  ISi;.;,  r<*- 
liDitinjH'  a  conversation  which  he  had  had  with  Mr.  Adams,  expresses 
liiiiiself  in  these  terms:  '•  I  said  that  the  cabinet  was  of  ojjinion  that 
the  law  was  suflicient,  but  that  leju'al  evidence  could  not  always  be  ])ro- 


l(iiij;i';\t  an  j^ro  dti  (•oimnandaiit  dii  iiavirc  an  dcla  dc  cc  qnc  Ic,  voiitalilt!  licsoiii  anrait 
ixii;c'.  Oil  lu' .sun  rait  t'nitilois  iic  jias  rccomiaitrc  (|iio  Ic  cliainit  (iiic  Ic  I'lniida  avait^ 
(hiiisi  iiDiir  laiic  si.'s  iava,i;os  r('iini>-iail   dcs  cii'mcuts  spc'fiaiiN;  [luiir  liii   asMiri'i'  dcs 

^iK•|■^S. 

iitii.iut  an  S('j()iir  <lii  I'lmida  dans  Ic  i>i)rt  dc  Mnlijlc  ct  anx  cDiisi'iiiwiucs  qui  purcnt 
cii  ilrii\i'i',  jc  lilt'  liiinit'iai  a  li's  uoiisidtrcr  (^oiiiiiii'  iiiic  jnciivf  s|i('H'ial('  <lii  cararttTti 
(Irci^if  dc  la  canii'i'c  da  I'lorida,  I't  j'adopic  a  I'c  siiji't  Ics  iTpoiisi's  coiilciiiics  smis  ](>  \" 
'.',■>  (lis  (iliscrvatioiis  di'  iiotrc,  ImiicnaUli'  I'olli'niic,  "A.  Sia('iii|illi,  aiix  oiiji'itl  imis  faiti's  \r,\v 
li  (■r;iiiilc-i>i('iai;iu!.  ,Jc  mi'  n'-scrvi' i'X|in'ss('iiiciit  ilc  tiaitcr  la  (lacsfioii  ndatiNca  rrllct 
que  peiil  [n'lidiiire  la  transt'ormal i(»ii  d'liii  citrsairc  I'li  vaisscaii  di'  niicirc  d'liii  l)cllij;i^- 
iMiit,  Idi,- ijiu!  (,'t'tto  niatii'i'c,  qui  doit  otrf  (•oiisidi'ii'c  sons  iiii  point  do  viir  i^i'iii-ral.  cii- 
tiii;i  cu  discussion  paniii  nous. 

.It'  in'aljsticiidrai  d'iiiciil]i('r  troji  i;ravriiiciii  Ic  nouNcincnicnt  luitamiiijiic  dii  saint 
iliicicl  iciidii  par  ics  aiitoriti's  dc  iSfrinudc  an  saint  dii  I'lmida  cimaiit  dans  Ic  port : 
iilii  )ii'iit  ("'t IC  la  t'anic  pcisonncllc  iiioinciitaiK'c  d'nii  employe''  d'un  oidrc  inl'i'iicnr.  mai.s 
ji' iii.diili.'us  (pic  dans  Ics  alVaiii's  d'adniiiM-<tiatioii  lialiitiicllc  ct  dans  cc  qui  ticiit  a 
1 1'Xiriilii.ii  dc  rJ'^lcniciits  spt'ciaux,  la  rcspnnsaliiliir'  dcs  t'aits  dc  tons  Ics  a;i<iils  siilial- 
tiiiiis,  |)isqu"il  s'a^ir  di'  controvcisc,  ciitrc  d<'ux  (Mats,  doit,  rcniontcr  a  cciix  qui  ticn- 
iii'iit  Ic  /.'omcrnciiicut  siipi'i'iciu'. 

Kii  considi'i'ant  Ics  iciulcrx  coiniiic  dcs  coi'|)s  dctaclics  d'un  corps  d'arincc,  ct  cons,'- 
||Ui'iiiiii('iii  siijcts  a  la  iiiciiK!  i'csi»onsal)ilit('  dn  vaisscan  inancipal,  on  dcvra  rcti-ndrc, 
iiiix  cas  iln  Clarence,  du  Tacony  t-t  do  I'Archcr,  (iiii  out  scrvi  sncccssivcnu'iit  d'allcgcs 
au  Kloiida. 

Jc  liiiiiui  la  S('ric  d'apprcciations  fpu^ji!  sonincts  a  nicsliouorahlcs  collf'frucs  par  nuo 
fifatidii  (pii  inc.  paraUd'un  poids  di'cisif".  J.ord  Wiisscll,  dans  uiic  dtqicHdic  a  Lord  LyoiiH 
ilii '-iT  niais  IHtUt,  cu  rapportant  unc  coiivtMHation  qii'll  avait.  imK!  avcc  M.  Adams.  ,s'«'x- 
luiiiiiM'ii  CCS  tcrnics:  ".Ic,  lui  a!  dit  <pic  lc(:al)iucl  (Unit,  d'opiiiioii  (pic  la  loi  siillisait, 
uiais  (pi'oii  u'avaJt  jtas  ym  tonjoius  api)ortcr  dca  preiivcs  Icgaics;  *i\Ui  Ic  yoiivcrucmcnt 


■JIW^ 


';:»:j 


96 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


cured,  tliat  the  British  governnient  had  done  everything  in  its  power  to 
execute  the  hiw  ;  but  1  admitted  tiiat  the  cases  ot  the  Ahibania  and 
Oreto  were  a  scandal,  and  in  some  degree  a.  reproach  to  our  laws." 

We  have  now,  in  my  opinion,  to  rei)air  the  effects  i)roduced  by  tlio 
causes  of  that  scandal  and  that  reproach,  no  longer  taking  as  our  ixjjnt 
of  departure  the  provisions  ot  a  municii»al  law,  i^ut  the  principles  of  in. 
ternational  law,  an«l  the  rules  laid  down  in  Article  VI  of  the  treaty. 
Great  liritaiu  thereby  becomes  responsible. 

Having  acipiired  a  complete  knowledge  of  the  points  of  fact  and  law, 
we  shall  now  proceed  to  the  examiiuition  of  each  head  of  claims  consiij. 
ered  separately,  and  to  the  comparative  analysis  of  the  ligures  contaiiiiHl 
in  the  revised  list  of  claims  presented  by  the  Department  of  State  oC 
the  United  States,  and  those  contained  iJi  the  two  reports  of  the  com- 
mittee ajjpointed  by  the  board  of -trade  which  have  been  presented  by 
the  British  government. 


:i»' 


OPINIONS    OF    VISCOUNT    D'ITAJUBA. 

I. — THE  SPECIAL  Qin^STIOX  AS  TO  TIIl'^,  EFFECT  OF  THE  CO^MMTSSIONj! 
HELD  HV  THE  CONFEDERATE  VESSELS  OF  WAR  WHICH  ENTERED 
BRITISH  POJITS. 


Sitting  of  tho  astli  of  July. 

The  object  of  the  special  (piestion  submitted  for  the  decision  of  tlie 
F.iiwtnr,i.»„,mis-^i''hunal  of  arbitration  is,  to  determine  tne  extent  of  the 
''""  eifect  which  can  be  attributed  to  the  commission  with  wliicii 

a  vessel  of  war  may  be  provided;  whether  that  eifect  is  the  same  in  tlic 
case  of  a  vessel  built  in  conformity  with  the  laws  of  neutrality,  as  in  tliat 
of  a  v-4'ssel  built  in  violation  of  those  laws;  that  is  to  say,  wliether  the 
fact  of  holdii)  •'  such  a  commission  aives  to  a  vessel  built  in  violation  of 


di!  la  rirande-lJictajino  avait  fait  tout  co  qui  dtait  on  now  pouvoir  pour  exdcuter  la  l^i. 
iiiai.s  (|ii(' Jf  rei'diiuuissais  (pio  Ics  casdt!  I'Alabauiaet  dc  I'Oreto  avaiout  etc  uu  acaudak', 
ct  t'li  (|iii'l<|ii(^  d('};iv.  un  rcpi'ociio  a  nos  loi^." 

11  a'aj;it  maiiitiMiaiit,  a  niou  avi.s,  dti  ivparer  Ics  cfli-ts  prodnits  par  les  oau.ses  dc  co 
scaiidalc! ft  do  cti  ruprociu'  en  uc,  paitaiit  plii.s  <lt!S  disitositioiif*  d'tiii  droit  iiiuniciiiiil, 
luais  dt'.s  i)riiu-ii)((s  du  droit  dcs  j^ciis,  ct  dcs  r('<i;]e.s  i>os('t;s  a  Tarticle  VI  du  traitc.  L;i 
r('s|M)MHal»ilit('!  dc  la  <jiraudti-15r(?taj>'iRi  y  <',st  eiifranoo. 

iiicii  (■ditii'.s  Hur  lea  points  do  lait  ot  do  droll,  nous  allons  prow'doi' i\  I'cxauioii  tie 
chaiino  clnd'  do  roclaniations  oonsidoni  NO[taronMMit,  ot  a  I'analyso  (soniparativo  do  cliif- 
fros  portos  siir  la  listo  r(''\is('o  dos  roolannilions  prodnito  par  lo  l)i''i)ai'toniont  d'otat  ilis 
Etats-Unis,  ot  do  <!onx  poito.s  snr  los  doux  rapiiort.s  do  la  ooniniission  noiumco  par  le 
cousuil  do  coiunicrco  produits  par  lo  youvonieniont  l)rituunl«j[uo. 


.1 

ll  i 

li'. 

'1       \ 

i;     ■] 

.ill  iii 

La  nucslioii  spccialc  dc  snrnir  qiirl  a  I'tv  Vcffi't  den  commhuiotiH  pam^t'drci  par  les  navlrc><d( 
ijHcrrc  coufddi'rcH  qui  sont  viittrn  darni  !vn  poi'(8  bntaiiiiiqite^. 

Stance  du  25  jnillot. 

La  question  s]){^oialo  sonniisc  i\  la  docision  du  tribunal  d'arbitraj^e  a  pour  but  Ha 
d(''torniinor  I'dtondno  cpio  Ton  pout  aocordor  il  I'ofTot  do  la  coinniiasion  dont  un  uavia' 
do  nuorro  so  trouvo  pourvu  ;  si  cot  oftot  ost  lo  nu"Mno  pour  uu  naviro  construit  ou  obsii- 
vatioi)  dos  loia  do  la  noiitralit<^  quo  pour  uu  naviro  construit  en  violation  dc  cos  luis- 
c'cBt-i\-diro,  si,  i)ar  lo  fait  dc  possodor  nut!  couuiiisHiou,  uu  naviro,  construit  en  violulimi 
des  loia  d'un  dtat  ucutrc,  u  Ic  droit  d'oxigor  dc  cct  ^'tat  d'etre  traitd  daus  aes  ports  de  in 


OPINIONS    OF    VISCOUNT    D  ITA.IUHA. 


97 


the  laws  of  a  neutral  state  the  riffht  of  requiring  of  such  state  that  it 
should  be  ti-eated  in  its  ports  in  tiic:  same  manner  as  any  other  vessel  of 
war  heUmginj;"  to  a  belligerent  state,  aad  built  according'  to  law. 

The  question,  put  in  tliis  form,  answers  its(?lf. 

Ill  fact,  a  neutral  wisliiii<>'  to  prestu've  ids  neutrality  is  bound  to  abstain 
from  assistin^tither  of  the  be!l'ji(>rent  parties  in  theii'  warlike  opeiations; 
he  is  bound  faithfully  to  j?iiard  ajjainst  vessels  of  war,  destined  for  the 
use  of  one  of  the  belli •••erents,  beiii<>'  built  or  ecpiipped  within  liis  t<'rritoi-y  ; 
and,  accordiii.ij  to  the  latter  part  of  the  tirst  rule  of  Arti(!le  VI  of  tlie 
treaty  of  WasliiiiiU'ton,  he  is  bound  •'  also  to  use  due  dilig-em-e  to  prevent 
the  (lei)arture  from  his  Jurisdiction  of  any  vessel  intended  to  <;ruise  or 
carry  on  war  as  ai)ove,  such  vessel  haviniuf  beiin  spei-ially  adapted,  in 
whole  or  in  i)art,  within  such  juiisdiction,  to  warlike  use." 

Such  being-  the  duties  of  a  neutral,  he  has  per  contra  the  right  to  re- 
(jiiire  the  belligerents  to  respect  his  territory;  and  it  is  the  duty  of  the 
belligerents  not  to  comnut,  within  the  territory  of  the  neutral  state,  acta 
contrary  to  that  neutrality.  It  is  only  by  a  scrupalous  ol)serv;nife  of 
tills  duty  that  belligerents  acquire  the  in<lisputable  right  of  exacting  from 
the  neutral  perfect  impai'ti  mty. 

If,  then,  a  vessel,  built  on  neutral  territory  for  the  use  of  a  belligerent, 
fraudulently,  and  witlnuit  the  kiH)wledge  of  the  neutral,  conws  again 
wltliin  the  jurisdiction  of  the  sovereign  whose  neutrality  it  has  violated, 
it  ought  to  be  seized  and  detained;  for  it  is  impyssible  to  allow  to  sucdi 
vessel  the  same  exterritorial  rights  as  are  allowed  to  other  belligerent 
vessels  of  war,  built  in  accordance!  with  law  and  without  any  iiitracticm 
of  neutrality.  The  commission  with  which  such  a  vessel  is  provided  is 
iusullicient  to  protect  her  as  against  the  neutral  whose  neutrality  she 
has  violated. 

And  how  can  the  belligerent  complain  of  the  ai)plicati,>M  of  this 
l)rincii)le  '  By  seizing  or  (letaining  the  vessel  the  neutral  only  i)revents 
the  belligerent  from  deriving  advantage  tVom  the  fraud  conimittert 
within  his  territory  by  the  same  belligerent;  while  by  iu)t  proceeding 


nanrc*  (n 


nu'int!  iiiiinit'ni  (|U('  tout  iiutro  luivirc,  iVi  '^wvn:  iippartoin'iit  h  dcs  (^tat.s  l)(^lIi;i,Trinits 
I't  n'jtiiliiTcmciit  <M)iistriiit. 

La  im.sitioii  do  la  (|U(>.stioii  on  cos  ttTiiu'S  porti'  sa  i'i'imjiiho  en  idh'-ini'-iiu-r' 

En  (lift,  Ic  iiciitre  (iiii  vout  "^araiitir  sa  iiciitralito  doit  s'aUstcnir  d'aidor  ain'iinc  dcs 
imrtii's  lM'lli;;('iaMt('s  dans  h'urs  oitoratioiis  dc  jjui'rrt* ;  il  est  oldin't'  do  vcilliT  lidMi;- 
iiu'iit  a  (■(!  riiic,  Hur  sou  territoire,  on  no  coiistniisi!  ui  n'ariiu'  dcs  iiavircs  d(^  j^iicnH!  doH- 
tiiK'.s  h  riiuo  di's  ])arti('s  hellisoraiitcs  ;  ct  scion  la  (Icrnii'i'i'  partic  do  la  proiiiioro  rofr-lo 
lit'  I'iirticlo  VI  (In  traito  do  \Vasliini;t(m.  11  <!st  ohlijio  "  d'oniployor  ojialoinonl,  Ics  (htes 
diUijvncvx  ])onr  cnipochcr  lo  dt'^pavt  iini's  do  sa  Jniidicfion  (lo  tout  iiaviro  dostino  jI 
eniisi'i' on  a  fain^  la  j;nono,  eoinnic  il  ost  dit  ci-dossus,  nn  tol  naviro  ayaiit  eto  adai)to 
spocialiMnont,  on  tout  on  en  partio,  dans  los  liniitos  do  sa  Jiiridiction,  a  nn  oniploi 
guiu-ricr." 

Hi  tcls  soot  los  dovoii's  d'nn  noiitro,  il  a  i>ar  oontn^  lo  droit  d'oxii^or  dos  boliiMoiaiits 
iiu'il.s  rospoctoiit  son  torritoiro;  et  il  ost  dii  devoir  dos  lM'Ilii;oraiits  do  no  point  coni- 
iiU'ttro,  siir  lo  torritoiro  do  I'otat  nontro,  dos  aotos  oontrairos  a  cotto  nontriilito.  Co 
n'cst  ([iron  (»l)sorvant  scrnpnlonsonwiit  oo  devoir  (pio  los  l)olli;;(;rants  a((|nierent  le  droit 
iiu'oiiti'.'stahlo  d'oxi<>(!r  du  nontro  niu!  parl'aito  inipartialih'. 

Si  (lone  nn  naviro,  constrnit  j)onr  h?  ooini»to  (hiii  l»i  llij;(''rant  snr  lo  torrilniic  d'nn 
iicntre,  par  iVando  (;t  a  Tiiisu  dii  nontro.  so  jnosonto  dans  los  liniitos  do  la  jni  idiot  ion  dn 
^imvorani  dont  il  a  violo  la  nontralitc',  il  «loit  ("'tro  saisi  on  dt^'tonn,  ear  il  n'osl  ]>as  possi- 
lilc  (raei'ordor  a  nn  tol  naviro  hm  nionn^s  <lroits  tl'(!Xtorritorialit(3  (pio  Ton  aoeordo  anx 
imtres  naviros  do  guorro  l»ollijf<»ranfs,  oonstrnits  ro}j;nliorein»!nc  ot  on  dehors  {U^  tonto 
iiit'nietiou  a  la  nontralito.  Lu  (jonunission  d(nit  uu  tel  navin*  est  ponrvn  no  snllit  pus 
pour  it'  couvrir  vis-a-vis  du  neutro  dont  il  a  viol^  hi  noiUralitd. 

Kt  odinnKiiit  lo  bolligi^rant  so  phundruit-il  do  I'applieation  do  co  ]>rinelpo  ?  En  saisis- 
sinit  ou  (h'tonant  le  naviro,  lo  nentre  ne  fait  (jn'onipi'Mjlier  lo  hollijf^rant  do  tiror  juofii, 
<lf  la  frando  cuiumisu  sur  sou  teiritoiro  par  co  memo  bolligdruut,  taudia  (i^ue,  ou  uc 
7  B 


WifY^ 


ill 


Hhv 


98 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


aju^iiinst  a  jH'iiilty  vessel,  the  neutral  justly  exposes  itself  to  having  its 
jj()o«l  I'aitii  Justly  calle<l  in  (luestion  by  the  other  belli!L;erent. 

This  |ninci|)le  of  seizure,  of  detention,  or  at  any  rate  of  i)reliininarv 
notice  tiiat  a  vessel,  under  such  circumstances,  will  not  be  iec«Mve(l  in 
the  i)orts  ol'  the  neutral  whose  neutrality  she  has  violated,  is  fair  and 
salutiiry,  inasinu(!h  as  it  is  (!alculated  to  prevent  complications  between 
neutrals  and  bellij>e rents,  and  to  contributi^  toward  freein.i;'  neutnils 
from  responsibility  by  provin<'  their  j>()()d  faith  in  the  case  of  a  fraud 
perpetrated  within  their  territory. 

The  converse  of  this  prin(;iple  is  repugnant  ^o  the  moral  sense,  for  it 
would  be  allowing  the  fraudident  i>arty  to  derive  benelit  from  his  fraud. 

The  rules  established  l)y  the  empire  of  Brazil  confirm  the  principle 
which  we  have;  Just  laid  down,  lor  in  its  regulatiiuis  respecting  neutrality, 
directions  are  given —  • 

^  6.  Not  to  iuliiiit  into  tlio  ports  of  tlic  cinpiro  a  beUijrereiit  who  Ims  oueo  violatwl 
tlm  lUMiti'iility ;  and, 

^S  7.  To  coni)n'l  vessels  whidi  may  att<;iiiiit  to  violiit(?  tlio  noiitrality  to  loavt;  tlie 
luaiitiinc.  tonitory  of  tlie  ciiii>iic  iniiiuMliatcly,  wil.ioiit  siiijplyiiiy;  tlicm  with  anytliin;; 
Avliiituvcr. 

In  fine:  the  commission  with  which  a  vessel  of  war  maybe  pro 
vided  has  not  the  power  to  [u-otect  her  as  against  the  neutral  whose 
neutrality  she  has  previously  violated. 

II.— THE  FLORIDA. 

The  undersigned,  after  a  conscientious  examination  of  all  the  docii 
meats  submitted  to  the  tribunal  of  arbitration  by  the  Gov- 
ernments of  the  [Jnited  States  and  of  Great  JUitain,  relating 
to  the  confederate  cruiser  the  Florida, 
Considering, 
That  iron   all  the  facts  relating  to  the  building  of  the  Oieto*  in  the 
port  of  Liverpool,  and  to  the  departure  of  that  vessel,  and  of  tlie  I5ahaina. 


l)ro(,'o<hnit  i)oint  coiitrc  h'  iiavirc  ;!(mpiil)l(',  \v-  nciitre  s'expoH(!  Justt^inciit  ;'t  t'C((Uc  rautre 
l)ellij;oraiit  siispcett!  sa  bonne,  foi. 

Ce  priMci)»e  (le  saisi,  (le  detention  on  tout  an  nioins  d'avis  prealablc^  ((n'nn  naviip. 
dans  (le  ti'lles  couditioMS,  no  sera  Mas  re(;n  dans  les  i)orts  du  neutn^  dont  il  a  vi(ii('l;i 
neutialilf',  est  ('(piitahle  ot  salnta  ,o,  en  ee  (pril  evite.  h's  coniijlieations  entre  h\s  neutics 
et  les  liejlim^rauts,  et  contribn(!  a  dej;ii.i;'er  la  i(^sitoiisabilite  des  n,  tres  en  prouvinit 
lenr  l)oniie  foi  vis-a-vis  d'nne  fraudo  conunise  suf  lenr  teriitoire. 

Le  piinci|ii>  eontraire  froisse  la  eoMseienei,',  (^ar  ce  serait  i)ernu'ttre  au  fiandeuv  dc 
retire  r  lieneliee  de  sa  fiande. 

Les  regies  etablies  ]iai'  r»'ini)ii'e  (In  Ibi'sil  eonsaerent  le  principe  ((ue  nous  venmi- 
d'(!xposer,  ear  dans  ses  iej;ienients  snr  la  neiitralite  il  est  ordonnc' : 

"  vM).    l)e  lie   pas   admettn!  dans  les  ports  de  rempirc  le  belliirerant  qui   anra  lui 
fois  vioh''  la  neiitralite,"  et 

"  v^  7.  Dt!  faire  soi(ir  iininediateiiient  dii  territoin*  maritime  de  rein])ire,  sin  ...i 
foniiiir  la  iiioindre  ciiose,  les  navires  qui  tenteraient  de  violer  la  neutralite."' 

En  resume.  La  L'omniission  dont  iin  naviri;  de  ifiiiirre  so  troiive  ponrvn  n'a  pas  [uuii' 
eif'it  de  Ij  emivrir  vis-a-vis  du  ucutre  dont  il  a  prectkleuuuent  voile  la  neutralite. 


I. — I.K   ILOKIDA. 

Lc  aoiiHsiffiio — aprea  cxanien  conseicneieux  de  tons  les  docnnients  sonniis  au  tribiiiii;! 
d'arbitra<;e  par  les  }>(»uvernementH  des  Etats-lJnis  et  de  la  (irande-Hretagne  relatil> 
au  croiseiir  eonfodeii!  le  Elorida  : 

Conaideraut  quo  de  tons  les  faits  relatifs  a  la  construction  dc  I'Oreto'dansle  portdf 
Liverpool,ct  a  lu  surtio  de  co  uavire,  ainsi  quo  du  Bahama,  chargt}  d'anneuicnt  pour 

'First  name  of  th(^  Florida, 
t  Premier  uom  du  Florida. 


OPINIONS    OF    VISCOUNT   d'iTAJUBA 


1)9 


freis'bted  witli  arms  for  tho  Oreto,  wliicli  facts  did  not  indneo  the  Brit- 
ish autlioiitios  to  employ  any  measures  (ialeiilated  to  prevent  the  viohi- 
tioii  of  the.  neutrality  of  (ireat  llritaiii,  notwitlistandin;:;'  tlie  repeated 
waniiufi's  and  represcutatiousof  tiie  diphunatie.  and  consular  anthoiities 
of  tlie  United  States,  it  is  evident  that  tlic  y'overuineut  of  Iler  Hritauuie 
Majesty  iu'<:>iect<Ml  to  use  due  diligence  for  tiu}  fultillaient  of  its  duties  as 
II  neutral ; 

Consideriufi', 
That  from  all  the  facts  relatiu<^'  to  the  stay  of  the  Oreto  at  Nassau,  to 
Iior  seizure  in  that  port,  to  her  ac(piittal,  to  her  departure  from  tliat 
[M»i'f,  to  the  enlistmeut  of  a  crew,  to  her  takiuj;'  in  supplies,  to  her  araia- 
niciit  at  (rreeii  ('ay,  with  the  assistain'c  of  the  I''ii,ii;lisl.  vessel  I'riucc 
Allied,  it  is  evideut  that  there  was  ne|j;iiyeuce  on  tiu'  part  of  the  lOuj^- 
lisli  colonial  authorities; 

Considering, 
Tliat  in  spite  of  the  evident  infractions  of  the  neutrality  of  Great 
Britain  committed  by  the  Oreto,  this  same  vessel,  then  known  as  a  con- 
tWlcniie  cruiser,  un<ler  the  nanu'  of  the  Flori«la,  was  again  ()n  several 
occasions  freely  admitted  into  the  ports  of  the  JJritish  colonies; 

Consi<lering, 
That  the  fact  of  the  entrance  of  the  Florida  into  the  confederate  port 
of  Mobile,  and  of  her  stay  of  four  montlis  in  that  i)ort,  cannot  deter- 
niiiie  the  responsibility  previously  incurred  by  Great  Britain; 

Is  of  oi)inion. 
That  (Jreat  Britain  failed  to  fidfill  the  (Indies  prescribed  in  the  rules 
laid  down  in  Article  VI  of  (he  treaty  of  Washington,  ami  that  she  is 
(■i(iise<iuently  responsible  for  the  acts  imi)uted  to  the  confederate  cruiser 
Florida,  as  well  as  for  those  imputed  to  her  tenders,  the  Clarence,  the 
Tacony,  and  the  Archer. 

III. — TIIIC   ALAHAMA. 

The  uiulersigned,  after  a  conscientious  exami nation  of  all  the  docu- 
iiH'uts  submitted  to  the  tribunal  of  arbitration  by  the  Covernments  of 


rOicto, lcs(HU'Is  taitsii'iiiii('ii('i<'iit  (1(^  lii  part ilt'.s  autoriti's  liiitiiiiiii<|ii('sri'iiij)ltii(r:nHMiin's 
iiii'siiics  i)i()]iii;s  a  ciniKM'lici'  la  violation  dc  la  iiciirialilc'  dc  la  (iraii(lf-lJr<'tai;iu.', 
iiiiilun''  Ics  avis  ct  Ics  i('claiiiatioiis  ii'iti'ii'f.s  tics  aiitorih's  (li|iloiiiat  ii|U('.s  el  coiisiilaiics 
ilis  Kiats-Uiiis,  il  I't'ssoit  (|ii(!  It;  froiivcriKMiiciit  (If  sa  .Maicsti''  liritaimi(|ii('  a  ii(^;;li<ft5 
irciiiployrr  le.s  dm:  tHli(/<iKrx  [loiir  \o.  iiiaiiilicii  <lfs  dcvoii's  dc  ,sa  iiciUralitf : 

rtmsiih'raiit  iiiic,  di-  tons  Ics  i'aits  rclatilsaii  si^jonrdc  TOiclo  a  Nassau,  asasaisicdansco 
iMiil,  a.xiii  ac(|MittiM»icnt,  a  sa  sortie  dc  ct^  I'ort,  a  ]'ciii('>lciiicnt  d'lin  ('(iiiipanc,  a  son  ajiju'o- 
visidiiiiciMi'ut',  a  soil  ariiu^iiicMt  avcc  I'aidti  dii  l(at<'aii  an;;lais  Ic  Piincc;  Alfred  a  (irecii 
Cay,  ii  I'fssoi't  <iii'il  y  a  cii  ncjj;lii;-cne()  dc  la  i>art.  dcs  aiitoi'itt's  coloiiialcs  aii^laiscs  ; 

Coiisidcrant  (jiic,  iiialj;io  Ics  infractions  I'vidcntcs  a  la  ncntialiti'  dc;  la  C«randf-Bre- 
tii^uc,  conimiscs  par  I'Urcto,  cc  nicnic,  iiavirc,  alors  coniin  coninic  croiscwr  conCciUh'C 
sous  Ic  noni  dc  Florida,  fiit  tMicoro  a  jdiisiciirs  rciniscs  lihrcnicnt  adniis  dans  Ics  ports 
ilis  nilonics  Itritanniipics ; 

C(iiisi(l(4ant  ((uo  Ic  fait  de  l'ciitr(^e  dii  Florida  daus  li;  port  confeddrd  dc  JI(d)ih',  et 
lie  soil  scjniir  dans  cc  i)ort  ptaidaut  (jnatn!  inois,  no  suurait  dctruirc  In  rcspoiisabilitd 
uiitcricurciiu'iit  enconnic  par  la  Graiuie-Brctagnc — 

Kst(l'avis  (jiie  la  Graiide-Hrctagiic  a  inan(iud  aiix  devoirs  prcscrits  dans  les  regies 
'talilies  par  rarticlc  VI  du  traitd  do  \Vasliinj;t(tii,  ct  (|iic,  par  oonsiMiuent,  ellc;  est 
i(s|i()iisaljle  des  faits  imputes  aii  crosieur  conCddere  Ic  Florida,  aiusi  quo  do  cciix  im- 
putes a  ses  uiivires  auxiliaircH  lo  Clarcuee,  Ic  Tacoiiy,  et  rArcIior, 


It 


II, — l'alahama. 

Le  soussigiid — aprt^s  oxaiueu  couscicucicux  do  tous  lay  documents  souuils  au  tribunal 


! ;, 


100 


ARBITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


the  United  States  iiiid   of  Great  Britain,  relatinj?  to  tlie  confederato 
cruiser,  tlie  Alabaim, 
CoiKsidei'iiif;', 

Tluit  from  all  the  ta(!ts  relating  to  the  building  of  the  2!U^  in  the  port 
of  Liverpool,  to  her  etiuipnient  and  arnianient  on  the  coast  of  Tercit'lni 
by  the  aid  of  the  English   vessels  Agripi)ina  and    IJahaina,  after  tlie 
I']nglish  vessel  Hercules  had  conveyiul  a  crcnv  on   hoard  of  her,  it  is 
evident  that  the  government  of  (ireat  IJiitain  neglected  to  use  due  di! 
igeiuie  for  the  fullilhuent  of  its  duties  as  a  neutral,  since,  iu)t\vitli 
standing  the  repeated  waiiiings  and  repres(Mitations  of  the  diplomatic 
and  consular  authorities  of  the   United  States  while  the  2!)()  was  in 
course  of  constru<!tion,  no  suitable  measures  were  taken,  and  those 
which  were  at  length  adopted  for  the  arrest  of  the  vessel  were  ordered 
so  late  chat  they  could  not  be  executed ; 
Considering, 

Thai,  after  the  escape  of  the  vessel,  the  measures  taken  for  pursuing 
and  arresting  her  were  so  incomplete  that  thi\v  led  to  no  result,  anil 
cannot  be  considered  as  sufticient  to  free  Great  lUitaiu  from  responsi 
bility  ; 

Considering, 

That,  in  spite  of  the  flagrant  infractions  of  the  neutrality  of  Great 
Britain  committed  by  the  L'!)0,  this  sanui  vessel,  then  known  as  a  con- 
federate cruiser  under  the  mime  of  the  Alabanni,  was  again  admitted 
on  several  oc(;asions  into  the  ports  of  British  colonies,  whereas  she 
ought  to  have  been  proceeded  against  in  the  lirst  British  jiort  in  wliicli 
she  might  have  been  found; 
Is  of  oi)inion. 

That  Great  Britain  failed  to  fulfill  the  duties  ])rescribed  in  the  rules 
laid  down  in  Article  VI  of  the  treaty  of  Washuigton,  and  that  she  is 
consecjuently  responsible  for  the  acts  imputed  to  the  confederate  cruiser 
Alabama,  as  well  as  for  those  imputed  to  her  teiuler  the  Tuscaloosa. 


'-'i 

|i 

ii 

;•:.'* 

i 

■  ij 

1^  I ' 

I'-;   ;t       j 

ii 

d'arbitrage  par  los  <;o»vernements  dns  l5tats-IJnis  ot  de  la  Grande-Bretagne  relatifs  an 
cr<)is(nir  confodrro  I'Alabama: 

Consid<^riiiit  ([nc,  (\v  tons  Ics  faits  relatifk  a  la  coiistrnctioii  dii  "290,"  dans  Ic  port  ilr 
Liverpool,  a  son  <Miiii))oin('tit.  et  ariiu^tiuMit  sur  los  cotes  do  Toreeira  par  les  soiiis  (li'> 
bateaux  aiij^lais  l'A<;riiipina.  et  le  Bahama,  ai)res  ([lie  le  navin;  anglais  le  Hercule  liii  eiit 
aineiie  iiii  ('()uipaj;(',  il  ressort  clairenuMit  que  le  jfouvernemeiit  de  la  Graud(!-Bretii<i;iii' 
a  iie<>li<fe  d'euiployer  les  dnvK  «//7/\(/(;'»i«'.s  pour  le  niaintien  des  devoirs  de  sa  iientraliti-. 
pnis<|ue,  inaiijre  les  avis  et  rv'elaniations  rc^iterees  <les  autorites  diploniatifiues  et  con- 
sulaires  des  Etats-Unis  pendant  li;  conra  de  la  construction  du  "290,''  on  utiprit  aneuni' 
mesure  convtMiablo,  et  (pie  etdles  tinalemont  prises  pour  faire  arreter  le  navire  fureiit  si 
tardivement  ordonnees  (pi'elles  ne,  parent  etre  exeeutt'es; 

Considerant  ((a'aprcs  la  fuite  du  navin;  les  inesures  prises  i)our  le  poursuivro  et  lo 
faire  arreter  f'ureiit  si  incompletes  qu'elles  n'auieiierent  aiieuii  r^snltat,  et  ue  p(;nveiit 
etre  eousidereeseoninie  suHisaiites  pourde;^a;;'erla  rt'si)onsaltilit<>  delaOraude-Brc^tajjiii': 

Considerant  (pie,  inalj^rd  les  infractions  llagi-jiutes  a  la  ueutralitc^  de  la  Graiidi'- 
Ureta<^iie  e()niinis(,'s  ])ar  le  "2'.l(t,"  c<!  nu'ine  navire,  alors  coniiu  coinme,  croiseur  enii- 
ftid('r(^  sous  le  iioie  de  I'Alabaina,  i'ut  eneore  adinis  a  jdusieiirs  reprises  dans  I'es  ])orts  des 
colonies  britanni(iues,  (piaiid  il  aurait  fallu  proceder  contre  Ini  dans  le  premier  port 
britanni(iuo  ou  il  aurait  ("to  rencoutn^ — 

Est  d'avis  (pie  la  Graiule-BretiiRiie  a  maiKpu^  aiix  devoirs  preserits  dans  los  ivglos 
<itablies  par  I'article  VI  du  traite  do  Washinifton,  ot  (|ue,  par  cons<5(iuent,  olio  est  ii's- 
]>onsable  des  faits  impiit(\s  au  croiseur  confodor(i  I'Alabama,  ainsi  que  oeux  imput(5sii 
sou  uavirc  auxiliaire  le  Tuscaloosa. 

*  Number  by  wliicli  the  Alabama  Avas  originally  designated'. 


OPINIONS    OF    VISCOINT    D  ITA.IUBA. 


101 


IV.— THE  VESSELS  (1)  THE  (iKOlUirA,  (2)  THE  SUMTER,  (.'i)  THE  NASH- 
VILLE, (4)  THE  llETUIBUTION,  (."»)  THE  TALLAHASSEE  Oil  OLUSTEE, 
((>)   THE   CHICKAMAUGA. 

The  uiulersi<;ne(l,  after  ii  coiiscieutioii.s  oxainiiiation  of  all  the  docii- 
meiits  submitted  to  the  tribuJial  of  arl)itration  by  the  ( Jo\  -  ,„„„,,.  s„.n...r. 
onimeiits  of  the  United  States  and  of  (Jreat  liritain,  rehit-  n7,'i;;'''n,ihi;i;t?.; 
iiij;'  to  tiie  confederate  cruisers,  iimka.nunp. 

The  Georgia, 
The  Sumter, 
Tiie  Nashville, 
Tiie  Retribution, 
Tlie  Tallahassee  or  Olustee, 
The  Chiekamauga, 
Is  of  ()i)inion, 

Tliat  Great  Britain  did  not  fail  to  fulfill  the  duties  ))rescribed  in  the 
niles  laid  down  in  Article  VI  of  the  treaty  of  Washington,  and  that 
she  is  not  responsible  for  the  acts  imputed  to  these  vessels. 

v.— THE  VESSELS  SALLIE,  .TEFFEKSON  UAVIS,  MUSIC,  BOSTON,  V.  II.  .TOY. 

With  regard  to  the  vessels. 

The  Sallie, 

Tiie  Jetterson  Davis, 

Tlie  Music, 

The  Boston, 

The  V.  11.  Joy, 
The  undersigned  is  of  opinion, 

Tliat  they  should  be  excluded  iVom  discussion  by  the  tribunal  for 
wiiiit  of  evidence. 


Snllii'.  .Iili.  DiviH, 
Music.  llci>l(.i,.  V. 
H.  .)..v. 


' ' '  c 
i 


VL — THE   SHENANDOAH. 

The  uiulersigne<l,  after  a  conscientious  exainiuation  of  all  the  docu- 


III.— Lies  x.vviHKs  (1)  r,i;  (iKoma.v,  (•i)  i.k  .si  .mi'tkk,  (:?)  t.K  xasiivim.k,  (4)  lk  itKiiti- 

IIUTION,    (;'))    I.K    IAI,I..Ml.VS.Si;i;    OL'    i.'ol.U.STKi:,    (15)    LK    tlllCK.VM.Vl  li.V. 

Le  s(iu.sHi<jiid — iipri's  oxaiueu  coiiscieuciiiiix  <lt'  toii.s  lu.s  tlocmiieiits  .soiiiiii.s  an  triliiinal 
ilailiitray;(j  i)ar  Ics  jroiivcriHuiiciits  dcs  fitats-Uiii.s  et  dc  la  (iiaii(lc-Bii;ta;;ii('.  i(;latifn 
aux  croi.seiirH  coiif('dcres 

L(!  Guor^^ia, 

Lc  Sumter, 

Li'Xa.sIiville, 

Li)  Rt'tribiition, 

Lti  TallahasHce,  on  I'Ohistce, 

Lo  Clii(d<anian<;a — 

E.st  d'avi.s  ([iic  la  Graude-Brctajjiic  n'a  i»a.s  n\am|iii''  mux  devoirs  prescrits  daii.s  lt>» 
rt';j;li'St'hiltlic8  ))ar  I'artitde  VI  dii  traito  de  Wa.shingtoii,  »'t  (luVdle  ii'»!st  pas  respoiisable 
•li'S  liiits  luipiiteH  a  ces  uavircs. 

IV. — T,K,S   XAVIKKS   SALI.IK,    .IKKKKUSOX    DAVIS,    Ml  SU",    MOSTON,    V.    H.   .lOV.  ' 

Le  smissifruo — quaut  aux  iiavires 

Li;  Sallie, 

Le  .leffersou  Davis, 

Le  Music, 

Le  lidston, 

LeV.lL.Ioy— 

Lsl  d'avis  de  les  eliiiiiner  des  deliberations  dii  trilninal,  taiite  d''  preiives. 

v.— I.r.   .SIIKXANDOAII. 

Le  soussigiK; — apres  exaiuen  coiiscicncieiix  do  tons  Ics  docmuents  soiiuiis  au  tribunal 


n 


■■h' 


102 


ARBITRATION    AT    GKNEVA. 


Mhi-riiiii'lonli. 


jncnts  submitted  to  tlio  tiibminl  (»f  arbitration  by  tlio  (4ovorniiioiits  of 
tlui  United  States  andot(}reat  JJritain,  relatinyto  the  vaw 
federate  cruiser  tlie  Slienandoali, 
Considering', 

Tliut  from  all  the  facts  relating'  to  the  dei)artnro  from  London  of  tlio 
merchant-vessel  Sea  Kin};,*  to  the  departure  from  Liverj)<»ol  of  tin- 
Laurel,  to  the  meetiu};  of  these  two  vessels  near  the  island  of  Madeira. 
to  tile  transfer  of  the  armament  ami  crew  from  onc^  of  these  v«'ssels  to 
the  other,  and  to  the  transformation  of  the  Sea  Kin,y  into  a  coiifcdcriitc 
cruiser  under  the  name  of  thi^  Shenandoaii,  it  is  evident  that  the  j;(iv- 
ernment  of  Her  IJritaiinic  Majesty  cannot  l)e  aecus'd  of  having'  ney 
lected  to  use  due  dilijifcnce  for  the  fulfillment  of  its  duties  as  a  neutral: 
Considerinjif, 

That  while,  on  the  one  hand,  it  is  evident  from  all  the  facts  relating; 
to  the  stay  <»f  the  Shi-nandoah  in  tlui  port  of  Melbourne  that  some  I'i'w 
irregularities  occurred,  such,  in  particular,  as  tluj  au^iiuMitation  of  lici 
crew,  on  the  other  hand  there  is  no  proof  that  these  irre,iiulai'ities  can 
be  laid  to  tlu;  charj^'c  of  the  yoviM-nuuMit  of  IL'r  I>ritanni<;  .Majesty  or 
imputed  to  the  nefiii<>('nce  of  tlu>  En.nlish  authorities,  l)ut  that  tlicv 
were  the  consecpu^nce  of  the  violation  by  (Joinmauder  Waddell  of  his 
word  of  hoMor,  and  ol  the  ex(;e[)tional  dilHculties  of  surveillance  which 
the  conformation  of  the  port  i)resented ; 
Considering,  moreover. 

That  the  <>-ovei'nor  of  the  colony  having,  after  the  departure  of  the 
Shenandoah,  betiome  aware  of  tln^  violation  of  neutrality  of  which  tliis 
vessel  had  been  guilty,  resolved  thenceforth  to  refuse  hospitality  to 
fjientenant  Waddell  and  the  other  ollicers  of  the  Shenan(h)ah,  niiil 
wrote  in  this  sense  to  the  naval  and  civil  authorities  of  Australia. 
reipiesting  th(;m  to  act  in  the  same  way,  a  fact  which  contributes  toward 
releasing  the  government  of  Her  Jiritivnnic  .Majesty  from  any  respoiisi 
bility ; 

Ls  of  opinion. 

That  Great  Britain  did  not  fail  to  fulfil  the  duties  prcs(!ribed  in  tlio 

<riultitriijjr  iiiir  Ifs  jfonvcrnt'iinMits  des  fitats-lJiiis  e,t  (lis  la  drraiule-nrotajfiio,  rolat it's  nil 
croisi'iir  coiifedoiv  Ic  Shcnaiidoali : 

('oiisidi'vaot  (|iii',  (Ic  tons  Ics  I'aits  n-latif's  an  dt-part  dc  Londres  dii  n:ivire  iiiai'diiiiil 
Ic  Scii  Iviiij'',  an  depart  ilc,  Ijivcrpool  dii  I^iiind,  a  la  nsncoiitri!  th',  ccs  dcnx  navMrcs  \m-^ 
dc  riltMlt-  MadiTc,  an  ti'ansliDrdc.nnMi.t  dn  rarnuinjiMit  ct  dc  rci|ni|)iigi!  d(!  I'nii  dc  I'l-^ 
iinviit's  snr  I'antTc,  ct  a  la  traiist'ormation  dn  >Sca  Kinjf  t>o  croi.scur  cDufcilcrc  sons  li- 
iiom  dc  .Slu'uandoali,  il  rcssort  (daivcmcnt  qncl'on  nc  saiirait  accuser  Ic  jfonvornciiiciit 
dc  fill  -Miijcstc  l)iitiimii(|uc  d'avoir  n('^li<;(' d'cmploycr  Ums  (^fcv  d(/iY/(';(C('.v  pouf  Ic  niaiiitii'ii 
dcs  (lcv<)iisd<^  sa  nciitnilitc  ; 

C'Diisidcriiiil  <iiic  si,  (I'lm  cute,  th'  tons  Ics  t'aits  rc.liitifs  an  scjonr  du  Sliciiaiidoah  daii- 
Ic  jiort  de  Mdhamiic,  il  n'ssmt  <in"il  y  a  en  ((ncliiuiis  iiTci>;nlaritcs  coinuiises,  tcllcs  sm- 
tont  (|n(!  l'ani>nicntatii)n  d(^  rt'iiuipujrc ;  d'nii  autre  cote,  ii  n'tist  ])as  ]>ronvc  tpo;  (•(■■; 
ii'icii,nliii'itcs  pnisscnt  ctrc  miscs  a  In  c!it!r,ij;c  dn  {joiivcrncineiit  de  sa  Ml^j^^stc  l)ritiinni([m' 
ct  iinpntces  a  lii  nci!;li<^encc  des  antoriri's  anjjlaises,  niais  iin'elli^s  out  etc  lacoii.si'iiini'iici' 
dc  la  violation  de  la  parole  d'lionncur  donnee  par  h^  conioiaiidant  Waddell,  efc  dcs  (lilli- 
cnltc's  exceptionnclles  de  sni'vcillaiKie  «|ne  ])resentait  la  coiitorniatioo  dn  port ; 

Cons!  lcrant,en  (niti'c,<|nc  Ic  fiDnvcrncnr  de  la  colonic,  ayant  a])pi'is  apvcs  le  dc'imi't 
du  Siienandoali  la  violation  d(^  iicntralite  dont  cc  navire  s'l^tait  rondu  conpable.  dei'iilii 
dc  rct'nser  dorenavaot  rhosi)italiti''  an  licMitcnant  Waddell  at  auK  antres  oHicici's  dn 
Slu'uandoali,  ct  ecrivit  dans  cc  sens  imx  autofities  navales  ct  civilcs  de  I'Anstralie  cii 
Ics  j)riaut  d'a^ir  dc  nieinc,  ('c  ([ui  contribuo  a  dcj^agcr  la  responsal:ilitc  du  yonvcrm'- 
nicnt  dc  sa  JNliijestc  1>ritanni(inc — 

Est  d'uvis  que  la  Giaude-lJretajrnc  u'a  pas  nuinqnc  aux  devoirs  proscrits  dans  les 


*  First  nauic  of  the  Sbeuaudoali. 


OPINIONS    OF    MR.    STyKMITLI. 


103 


rules  laid  down  in  Article  VI  of  the  treaty  ot'Wasliiiiijtou,  and  tliat  s1m» 
is  co'istuiuently  not  responsible  lor  the  a(!ts  iniimtod  to  tlie  coiit'edt'rati^ 
cruiser  Shenandoah. 


OITNIONS   OF    Mil.    ST.EMPFLI. 

I._Oi»IXIONS  ON  I'lIE  QT'KSTIONS  OF  LAW  AS  TO  AVIIiril  TIIK  TUIUI^NAL 
OF  AlflJITlJATION,  AT  ITS  SlTTlX(f  OF  IVLY  2."»,  1S7L',  IJKvX'HSTKl) 
KH'CIDATIONS  FliOM  TIIH  ("OIXSKL  OF  THE  IIKill  PAIITIKS  rilESENT 
AT  THE  BAR. 

M.  StaMiipHi  states  that  he  sees  no  j>reat  advaiita<;e  in  wamlerinfj; 
into  Ion  in  descriptions  and  theoretical  interpretatiojis  on  the  (picstions 
of  ilue  (lilUjenve.  the  rjf'ccf  of  couniiisnioninf/,  and  the  xvppl;!  of'  cmd.  lie 
sets  forth  orally  and  snccinctly  his  vi«nvs  on  these  heads,  rcscivinj:^  to 
liiinsclf  the  ri.i;ht  ol"  j;ivin,u'  more  pi'ccise  reasons  for  their  ajjplication  in 
OiKili  pariicular  case,  and  confines  himself  for  the  ])iesent  to  layinj^' 
down  (he  followin;^'  i)rinciples  oidy,  \vhi(;h  will  serve  him  for  his  j^eneral 
f-uidance. 

General  Principles  of  Law. 
(Proj^ramme  iiisortod  in  Protocol  X,  Avticle  A,  No.  III.) 

Ill  its  decisions  on  i)oints  of  law,  the  tribnnai  should  hi'  <4tiided  by 
the  following  principles: 

1.  In  tiie  lirst  place,  by  the  three  rules  laid  down  in  Arti(rle  VI  of  the 
treaty,  which  provides  that —  i!„.,..,iti„.,,,:,tT 

tilk    •  |i1.'/.hI.-MI1'. 

Ill  deciding;  the  iiiattcvs  siibinittfd  to  tlio  arbitniti  rs  tlicy  shall  he  ijos'criicd  by  tlio 
followiiiif  tlircc  rules,  which  arc  a^jrccd  ii]iiim  hy  the  hi};h  contrac^tinn-  jiartics,  as  rnit-s 
to  betaken  as  applicable  to  the  case,  and  by  such  principles  of  international  law,  not 


ri'gles  otablii's  ]iar  I'article  VI  dii  traitt^  de  Washington,  et  (pie,  par  conseiiuent,  ello  n'est 
pas  rcsponsablc  des  faits  iiuputosau  croiseur  ont'edere  le  Shenandoali. 


OpiiiioiiH  mir  h'n  <[iirHlio)is  de  droit  siir  h'sqiieUcH  Ic  '•ibiinal  Wdrhitraiji',  dniix  nd  m'ance  du 
l2.")  jiiiUvt  187'2,  ((  dfinaiide  dvx  ikilaircixxcnwiitii  aiix  coitudln  des  huntcn  [xirlic^  pn'ncnle-i  a 
la  Ixirrc. 

M.  Staeinpfli  declare  (pi'il  ni!  tronve  ]>as  tres-o|)i)in'tnn  de,  se  perdre,  ])i)iir  les  trois 
iliU'stiiiiis  des  diicn  dilitn'iurs  de  Vt'fl'ct  de  commixnioiix  et  di's  uppror'ixhuini  mciitx  de  rhurhmi, 
duns  de  loiij^iies  discussions  et  int(!rpretations  theoriipu's.  II  di'Vidoiiji;- oraleuunit  et 
soiiiinairenient  ses  vu(!s  y  relativtis,  en  se  reservant  de  niotiver  (h;  i>lirs  pres  h^ur  appli- 
cation daus  e]ia(|Ue  eas  special,  et  se  bi>rue  jxnir  le  nii>nu;nt  a  poser  les  .seiiis  jniiu-iites 
siiivants,  (pii  lui  s(>rviront  de  direction  ^em-raie. 

ri!I.\CIPKS   OftNl^ItAUX    I>K    I11?0IT. 

(Prof^rannue  insen^  dans  le  protocole  X,  Art.  litt.  A,  No.  III.) 

Dans  scs  considerants  jnridiqnes,  le  tribnnai  doit  se  giiider  par  li^s  principes 
snivauts: 

1".  En  iironiier  lieu,  par  les  trois  regies  posce8  dans  I'article  VI  dii  traite,  leiiuol 
porte  (pie— 

"Dans  la  d<^cision  des  matieres  ;\  eux  sonniise.s,  les  arbitres  seroiit  j^nides  ))ar  les 
trois  regies  suivantiis,  que  les  haiites  parties  eontraetantcs  sont  convenut^s  de  regarder 
co'inne  des  regies  k  prendre  coinnie  applicables  a  la  cause,  et  par  tols  principles  du  droit 


isi 


ITfP" 


liii 


iM-\ 


104 


AHUITRATION    AT    OKXKVA. 


iin'oiisisti'iit  (licrcwitli,  us  llio  iirliitiMtorH  slmll  (Icti'iiiiiiit*  1(»  liavti   Ih'cm  iiiiplii-iibli^  to 
tlu-  ciisc : 

IUI.I.S. 

A  iK'iilial  ;;<ivi'rimi('?if  is  lioiiiid — 

I'irsl,  '1  u  use  (lili;i(iiic  ti>  pii'vciit  flic  liltiii;;;  out,  jrii'in;;,  or  f<|iii|ii>iii;;,  witliiii  ii> 
/liiiiMliclioii,  of  iiiiy  M's.si'l  wiiicli  it  has  r('iis(ni!il)lc  y;i( m.d  to  Itclicvi^  is  iiiti'inlcil  to 
ciiiisc  oi'  to  ciiri'v  on  Wiir  ii^^aiiist  n  power  wlili  wliicii  it  is  at  |)cai't' ;  ami  also  to  um. 
like  (lilinciirc  Id  prrvciil  llic  (li'i»artiiir  iVoni  its Jiiiisdic^tioii  ol'  un.v  vissel  iiilriKtni  tn 
iTiiise  or  (uiiy  on  waf  as  al)ovc.  (siicli  vessel  liaviii;;'  iieiMi  s]ieeially  ndaptetl,  in  wlmlc 
or  in  )iart,  williin  siieli  jniisdietion,  to  warlike  use. 

Secondly.  Ndt  lo  pei-niit  or  snil'er  either  iMdlij^ercnt  to  make  nso  of  its  ports  or  watcrii 
as  the  liase  of  mis  al  opci'ations  a^jainst  the  othei ,  or  for  the  |iui'posc  of  the  renewal  or 
aiiKinenlation  of  military  snji plies  or  ai'nis,  oi'  the  icci'nitnient  of  men. 

'I'hii'dly.  To  exercise  ilne  dilini'iice  in  its  own  ports  and  \Naters,  and  as  to  all  persons 
within  its  Jurisdictiou,  to  prevent  any  violation  ol'  tht^  fore^^oiiif;'  olili^ations  iiiul 
duties. 

Ac'cofdiiij''  to  tilt'  Irciity,  tliose  tliico  rules  tnkv  pivcock'ncc  of  tln' 
principles  wliicii  iiii,<;Iit  be  drawn  from  liistoric  iiiteriiiitioiiiil  law  iiml 
from  science. 

2.  IIi;i;toriciil  iiiternationiil  law,  or  (he  i)ractice()f  the  law  of  iiiitioiis, 
as  well  as;  science  and  scituitific  antliorities.  niijy  be  considered  as  siili- 
sidiary  liiw,  in  so-far  as  the  principles  lo  be  ap[»lied  are  ••enerally  rec- 
ognized, iind  are  not  liable  tocontrover.sy,  nor  at  variance  with  the  tliiTi' 
rnles(pioted  above.  If  one  or  other  of  these  conditions  fail,  it  is  for  the 
tribunal  to  supply  what  is  wanting  by  interpreting  and  api)lying  the 
three  rules  to  the  best  of  its  i)ower  an(l  in  till  conscientiousness. 

o.  The  laws  of  a  states  touching  nentrality  do  not  constitute  tin 
element  of  the  law  of  nations  in  the  sense  that  they  can- 
not, at  any  lime,  be  altered,  modified,  or  added  to  witlioiir 
the  co-operation  or  consent  of  other  states,  the  law  of  nations  itself  hi- 
ing  ab.soluely  indei)endent  of  these  municipal  laws  ;  yet,  so  long  as  tlierc 


lii-ljiill  l;t\v- 


des  n'ens  c(ni.  s;ins  etre  en  desaceurd  avi'c  ces  reijfles.  anroni  et('  reeonnns  jjur  les  arhitn 
comnH,'  ayant  ('■te  apidicaliles  ilau.^  resjiecH' : 


ISIIffflRi 


IS 

II 

;':;!, 

"  ItKiil.KS. 

"  I'n  ^oMvenuMncnt  Tientre  est  tonii — 

"  I  l)r  faire  les  dues  <Hli(ii'ii<u'n  pour  jtrevenir  l;i  inise  en  etat.  I'armenient  en  jxiienv 
on  I'lMinipenient.  {Jillini/  out,  (iriniii;!,  or  viiulppiuii.)  dans  sajnridii-tion,  d(!  tout  vaisstiiii: 
((u'il  est  raisonnalilenient  fundi'  a  croire  destim''  a  ci'oiser  on  ;i  fairt!l,i  ;;Merre  eonire  \\\w 
]inissanee  avee  lafpudle  ei;  <;<)UV(;rnenient  est  i'W  jtaix  ;  et  de  fair<3  anssi  nienn'  diliijciici' 
)»our  emiiecher  le  dei)art.  hors  dii  sajnridiction  de  tout  navire  destine  a  croiser  on  ii 
fairo  la  j;ueiie  cuinnie  il  est;  dit  ci-de.ssus,  ec  navire  ayant.  etc  speeialenu'nt  ada[>Ie,  l" 
tout  ou  en  [lartie,  dan.s  les  limites  d«!  sa  dite  Juritliction,  a  de.s  usaye.s  belliHt'rants. 

"2  l)e  ne  peruiettre  ni  soulfrir  (\nv  I'nn  (les  belligerants  fasse  usage  de  ses  ports  on 
de,  ses  eaux  citnime  d'line  base  d'operations  navales  contre  I'aiitre,  ni  i)our  rem)uveki' 
ou  aiiji'nienter  ses  munitions  niilitaires  on  son  arnuMuent,  ou  s'y  procurer  des  reeracs. 

"it  D'exeicer  les  (/»/'•'<  f/i/iv''"'"'-'-'*  <lanH  ses  proi)r(^s  ports  t't  eaux,  et  a  I'egard  de  tonto^ 
ja-rsonnes  dans  les  limites  de  sa  juridictlou,  atiii  d'enipeclier  touto  violation  des  oblij,';!- 
tions  et  devoirs  pieeedents." 

D'apres  le  traite,  ees  trois  regies  jtrevaleut  sur  ](;s  princlpes  quo  I'on  pounait 
•leduire  dii  droit  des  gens  histori(iiui  <^t  de  la  seienei!. 

"Z"  Le  <lroit  des  gens  liistori(ine,  ou  bien  la  ])rati(iue  dn  droit  des  gens,  ainsl  (|nc  la 
science  et  les  autoritt's  seientiti(iu<\s,  peuveut  etn!  eonsideres  coinnie  droit;  subsidiaii'i'. 
en  tant  iiueles  prineipesa  applicpiersont  gvndraliMueiit  recounus,  et  ne.  sont  itointsiiji'ts 
a  controNcrse,  ni  en  desaceoi'd  avec  les  trois  regies  ci-dessus.  Si  I'nms  ou  I'autre  di; 
ees  eomlil  ions  vienf  a  nuini|Uer,  (s'est  an  tribunal  d'y  snppleer  en  interpnUant  et  aiipH- 
(plant  les  trois  r('gles  de  son  mieux  et  en  toiit(i  conscience. 

:>"  Les  lois  SIM-  la  neutraliti^  jn-opres  a  iin  ('tat  ne  constituent  i)as  nn  (^h'tnent  du  droit 
des  gens  dans  h^  sens  (pi'elles  ne  penv(!ut  ('tre,  en  tout  temps,  changiM's,  niodiliees  on 
•;ompl('t('i's  s;ins  la  eooi»('ration  ou  le  eons(Mitement  d'autres  f'tafs,  le  dr()it  des  gens  lui- 
nuiuie  Ptaut  absoluuieut  ind(^|)endaufc  do  ces  lois  muuicipales;  cepeudaut,  taut  ({ue  daus 


OI'IXIONS    OF    MR.    ST/KMI'FIJ. 


105 


exist  such  laws  in  a  Htatc,  and  tln'.v  liav«^  not  betin  alnoj-atiMl,  bcllij;*'!'- 
cut  states  liavc^  tlir  ii;;lit  to  rccinirc  tlicir  loyal  «)bs('ivanc(',  as  «)tlu'i'- 
wise  IVauds  or  ci roi'.s  niijiht  be  <!oniinitttMl,  to  the  dctiinicnt  of  ono  or 
otlicr  of  tlic  bt'llijicrcnts  ;  as,  I'or  instiincc,  wlicn  then*  is  known  to  exist 
(altlioiiuli  no  attention  nni.v  be  paid  to  it)  a  deeree  tbi-biddini;' a  lu'llifj- 
ciTUt  vessel  of  war  to  renniin  in  a  port  for  more  than  twenty  lonr  hours, 
or  to  tid<e  on  board  nioic  coal  than  is  necessary  for  lu'r  to  nsM^h  the, 
lu'iirest  port  o{"  her  country,  or  to  obtain  fresh  sujjplies  in  the  same  port 
within  tliree  months. 

This  principle,  at  the  sanu^  tinu',  implies  that  the  absence  of  all  muni- 
cipal  laws,  ov  the  want  of  sulHeient  laws  on  the  subie<^t,  does  not,  in  any 
wiiy,  detriict  from  the  law  of  nations,  eithei-  as  reyards  inteiimtional 
ohliyations  or  rij^hts. 

Moreover,  the  followinj,'  priuttiples  are  admitted,  wliicli  are  cited  here 
to  avoid  a  rei)etition  of  them  in  the  Jud;;nient  to  be  given  resix'ctting 
each  ot  the  vessels. 

4.  The  ''due  dilij;ence''  to  be  exercised  implicitly  comprises  vi,i;ilance 
iiiul  initiiitive  on' the  part  of  ihv  wutral  itself,  with  the  object 
of  discovering;'  an<l  ])i«>ventin<;'  any  violation  of  its  own  neii- 
tiiility.     A  belligerent  state  is  neither  bound,  nor  has  it  thv  rijL;ht,  to 
exercise  surveillancjc  or  to  perlbrm   i)olice  duties  in  a  neutral  state  in 
lieu  of  the  local  authorities. 

o.  The  fact  that  a  vessel,  built  in  contravention  of  the  laws  of  neu- 
trality, escapes  and  gets  out  to  sea,  does  not  tree  that  ves- 
sel fi'om  the  responsibility  she  has  incurred  by  her  violation 
of  iH'utrality  ;  she  nujy,  therefore,  be  i)roceeded  against  if  she  returns 
within  the  Jurisdiction  of  the  injured  state.  The  fact  of  hei'  luiving  been 
tnuisfern^d  or  commissioned  in  the  meanwhile,  <loes  not  annid  the 
violation  committed,  nidess  the  ti'ansfer  or  comnussioning,  as  the  ease 
may  be,  was  a  boud-Jidc  transaction. 

yi.  Staemplli,  following  the  programme  insert*'*]  in  Protocol  X,  takes 
tills  opi)()rtunity  of  (;ausing  his  propositions  relative  to  Article  A,  Xos. 
1  and  11  of  the  said  progiamme,  to  be  also  printed: 


)Mltltlr4Sllin. 


111!  I'tiit  il  snhsistc'  (Ics  lois  pan'illfs  I't  (iirdlcs  n'oiit  ims  vU'  abro/^i^cs,  dcs  ('tats  ))cllifjj<'- 
iiiiits  out  l(Mli(»ii- (I'lMi  roclaiiu'i'  r()l)Sfrvatii>ii  loyalc,  piiisinu?  sans  ccla  il  ]M)iiii-ait  so 
(,'i)!iiiiii!lti'i' dcs  tVaiidi'S  (HI  dcs  crrciirs  an  di'triiiu'iit  dc,  run  on  dv  I'antri!  dcs  Uidlii^v- 
I'ltiits.  coinnic,  pal' I'xaniplc,  (jnand  snlisistc  pultli(ini'iiii'nt,  bicu  (jn'oii  iic  I'oIjscivc  pas, 
l'iiiilonnan(^('  (pii  di'-fend  a  nn  navii'(!  bidlij^vi'ant  dv.  s(''ourii('r  JjIus  de  vin<;t-(inatro 
lii'iucs  dans  nn  jioit, on  d'oniI)ai(in(U'  plus  do  cliarbon  .  1  "*-'  ho  *•'>'  fii'it  pour  r(';j;a}^nor 
Ic  i>()it  (l(j  son  i»ay.s  Ic  i>lus  raiiproclio,  ou  dc  s'approvisionuur  dc-  nouvciin  an  oKMno  port 
avant  t[w,  tniis  niois  stj  soient  c^coiilds. 

(!('  [irin(ip('  inip]i(|Uo  en  nir-nic  tt'ins  (pie  lo  ununpie  de  toutos  lois  municipalos, ou  le 
niiuiipu'  (It)  lois  snllisantt's  siu'  la  inatii'rc,  no  dt'ioyo  (,mi  ricu  an  droit  d(.'s  j^imis,  soit  aux 
oliljirations  et  anx  droits  intfrnationanx. 

Kn  ontns  t*<>nt  udniis  encore  h.'s  principcs  snivants,  ((uc  I'on  cito  ici  alin  (r(.'n  (ivitor  la 
rqx^tition  dans  It)  jnffonuMit  ii  porter  snr  cliacun  des  vaisseanx: 

4"  Lcs  "dues  dili;;(Miees"  a  exorcer  coniprennent  inipliciteinent  In  7>/v)/*rc  vi<j,ilHnco 
ft  la  propir  initiative  dans  le  hut  <le  deconvrir  et  (l'emp(''eher  tonte  violation  de  la 
lii'iiprc  iii'Utralitt^;  uu  etat  l)ellig»^rant  n'a  ni  le  devoir  ni  le  droit  d'exer(;er  la  siirvt'il- 
liiiicc,  ni  de  faiie  la  police  dans  un  otiit  ueutre  a  la  [dace  des  aiitorites  dn  ])ays. 

ij"  Le  fait  (|u'uu  vaisseau,  construit  contraireiuent  aux  lois  de  la  neutralit(',  s'('chappo 
et  <;i>j.',n(!  la  nier,  ne  d(^cliary'e  pas  ce  vaisseau  de  la  respousabilite  (pi'il  a  eneourue  pour 
avoir  viol(^  la  neutralit(^;  il  pent  done  (")tro  poursnivi  s'il  rentro  dans  la  .juridiction  do 
I'l^tiit  1('S('.  Que  ce  navire  ait  et(>  cetU'  ou  conmiissionne  dans  I'intervalle,  ce  I'ait  no 
"li'tniit  pas  la  violation  eoniniise,  a  nioins  (jue  la  cession  ou  le  coniinissiouuenient,  seloa 
1('  I'as,  n'ait  en  lieu  hoiid  fide. 

M.  StaenipHi,  donnant  suite  uu  prouranune  inst-re  an  protocole  X,  fait  a  cetto  occa- 
Hioii  iniprimer  aussi  ses  propositions  relatives  a  I'article  litt.  A,  N"^  I  et  II,  dii  dit 
proi,'raiume: 


106 


AUIUTIJATIOV    AT    OKNKVA. 


I'  i 


(A.)  Genkral  l^'I)I<!ATION,s. 
1. — (^Hi'stlon  to  he  tlcrhled. 

The  <|nestion  to  bo  drcidod  by  tlu'  tribunal  is  laid  down  in  the  follow 
,,,„.„i„„, in;-'  words  in  Artich'  V'lJ  of  the  treaty  : 

Tli(i  said  trilmmil  «lirtll  (Irst  (Ictcriniiui  us  to  <'iu'li  vchscI  Mcpiirat^'ly  wlii'tliiT  (Jum 
Itritiiin  litis,  Ity  any  act  iif  oiiiissioii.  ialli'il  ti>  f'lillill  any  of  tlw^  (Inlics  si-l  loilli  in  tlic 
Corcjfoiii;;  tliii'c  iiilrs,  or  rcconiiizcd  Ity  the  ininciidcs  (if  intri'iialional  law  not  iiiron- 
Histnit  willi  siicli  rulrs,  and  sliall  cci'tify  such  (act  us  to  ca(di  ol'tlic  said  vessels. 

INforcovrr,  tlic  tiibnnal  is  authorized,  if  it  think  i>ro|)er,  to  )>roe('('(l 
oventually  to  award  a  sum  in  yross  in  payment  of  all  claims. 

11. —  Pcfin  it  ion  of  facts. 

The  eases  and  doeuuients  ]m\  in  by  tlie  two  powers  (lontain  a  ((uantity 
of  facts  which  should  not  betaken  into  consideration  in  the 

Dd'niitinn  III  l.i.t".         .       ,  i.    ^       i  i    i  ii         i.     •  i  i  -vr     .      i    i 

.|inlj>nient  to  be  pronounced  l)y  the  tril)Uind.     >otal)ly  : 

1.  TIm' recoo'iiition  of  the  insurficnt  States  as  a  belli,i;erent  power  In 
th(^  Uritisii  <;'ovcrnment. 

li.  ICxprcssions  of  sympathy  or  antipathy  during'  the  war,  individiiiil 
speeches  in  or  out  of  rarlianu'ntor  other  ollicial  assend)lies,  the  attitiuU' 
of  the  i»ress,  »S:c. 

.'>.  Tiu^  peiniission  {iranted  for  the  trade  in  arms,  and  forthe  dei)artui(' 
from  port  of  ships  intended  to  run  th(>  blockade,  in  so  far  as  there  is 
nothiu};'  in  the  toleration  of  eithei*  of  these  acts  which  is  at  variaiKT 
with  tlu^  prohibition  to  arm  or  ecpiip  vessels  of  war  and  cruisers. 

4.  The  liistorical  precedents  of  the  violation  or  uiUMpnil  execution  (tt 
neutrality  laws  and  of  Judicial  decrees,  in  so  far  as  they  relate  to  prin- 
ciples of  the  law  of  nations  which  are  now  open  to  controversy. 


(A.) — Indications  (ii':Ni';i!.\M;s. 
I. — {>iiciithii  a  (h'cidcr. 

La  (incstion  a  decider  par  le  trilmiial  est  prc^cisdi;  do  la  niaiiiero  suivaiitc  dans 
I'urticle  VII  du  traite: 

"Le  (lit  triliiinal  connncnpcra  par  d(^torminer,  pour  chaciiie  navlre  Hdpar(^im'nt,  si  la 
GraiidtvUrctajiiio  a  maiKiiif".  par  iiiie.  action  on  uiic  omission,  a  reniplir  divs  (U^voirs 
(^noncf^s  dans  les  tiois  jtivcf-denti^s  levies,  oil  njcoiumes  ])ar  his  principcs  du  droit  ili's 
i^etis  (|ui  ne  sont  )ias  (Mi  (U'saccord  avee  c'(!s  r('i>;I(;s,  ot  il  certiliera  co  fait  a  I'ejjard  (If 
cliacuii  des  uavircs  siisdits." 

En  outre,  1(!  trilmiial  est  eliar<>(5  ('ventuelleiiient  de  ])ro(  eder,  s'il  lo  jngo  convonable, 
a  I'adjudication  d'une  souiiue  en  Idoo  pour  toiites  les  rodamatioiis. 

II. — Delimitation  dc»  faitu, 

Les  nu'moires  et  pif'ces  jtroduits  par  les  deux  jiarties  contiiMinont  uiie  foulo  do  faits 
qui  n'eiitreut  jias  (ui  considt-ration  dans  lo  jiifjeuieiit  t\  rendi'o  par  le  tribunal.  Ti'ls 
sont  iiotauiUKuit : 

1.  La  niconnaissanco  par  lo  gouvernement  britanniiiue  des  (Stats  insurjfds  commi" 
puissance  liellijf(Srante; 

2.  Les  expr(!ssious  do  syinpathio  on  d'antipathio  durant  la  guorro,  los  discours  iuili- 
viduels  ail  seiii  ou  en  dehors  des  parloments  ou  autres  corps  otHciels,  I'attitude  de  la 
presse,  &c. ; 

3.  La  permission  du  commerce  des  amies  ot  do  la  sortie  des  ports  do  navlres  destim's 
i\  traverser  le  blocus;  en  taut  qu'il  n'y  a  rien  dans  la  permission  do  I'un  ou  de  I'aiiln' 
de  cos  actes  qui  soit  on  d(5saccord  avoc  la  defense  d'ariuer  ou  d'(5(i[uiper  des  vuisseaiix 
de  guerni  et  d(\s  croseurs; 

4.  Les  pr(5c<5dent8  histori([ues  do  violation  on  d'in<5gal  maintien  des  lois  de  la  ueit- 
tralittS  et  les  arrets  judiciaires,  en  taut  qu'il  n'en  ddcoulo  point  des  princii>es  du  droit 
de  gens,  uon  snjets  a  coutroverse. 


OPINIONS    OF    Ml{.    ST.KMITLI. 


107 


Tilt'  liictM  to  1)0  taken  into  c-ousidi'iiitioii  by  tlio  trilnniiil  iiic  only  tlio 
;i(ts  iuifl  omissions  of  Grciit  nritain  with  rc/^iU'd  to  ^',\^•\\  of  tin*  vessels 
wliicli  lorni  the  snhjeet  of  ii  (ionipliiitit  on  the  part  of  the  Uniteil  Slates. 

Vn>]u>H((l  of  M.  ShirinpJIi  iindt't'  Arth-lr  .1.     ^'-  Pn'liinimtri/  ^leci.sions'"  of 
the  pttKiramine  iusn'frd  in  Protocol  X. 

(V,.)—})V.ClH\i)y   WITH    UVAiMll)    TO   KA(!H   OI"   TIIH   CIMISKUS. 

I'rcliin itKO'if  (tiriNlons. 

It  is  adniissiltle  that  the  ITnited  Stat-s  slionhl  extend  their  claims  to 
(itlicr  vessels  liesiih's  th«^  foiir  mentioned  in  th(^  llritisii  case, 
viz,  tlie  Florida,  Alabama,  (ieor;;ia,  and  Shenandoaii.    More-  nr.lXuTiniiii'itV.i 
over,  the  IJritish  connterca.se  does  not  insist  on  theobJe(!tion   """ 
iiiiide  on  tills  hea<!. 

On  the  other  hand,  and  from  the  very  natnre  of  thiiii^s,  no  aceonnt 
ciiii  he  taken  of  the  claims  for  indemnity  for  losses  cansed  l»y  vessels 
iidt  mentioned  in  the  pleading's  of  the  IJniteil  States,  and  witli  ie;;ard 
to  wliicli,  ct)iise<|m'iitly,  no  a(;t  oi' omission  in  violation  of  iientiality  is 
iidvaiiced  or  proved  a<;ainst  (Ireat  llritain.  This  has  reference  lo  the 
cniiseis  nann'd  only  in  the  lists  of  claims  for  losses,  viz,  the  Uoston, 
.k'lV.  I>a\is,  Sallie,  V.  H.  doy,  and  Mnsi(!. 

According  to  the  rnh's  thns  laid  down,  the  vessels  vemainin.^'  for  dis- 
cussion are  the  followin}^': 

1.  The  Snmter.  0.  The  Georftia. 

2.  The  Nashville.  7.  The  Tallahassee. 
'•\.  The  Florida  and  her  tenders.       8.  The  Chickamjin.t'a. 
4.  The  /.labaimi  and  her  tendt"-        0.  The  Sheii.Jidoah. 
.").  The  lletril)ntion. 

In  discnssinj*'  «!ach  of  these  vessels,  the  order  followed  by  the 
American  case,  coinciding  witii  the  above  list,  will  be  adhered  to. 


Lcs  I'aits  (|iu!  ]{)  tribmiiil  doit  iircndrt^  cii  coiisidc^ratioii  nti  soiit  f|ii(',  If.s  notions  (it  li^s 
(piuissidiis  (le  la  (iraiKlo-inctayiKi  h  l'oj;anl  dc  cliacini  dos  vaissoaiix  <iui  I'oruient  I'olijot 
(I'mit'  plaiiiti^  dt!  la  jtart  dcs  fitats-lIiiiM. 

Proponiliuii  dc  M.   StaempjU  a  Varticlc  lilt.  A,   "  (Ucmons  pnUimiiiaires,'^  dii  pro(jrammv 

iiini'rd  an  protocole  X. 

H. — D!';cisiox  in'.r.ATrvK  a  cuACtrx  pks  ckoiskurs. 

Ihrmonn  prdlimimnvtH. 

II  I'st  adniiHsil)l(*  (iiie  lcs  fitats-UniM  t'>t(indciit  Iciiis  n-claiuiitioiis  rt^Vantrcs  vaissoaiix 
([111'  lcs  (iiiatrc  iiit'iitioimo.s  dans  le  indmoire  l)iitaiini(|ii(>,  a  savoir,  lo  FUiidn.  I'Aliihaina, 
li' (ii'()i<;ia  (!t  1(!  SluMiaiidoali.  Lo  contrc-iniiinoifo  britiinuiiiuc  no  mail  tieiir  d'ailhiui'.s 
plus  r(ili)ci'tloii  laito  h  cot  djj;ard. 

I'.ir  coiitro  ot  dos  lo  prinoifto,  I'oii  no  prondra  point  on  considoriition  lcs  douiandos 
il'iiidcuMiitt'  ])our  ch^striiotions  oauseos  ])ai'  di's  vaisscanx  qui  no  sont  imiiit  nicntionntls 
duns  los  indnioiros  do.s  Etats-llnis,  ot  a  I'ojranl  doscinols,  par  coiisdciniMico,.  I'on  n'avanc-o 
III  lie  |»ionvo  iuicuu  acto  ni  iinonne  onussion  eoiilrairt's  h  la  ncntralit(s  a  la  oliarjro  do 
la  (irandt'-Hrotaf^uo.  Coci  a  trait  aiix  croisonrs  rjiii  no  sont  indi'Mios  ([U(!  dai:.s  los 
listcs  do  loolainationb  pour  portos — c'ost-a-dire,  lo  JJoston,  lo  .Jott'.  Davis,  lo  Sallio,  le 
V.  11.  .loy,  ot  le  Alusio. 

D'apios  cos  directions  posdes,  los  iiaviros  vostant  on  discussion  sent  los  snivants  : 

1.  Lo  Suiutor.  6.  Le  Georgia. 

2.  Le  Nashville.  7.  Lo  Tallahassee. 
;{.  Le  Florida,  avec  ses  tenders.  S.  Lo  Chickaniauga. 
*.  L'Alabatna,  av(!0  sou  tender.  9.  Le  Shenaiu'.oah, 

.  Le  lletribution. 

En  traitaut  d  ehacuu  des  vaisseaux,  I'on  adopto  I'ovdre  suivi  par  le  nidnioire  anidri- 
caiii  coincidant  avec  colui  qui  vient  d'etre  tracd. 


?. 


108 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


f 


■I 


f  i 


K!ori,lii. 


Proposal  of  M.  Htaempjli  an  to  the  form  of  introduction  to  thejuflf/mcnt. 

The  tiibiuial  of  arbitration  on  the  Alabama  question,  constitiitiMl  by 
virtue  of  tlie  treaty  of  Washiufjton  of  May  S,  1871,  having  tal^en 
cognizance  of  that  treaty  and  of  the  (!ase.s,  counter  cases,  and  argu- 
nieu^ «,  us  well  as  of  all  the  apiieudices  and  documents  in  evidence  i)ro- 
sented  by  the  two  governments  concerned,  has  found  Jiud  determiniMl 
what  is  recorded  in  the  present  judgment. 

II. — THE  FLORIDA. 

(A.) — Facts  and  considerations. 

The  facts  relative  to  this  vessel  are  so  complicated  and  so  various, 
that,  for  the  sake  of  clearness  and  brevity,  they  cannot  l)o 
stated  apart  from  the  considerations. 

T. — Construction  and  equipment  of  the  ship  at  LirerpooJ,  and  her  dcpartun 

from  that  port. 

1.  Tins  vessel  was  first  known  under  the  name  of  the  Oreto;  she  was 
a  screw  gun-boat,  of  700  tons  burden,  wiih  two  funnels  and  three  masts; 
she  was  ordered  from  Fawcett,  Preston  and  Co.,  of  Liverpool,  by  Bill 
lock,  military  agent  of  the  insurgent  States,  soon  alter  his  arrival  in 
England,  in  the  course  of  the  summer  of  18(51. 

2.  Kepresentation  of  the  Atiiericaii  minister,  Adams,  to  Lord  llussell. 
dated  Fel)ruary  18,  1802,  founded  upon  a  communication  made  to  him 
by  DiuUey,  the  American  (consul  at  Liverpool,  and  describing  the  Oroto 
as  a  "  war-steamer,"  intended  to  commit  hostilities  against  the  Unittnl 
States,  naming  also  the  persons  who  had  taken  part  in  the  ordering  of 
the  vessel,  declaring  that  Fraser,  Treidiolm  cs.  Co.,  of  Liverpool,  (Hnan- 
cial  agents  of  the  insurgent  States,)  had  advanced  the  funds,  and  that. 
if  necessary,  he  would  produce  further  evidence. 


Propomtion  dc  M.  Stavinpjli  siir  lafornmh  (V introduction  de  Vacte  da  jiigemcnl. 

lit!  trilniiial  (riirbitrii,!;jo  diins  la  «|Ui!.sti()n  dc  rAliiltiuriii,  iiijstituc  en  vertii  tin  liaiti' 
do  Wasliiiii-ton  du  ri  iiiai  lri7l,  apri's  avoir  i)ri8  coiuiais.saiicc'  dv  c(;  traitt'  ft:  ilw 
iiu'iiioirf.s,  i('i>li(|iii'.s  vX  [daidoyers,  aiii.si  qxw  dc  tons  Ics  ai»|ii'iidi('i'S(?t(lf.siiit'(.'t'.s  arapiiiii. 
I>rosent(^s  par  lt!s  dciix  {foiivcriieinuiita  iutcrcsses,  a  truiivd  ct  arrctc  ce  ijiii  est  cousis'in' 
dans  Ic  presuut  acto  du  jugeiueut. 

Le  Flouida. 

(A.) — Fah's  kt  consiukkants. 

Les  i'aits  relatifs  a  co  vaisscan  sont.  tcUiiiuciit  coinpliiiuos  ot  si  varies  que,  par 
raison  do  olartc  et  de  bricvetc,  ils  ue  penv(Mit  so  dt'^crirti  a  part,  des  cousiddrauts. 

I. — Coimtructioii  ef  I'quiiwmcnt  du  navive  a  Liverpool  ct  na  sortie  dn  JW)•^ 

1.  Co  vaisseau  fut  d'ahord  couuu  sous  le  noin  de  I'Oreto  ;  c'dtait  uue  canuoniertMi 
hdliee,  Jauj^eaut  70t)  touneaux,  nniiiie  do  deux  oluMiiiiiees  et  de  trois  mats  ;  il  fnt  coin- 
uiande  clie/  Fawcett,  I'restou  »'t  C'",  a  Liverpotd,  par  Uiillock,  ajjoiit  uiilitaire  des 
('tats  iusurjres,  pcu  do  teiups  apres  sou  arrivde  on  Auf^lotcrro,  daus  le  couraut  de  I'eti' 
I8til. 

2.  Rdclaiuatioii  du  uiiuistro  anidricaiu,  Adauis.  a  Lord  Russell,  on  date  du  IH  tevrier 
ISi'vi,  s'aiipuyant  sur  uue  eonuuuuicatiou  a  lui  t'aito  par  Dudley,  cousul  aiiu'rieaiii  ;i 
Liverpool,  et  desij^uaut  I'Oreto  oouiuie  "  steaiuer  de  .i>;ui,'rre,"  dostliu^  a  coniuiettn'  di's 
liostilites  couhu;  les  fitats-Unis,  uoiuiuaut  aussi  les  persouiu-s  ipii  avaii.'Ut  i>ris  pari  a  lii 
counuaude,  du  uavire,  deelaraut  ipie,  Frastu',  Treuhoiui  et  (.'M',  a  Liverpool.  (aj;i'iue 
liuaueien)  des  etats  iusurj^es,)  avaitsut  I'ait  los  avaucos  do  Ibuds,  ot  que,  s'll  etait 
uecessaire,  il  iburuiruit  eucore  dca  preuves. 


OPINIONS    OF    MR.    STvEMPFLI. 


109 


8.  The  commissioners  of  customs  at  Liverpool,  in  their  report  of  the 
mvl  of  February,  18(52,  founded  on  the  reports  of  their  ajients,  state 
that  "slie  is  a  sidendid  steamer,  suitable  for  a^  dispatch-boat ;  she  is 
])ien'e(l  for  4  j»uns.  *  *  *  *  It  ai)pears  that  she  is  intended  for  the 
iiscofTlionias  IJi'ot'.iers,  of  Palermo.  *  #  #  Our  collector  states  that 
lie  has  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  vessel  is  for  the  Italian  <j:overn- 
iiieiit."  They  add  that  thei/  hare  (jiven  special  instructions  to  watch  the 
n%scl. 

4.  On  the  lifJth  February,  1802,  Lord  llusscU  forwards  to  Mv.  Adams 
a  copy  of  the  report  of  the,  commissioners  of  customs;  he  does  not  ask 
him  for  further  evi«lence,  although  it  had  been  ottered  to  him,  Jle  con- 
tents himself  with  directiuji''  the  Kn;:>lish  embassador  at  Turin  to  make 
inquiries  as  to  the  destination  of  the  vessel. 

').  On  the  M  of  March,  1S02,  the  vessel  was  registered  in  the  name  of 
"Ilefiry  Thomas,  of  Liverpool ;''  the  next  day  slie  cleared  for  I'alernu) 
and  Jamaica;  on  the  11th  of  March,  Ijullock  arrived  with  -1  otticers,  and 
iniiiu'diately  went  on  board  the  vessel. 

On  the  22d  of  IMarcdi,  the  Orcto  left  LlverpuoJ  In  ballast,  with  a  crew 
oflifty-two  nuM),  all  English,  with  the  excei)tion  of  three  or  ibur,  among 
whom  there  was  a  single  Anu'rican. 

At  the  same  tinu)  the  steamer  Uahama  left  the  same  port  with  guns, 
arms,  and  munitions,  brought  byi'ail  from  Hartlepool  (on  the  east  coast 
()t'En<;land)  to  Liverpool,  where  they  were  put  on  board. 

(!.  In  reply  to  the  inquiries  uiade  by  the  English  ambassador,  the 
Italian  minister  for  t'oreign  artairs  declared  that  he  had  no  knowl- 
t'(l}>{M)f  the  Oreto,  but  that  he  would  make  further  impiiries,  (March  1  :) 
ho,  however,  supplied  no  further  intelligence,  nor  did  the  lOnglish  am- 
hassador  recpiest  any  further  information.  According  to  Dudley's  re- 
port, tlie  Italian  consul  at  Liverpool  had  no  knowledge  of  the  vi'ssel 
lunng  inten<led  for  Italy  ;  the  Eu'-'.ish  authorities,  however,  made  no  in- 
(luiries  of  him,  or  of  the  Italian  minister  in  London. 


X  Lf'H  (M)iiiinissairos  des  doiianos  I'l  Liverpool,  djins  lour  raiiport  ilu  22  fovrior 
1^(')2,  sc  t'oiidaiit  ^slI^  icH  rapports  dc  Iciirs  ai^t'iitH,  constatenf  ([iit!  "  c'cst  iiii  iiiaf5iiiti<[i'e 
stciiiiK'V.  (|iii  coiivitMidrait  pour  iiii  ,si!ivi(!(?  d'aviso ;  il  I'st  jn'ret'  i>our  ({uatro  canons.     . 

II  jiarnit  (pril  I'st  dt'stiiio  h  I'usaj^t,"  do  Thomas  tri-rt's,  dt;  I'alcrnu! Notre 

('I'lcctt'iir  dt'clarc  (pi'il  a.  toiite  rais';ii  df  oi'oiro  lo  uaviris  <lfstii)«^  an  f^ouvcrnciuciit 
iuilicu."  lis  ajoutout  r/«'i7.s  out  (Uiiiiic  dis  htfitnirtioiis  >tpccialc>t  pour  J'airr  .sitnriller  !<■ 
nii/iHiitii, 

4.  Li'  VJi)  fovritir  liSli'i,  Lord  Russi'll  trausniot  a  M.  Adams  copit;  <iu  I'apport  dcs 
('oiniiii.ssairc.s  do  la  douaiic ;  il  no  Ini  doiuaiKlii  point  d'autros  jn'ouvos,  Idon  (|u'on  lui 
I'll  cut  oil'ort.  II  so  contonto  do  charjjor  l'and)assadour  d'Aiifflotorro  a  Turin  do 
s'liiloiinor  d(!  la  dostination  du  naviu;. 

').  Lo  :{  mars  ISti-i,  lo  navirt^  fnt  onivj-istro  an  noni  do  "  Ilonri  Tlior.ias.  ch?  Livor- 
1"»>1:"  lo  londoniain,  11  s'aoiiuitta  au  liurcau  do  la  douano  pour  I'aloriuo,  ot  la 
.liuii:ri(|iio;  lo  II  mars  15ulloi'k  arriva  avoc  ipiatro  otlioiors,  H  so  rondit  imnu' liatonioiit 
it  limd  dn  vaif'soau. 

Lc'i'J  mars,  I'Oroto  piirlit  ih'  Liirrpttol  mo-  lent,  avoo  nn  ('(piipago  do  oin(|Manto-doMX 
lim  nucs,  tons  Anj;lais,  a  I'c'xcoption  do  trois  ou  ([uatri',  parnu  losipiols  un  soul 
Anu'ricain. 

Dans  lo  nu"'mo  tomps,  lo  vapour  Bahama  (luittait  lo  niome  \)(nt  avoc  dos  canons, 
ill's  aiuios  ot  dos  ninnition.s,  amonos  on  chonun  d<'  for  do  llartlopool  (crtlo  oriontale  do 
rAiijlii'toiro)  a  Ijiviirpool,  oh  ils  fiiront  i)ris  a  liord. 

I).  Sur  les  infornnitiona  domand«^oH  par  rand»assadoiir  d'An}j;lotorro,  lo  ndnistre 
italioii  dos  aftairos  (^tranjforos  dc'-clara  (pi'il  n'avait  ancuno  connaissanco  do  I'Oroto, 
mais(|n'il  s'infornierait  onooro,  (1"^^'  mars;)  il  no  fournlt  tontofois  pas  d'autro  nouvollo, 
t't  l'aiid)a8Htideur  d'Anj^lotorro  no  denmiida  i»as  non  jdus  d'autres  ronsoi<;iu'nu'uts. 
D'apris  lo  rapport  do  Dudley,  lo  consul  d'ltalie  a  liivorpool  n'avait  .lucuno  connaissance 
||iie  ce  uaviro  t'fit  destine  t\  i'ltalie  ;  du  veste,  los  autorit<^s  unglaises  ue  prireut  point  do 
rcuseiguumeuts  choz  lui  iii  choz  le  iiiinistro  d'ltalie  il  LoiidVes. 


ppfippp' 


11^ 


%^' 


mBKm 


110 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


7.  Tlie  reports  of  the  p]nglisli  olKicials  showed  tliat  the  Oreto  .Tiisa 
vessel  of  war. 

A  state  ot  war  Inul  been  ofiieially  recoji'iiized  as  existin<i"  between  tlie 
IJniteil  States  and  the  insurf>ent  States,  and  the  neutrality  of  (ricat 
Britain  had  been  otJieially  proclaimed. 

In  spite  ol"  this,  and  in  spite  of  the  complaints  of  ]Mr.  Adams,  the  En- 
glish authorities  took  no  initiative;  they  did  not  insist  on  its  hcin;' 
proved  what  was  the  true  destination  of  the  vessei,  nor  who  was  her 
real  owner,  who  had  ordered  her,  and  wiio  was  to  pay  for  her.  Tlioy 
did  not  insist  on  thi' true  jxjsitionof  Fraser,  Trenholm»&  Co.  beinjjf  shown 
by  lef^al  |)roor,  did  not  demand  positive  information  as  to  tiie  crew  of 
the  vessel,  nor  as  to  the  arrival  of  naval  olfurers  from  the  Confedenite 
States. 

8.  The  special  instructions  given  for  watching  the  vessel  ai)i)ear  not 
to  have  been  carried  out  or  to  have  been  without  result. 

The  (!ol()nial  authorities  were  not  notitied  after  the  departure  of  tlie 
vessel,  ami  generally  no  steps  were  taken,  ju>twitlistanding  the  rcpix'- 
sentations  of  Mi',  Adams,  wlii(!h  were  repeated  and  accompanied  by  do- 
tails  furnished  by  Dudley,  under  date  of  the  2(Jth  March,  1802. 

II. —  What  t()ol<  place  at  Nassau  up  to  the  time  of  the  aeqiuttal  oftJ:e  Orcto. 

9.  On  the  28th  April,  18G2,  the  Oreto  arrived  at  Js^assau — the  Kaliiunii 
a  few  days  later. 

I'epresentation  made  on  tlu>  9th  May  by  the  American  consul.  Whit- 
ing, to  the  governor;  the  attorney-general  replies,  "that  positive  fifts 
are  re(piire<l.'' 

The  authorities  make  no  inquiries  themselves. 

On  the -ft h  of  May  a  fresh  representation,  accomi)anied  by  dei>ositi(Mis 
of  witnesses  ;  the  same  answer. 

19.  .Alclvillof),  ca])tain  of  Her  Majesty's  ship  Bulldog,  rei)orts  rluit 
"the. Oreto  is  api)arently  fitting  and  pre^iaring  for  a  vessel  of  war.'" 


W  *1 


7.  Les  jii|)i)m(:i  dcs  ol'liuiers  iiiifjliiis  coiistiitiiiciit.  que  TOii'to  ('tiiiti  iiu  vaissfim  di' 
giu'i'ic. 

Ij'i'liit  (Ic  li('lli,nvriiiic(!  I'lili'c  li's  lltiits-riiis  ct  Ics  ('t;its  iiisiirjn's  otiiit  (ifiicU'llciiii'iit 
rccoiiim,  el  lii  iK'iitialilr  tic  hi  (Jiiiiidc-lircraniic  uviiit  oU-  (illk'ii'lliMiu'iit  iirorlami'i'. 

Mal,i;i<'  ccl;),  ct  iiialjiii'  It's  r(''claiiiati(iiis  di-  M.  Adams.  Ifs  autoritt's  aiin'iaisrs  nc 
])rii('iit  poiiil  iriidtiiitivf, ;  tdk-s  ii'iiisisti'rt'iit  imiiit  jioiir  iiuf  Ton  ctJiistatiU  la  vt-rit:ililc 
dt'stiiiatitm  tin  iiavirt-,  (pitd  t'U  t-tair  Ic  V('Tilablt\  iirttinit'talrt',  tpii  I'avait-  ('Diiiiiianili' il 
(|iii  tlfxaif  li^  payer;  t-IU^s  ii'insisitM-tint  \nnut  siu'  la  lt'i;itiiiiatii)ii  tin  la  i)()sitiiiii  ib 
Fiascc,  'rrciilioliii.  ct  ('''',  111'  tlciiiaitili'iiMit  |i!iiiit  tl'i'tri!  iiDsitiviMiitMit  ifiiscioiu't'ii  smi 
I't'tliiipaj;!'  till  iiaviif,  iii  snr  I'ai  ri  Vff  trol'lififis  th^  iiiariiif  tlfs  ctatst'onrt'dt'ii's. 

H.  Ijfs  iiistriittit>iis  spt'finlcs  tltmiit'Ts  pimr  I'aivc  siirvcilliir  If  iiavirt;  paiaissiiiit  iic  p;is 
avidr  t'tt'  suivii's,  on  bii'ii  t'trt'  rt-stiM's  sans  irsultat. 

lii's  anftniti's  f()lt)nialfs  nt'  Inifnt  point  avisi'cs  aprt's  It'  tlt''part  tin  navirc;  t:i 
}j;t'nt4al.  il  nt'  I'nt  pris  aiicnnc  nifSMrc,  nontjlistant  It^s  rfprt'si^ntatitnis  rt'itt'ri't's  ilf 
M.  Adams,  a-jconipagntics  tic  ik'tiiils  tuiirnis  par  Dinllcy,  sims  la  tlato  tin  'M  mars  l^iW. 


Ki 


II. --Cc  qui  ,ie  i)asK((  d  yannaii  jiotqii^il  I'acqnUtemvnt  de  V Orcto. 

S).  Lt<  "28  aviil  IHlW,  rOii'ttt  arrivii  a  Nassau;  Ic  Hahania,  t<ut)liiucH Jours  jdus  tanl. 

Kt'flaination  laitc,  It;  i)  miii,  jiar  It*  ft)nsnl  iini(''rlcain,  Whitinj^,  an  gouvtii'iit'ur: 
l'iittorut!y-<rt>ni'riil  rt'-poiitl  "  qit'il  faiii  <le>i  failn  {xmlifn.'' 

Ltw  aiitorih'^s  nt!  font  (rt'lltjs-nit'Mni's  aucnni!  ontiut^tc. 

Lt'  1  mai,  iionvi'lle  r-f'flaniation,  ii<',ct)nipaj5ii(Su  de  dispositions  do  tt'mtiins;  nii'iiu' 
reponst'. 

10.  McKillt)p,  capitiiino  dii  niiviro  do  la  marine  royalo  le  BnUdoj;,  rai»portn  qiw 
"  I'Oreto  80  prtL'parc  ct  sc  dispose,  aelou  le.s  appurcii'ics,  cii  biltiiuent  do  jjuerrc.'' 


OPINIONS    OF    ME.    ST.EMPFLI. 


Ill 


In  conseciucnce  of  this  report,  tlie  vi'ssel  i.s  watchoil  by  a  ship  of  war. 

On  the  <Sth  June  McKilloj)  aj^iiin  reports,  "  tliat  he  hits  risifcd  and  ex- 
umincii  the  I'cssel,  that  she  is  Jilted  for  icar  purposes,  that  she  has  Jittiiujsat 
mrlanee  irith  the  character  of  a  merchant- resscl."' 

On  the  Oth  of  June  the  la«lin,s;-  of  tlie  vessel  begins;  anionj^  other 
tilings,  arms  antl  :niuiitions  are  placed  on  btjard  her;  on  the  lOth,  how- 
I'ver,  tlie  cargo  is  discharged,  and  the  vessel  clears  out  in  ballast  for 
iliivana. 

11.  lieport  of  lli(!kle.v,  commander  of  the  Greyhound,  signc  I  by  all 
the  oilicer.'"  and  men  of  liis  vessel,  the  l.'Jth  June,  ISdi*. 

."The  Oreto  is  in  every  respect  litted  out  as  a  inan-of wai,  on  the 
luinciple  of  dispatch  gun-vessels  in  the  English  navy."' 

Nevertiieless  the  attorney-general  states  that  he  does  not  think  that 
the  seizure  of  the  vessel  would  be  justifiable. 

12.  On  the  loth  June  the  crew  leave  the  Oreto,  because  her  destina- 
tion is  not  (!eitain. 

On  the  17th  June,  in  the  morning,  Oonnnander  Ilickley  seizes  the 
vessel,  but  releases  her  at  once,  the  attorney-general  being  of  opinion 
that  there  is  not  sutllcient  evidence. 

The  same  day,  however,  the  seizure  is  renewed,  with  the  sanction  of 
the  govtu'uor. 

L).  Tliereupon  a  judicial  inquiry  is  commenced,  from  which  it  appears 
that  the  vessel  is  consigned  l)y  Fraser,  Trenholm  «S:  Co.,  (linaucial 
agents  of  the  insurgent  IStates  in  England,)  to  Adderley  tS:  Co.,  (com- 
mercial agency  of  the  insurgents,)  at  Nassau. 

On  the  2d  of  August,  1802,  the  Oreto  was  acquitted;  still,  liowever, 
"as  there  existed  giave  suspicions"  without  costs  or  intk'inuity  being 
ji-ranted.  "What  took  [)lace,''  says  the  jndgnient,  "bel'ore  the  arrival 
of  the  Oreto  at  Xassau,  can  only  be  admitted  by  way  of  elucidation  or 
explanation,"  a  theory  which  the  Uritish  case  itself  adn^Hts  to  be  erro- 
neous. 

U.  The  course  of  action  of  the  authorities  at  Nassau,  the  proceedings 


i' 


i-       i 


A  la  siiiti-  (If  (■(•  rupitDi'l,  on  t'uit  siitvcilltT  cc  iiaviic  jmi'  mi  vmIsscmii  iIc  nin'iro. 

Ia' f-  Jmii,  McKillo])  rappDrtc  (It;  iiDiiVfiin  "(/ii'il  n  fail  hi  rixilf  il  l'<:i<(\iuii  <lii  rKixxcaii, 
iin'il  (■«/  (linjitixv  iiDiir  dc.-i  ».s(/r/('.v  dc  (jncrrc,  <iu'il  ij  <i  den  iituhdltdhniK  qui  lie  ii'iioiidcnt  [hih 
III!  viiniilrrr  d'liii  ruixiciiii  iniirclianil." 

I-i',  II  Jiiiii,  (111  (.•oiimiciu.'i'  ;"i  cliiujfi'i'  lo  iiavirc;  (ni  y  ciubiiriinn  ciitr'uiitrrs  dcs  iiiiiics  ct 
(Us  iiiiiiiitiiiiis;  ccp(  iidiiiit,  It' 1(1,  on  «U''cliiii<;o  la  car^aisoii  <-t  hs  iiaviic  s'aciiiiittc  hiiv 
ii'st  ]iinir  la  Havaiic. 

U.  liappdit  (1(1  Ilickley,  coniniaiKlaiit  <iii  (ii:ylioiiii(l.  sialic  pai'  tons  Ics  ollit'lcivs  et 
(•iii|iliiv('s  (Ic  son  vaisscaii  U'.  ]SJiiin  l.~'()'i: 

"  L'Oicto  est,  NOUS  tons  Ics  raiiporis,  ai  iik-  cu  hatiiiiciit  dc  j;ii(_'rn'.  (Tapii's  \i\  systciue 
lies  (.jiiioiuiii'n's-uviso.s  dc  la  marine  aii;;lMisi  ," 

rmiilaiil  rattorncy-ffcneial  dt'clarc  ([u'il  nccroil  pas  (pU'.  Ton  pnissc  Justiticr  la  sai^io 
(111  vaisscaii. 

l','.  l,c  IT)  jiiin,  r('quipag(!  (jnitti.'  rOrcto,  parcc  (pic  la  destination  du  navire  n'ost  pas 
ccrtuiiie. 

Li\  ITjnin,  an  matin,  le  coinniaiulant  Ilickley  saisU,  h;  vaisscaii.  mais  le  rclaclic  aiis- 
sit(il.  ratloiiiey-fAcneral  otant  d'avis  (pi'il  n'y  avail  jias  de  iirenves  sntiisantcs. 

TiMitcl'ois,  Ic  iiu*!Uio  jonv,  on  lonoiivi-Uc  la  saisie  avec  la  .sanction  du  ;;(iiivcinem'. 

Hi,  l.a-dcssim,  (.'ouniicnceinont  d'cii(|U('tc  jndiciarc,  dc  hupielle  il  icsiilte  (pie  hi  vais- 
scan  est  consifrnti  par  Friiser,  Tn-nliolm  ct  C'''  (aj;cnts  liiiaiiciers  des  iiismgi;s  en  An- 
nictcri'c)  a  Adderly  et  C'-'  (a^enco  comnicrcialt;  des  iii.siir^(''s)  a  N'a-^saa. 

I-c  2  aout  lir'OiJ,  rOi'oto  hit  aequitte ;  niaiw  loutelbis,  "comnn!  il  cxistail  dc  .s('ii(>ux: 
>'iiiili(,'(iiis,"'  .sans  adjudication  de  «li^pcns  ni  (rindcniiiit(-.  'C(5  (pii  sc  ]iassa,"  dit  1« 
jiigciiieiit,  "avant  I'aiTivro  do  I'Oi'eto  a  Nassau  ne  pent  etre  adinis  ([ii'a  litre  (r(''clair- 
cis.sciiicnts  on  (l'oxi)li(.'iitions" — tbiiorie  (jiio  Ic  nionioirc  britiinniiiuc  ipialilie  liii-nuhue 
(ren(»n(':e. 

11.  La  niuniere  d'ugir  des  autorit<S8  ile  Nassau,  la  procddure  ct  Ic  jugeuicut  dans 


Ilil 


w 


\i 


112 


ARBITKATION   AT    GENEVA. 


and  tlie  judfj^inent  in  this  matter,  exhibit  in  particuhir  the  following 
defaults  and  a(5ts  of  negligence. 

No  initiative  was  taken  to  i)rocure  evidence; 

No  account  was  taken  of  tiui  reports  of  the  otU(!ers  of  the  fleet; 

No  account  was  taken  of  the  previous  'istory  of  the  Oreto; 

The  (ividen(!e  heard  was  imperfect;  Maflit,  couuminder  of  the  Oretn, 
was  not  heard  at  all ;  as  witnesses  on  l)ehalf  of  the  (Jrowii,  persons  be 
longing  to  tlu^  vessel  under  trial  only  were  heard;  as  witness  for  tlic 
defense,  a  partner  in  the  interested  house  of  Adderley  &  Co.,  and,  solar 
as  appears  in  the  minutes,  none  of  these  dei)ositions  were  sworn  to. 

15.  Tiie  fact  of  the  omission  to  transmit  instructions  in  time  to  tlic 
colonial  authorities  also  operated  disadvantageously,  in  regard  to  wiiat 
took  ])la(;e  at  Nassau. 

Tlie  authorities  at  Nassau  Avere  not,  from  the  first,  informed  of  the 
previous  history  of  the  Oreto,  nor  of  the  views  of  the  governmeut. 

The  Judicial  acquittal  of  the  Oreto  at  Nassau  took  i)lace  \vit]u)ut  wait- 
ing for  the  approval  of  her  seizure,  and  for  the  instructions  wliich  had 
been  sent  from  London,  and  wliich  were  still  on  their  way. 

10.  Tiie  objection  tiiat  tlie  Judicial  decision  at  Nassau  relieves  Great 
Britain  of  all  responsibility  cannot  be  maintained.  As  regards  the  in- 
ternal (or  municipal)  law,  the  Judgment  is  valid;  but  as  far  as  inter 
national  law  is  concerned,  it  does  not  alter  the  position  of  Great  Uritain, 

III. —  M'liat  tonli  place  Hulm'queniUi  at  Ike  Bahamas  immcdiatch/  after  tk 
acquittal. — Armament  and  equipment. 

17.  Eidistment  of  forty  men  of  the  crew  at  Nassau,  (according  to 
the  British  case  itself,  tlie  Oreto  cleared  on  the  7th  of  August,  with 
fifty-two  men,  for  !St.  John's,  New  Brunswick.) 

She  is  provided  with  guns,  munitions,  &c.,  with  the  aid  of  the  English 


cL'Ssorv,  m 


IV. — Cruise 


i    '■ 

•:li 

[| 

cettft  atViiirc  t(^inoignoiit  puiticnlioroiiuMit  des  actca  de  iii'^ligeiice  et  ties  dofauts  siii- 
vaiits : 

Nulli'  initiittivo  on  vuc  do  so  procurer  do.s  proiivos; 

Nul  coniiito  toiiii  dos  ra])port.s  doa  otliciora  do  la  llotto  ; 

Niil  o()ni))to  toim  dos  procddoiits  di^  I'Oroto  ; 

Iiic(>iii]il(lo  audition  dt,"  t«^nioins:  Maffit,  connnandant  di^  I'Oroto,  no  fut  i)oint  on- 
t(;ndn  ;  cdunno,  tiMuoius  dans  I'intt'rot  do  la  conronno,  on  n'ontondit  i\nc.  do.s  pcMHoniics 
apparlonant  an  naviro  inculpo  ;  connno  tonioin  a  dooluirffo,  nn  a.ssooio  do  la  niaison  iii- 
toio.ssoo  do  Addorloy  ot  C'"^;  ot  antantcpi'il  apport  dan.s  los  aoU's,  tontcs  cos  dispositions 
finont  non  assorinontoos. 

15.  Lo  fait  quo,  do  Londi'os,  Ton  oniifc  di'  oonnnnnii|nor  a  tonips  d(!.s  instructions 
aux  antoritt's  oolonialos,  out  un  ott'ot  o'yaloniont  dt'savantaj^oux  snr  co  (jni  wo  passu  a 
Nassau  : 

Los  autoritt's  do  Nassau  n'otaiont  pas,  dos  I'abord,  instruitcs  dos  prooodents  de 
I'Oroto  ni  do  la  manioro  do,  voirdu  uiiuistorti; 

L'a<'<|uittonionti  Jutliciairo  de  I'Oroto  a  Nassau  so  lit  sans  qnci  Ton  ofit  attoudu  la  con- 
tirniatiou  do  la  siiisit!  ot  los  instructions  (pio  I'on  onvoyait  do  Londros  ot  (pii  so  tron- 
vaiont  oncoro  on  olioniin. 

l(j.  L'olijoctiou  (]U(!  I'arrot  judioiairt!  do  Nassau  d<'jja<;o  la  Grande-Brt^tafjfuc  de  toiite 
respousabilifo  u'ost  pas  soutonablo :  vis-a-vis  d(>s  lois  intoriouros,  (innnicipalos,)  le 
jnn'onu'nt  ost  valablo  ;  niais  a  I'ojfard  du  droit  dos  {^ons,  il  no  chanyc  pas  la  position  de 
la  (Jrando-lJrotagiio. 

III. —  Cc  qui  8C  pama  iiUerkitreinent  aiix  ilrs  linhamas,  immi'diatcment  aj)n)s  Vacqaittemcnt,— 

A rm ement,  I'qii ipemen t, 

17.  EiuoloniMit  de  (inarantohonnuos  'Vdiiuipaso  il  Nassau,  (d'aproslo  ni(^uioire  l>rit.in- 
nique  lui-nu"'ine,  I'Oroto  s'aoquitta  on  douano  lo  7  aoftt  avec  ci.nquanto-doux  homines, 
pour  St.  .Johns,  New  Brunswick). 

II  so  pourvoi't  de  cauons,  de  luuuitions,  &c.,  avec  I'aide  du  vaissean  anglais  lo  Prince 


OriNIONS    OF    MR.    ST.EMrFLI. 


113 


m 


vessel  Princo  Alfred,  which  shipped  fit  the  wharf  of  A<Iderley  &  ('o. 
tbe  civrfto  broii^lit  by  the  Bahaina,  while  the  Oreto,  iiii'antiine,  took  in 
coal  aiui  ]»rovisioiis  at  the  island  of  Providence.  From  tins  latter  place 
slie  towed  the  Prince  Alfred  to  Green  Cay,  where  the  transsiii[)nient  of 
the  armament  took  place. 

This  havin<;'  been  done,  she  left  for  the  coast  of  Cuba,  nnder  the  name 
of  the  Florida,  and  thence  runnin*;"  the  blockade  to  Mobile,  which  she 
reached  on  the  4th  of  September.  1S02. 

18.  Tiie  enlistment  of  the  crew  and  the  armament  of  the  Florida  at 
tlie  Bahamas  are  to  be  attributed  to  the  neglect  of  tlie  Uritislr  authori- 
ties, and  the  followiii,i>-  ol)je(!tions  cannot  be  considered  as  valid  : 

Tliat  the  Oreto  had  Just  been  acquitted;  for  the  enlistiiuMit  and  arma- 
ment constituted  new  acts,  and  it  was  the  more  incumbent  upon  the 
the  authorities  to  exercise  the  strictest  vijijilance,  inasmuijli  as,  h'avinji; 
all  other  circnmstaiu;es  out  of  consideration,  the  judicial  sentence  itself 
declared  the  vessel  to  be  uiuler  jurave  suspicion. 

That  Green  Cay  was  distant  and  little  freipiented.  This  objection 
has  the  less  importance,  inasmuch  as  all  that  was  done  at  (ireen  Cay 
Lad  its  point  of  departure  at  Nassau,  and  could  easily  have  been  per- 
teived  from  the  latter  place. 

There  were  no  ])roceedings  taken  a,i>ainst  the  Prince  Alfred  as  an  ac- 
ci'Ssory,  in  spite  of  tin;  denunciation  and  representation  of  the  .\.meri<'an 
iDiisul,  to  whom  it  was  thought  sutUcient  to  reply  that  he  must- "produce 
evidence." 


-1 


[V.— Cruise  of  the  Florida,  and  her  repeated  shipments  of  coal  in  British 

ports. 

10.  Having  left  Mobile,  the  Florida  returned,  on  the  20th  of  Janmry, 
1<S(I3,  to  Xassau  Jiay.  She  there  shii)ped  coal  for  thret^  luoniiis,  takin.i;' 
180  tons,  according  to  the  American  statement ;  according  to  the  iUitish 
statement,  she  had  oidy  room  for  130  tons  ;  but  the  depositions  of  wit- 


Alfred,  qui  eiultarqTia  au  qnai  do  Addcrley  ot  C"  la  catjai.son  aiiioii6o  par  le  Bahama, 
pi'iulaiit  (iiif,  dans  rinti'ivalli',  TOioto  s'atiiirovi.sinniiait  dc  iliailiun  et  di^  vivifa  a  I'ilo 
ik  la  riovi<l(.'ii(;'c ;  do  c<i  denaiT  cndroit  il  rL'iiit)r(iiKi  Ic  I'liiico  Alfred  jiisija'a  Given  Cay, 
oil  eat  lieu  le.  tiaiislioi'denieut  tie  rariiiemeut. 

Cela  fait,  11  i)art  ikjui-  le.s  cotes  <le  Cul)a,  sous  le  noin  de  ''le  Florida,"  et  do  la,  en  tra- 
vcr.suat  le  l)l()Ciis,  )»()iii'  Mobile,  oil  il  aniva  li^  4  scitteiiiliK'  IHli'i. 

1;^.  L'eiiioleiueiit  de  riMiuiiia;;;(!  et  rariueiiicul  du  I'loiida  aux  lialianias  sout  in>i)U- 
tablfs  a  la  iiei;'li,<^ciiee  des  autoiites  britauuique.-i,  et  I'uu  uo  peut  cou.-iidei'er  coniuio 
tuiiilees  le.s  olijectiou  suivaiite.s: 

Que  rOieto  venait  d'etre  aetjuitte  ;  (car  renroleiueiit  et  rarnienent  coustituaient  de 
iioiiveiuix  faitrt,  et  les  autorite.s  iivaiirut  d'aulaiU  i)his  le  di^voir  d'excsreer  uiie  ri;j;oiireu«o 
aitcntion,  (jue,  ah.straetiou  faile  de  touti^.s  les  autrcs  eireoustaiicos,  I'arret  judiciau'o 
tlt'L'laruit  lui-uieuu^  le  uavire  Heiieuseuieiit  siisi)t!et  ;) 

line  Green  Cay  otait  eloiyu*^  et  pen  frecjueute ;  (cette  objection  est  d'autant  moius 
iiiiliortante  que  tout  co  (pii  so  lit  a  Croen  Cay  i)artit  de  Is'assau,  ot  pouvait  fort  bleu 
sapercevoir  ilepuis  ee  dernier  endroit.) 

11  u'y  eut  point  d'enciuete  soulevoe  contro  lo  Prince  Alfred  coniuie  coniplico,  inalgr<^ 
iadenonciation  et  la  reclamation  du  cousul  amcricain,  auquel  (u  so  oouteuta  de  rcpou- 
tlie  (pi'il  devait  "  deposor  des  prcnvcs.'' 

^y '—CroisUie  du  Florida  et  acs  approriawnnements    rtiten's  de  charhon  dans  dea  ports 

brltanniquca. 

19,  Parti  dc  Mobile,  le  Florida  revient,  lo  26  Janvier  1801V  dans  la  baio  de  Nassau ; 
,  il  5;  fait  du  cbarbou  pour  trois  uiois,  on  prond  180  toinieaux,  d'aprt^a  I'exposd  atnericain ; 
I  il  u'aurait  eu  place  que  pour  130  touueaux,  d'aprcs  I'cxpose  auglaia  j  mais  des  dt^posi- 

8  B 


|i 


I-^I«' 


114 


AKBITKATION    AT    GENEVA. 


nesscs  state  that  tlioie  was  coal  placed  on  the  deck  and  everywhere  on 
board. 

Accordiiio-  to  the  report  of  Eiift'lisli  experts,  she  "required  40  tons  to 
return  to  Wiluiin^ton,  the  nearest  i)ort  of  the  iiisur;;ents. 

At  the  end  of  tliirty-si\  hours'  sta'',  (the  JJritish  case  says  twentysiv 
Iiours)  she  sails  oft'  again  on  a  c  '  .e,  and  destroys  a  certain  uuinber  ot 
AnuM'ican  vessels. 

20.  On  the  2  Itli  Fobruaiy,  1803,  she  enters  the  British  port  of  Uarba- 
does,  and  then?  ships  100  tons  of  coal. 

21.  On  tlie  10th  Jidy  sIkj  reaclu^.s  St.  George,  the  port  of  TJerinudM. 
stays  there  nine  days,  talcc^s  in  a  complete  supi)ly  of  coal,  and  sets  otl 
again  for  Brest;  during  tliis  voyage  more  vessels  are  destroyed. 

22.  On  the  l.'Jth  Ai)ril,  ISlil,  sh(?  again  touches  at  Bernuula,  but  only, 
it  was  said,  for  the  [)urpose  of  landing  a  sick  ollicer;  she  only  reinaiiicfl 
there  a  few  hours,  but  reappeared  on  tiie  18th  -Inly,  1804,  ami  recpu'stcd 
to  be  admitted  to  ellect  some  repairs  and  to  ship  some  coal ;  slu;  obtained 
])ermission  for  iive  days,  but  staid  nine;  fraudident  shipment  of  coal 
to  the  amount  of  150  tons;  she  cruised  for  several  days  in  siglit  of  tin 
island  ;  tlie  oilicers  on  tin'  naval  station  saw  ail  this,  but  took  no  stops. 

She  destroved  more  American  shijis 

23 
Bahia. 

24.  The  rei)eated  supi)lies  of  coal  which  we  have  just  mentioned  aiv, 
in  the  lirst  place,  an  infraction  of  municipal  law  and  of  the  British  ro,i; 
ulations ;  especially — 

Of  the  (,'ircular  of  the  31st  of  January,  1802,  whi(;h,  at  the  time  those 
events  took  place,  had  been  ibr  a  long  time  ])ublislied  in  all  the  (ioloiiios, 
and  of  the  '  xplanatory  instru(!tions  bearing  date  the  Kith  .Inly,  bS(!!, 
addressed  to  the  governors  of  the  West  inclian  colonies,  and  known  at 
ileast  during  ;   portion  of  thcsame  time. 

They  are,   n  particular,  contrary  to  the  second  rule  of  the  treaty 


zo.  On  the  7th  of  October,  1804,  she  closed  her  career  in  the  port  oi 


y'i 


tiou.s  de  t(^moiin  const.iteut  (jii'il  y  aviut  dii  cliarbou  dt'posf^  sm-  lo  pout  ot  partoiit  ;i 
bold. 

All  diro  dca  oxperts  anglais,  il  liii  en  anrait  fallu  4C  toiineaiix  pour  retouruer  ;\  Wil- 
uiiiif;toii,  ])ort  insuii;('  lo  jtliis  ])ro(.-lio. 

All  bout  <!(•  trt'iitc-six  bcurcs  do  sojoiir,  (I'cxposd  anj^lais  dit  viiijjt-six  benrcs.Ul 
ropait  jiour  croiscr,  ot  dotniit  iiii  oortain  iioiiibvo  do  vaisscaiix  aiiioriciiiius. 

'ill.  Lo  "Jl  lo\  rior  l^^(');5,  il  outio  an  port  britauiiiijuo  do  IJarbadc!  ot  y  oiubaniiio  lOi' 
toiiiioaux  do  obarbon. 

'il.  Lo  10  Jiiillot,  il  airivo  a  St.-(!eorir(>s,  port  doH  HorinudoH.  y  sc^joiiriic  noiif  Jmus, y 
fait  nil  ooni])lct  approvisionnoiiiont  do  obarbon,  ot  ropart  pour  liivM  ;  pondaut  co  voyiui'. 
iionvollos  dostniotioiis  do  vaisssoaiix. 

22.  Lo  i:{  avril  1H(1|,  il  tonoiio  do  nonvoanx  a  norimnli',  niais  nnii[noni(>nt,  disait-il. 
dans  b>  but  do  niottro'  a  torro  nil  otlioior  niabido  ;  il  iry  rostaiiiio  (|ii('b|iios  boiiros,  iiiiii< 
y  rojiarnt  lo  18  Jiiin  \f^M,  tloiiianda  d'otro  adiiiis  [loni-  fairo  dos  roparations  ot  oiiibiii- 
([lUM'  dn  obiirbon  ;  il  obtiiit  jtcrniissiini  ])onr  oin(|  Joins,  nmis  en  rosta  nc/J';  oiiibiiniiu- 
niont  tVaiubilonx  do  obarbon,  jnsiin'a  I'lO  tonnoaiix;  il  croi.'^a  )tlii.si<'nrs  jours  on  viic 
do  nio ;  Ics  ollioior.'s  aux  stations  maritinios  voyaieut  tout,  mais  no  prirout  aiiciuu 
uiosuro. 

II  d(^trnisit  onooro  d(>s  naviros  aniorioains. 

2;?.  Lo  7  ootobro  IHdl,  il  tormina  .sa  oiirrioro  dans  le  port  do  Babia. 

24.  Los  ap]n(i\'isioiinonionts  roitoros  do  obarbon,  (pio  nous  vcinnis  do  montioiimi. 
sont,on  itroniici  lieu,  uno  inl'raution  anxlois  lunnicipalos  etanxroj;loiiionts  do  laCirainii- 
BrotaH'iK')  notainniont : 

A  la  oiroiilairo  dii  151  j.nnvior  1802,  qui,  a  IVpoqno  on  00s  fails  so  ]1ass^ront.  t^tnii 

do]niis  lonfj;toni)is  ^iroolanioc  (bins  toiitos  los  coloiiios,  ot  aux  instructions  oxiilioiilivi> 

adro8S(''os,  sous  la  date  dn  UJ  Jiiillot  IHti;!,  anx  fiouvornoiirs  dos  oolonios  dos  ludos  Owi- 

doiitalos  ot  oonnnos  an  inoiiis  jiondant  uno  partio  d<'  la  nioiiic  poriodo; 

lis  Hont  snrtotit  on  dosaecord  avec  la  2"^  roglc  du  traitc,  d'apros  huiuelle  iin  <^tai 


OPINIONS    OF   »IR.    STvEMPFLI. 


115 


a('Cor«lin<?  to  which  a  neutral  stwto  may  not  allow  its  ports  to  sorve  as  a 
base  of  operations  for  carryin;;"  on  war  or  cruising'. 

LT).  The  objections  i!i!>'le  by  (Jreat  Jliitain,  tliat  the  cruises  of  tho 
Florida  and  the  deprechitions  counnitted  by  that  vessel  took  place  only 
after  she  had  run  the  blockade,  and  tiiat  there  had  been  neji'li^ence  ou 
the  part  of  the  American  oilicers  charged  witli  tlui  maintenances  of  tlic 
blockade,  are  not  such  as  to  release  (ireat  Jlritain  from  the  responsibility 
ot'lierown  iu'f;ii;:('nce;  this  last  was  the  primary  and  sole  cause  not  only 
other  runniufj;  the  blockade,  but  also  of  all  the  hostilities  committed  by 
the  Florida  aj^ainst  the  United  States ;  and  the  assumed  ncfilij^ence  of 
the  oilicers  who  maintained  the  blockade  is,  moreover,  not  proved  any 
more  than  tlie  further  assertion  that  the  armament  and  e<piii»meiit  of 
tlie  Florida  took  i)]ace  in  the  port  of  Mobile. 

20.  The  further  objection,  made  on  the  same  side,  that  e(pi'il  facilities 
of  supjdy  were  ac^corded  to  vessels  of  the  Uiiite<l  States,  amon<4'  others 
to  the  San  Jacinto,  is  erpially  immaterial  and,  besides,  ac(!ordiii.i>'  to  the 
American  case,  it  is  not  founded  on  fact,  at  least  as  far  as  the  San  Jacinto 
is  concerned. 

V. — Armament  and  equipment  of  trntlers. 

27.  In  the  course  of  her  cruise,  the  Florida  supplied  ofiicersand  crews 
to  the  following-  tenders: 

On  the  Gth  .May,  l.SCJ.'J,  the  Clarence  w;  .  captured  off  the  liraziliau 
coast,  and  was  supplied  with  guns  and  with  a  crew.  She  destroyed 
several  vessels. 

On  the  10th  June,  the  Clarence  captured  the  Tacony;  the  Clarence 
was  destroyed,  and  the  Tacony  transformed  into  a  tender ;  the  latter 
also  destroyed  several  vessels. 

On  the  25th  June,  tiie  Tacony  captured  the  Archer,  which  was  trans- 
formed into  a  tender,  and  the  Tacony  was  burnt.  The  Archer  destroyed 
tlie  Caleb  Gushing,  a  United  States  coast-giuird  vessel. 


iicutio  ne  doit  pas  soulitrir  qtic  scs  ports  servcnt  tie  base  d'opc^ratioiis  ponr  fairo  la  guerre 
oil  croiser  cii  iiier. 

'•i').  r.cs  olijcetions  faltos  par  la  Graiule-Iirctasiic,  <[iie  Ics  courses  du  Florida  et  les 
ilistnictious  eouiu\ises  par  ee  uaviro  eurcnt  lieu  seuleuieur  apies  qu'il  eut  I'lauchi  le 
lildciis,  et  (jiiMl  y  eut  ii(''<fli<;'ei)('e  d(^  lii  ])art  des  ollieiers  aiu('rieains  eliarj;es  de  gardei' 
li'  l)l()cus.  ne  sont  jias  de  nature  a  ])ouvoir  dreliai;;er  la  (iraude-J>retau,uo  de  la 
ivsjioiisubilite  pour  ees  )>ro[»res  nefiligeuees,  eelles-ei  rtaut  la  ])reniier(!  et  seule  cause, 
iiiiii-scnleuient  de  la  traversi^e  du  bloeus,  uuiis  eiu'ore  de  foutes  les  hostilites  eoniiuises 
\mv  le  Florida  eoutre  les  F^tats-l'iiis ;  et  la  pretendue  ii('j;li;L;ence  des  ollieiers  eliarnes 
'li' j;;u(ler  le  l)locus  n'est  d'ailleurs  pas  eonstat(''e,i>as  ])lus  <|iu!  I'assertiou  ulterieure  que 
rariiieiueut  et  l'e((uipeineut  du  I-'lorida  se  soit  fait  daus  le  ]iort  de  Moliili'. 

',*•).  L'olijection  ulterieure,  faite  de  la  nu"-nu'  part,  (|Ue  Ton  aecorda  les  nieiues  faclliti'^s 
il'aiiinovisionnenient  aux  vaisse'aux  dt!s  fitats-Cuis,  (uitr'autres  au  8an  Jaeiuto,  est 
I'.'iaieiiieid  sans  iiui)ortauce  ;  ct  en  outre,  d'apres  I'expose  anu-ricain,  elle  n'est  pas  foiidee 
sill' lies  I'aits,  du  moius  pour  ce  qui  concerne  lo  San  Jacinto. 

V. — Jrmcmcnt  ct  i^qiiipcmcnt  de  navirea  aitxUialrcs,  (tenders.) 

*^7.  Durant  le  conrs  de  s.a  croisiere,  le  Florida  fournit  des  ofllciors  et  des  (^(luipajfes 
mix  vaisseaux  auxiliaires  suivants: 

"  Le  ()  uiai  IHO;},  le  Clareneo  fut  capturr^  sur  les  cr)te9  du  Br<^sil  et  fut  muni  de  canons 
ft  dun  (^(|uipag(! ;  il  detruisit  plusieurs  vaisseaux  ; 

"I-e  10  jnin,  le  Clareneo  captura  le  Tacony:  le  Clareneo  fut  detruit  et  le  Tacony 
tiansl'oriue  en  tender;  ce  dernier  detruisit  egaleiiient  plusieurs  vaisseaux; 

"Le  2.")  juin,  le  Tacony  cai)tura  TArclier,  ipii  I'lit  transfonue  vn  tcndrr,  et  le 
Taciiny  fut  hi(\l6,  L'Arclier  detruisit  le  Caleb  Cushing,  vaisseau  garde-cotes  des 
Ktats-Cuis." 


<' 


m 


u  I 


^■1 


Bli 


116 


ARniTKATION    AT    GENEVA. 


Witli  rcjjiird  to  the  question  of  responsibility,  it  is  needless  to  say 
that  tenders  are  subject  to  tlie  same  rules  as  the  principal  vessel. 

(13.) — SUMMAUY. 

{(1.)  In  rep;ard  to  the  construction,  iittin^'  out,  and  equipment  of  Uw 
Oreto  at  Liverpool,  and  to  her  <leparture  lioni  that  poit,  in  rej;ard  alsn 
to  the  departure  ot  the  iiahauia,  ladi-n  with  arms  tor  the  Oreto,  wliich 
took  i)lace  shortly  afterward,  the  JWitiili  authorities  tailed  to  use  ''diif 
<liIi,i;('n<H'"in  the  tullilhuent  ottlKMluties  of  neutrality,  parti(!ularly  alsoin 
that  they  neither  communi(;ated  with  nor  sent  instructions  to  the  colo- 
nial authorities  with  respect  to  these  vessels. 

[h.)  It  is  the  same  witli  re,i;ard  to  the  events  which  took  [dace  at  Nas- 
sau; there  was  m'^'li<;ence  esi)ecially  in  the  absence  of  all  initiativt;  to 
ascertain  the  truth,  in  the  delective  natUiC  of  the  Ju<li(;ial  pi'oceedin^s, 
and,  the  Oreto  having'  been  ac(piitted,  in  the  absence  of  all  control,  aiiii 
of  all  watch  over  her  i>roce(!din<^s,  which  alone  rendered  it  possible  for  tlii> 
vessel  to  be  armed  and  e<iuipped  in  British  waters;  and,  furtherinoiv. 
there  was  ajuain  ne<;li^enco  iu  that,  after  communications  and  instiiK.' 
tion  had  been  received,  no  proceedinj^s  were  taken,  when  the  opportii 
iiity  ollered,  atjainst  the  in'uilty  vessel,  on  the  charge  of  acts  in  viola- 
tion of  the  neutrality  of  Great  IJi'itain. 

(c.)  It  is  the  same  also  with  regard  to  the  fact  thfit,  on  several  occa- 
sions, the  vessel  known  thenceforth  by  the  mime  of  the  Florida  was 
permitted  to  sup[>ly  herself  with  coal  in  such  quantities  that,  each  tiiue, 
she  was  enabled  to  undertake  a  fresh  cruise. 

III. — THE  ALABAMA. 

(A.)— Facts. 
1. —  What  tool'  2)1  ace  up  to  the  time  ivhen  this  vessel  escaped  from  Liverpool 
1.  She  was  ordered  at  Liverpool,  the  plans  were  accepted,  and  the 


Relativtnnout  i\  la  qnestiou  do  ri'sponsiil)ilito  il  va  saus  ilire  que  les  vaisscaux  auxili- 
aires  sout  siijets  aux  iiioiues  ri'}j;le8  que  le  vaisseau  piiucipal. 

(15.)— ItHSUMfi. 

a)  Lor.s  dc  la  construction,  do  la  iMc']»anition  ot  de  IV'ciuipoiuont  do  I'Oroto  h  Livit" 
pool,  ot  lors  do  sa  sortie  du  port,  do  iuoiik;  que  lors  de  la  soi'lio  ()ui  out  lieu  jicii  di' 
tonips  ai)ros  du  Haiiauia,  oliar^o  dos  armies  de  rOroto,  Ics  autorilos  hritaiiui(|iiis  mi! 
iK'i^lin-i'.  d'fuiplo.vor  los  "duos  dili;>oucos '"  daus  le  uiaiution  dos  devoirs  do.  la  nontr;ilitc. 
iiotnuiiiuMit  aussi  en  ce  (]u"oilos  n'ont  fait  aucune  couMuuuicatiou  ui  euvoyd  d'itistiMi- 
tions  MUX  autorit(^H  colouiales  rolativoniont  a  cos  vaissoaux. 

h)  II  on  est  de  uii'muo  pour  »'e  qui  eoneorne  les  faits  arrives  h  Nassau ;  il  y  cut  surtmit 
no)ili<j;once  :  dans  I'alisence  de  touto  initiative  pour  etablir  la  vorite,  daus  la  niiiiiiriv 
dotoctuouse  de  proooder  en  justice,  ct,  raotiuitteuieut  de  I'Oreto  ayant  ou  lieu,  (laii> 
rabsoncc  de  tout  controle  et  de  toute  surveillance  de  la  ccuulnite  de  I'Oreto,  (cc  iini 
isoul  (burnit  h  ee  vaisseau  la  possiliilite  do  s'arnuu'  ot  de  8'o<iuiper  dans  les  eaux  britiiii- 
niques,)  etalors  uiouui  il  y  out  eucore  nogli^oiu'e  en  ee  (jue,  apros  avoir  re<,ui  des  coiii- 
muuicatioiis  et  des  instructions,  on  ne  procoda  pas,  le  cas  dcheant,contrti  le  vaissiiiii 
coupable,  sous  I'iniputatiou  d'actes  do  violation  de  laneutralite  de  la  Grande-Bretasm'. 

c)  11  on  est  do  nionio  encore  jtour  ce  (pii  concerne  le  fait  d'avoir  tolore  a  [)lusienis 
reprises  que  le  vaisseau,  connu  des  lors  s(uis  le  noin  de  "  le  Florida,"  s'api»rovisioiiniit 
tie  charboa  en  quantity  telle  que,  chaciue  fois,  il  pouvait;  euti*>i)rendro  tie  nouvelks 
courses. 

L' ALABAMA. 

(A.)— Faits. 

.1. — Ce  qui  se  passa  junqiCau  moment  ou  ce  vakaeau  s'echapim  de  Lh'erpool. 

1.  II  fut  comiuaiidiS  h  Liverpool,  lea  plans  en.fureut  acceptds  et  le  marchd  fut  signf 


OPINIONS    OF    MR.    ST.EMPFLI. 


117 


'',  'i 


contract  sigfiiod  by  IJullock,  the  Otli  Octobor,  ISHl  ;  hov  onp,iiies  were  of 

;itl()  lioi'sc-powor ;   slic  was  piiTccd  I'or  six  .'iL'  pouiidcr  bnnul 

side  <;iiiis;  she  was  t'ui'tlier  providt'd  with  two  pivot-j>iiiis, 

tho  one  a  riHod  lOO-poiuuler,  the  other  an  8-in(!li  smooth-bore  fiuii. 

On  tlie  ITith  31ay  she  was  hiimehed  uikUm'  tlie  name  of  tht'  "  L'lM)." 

L'.  On  the  l*od  rlune,  liS()2,  Mr.  Adams's  Jirxt  reprrsentafion  to  Lord  Ixiis- 
sfU,  statiiij;-  that  she  was  ii  vessel  of  war,  and  that  her  departure  must 
l)e  stopped ;  it  was  dcchired  that  this  vessel  was  not  intended  for 
operations  nsainst  th<'  (iiited  States. 

;3.  Jnie  -">,  this  remonstninee  i.s  tninsiuitted,  by  T;(>rd  IJ'.isseil  lo  the 
secretary  to  the  treasury  ; 

To  the  hiw-otrieers  of  tlie  Crown  ; 

The  secretary  to  the  treasury  forivards  it  to  the  commissioners  of 
customs ; 

Tliese  latter  to  the  collector. 

4.  The  law-ollicers  of  the  Crown  report  to  Lord  Kussell,  Juije  30,  as 
follows:  "  If  the  facts  allej^ed  by  Mr.   Adams  are  in  accordance  with 
truth,  it  is  a  manifest  violation  of  the  foreijLjn-enlistment  act,  *  *  *    hid 
n'idoice  ifi  urcessitri/.     Th(\v  further  advise  liord  Ifussell  to  inform  Mr._ 
Adiuns  that  the  (jorornmciit  will  inri'sthjnte  ihev((seP 

5.  The  collector  re[)orts  to  the  commissioners  of  customs,  aiul  the 
latter,  relyiufj  on  his  statement,  report  in  their  turn  to  the  treasury, 
on  the  1st  July,  that — 

She  is  intended  for  warlike  purposes  ; 

Several  powder-Canisters  an^  on  hoard,  but  no  jjnna  : 

She  is  built  for  a  lbreij;ii  j^ovcrninent,  a  faet  wliieh  is  not  dcMiied  by  ^Messrs.  Liiird  ; 
tmt  tlK'.vdo  not  apjx'ar  disjxfsed  to  re[)ly  to  any  questions  I'ospectiny  tho  future  destiua- 
tioii  (if  the  vessel  after  she  leaves  Tjiverpool. 

The  aj^ents  have  no  other  reliable  sourei^  of  information. 

Tlie  consul  should  conininnieate  all  the  documents  in  liis  possession. 

Thv  iiffirialH  at  J/urrpoal  will  Icccp  a  strict  icatch  on  the  vessel. 

(>.  July  4,  1802,  Lord  Russell  transmits  these  reports  to  Mr.  Adams, 
and  informs  him,  amono;  other  thiny,s — 

liar  Bullock  lo  9  oetobro  Ir^dl;.  machines  de  la  force  <le  ;?00  chevaux,  ])erc<'  de  six 
ciiiRiiis,  <le  :Vi,  sur  les  eotes;  arnn''  eu  (tutre  de  deux  canons  a  pivot,  (lout  Fun  raye  de  100 
livios  et  Faut  re  lisse  de  H  ponces, 

Le  1">  mai,  il  fut  mis  a  I'eau  sous  le  nom  i\o  "'i!)0." 

'i.  Le  2',^  jiiin  l-'ii'i,  prcmiirc  rirhtrndlUiii  (V.trlnnix  n  Lord  russeU,  disant  que  e'etait  nn 
vaisseaii  (le  jrnerre,  qu'il  fallait  en  arnjter  rexp(nlition ;  on  constata  (^ue  ce  batiuu'ut 
ii't'lait  jias  destiut^  a  ojit^rer  contre  les  Ktats-l'nis. 

Ii.  Le  ^5  juin,  cette  r(5clamiition  est  transniise  par  Lord  Kussell  an  secn'taire  de  hi 
ti'i'sorerie ; 

Aux  jurisconsultes  d(!  la  couronne; 

Le  sccr('taire  de  la  trcvsorerie  hi  transmct  anx  conimissaires  de  douaues  ; 

tViix-ci  an  collecteur.    . 

1.  Les  ,juriseonsullt>s  de  la  couronne  font  rapport  h  Lord  Russell  lo  30  juin.  disant: 
"•Si  les  i'aits  pn'seut(^s  ])ar  JL  Adams  s'accordent  avee  la  v('>rit(',  e'est  un((  violation 
iniiiiifeste  (In  forcinu-ciiUslmoit  act,  .  .  .  mitis  il  faut  (les  jjretires.  lis  conseillent 
(railleurs  i\  Lord  Jiussell  do  communiquer  a  M.  Adams  que  le  yonrernement  va  s'enqne'rir 
(kr  affaire:' 

5.  Le  collectonr  fait  rapport  .inx  conimissaires  dos  douaues,  et  ceux-ci,  s'appuyant 
sur  sa  d(^claration,  rapportent  ii  leur  tour,  lo  1''  juillet,  a  hi  tr(5sorerio: 

"Est  destin(:^  a  des  usaijes  de  jfuerro ; 

"I'hisieurs  boites  a  poudro  embanpu^es,  niais  pas  de  canons. 

"Pour  un  {jouvernemont  (^trauf^er,  00  <iui  n'est  pas  ni<^  jiar  MJI.  Laird;  mais  ils  ne 
paraisseut  pas  dis])os(^s  a  r<^pondro  i\  auouno  (juestion  relative  k  la  destination  future 
(lu  vaiss(!au,  lorsqn'il  aur.a  quitt«5  le  port  de  Liverpool. 

"Les  a<j;ents  n'ont  point  d'autro  source  do  rensei<ruemonts  certains. 

"  Le  consul  devrait  conimuni(|uor  tons  les  docunuMits  qu'il  possedo. 

''Les  offieiers  de  Lirerpool  exeveeront  inie  stride  surveillance  snr  le  vaissenu." 

6.  Le  4  juillet  1862,  Lord  Kussell  tniusmet  cos  rapports  a  M.  Adams,  et  entr'uutrea 
les  points  suivauts : 


wm 


m 


m-i  ! 


118 


AUIUTRATION    AT    GENKVA. 


•>,  ISOli,  Consul  Dudley  to  the  collector;  coninumic.atiou  ot 


''Tliiit  the  yoveriunejjt  >vill  inquire  into  the  nnitter;"  that  Consul 
Dudley '' ouyht  to  (iOMiinuniciite  the,  do(!Uinent.s  to  the  collector;  tluit 
the  (tlficiids  (It  Lirorjxxtl  irill  ivaU;h  the  vessel  atlentireh/,''^ 

7.  IJetween  ^Ir.  Adams's  jcpresentation  and  Lord  Kussell's  reply, 
fifteen  days  elapsed  before  the  result  was  arrived  at  that  "  the  evidence 
in  iu.siilficicHt.^^ 

S.  SccoikI  elTort  of  the  Amermm  <i(/ents. 

!>.  ,Inly 
do(ninients 

0 — 10.  The  collector  is  not  satisfied  with  them;  " /<e  asJifi  for  Icfjid 
eviiJeneeP 

July  10,  1S(»2,  the  insjieetor  informs  the  collector  that  ho  finds  tlie 
vessel  in  the  sanu;  condition  as  on  the  o(!casion  of  his  first  visit. 

On  the  11th  the  solicitor  writes  to  the  commissioners  of  customs  tliar 
the  evidence',  rests  on  he<(rs<ii/ ;  that  it  is  inadmissible;  that  there  h 
nothliiji  (chich  avionnts  to  proof  .sufjivient  to  justify  a  seitiire. 

On  th(^  loth  the  commissioners  iuform  the  collector  that  there  is  not 
snflicient  evideiujc  to  warrant  a  seizure. 

10.  On  the  Ulst  the  (!onsul  to  the  collector,  with  wituesses  and  sworn 
depositions,  demands  the  seizure  of  the  vessel. 

"The  (;olle('t  I  to  the  commissioiu'rs;  refpiests  instructions  by  tele- 
graph, ((s  the  vessel  appcdrs  to  be  re<i(bj  for  sea,  and  may  leave  ut  any 
moment. 

"Tiie  commissioners  to  the  solicitor,  for  oi)inion." 

On  the  22d,  the  assistant  solicitor  and  the  solicitor  to  tlie  commis- 
sioners : 

"  We  are  of  oi>inion  that  there  is  not  sufficient  evidence. 

"Tlie  commissioners  to  the  collector  :  , 

"  Not  sullieient  evidence,  but  the  consul  may  taice  proceedings  at  his  om 
risl-  and  peril.'''' 

The  same  to  the  treasury ;  communicate  documents.  Shall  the  law- 
officers  of  tlie  Crown  be  consulted  i 

Hamilton  (commissioner  to  the  treasury)  to  Layard,  under-secretaiy 


!!:■;; 


m 

;  'i- 

1 

■i' 

j 

i 

1 

1 

'\\  ■ 

1 

1 

|j 

"  QiKi  Ic  yoiivcrnoniont  vii  .s'ciuiuorir  do  I'affairo;"  quo  Ic  consul  Dudloy  "dcvrait 
(■(iiiiiiiiitiii|iici'  an  colU'c'tciir  los  dociimcnt.s;  que  hs  fonclwuuulws  dc  Livcviwol  aurcdlk- 
rout  atlciilii'ciiuiil  Ic  raixxatii." 

7.  Hiitro  la  n'clamatioii  do  M.  Adams  et  la  ri^ponso  de  Lord  IJnssoll  il  so  passa  qniuzf 
jours  |)(tiir  arrivcr  an  n'sultat  (iiio  '^  Ics  prcurcti  iiv  aoiit  pati  iiiij)imiites" 

!^.  Ihii.Tirmc  txudi  (It'H  (tficiitu  ami'ricuhin. 

9.  Jit^ ',)  Juillot  ISIi'J,  lo  consul  Dudley  an  ccdlcctcnir:  Conmuinication  dps  docunicnts. 
9. — 10.  i^c  colic. •ti'ur  nc  Ics  trouvc  pas  snllisauts  ;  "(7  (Innuiidc  dci  pniivva  li'ijfilcx." 
Lc  10  .jnillct  1^{')'2,  rin.spectcur  an  coUectour:  a  trouvc  lo  vaisseau  dans  lo  uicnio  t'tiU 

rpic  lors  d(!  sa  ))rcuiicrc  visitc. 

IjC  11,  1((  sollicitcnr  aux  conniiissaires  dcs  douancs:  rrjiosc  sur  dcs  o»('-c?irc ;  qu'elli' 
est  inaduiissilili!;  ricii  <iiii  moiilc  ii  den  prcuvcn  xiiffixdiitcn  pour  jnstificv  iiiii;  Kdixie. 

Lc  1"),  connnissaircs  an  eoHcctcur:  i)as  sulilisantcs  jioiir  Justilicr  la  saisio. 

10.  Lc,  21,  consul  an  collcctcur,  avoc  tonioius  ct  depositions  assorniontdes :  deiniuiik' 
la  saisic. 

'■  Collt^ctcnr  anx  coniniissaircs:  dcniaudc  dcs  instructions  jiar  tdlegrapbo,  atteitdii  qia 
le  Ddvirc  jHtru'il  pri't  a  prendre  la  in  r  ct  pent  partir  a  tout  moment, 

"  Lcs  comniissaircs  an  xnliriUir  pour  j)rcavis." 

Lc  iJ'J,  rassistiuit  dn  sollicitcnr  et  le  jJoUicitenr  anx  commissaires : 

"Somnu's  d'aAis  (ju'il  u'y,  a  jyai  de  prcuvcs  siiffiHaiites,' 

"Les  commissaires  an  colleeteur; 

"  I'as  de  prcuvcs  suf Jisantes,  mais  le  consul  pent  se  charger  des  poursuitea  d,  ses  rhqiies  d 
perlU.'" 

Lcs  memos  i\  la  tresorerie:  Commuuication  des  pidcos.  S'il  y  aurait  lieu  h.  couaulter 
lcs  .jurisconsnltes  de  la  conronne  ? 

Ilamiltou  (commissaire  u  la  tr»5sorerie)  it  Layard,  soiis-secrdtaire  dn  foreign  office: 


OriXIOXS    OF    MU.    ST.EMPFLl. 


Ill) 


of  state  for  foroiftn  alliiirs:  ^^ As  the  case  may  l>c  vonsUlvred  prcssinf/,  \ 
wri^t^  to  you  nii()t1i(Mally  to  siivetiiiie;  it  is  sidd  that  the  t'CNsel  is  eery 
imtrly  ready  for  sea.'" 

11.  A<lams  to  Lord  Kussell:  Coimminiciitiou  from  the  customs,  and 
Dii(11l\v''s  evidiMUJi'. 


•Iiilv 


docunuMits  rccoiviMl  at  the  forcijiii  oflico. 


Foroijjfii  oHiec  to  tlio  law olliccrs  of  the  Crown:  "To  report  their 
ojiiiiion  to  Loi'd  Jtusscll  as  soon  as  possible. "* 

J)n(lli'y  to  tiie  board  <)f  enstoms  : 

C(nnniuni(!at('s  two  fresh  (U'positions,  with  an  opinion  of  Mr.  h\  P.  Collier, 
tliiit  there  is  a  tlajiiant  viohition  of  the  foreiyiienlistnient  aet. 

Tlie  board  of  customs  to  the  assistant  solieit«)r  for  opinion. 

The  assistant  solicitor  to  the  board:  the  (hx'.uments  do  not  materially 
strcnythen  the  vase,  hut,  in  consideration  of  the  hiyh  position  of  Mr.  ('oilier, 
the  lords  comnnssioners  of  the  treasury  might  have  recourse  to  the  law- 
ollicers  of  the  Crown  for  their  opinion. 

hayard  connnunicates  all  these  additional  documents  also,  on  the  same 
(lay,  to  the  law-ollicers,  requesting"  them  to  report  their  opinion  to  Lord 
Itiissell  at  the  earliest  jwssihle  moment. 

V2.  On  the  morning  of  the  2!)th  the  law-oflicers  write  to  Lord  Fvussell : 
Order  the  arrest  of  the  vessel  until  the  accused  shall  hare  proved  her  desti- 
ludiim  to  be  innocent.  The  order  for  her  seizure  was  immediately  sent  to 
Liverpool. 

Dudley  informs  the  board  of  customs  on  the  2Sth  that  the  vessel  is 
to  sail  on  the  L'Dth. 

i;j.  The  vessel  sails  dvriny  the  nif/ht  of  the  2Sth-2dth  of  July,  1802. 

14.  From  the  l>th  to  the  LMIth,  twenty-one  days  elapsed,  and  the  result 
of  this  delay  was,  that  the  vessel  escaped. 

IL — Measures  talcen  to  pursue  the  Alabama. 

1").  Two  days  after  the  escape  of  the  vessel  liad  become  known,  the 
oommissioners  of  customs,  on  the  31st  July,  1802,  gave  the  tirst  order  to 

"Commr  Ic  cax  pent  ftrc  Jiifii'  prcsHfiuf,  jo  vons  ^cria  ofTicicusciiKMit  pour  dconoinisor  ilu 
toiiiiis  ;  oil  (lit  que  le  iiavire  ext,  pen  n'en  faiit,  prct  a  prendre  Id  iiier." 

11.  AdiiiiKs  h  Lord  KiisscU  :  Coimimniciitioii  des  douaues  et  preuves  dc  Dudley. 

Lo  '2:!,  rociiptiou  dos  pii-ces  iinforeiyii  ojjiee. 

Vimiijn  offiee  anx  Jiiriscoiisultt's  d(!  la  courouuo :  " Communiqucz  votro  opiuiou  a 
Lord  Kiis.scil  uiinniU'il  (pie  roiin  le  puiirre:.'' 

Dtullry  ail  conseil  dva  doiiaucH  : 

Coininuiiicatiou  de  deux  iioiivfllos  dopositions  nvcc  coiisiiltiaion  dc  M.  IL  P.  Collier, 
qiril  y  a  violation  lla^ranto  ([nforeiiin-eiilixtiiient  net. 

Li!  coiiseil  di's  douaiica  a  Tassistaut  solicitor  pour  pn'avis. 

L'assistaut  Kolicitor  au  coiisuil :  ii'apporlciit  piiti  iiii  reiifort  easoitiel,  main  rn  la  haute  po- 
xitioii  (le  M.  Collier,  le.s  lords  do  la  trosoreriopourraient  Jccourir  aux  luniicres  du.s  juris- 
consultes  do  la  oourouiu-.. 

Liiyard  couiinuniquo  aussl  toutos  cos  piocos  additiouncdics  oo  jour  r.ionio  aux  jiiris- 
cniisaltes,  avoc  rocouiniaudatiou  do  coniniuuiipier  lour  avis  dans  le  pliin  bref  deliii  a  Lor<l 
Russell. 

I'i.  Lo  29,  matin,  les  jnrisconsultcs  au  Conitt>  Rnssoll :  reeommaiide:  la  saiaic  dii  vais- 
^eaii  Jiimpi'd  ee  t/iie  les  aceiises  aient 2)roiiV(j  sa  destination  innocente  ;  ordre  desaisiepartit  ini- 
iih'fliatement  dc  Liverpool. 

DiuUoy  au  eonseil  des  ilouanes,  du  28  :  avcrtit  quo  lo  vaisseau  doit  ptirtir  lo  21). 

13.  Le  raisseait  sort  dans  la  unit  du  28  au  2i)  juillet  1802. 

14.  Du  y  au  2y,  il  s'ccoula  viujjt-ot-uu  joui's,  et  le  rdsultat  de  co  ddlai  fut  la  fuite  du 
raiiiseau. 

II, —  Mcsures  prises  pour  jwursuivre  VAlahania. 

15.  Doux  jours  apres  quola  fuite  du  vaisseau  fut  conuue,  les  commissaircs  des  douanos 
tlouuoreut  le  premier  ordro  do  lo  poursuivre,  le  31  juillet  18Gi,  d'abord  aux  coUecteurs 


u 


. .    ■ 


120 


AlflUTWATIOX    AT    (JF.NKVA. 


1  \ 


iMi 


#■! 


])Mr.sii(' lior,  to  tlKM'olIcctoi's  at  Liverpool  iind  Cork  in  tlio  flr.st  ])l;i(v, 
dcsiriii;;'  tliciii  to  sci/c  licr  if  siu^  slKtiild  toiicli  ;il  ciiiicr  ot  \\ur.M\  poits, 

On  tlic  1st  Aiij^iist  the  saiini  onlor  wii.s  sent  to  the  eollec'ttirs  nt  liivu- 
7)i((r!N  and  iloljilutttl. 

On  (he  L'd  An.ynst  tin's  order  was  also  sent  to  tln^  }4(>veinor  of  tln>  l>;i. 
Iianias,  lor  the  ]iort  ot  Nassau;  no  eoinninnications  or  instructions  wimv 
sent  to  any  other  IJritisli  p(utsor  «!olonies;  no  sliii)S  were  disitatelied  in 
pursuit  into  nei^iliboiinji'  hritish  waters. 

On  the  ni;;ht  ol'  the  .'lolh-.'Ust,  two  days  after  her  osenpe  from  TJvpr. 
l)ool,  th(^  vessel  was  still  in  IJritish  waters,  oil"  Moelfia  ami  Anglesey. 
The  pursuit  of  the  -HO  in  these  waters  took  pUiec  too  late. 

in. — Tlie  llcrvulcs  hrhujs  her  a  crew. 

10.  The  tuft- Hercules,  which  l»rou;;ht  back  to  Liverjiool  the  Messrs, 
Laird  ami  their  ladies,  who  had  accompanied  the  -!M),  took  on  board  at 
the  latter  i>ort  a  c.ertain  nundiei- of  sailors  iidendcd  for  thel'lM).  The 
collei'tor  bcinj;'  informed  of  this  fact  by  a  letter  from  Dudley, dated  July 
oO,  ISOi*,  canscd  the  ller(!ules  to  be  seandu'd. 

The  olticer  charj^ed  with  the  exeoition  of  this  order  reported,  "tlint 
there  were  on  board  a  certain  number  of  men  who  admitted  that  they 
Ibrnu'd  jiavt  of  the  erew,  and  were  about  to  Join  the  <>un-b(jat." 

In  sjiite  of  this,  the  collector  did  not  arrest  the  Hercules. 

Althoujih  he  had  been  ordered  to  seize  the  2!M>,  he  did  not  even  cause 
the  Hercules  to  be  followed. 

Jle  wrote  about  her  to  London  by  post  instead  of  telef;Tai>hin<>'. 

He  did  not  receive  from  London  any  instructions  with  regard  to  the 
enlistment ;  he  was  only  desired  to  find  out  if  there  were  powder  ami 
guns  on  board. 

The  cajdain  of  the  Tlerenles  himself  acknowledj;ed,  on  the  1st  of 
Auj^ust,  that  he  ha<l  "taken  otV  from  twenty-tive  to  thirty  men  who,  a^i 
he  believed,  were  about  to  form  part  of  the  erew  of  the  liUO." 

do  Liverpool  et  do  Coilv,  leur  intiiiiaiit  do  saisir  lo  uaviro,  s'il  veiiait  a  aboidor  h  I'uu  de 
ci's  jiorts. 

Lo  1"  aoftt,  lo  inomo  ordrc  fur  donno  anx  oolloctt'urs  do  Hoaiiinaris  ot  do  Tlolylioad. 

Lo  'J  aoiit,  cot  ordro  fiit  aiissi  ouvoyi'  an  fjjouvoriiour  dos  lies  J>;diamas,  pour  lo  port  dr 
Nassau}  il  ii'y  out,  point  do  ooiuiiiuuioatious  I'aitos,  iii  d'instruotioiisonvoyoos  a  d'aiitris 
))ortH  (.'t  ooloiiios  1iritaimi(|Uos ;  il  u'y  cut  point  do  vaissoaux  onvoyos  a  la  poursuite 
dans  los  oaux  hritannitpU's  voisinos. 

Dans  la  unit  da  lUi  an  lil,  donx  jours  ajiros  sa  fuito  do  Livori)ool,  lo  vaisscau  <^tait  on- 
core  dans  los  oaux  britannicjuefi  do  MooUia  ot  d'Anylosey.  La  poursuito  du  '"^ilO  "  duii'* 
cos  cuux  out  lieu  tro>j  i;\rd. 

III. — VUcrciile  amine  nn  i'qii'n)age. 

Ifi.  Lo  roniorfpiciir  I'lTorculo,  qui  raniona  a  Liverpool  MM.  Laird,  construotenrs  dc 
naviros,  ot  lours  danu;s,  (jui  avaiont  aoo,oini)ai;ii6  le  "290,"  end)ar(iua  dans  oo  doniier 
port  un  certain  nonibro.  do  uiatolots  destines  an  " '«J00."  Lo  collocteur,  instruit  do  ce 
fait  par  luio  lottro  do  Dudley  du  30  juillot  180"^,  lit  oxaniiuer  le  navire  rilorcule. 

L'offlcior  charj;<>  do  I'oxdcutiou  de  cot  ordre  rapporta  "  qu'il  y  avait  a  bord  uu  certain 
nonibro  de  ])ersouues  qui  admireut  qu'elles  faisaiout  partie  do  I'dqnipago  et  qu'elle* 
allaiont  rejoindro  la  canolmi^ro." 

Malgrd  cola,  lo  coUoctonr  n'arrota  point  I'Hercule. 

Lui;  qui  avait  I'ordro  de  saisir  le  "SJUO,"  no  lit  pas  mtinie  snivre  I'Hercule. 

II  en  ^crivit  a  Londres  par  la  poste,  au  lieu  do  telograi»hicr. 

II  no  ro^ut  non  jdus  de  Londres  aucun  ordro  rolatif  a  I'enrrdonunit ;  on  lo  cliargca 
seuloinent  do  s'informer  s'il  y  avait  h  bord  de  la  pondro  et  des  canons. 

Lo  patron  do  I'Herculo  nnonnut  lui-nu me,  lo  l"  aofit,  "avoir  oninieiid  vingt  ciucj  i) 
treute  bouimes,  qui,  a  ce  qu'il  croyait,  dtvuient  fairo  partie  do  l'equii)ago  du  "  290.'' 


The  L^nO  left  :\Ioe 
on  the  loth  <d"  An- 

lY.-^The 

17.  The  A^^rippii 
on  the  IMth  of  Auj 
tioii  for  the  L'OO. 

The  r.alianm,the 
fo  the  J'Morida,  nex 
iiioiith,  with  Semme 
I'lil),  and  also  <;uns 
at  the  eust(un  hous(^ 

The  transshipmen 
frniii  the  UOth  to  tin 

On  Sunday,  Auo'ii 
took  the  nanu'  of  th 

Ijullock  and  othei 

y.—cu 

18.  She  left  Tercel 
piiia  sni)plied  her  afi 
some  vessels  of  the 
llatteras. 

On  ihe  18tli  Janni 
oners,  made  repairs, 
ivoro  in  port,  but  no  < 
the  arrest  of  the  ves.>' 

She  left  Jamai(!ii 
haliia  she  fell  in  witl 


Lo"2'JO"quittalabaio 
et  iuriva  le  10  aoQt  sur  loi 

lV.—L'A(/ripi 

L'Asrippino,  oa])itaino  > 
alioiil  du  oliarbon,  di^s  oa 

Ll"  liaiiania,  lo  niouie  v; 
insiiito  do  Liverpool,  lo  v.'( 
ilii  Sunitor  p(Mir  lo  "21)0, 
i'0);iilioroniont  aoiiuittos  o 

Lo  tiausbordonuiut  du  ( 
2(1  ail  2;i. 

Dimauolio,  le24aofttl8 
I'Aluliaiua. 

Bullock  et  d'autres  revi 


18.  II  partit  do  Terceir.i 
liii  fonriiit  de  uouveau  di 
seaiix  de  la  niariiio  niarclii 

Lc  18  Janvier  ISiVA,  il  a 
tions  et  oiiiltaniuii,  des  p 
liK'.scuts;  uiais  il  ue  pan 
iiiiviro. 

II  quitta  la  .Taniaiquo  h 
1  recoutra  le  Georgia.  De 


OriMON.S    OF    MIJ.    .ST.KMPKIJ.  121 

TIic  '-'Of>  1<''<  IMocIlVii  l*>:iy  with  a  crow  of  about  oij>Iity  nuMi,  and  arrived 
oil  the  KMli  ol"  Aiij;iist  oil'  the  coast  of  Tct'trh'H, 

IV. —  The  Auriitpina  (oul  Tiahamu  ht'hiff  anns  rnul  coal. 

17.  Tlio  Auiippina,  Captain  (^iiinn,  arrived  nt  Torccira,  from  London, 
on  tlic  I'^Hi  of  Anj;u.st,  1S()2,  havinj;  on  hoard  (!oal,  ;{un.s,  and  ainiuuni- 
tioii  for  tiic  L'!Ml. 

Tlie  Jlaliama,  the  same  vessel  which  was  to  have  taki'ii  her  aniianient 
to  tlio  Floriihi,  next  arrived  from  Liverpool  on  the  L'Oth  of  the  saino 
month,  witii  iSemmes  and  olliei'  olheers  of  the  Siiintei'  on  lioard  for  tlio 
L'HO,  and  also  ;>nns  and  ammnnition,  wliich  had  becMi  re^iihirly  cleared 
;it  tlie  cnstom-honse  at  Lix'ei-pool. 

Tiie  transshipment  of  coal,  ^nns,  and  ammnnition  to  th<>  L".H)  took  place 
from  the  L'<)th  to  tlu^  -*.".d. 

On  Sunday,  An<;ust  21,  tSdi*,  the  2{>0  hoisted  the  insurgent  Hay,  and 
took  tli(^  name  of  tiie  Alahaina. 

iJiiUock  and  others  returned  on  hoard  of  the  Uahama. 

V. — Cruise  and  crcntual  fate  of  the  Alabama. 

18.  She  left  Tercoira  for  the  West  Imlies.  At  ^rartiniiiue  the  Ajjrip- 
piiia  supplied  her  afresh  with  coal.  In  the  (lull'  of  .Mexieo  she  destroyed 
some  vessels  of  the  United  States  merchant  navy  and  the  war-steamer 
llatteras. 

On  ilie  1 8th  .Tannary,  lSu.'5,  she  arrived  at  Jamaica,  landed  her  pris- 
uiici's,  made  repairs,  and  shipped  stores.  Three  British  men-of-war 
ivcre  in  port,  but  no  order  a;>pears  ever  to  have  arrived  from  London  for 
the  arrest  of  the  vessel. 

She  left  Jamaica  on  the  25th  January  for  the  coast  of  IJrazil ;  at 
Ijaliia  she  fell  in  with  the  Geor;^ia.    Thence  she  sailed  for  the  Cape  ot 

Lo  "2'JO"  qiiittii  lii  l)iii(!  (If  MoclCiji  jivoc  nn  ('(juiiiagotVeuviroiiqiiatro-viiiyts  liommes, 
et  aniva  lo  10  iiout  siii'  le.s  cott's  dc  Tcrcfiia. 

IV. — V A(jr\}}inna  et  Ic  Bahama  ainhiriit  dcs  armcs  ct  dii  charhon, 

L'A2;rii>i»ii)o,  (•ni)itiiiiio  Quiim,  .iri'iva,  lo  18  jioftt  l^^fi-J,  dc  T-onth'es  a  Tercoira,  ayanfc 
iilioiil  dii  oliarhoii,  dos  canons  ct 'dcs  innnifions  iKHir  lo  "  "illll.'' 

Le  Hidiania,  Ic  nicmt^  vaissoau  (pii  dcvait  avoir  nicni'  rariiUMnoiit  nil  I'lorida,  vint 
insiiitc  do  Livcrpnol,  1(^ 'J(»  dn  inonio  iiiois,  ayant  a  Itnrd  Souiincs  ct  (rimtrc.s  ol'licit.'rs 
'111  Sniiitor  pour  lo  "^'JO,"  ainsi  (|uo  dos  canons  ct  dvt^  nuiuitioiis,  ((Ui  aviii'.ot  6t& 
n-i;nlicroinont  actniittos  on  donano  i\  Livfirpool. 

Lo  transbordciuout  du  cliarbon,  dcs  canons  et  dcs  munitions  sur  lo  "  'JUO  "  cut  lieu  dii 
211  an  'i\\. 

Diiiiiinche,  lo  24  aoftt  18()2,  lo  "  290  "  arliora  lo  pavilion  des  iusurj^os  et  prit  lo  uom  de 
I'Aliiliania. 

Bidlocii  et  d'autres  reviurent  i\  bord  du  Babauia.  , 

V. — Cromh'c  et  sort  final  de  VAhibama. 

18.  11  p.artit  do  Torceira  pour  les  Iiides  Occidontales.  A  la  Martinique,  I'Aorlppine 
liii  fournit  d(!  nouvoau  du  cliarbon.  Dana  lo  Golfo  du  Mcxi(|uo,  il  dctruisit  (los  vais- 
seanx  de  la  marine  marchande  dcs  fit.ats-Unis  ot  le  vapour  do  jfucrrc  lo  llatteras. 

Le  18  Janvier  18615,  il  arriva  a  la  Janiaique,  y  d^posa  sos  i)risonnicrs,  tit  scs  repara- 
tions et  cmbanjua.  des  provisions.  Trois  vaisaoanx  d(!  guerre  britanni nos  (^itaieut 
liK'sents;  uuiis  il  uo  parait  pas  qu'il  soit  jamais  veuu  do  Loudres  Tonlrc  d'arreterle 
tiavire. 

II  (initta  la  .Tamaique  le  25  Janvier  pour  se  rendre  sur  les  cfltes  du  Brt^sil ;  i\  Bahia 
il  recoiitra  le  Georgia.  De  lil  il  tit  voile  pour  lo  Cap  de  Bouue  Esperance,  ct  le  23  juillot 


■'it*' 


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I.  i 

i    ■ 

j  : 

1  ' 


■    ^ 

afl^B 

w 

; 

m 

HI  i  ■' 

it-^ 

■ '  !■• 

.Ss 

w7^ 

m 

J, 

■u^ 


Wm 


122 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


If 


(iood  Hope,  and  on  the  23(1  of  Jnly  ontcretl  the  harbor  of  TaWe  Bay, 
The  circniiistaiice  which  arose  on  the  voyage  in  connection  with  the 
Tuscah)o.sa  will  be  mentioned  farther  on,  uii<hu'  No.  VI. 

She  left  Table  Bay  for  the  East  Indies,  and,  on  the  23d  Decemhor, 
isd.j,  she  anchored  at  Singapore,  where  she  coaled.  On  the  2()th  Marcli. 
1804,  she  returned  to  Capetown,  win  re  she  also  coaled.  She  left  tliis 
l)ort  on  the  25th  March,  and  anchored  at  Cherbourg  on  the  11th  June. 
1804. 

It  was  on  leaving  this  port,  on  the  10th  June,  that  she  w.as  sunk  by 
the  United  States  man-of-war  Kearsarge. 

Part  of  the  otiicers  and  crew  were  saved  by  the  English  yacht  Deer- 
bound,  which  lun)peued  to  be  in  the  neighborhood. 


YL  —  Thc  tender  Tuscaloosa. 

19.  While  on  her  way  from  the  coast  of  Brazil  to  the  Cape  of  Goml 
Hope,  the  Alabama  captured  the  Conrad,  a  United  States  merclunit- 
vessel,  of  riiiladelphia,  bound  from  Buenos  xVyres  to  New  York  witliu 
cargo  of  wool. 

This  vessel  was  brought  to  Capetown  under  the  name  of  the  Tusca- 
loosa, it  being  announced  that  she  was  comniission(Ml.as  a  cruiser. 

This  mere  declaration  was  accepted,  and,  on  the  departure  of  tlie 
principal  vessel  for  the  Indian  Ocean,  Semmes  dispatched  the  Tusca- 
loosa to  cruise  olf  the  coast  of  Brazil. 

On  her  return  to  Capetown,  the  vessel  was  seized  by  the  governor,  aiul 
detained  till  the  end  of  the  war. 

(B.) — Considerations. 

With  regard  to  the  Alabama,  Great  Britain  did  not  fulfdl  the  oblipi- 
tions  inciunbent  on  her  by  virtue  of  the  three  rules  of  the  treaty  of 
Washington. 


iFtnitrii  im  jxnt  <1<'  Tiihlc,  IJay.  Lo  ciis  ([iii  se  proseuta  eu  voyajjo  iivec  le  TuschIooni 
isci'ii  (Ici'i'il  ]iliis  loiii.  sous  h;  N"  \'I.  ' 

I)(!  fct  ciidroit  il  i>:irtit  [Kmr  Ics  Iiidcs  Orit!iitiil('s,  ct  \o.  '2'.\  ih'ci'wxhvi}  IHi'i;',  il  jctn  I'an 
ci'o  a  SiniiaiKiic,  oii  il  (it  du  eliiirhoii.  Lo  "JO  mars  l-idil,  il  I'liviut  a  la  Ville  dii  Cq-. 
({'ape  'rowii.)  nil  il  sc  rcixmrviit  t'i;alt'ni(Mit  do  cliai'bou.  Qiiittii  co  port  lo  5i5  mars,  it 
jota  raucro  a  Clioiltoiirj;'  lo  11  Jiiiii  l"'(i4. 

Ccjiif  (I  HH  soriir  dv  re  port,  Ir  VJjitin,  qii^il  fat  couh'  a  fond  par  Ic  rai'^Hcaii  de  giurn  ih- 
I'Jtnls-l'iiin  Ic  Ju((ys(trfic. 

I'lU'  paitic  dcs  ollicicis  ct  do  ri'ipiipaso  fiirout  sai.vos  par  lo  yacht  anglais  lo  Deer- 
lioiuid,  ([iii  -SO  tioiivait  dans  ces  parages. 

V'l. — Le  tender  Tiixralootn. 

19.  En  route  depnis  los  ct'itesdu  IW-esil  au  Cap  del$i)nne  Esperance,  I'Aliili.ania  eaiitu" 
le.C'onriid.  navire  de  coinnieree  des  Ktats-Unis,  de  riiiladelpiiio,  so  rendant  do  liaoiius 
Ayres  a  ii'ew  York  avee  nne  eargaison  de  laini;. 

On  aniena  ei'  na\  ire  a  la  ^'ille  du  Cap  (Cape  Town,)  sous  le  noui  do  Tuscaloosa,  I't  f'J 
aunonvant  (|u'il  t'-lait  eonnriissinnue  eiiuiuu^  croiseur. 

Cette  simple  declaration  t'ut  acccptiM',  et  au  depart  du  vaisst>au  ])rincipal  pour  rcoi'aii 
Indieii,  I^cmincs  cn\nya  le  Tuscaloosa  croiser  snr  les  coti.'s  du  ISiesil. 

A  sen  retour  a  la  \'ille  dn  Caj),  lo  vaissuan  I'ut  saisi  par  le  gmivernour  ot  retenuj"^- 
qu'ii  la  (iu  de  la  yueirt*. 

(  B. ) — CONSIIMOHAXTS. 

Pour  ce  qui  coiiccrno  I'Alaliania,  la  Graudo-Bretagne  n'a  pas  rcuipli  lo8  obligatioii> 
qui  lui  incombaiout  cu  vcrtu  dcs  trois  regies  du  traito  do  ^Vaslliugtou. 


OPINIONS    OF    MR.    ST.EMPFLI. 


123 


*  :  ii!^^ 


I. —  With  regard  to  the  building  and  escape  of  the  vessel. 

(a.)  It  is  hoyond  doubt  tluit  the  Alabama  was  fitted  out  in  British 
ports  as  a  vessel  of  war  of  the  insurgent  States. 

(h.)  The  example  of  the  Oreto  made  it  the  duty  of  the  British  authori- 
ties to  be  on  llieir  guard  against  aets  of  this  kind. 

(c.)  Tliey  nevertheless  did  not  in  any  way  take  the  initiative,  on  the 
representations  of  Dudley  and  xidams,  with  a  viewo^'inrpiiring  into  the 
ti'iic  state  of  affairs,  although  they  had  given  au  assuranee  that  the 
autlHuities  should  take  the  matter  up. 

(d.)  Alter  sufficient  evidence  had  been  furnished,  the  examination  of 
it  was  so  procrastinated,  and  the  measures  taken  to  arrest  the  vessel 
were  so  defective,  that  she  was  enabled  to  escape  just  before  the  order 
for  her  seizure  was  given. 

11. —  With  regard  to  the  measures  talccn  for  her  pursuit. 

(a.)  The  orders  to  pursue  and  arrest  the  \  essel  were  not  given  until 
forty-eight  hours  afterward,  and  were  oidy  sent  to  a  few  ports  close  at 
liaiul. 

[}).)  Xo  instructions  were  sent  to  the  other  ports  of  Great  Britain  or 
to  those  beyond  the  seas,  excei)t  to  tluit  of  Nassau. 

(c.)  Xo  vessels,  even,  were  sent  in  pursuit  into  the  neighboring  Eng- 
lisli  waters. 

III. —  With  regard  to  judicial  proceedings  on  account  of  the  enlistment  of  a 
crew,  and  of  the  armament  of  the  vessel. 

{((.)  There  were  no  more  proceedings  instituted  agai^ist  those  ])ersons 
wlio  liiid  enlisted  the  crew  of  the  Alabama,  or  those  who  had  conveyed 
luT  armament  oir  board,  than  against  those  who  had  ordered  or  those 
who  had  built  her. 


I. — A  Vcgard  dc  la  coimtniction  ct  de  lafiiitc  da  vahscoti. 

(i)  II  est  linrs  (1(>  (loiifo  quo  rAliibimiu  ii  vU'  jtK'piuo  coii'.mc  vaisseau  do  gnerro  dc3 
(•tats  insiirjit's  daii.s  dcs  jiDrts  hi'ilaiiiii(|iit'.s. 

/*)  Fii'S  iiK'ci'dciits  d(^  rOicto  t'aisaii'iit  ini  duvoir  aux  autorites  biitaiiiiiciiH^s  d'etre 
siiiliMirs  liardcs  \is-a-vi8  do  (aits  do  oo  ticnro. 

c)  A  la  Miito  dos  ili'iioiiciatidiis  do  Diidloy  ot  d'Adams.  olloa  no  ])riroiit  itonrtaiit  pas 
1.1  uioiiidro  iiiitiativo  on  viio  do  H'<'iiiiiioiir  dii  vc^i'itaiilo  otat  dos  ohoson.  inali^ro  (jn'olles 
I  iiNM'iit  doiiiii'  l'assiiraiic(i  <|iio  li's  aiitoiitii's  proiidraioiil  la  ohoso  on  mains. 

'()  Ai>ifs  (|ii('  I'oii  tut  Coiinii  dt!s  proiivcs  siil'tisaiitos,  I'l  viiinoii  i\<'  cclli's-i'i  fiit  tollo- 
iiii'iit  ii'taid('ot  loi  iiiosiiros  prisos  )i(iur  I'aii'o  anrtor  lo  xaisscmi  i'moiit  si  di'l'octuoiisos, 
i|Ui'  1,'  na\  iio  put  s'l'-cliappoi'  iiuiaodiatoinoiit  avaut  nuc  l\)ii  out  doiiiit'  I'ordro  do  lo 
siisii'. 

TI. — .1  I'q/urd  dcs  mcmnrfi  princ^i  iwiir  Ic  fuhr  jioiirxiiirfe. 

a)  Los  ordros  do  )i()ursiiivro  ot  d'anvtor  It^  vaissoaii  aitirs  sa  fuitc^  no  furont  douiios 
<|Mi'(iiiai'aiito-luiit  liouros  plus  tard,  ot  no  i'ui'oiit  adioss.'s  qu'a  (|Uol(|Ui's  ports  rappiDoln's, 

h)  II  no  I'lit  ddunt'  anouno  insdaiotiDii  aux  aiitros  ports  ilo  la  (irando  lii-otaniio  ni  a 
ii'iix  d'oiiti'o-nior,  oxo(>pto  i\  ooux  do  Nassau. 

t)  II  n"y  ont  pas  luoiuc  do  vuissoaux  ouvoyos  a  la  p(niisulto  dans  l(,'s  oanx  aiiglaisot 
(111  voisiuai;o. 

III.— .1   Viijavd  dc  2>onr8iiifvs  judiciaiirs  i)  cniisc  de  Viiirolemciit  d'lin  i^qiiipaf/e  efdrVai- 

viiinvnt. 

a)  II  n'y  out  pas  ]»lus  d'otnjut^to  institin^o  oontro  ooux  (|ui  avaionfc  onrolo  r('!(inij)a,<»o 
<li'  TAlaltania  ot  ooux  qui  Ini  avaionl  amonosou  anuouioiit,  quocuutro  ooux  qui  I'avaioiit 
loumiaiulo  ot  ccua  qui  raviiicut  couatniit. 


^li 


!  !i 


i      I, 


124 


ARI5ITRATI0N   AT    GENEVA. 


(h.)  Tlic  (li.soii»!iiiary  poiialties  intliotod  oil  some  soanien  of  the  Ala- 
l)aniJi  on  tlicii-  retui'ii  to  England  caiiuot  be  looked  upon  as  a  serious 
prosecution. 

lY. —  ^Vtth  regard  to  the  free  (((hhisnion  to  British  ports  suhsefjunithj 

allowed  to  this  rcssel, 

(a.)  The  i';\ct  that  the  vessel  was  armed  within  English  ,jnrisdi(!tion. 
and  in  (iontravention  of  neutrality,  was  estsiMished  by  the  order  for  hor 
seizure  issued  by  the  British  autliorilies. 

{b.)  Tiie  same  is  true  with  rej^ard  to  the  illegal  and  fraudulent  depart- 
ure of  the  vessel  from  the  port  of  Liveri)ool. 

(c.)  The  cognizance  and  complicity  of  the  insurgent  governnuMit. 
wliicli  had  commissioned  the  vessel,  as  also  of  the  agents  of  that  gov. 
ernment  at  Jjiveri)0()l,  and  of  the  otiicers  who  commanded  her,  had  like- 
wise been  established. 

{d.)  Not  only,  therefore,  had  the  British  axithorities  the  right,  but  it 
was  also  thei'- duty,  to  seize  this  vessel,  in  whate'^'er  British  port  sin 
might  be  Ibund. 

((',)  The  British  government  even  admitted  this  right  and  this  duty 
so  far  as  the  port  of  Nassau  is  concerned. 

V. — The  following  ohjections  are  not  raJt!! : 

(a.)  That  the  arming  and  equip'ping  of  the  vessel  Mi-l  :■  ^ake  i)liioi 
within  JUitish  jurisdiction,  but  only  in  waters  lying  oevot  I  that  jiuis- 
diction. 

By  the  first  rule,  and  according  to  the  natural  interpretation  of  tlio 
obligations  of  the  law  of  nations,  evi'u  a  ])artial  equipment  ibi'  warlikr 
purposes  is  not  allowable.  This  is,  moreover,  admitted  by  the  English 
liiw-ol'licers  of  the  Crown  in  their  report  of  July  l".>,  18()2.  It  is  furtlu'i 
established  that  even  the  arnuunent  and  the  original  e(piii)nuMit  of  tin 
Alabanni  were  prepared  within  British  Jurisdiction,  aiul  shipi)ed  IVoiu 

h)  On  n(M'()nsi(l(~'ro  point  coninic  ('n(|ni'to  soriouso  les  piMncs  discipliuairos  prouon- 
Ci5c8  fontro  -...i^iuds  nnitclots  do  I'Alabiiuia,  rovenus  eu  Anji;letorre. 

IV. — J  Vi'iinrd  de  !a  Ubir  adinimon  dans  dcs  ports  britanniqitcs  subscqitcmmciit  afcordri'^ 

iHtvirc. 

n)  L'anntMnciit:  <ln  viusaoainlans  la  Juridiction  do  I'An]L;1otprre,  etcontrairor-  'hi  ■ 
iiontralil*'  .I'lail  cnnstati'  par  I'anvf  dc  .saisic  r(?iidu  jtar  Ics  aiitoriti's  ".>i'itaiiii:n'  o^. 

b)  II  en  ctiiit   do  niriuc  dc  la  hoitio  illogalc  ot  I'lauduluiiHO   dii  navi...     n  vmv 
LivcriuKil. 

(■)  Ij'on  avait  anssi  constats  la  connaissane(>  ot  la  cniiiplicitd  dn  i^duvornonu").  - 
insurii't's,  (|ni  avait  oninniissionno  lo  vais.soaii,  ot  rosix'ctivoiiiont  dcs  ag(!nts  dc  '  •  ■ 
VL'iiioniont  a  I A  >  crpodl  ot  do.s  ollioiors  (|ui  ('(»niniaii(lai<'nt  lo  navire. 

d)  Los  antoiitos  hritannifpio.s  avaioiit  «l(mc,  non-.sonh'iuont  lo  d.oit,  main  onoorelt 
devoir,  di'  sai.sii'  oo  vaissoan,  dans  ([nehiuo  port  liritaiiniipic  (lu'on  lo  roni'oiitrat. 

e)  IjO  ^ouvoinoinont  lirilanni(jue  a  nieiuii  ri;eonnu  co  droit  et  co  devoir  pour  co  qui 
coiicerne  le  port  de  Xa.stiau. 

y, — !.(•»  ohjictions  suivaiitcs  )ic  soul  jxts  foiidren. 

a)  Quo  rarnioniont  ot  roqnipoinont  (^i  vaissoan  n'ont  i)as  on  lien  dans  la  .jniiilic- 
tion  l)ritanni(|n<'.  nniis  Honloni"iit  dans  dos  oanx   sitin-os  on  dolioi's  de  eottf-  jiridii'tion, 

D'apros  la  io>;lo  1,  ot  solon  nnc^  intorpr('tation  natnrollo  de.s  oblij,  \i>-i..  >\:i  .)>  ,it  il " 
(j;onH,  nno  pr(')iaration.  nn"ino  partiollo.  a  dos  bnts  do  ynorre  n'ost  jtas  u,  .!!-  i;l  c  :  "Vst 
ce  tpio,  dn  rcslo.  lis  Jnrisconsnltos  do  la  oonronno  en  Angleteri'e  out  Ti'i;  .;■•..•  -^ 
nieiues  dans  li'or  pn^ivis  dn  2'J  jnillot  r-^n^;  on  ont)i',  il  est  constatii  u,u  wtW 
I'arrni'inont  ol  lo  ])roniior  ociniiionuMit  de  I'Alabaina  funnt  p-f'part^s  dans  la  jnridii'- 
tiou  britanniipie  ot  partinsut  de  ports  britauni(in'.;' ;  nv.o  division  dea  circoustaiices 


i 


OPINIONS    OF   MR.    ST.EMPFLI. 


1-25 


''  :l 


British  ports.  A  division  of  the  circninstuiicos  atteii<liii<>'  an  olfonse 
(loos  not,  in  itself,  do  away  with  the  olfcnsc,  more  es[)e(;iall.v  mIkmi  the 
siuie  cognizance  and  criminal  purpose  attach  to  all  the  persons  cou- 
ceriK'd. 

(/>.)  That  the  vessel  havin"'  been  commissioned  for  the  insurgent 
States,  hei'  seizure  within  JJritish  jurisdiction  was  not  allowable.  This 
objection  is  refuted  by  the  fourtli  general  rule  of  law  laid  down  at  the 
bejtiiuiing  of  this  draught. 

(c.)  Tiiat  Clreat  IJritain  cannot  be  held  res])onsible  for  tlu^  negligenee 
of  wliii'h  subordinate  ofhcials  may  have  been  guilty  in  tlie  pursuit  of 
till' vessel,  tor  indis(!retions  which  may  have  been  committed  by  some 
unknown  subordinate  with  regai'd  to  her  impending  seizure. »S:<;.  Taken 
by  itself,  an  act  of  imprudenc'e  or  negligence  on  the  jiart  ol  sid)or(iinale 
autborities  or  ollicials  does  not,  it  is  true,  necessarily  entail  responsi- 
bibty  for  the  extreme  consequences  of  sucli  act:  but  when  a  series  of 
acts  of  m'gle(;t  lire  in  question,  each  of  the  acts  in  that  case  becomes 
of  iinportiiiice. 

{(L)  That  the  United  States  were  themselves  guilty  of  negligence — 

ill  having  furnished  incomplete  and  tardy  eviilence  through  their 
ajiciits. 

Tbis  objection  is  refut<'d  by  the  tilth  general  rule  of  law  laid  down 
above. 

By  the  inaction  of  the  vessel-of-war  Tuscarora,iu  the  waters  of  Liver- 
pool. 

Even  if  this  fact  were  established,  it  would  be  no  excuse  for  acts  ot 
ucgligence  on  the  part  of  the  British  autliorities. 

IV. — THE  SlIENANDOAn. 

(A.)— Facts. 

l.—  What  tool-  place  from  ihe  time  of  her  departure  to  that  of  her  armament 
and  equipment  in  the  icaterff  of  Madeira. 

1.  This  vessel  was  originally  the  Sea  King,  a  merchant-vessel  belong- 


ilu  (li'lit  irinv!ili(l('iit  pas  co  di'lit  en  liii-inriiu',  snrtout  l()rsfii''oii  rccoiitri',  clicz  timtcs 
ii  >  ]n'rs(iiiiu'S  inliTcssci's,  lii  niriiio  comijiissaiuc  el  la  iiirmi'  iiitt-ntioii  ciiiniii:'!!!'. 

/m  (^iic '.(■  vaisscaii  ayaiit  <ii''  ( .miiiiissidiiiii'  pour  Ics  t'tats  iiisiii';:;('.s,  iiiii'  snisit;  do 
•  '  vaisscui  dans  hi  ,iMii;1ic.ti(iii  aiiulaisc  ii'ctair  plus  adniissili'c ;  cfttc  oUjrcl  iiui  est 
ii  inti'c  )  ar  la  iculc  fiiMU'ialc  do  droit  Xo.  -1.  poM'c  au  (•oiiiincuccuiLMit  dc  cc  jiroji't, 

( )  i-lnt'  la  (iraiMK:  lin'taniu;  nc  ])cuf  cti'c  icspoiisahlt'  ]iour  di's  iii';^lii^(Mi(M!S  (pii  out 
jiii  sc  )ir(  scutcr  (Ic  la  part  d'cniployt's  suhalti'iiics  dans  la  ]ioursnit(',  du  vaisscau,  pour 
uiKlisciciiou  ([ui  a  pu  sc.  coinmrttro  ]»av  uu  sulsaltfruo  iiicouuu,  coui.Muri.uit  la  saisio 
iiaiiiincntc,  &v.:  ]\r'\H  isoli'iucut,  im  actti  d"iuipiuil('iii'o  on  d">  luv'^lin'i  ui'c  dt!  la  part 
d'aiitoritt's  vt  d'ciuployos  subaltcrncs  nV'Utraiiii)  pas  iii'ct'ssaii'ciuc^U,  11  est  viai.  la 
icsimnsahilitc  pour  les  couscmiucuci'S  cxtivuM's  dc  cct  ai'tc ;  iiiais  l()rsi|u"il  s'a^it  d'uue 
s.  lie  (1(!  U'  uliucnci's.  cbacuu  dos  I'aits  ])r(U(l  ;  lors  dc,  I'iniportancc 

(/)  (^uc  Ics  ritats-l'nis  so  soiit  cux-iiicnics  wudus  coupal»it!s  dc  nct^liLji-ucc — 

Kn  fouriii^sant"  ilt'tcctueuscnicnt  ot  tro|)  tard  dcs  prcuvcs  ))ar  Ic  luoycn  dc  Icnrs 
a^i'iits.  Ccttc  objection  est  ielu!co  par  la  iv'^ln  gciicralts  dc  droit,  No.  ;>,  i)osco  plus 
liaat— 

I'iir  la  coiidniti>  pen  active  du  vaisscau  dc  {jucrro  lo  Tnscarora  dans  Ics  canx  dc  Fa- 
vcipodl.  Quaud  uicnu'  il  scrait  ctabli,  co  fait  nc  scraitpas  uno  excuse  pour  Ics  actcs  do 
ucyligeucc  dcsautoritcs  britauniipios. 

LE    SnENANDOAir. 

(A.)— Faits. 

I— Cc  qui  se  passu  dqmis  son  depart  jnsijn'il  son  armi'meni  ct  ('qnipcmcnt  dans  lea  caux  de 

Madtrc. 

1.  Co  navire  dtait  origiiiaiiouiont  le  Sea  King,  vaisacau  uiarcbaud  appartoimnt  il  uue 


M 


mm^i^ 


,j  i. 


m 


126 


ARmnUTION    AT    GENEVA. 


ing  to  a  firm  in  Bombay ;  she  Avas  employed  in  the  Enst  India  trado, 
and  was  bnilt  at  Ghusgow,  in  18(53.  She  was  a  loiij>-,  rakish 
vessel  of  1,700  tons,  with  engines  ofL'liO  horse-jtower,  (IJub- 
ertson  &  Co.,  who  sold  her,  say  only  l;"iO  horse-power,  and  not  li-O,)  mak- 
iv.g  ten  knots  an  honr ;  she  had  made  three  hundred  and  twenty  miles  in 
twenty-tour  hours;  and  was  built  by  celebrated  ship-builders  on  tin- 
Clyde. 

li.  She  left  in  November,  lSG;),for  Xew  Zealand  and  for  the  China  soas, 
and  returne<l  to  London  with  a  carfto  of  tea.  Before  her  voyaif>e  to 
New  Zealand,  ]>.idley  saw  her  at  (ilasgow,  and  pointed  her  out  to  his 
sui)eriors  as  a  steamer  likely  to  be  intended  for  a  i)rivateer. 

3.  Ou  the  L'Otli  Se[)tember,  18()1,  she  was  sold  in  London  to  Riehavd 
Wright,  of  Liverpool,  a  British  subject,  and  father-in-law  to  Brioleaii, 
head  partner  of  Fraser,  Trenholm  «&  Co.  Tlie  sale  was  registered  the 
same  day. 

4.  On  the  7th  October,  1804,  Wright  gave  a  power  of  attorney  tou 
man  named  Corbett,  a  British  subject,  (who  was  implicated  in  mattcis 
connected  witli  vessels  running  the  blockade,)  enabling  him  to  sell  tiic 
vessel  whenever  he  could  within  six  months,  at  a  minimum  price  ot 
£45,000  sterling. 

r.  On  the  8th  October,  1804,  she  cleared  for  liombay ;  left  London 
V  ,      •    '-ew  of  forty-seveu  men,  having  iirsi  talvcu  in  coal  and  provis- 
i;.  .welve  months.      She  had  on  board  two  18-p()un<ler  guns  on 


lOl 


carria..  s,  (12-pounders,  according  to  the  liritish  Counter  Case,  p.  lOo.i 
The  same  night  tlie  soutiu'rn  agent  at  Liverpool  was  informed  of  ln'i 
(U'parture,  by  telegraj)!!. 

0.  On  the  ^th  ()(;tol)er,  1804,  the  very  same  night,  the  Laurel,  screw- 
steamer,  n«'aily  lU'W,  ami  of  first-class  make,  left  Liverpool  with  about 
twenty  citizens  of  the  Southorn  States  on  board,  and  sonu' cases  markcil 
"  ma(;iiiuery,"  which  contained  guns  and  gun-carriages,  such  as  aie  uscil 
on  board  ships  of  war.  Tlie  Laurel  ami  the  Sea  King  had  arranj^ed 
to  meet  in  the  bay  of  Funchal,  in  tlie  island  of  Madeira. 


ni.'iisnii  (Ic  Tioiiiliiiy;  il  c^tiiit  omiiloyi' <l!itis  lo  coniiiu'rco  dos  IikIoh  Oiiciitalcs  ct  avnii 
oti' coustiiiit  ;'i  (niisp;ow,  cii  Ibll^.  C'('tiiit  im  vaisscaii  tony.  ;i  iiiatme  iinliiH'c,  (fiiin: 
caiJaciti'  (Ic  I.T'.HI  lo.iiicaiix,  avui^  iiiaclriiics  aiixiliairi'S  dc  ".i'JO  clicvaii::,  (linlicirsoii  it 
C'"',  vt'iidcms,  disciit  sculcnu'iit  1")0  clun'aiix.  ct  iioii  'Ju'O,)  Caisant  dix  niriids  a  riicuic: 
il  avail  fait  I!''  milii's  en  vin'^t-iiuatn;  heurcs;  il  avait  (■te  coiisti'uit  par  do  crlMiiv< 
foii.sli'iU'tcMis  dcs  liord.s  dc  la  Clyde. 

'J.  II  ])artit,  I'll  iioviMiihrc  IHi!:!,  pour  la  Xoii  velo-Zc'laiidc  et  pour  Ics  iiusrs  dc  la  C'liiiii' 
ct,  rcviiit  i\  Tjtmdrcs  avcc  iinc  cargaisoii  dc  tin'.  Avaiit  son  voyajfc  a  la  Noiivclk-/i- 
laiidc,  J)iidli'y  lo  vit  a  (!las;;o\v  ct  le  .sif^iiala  a  scs  superieius  couimo  uu  steamer  pro- 
bablciiiciit  destine  a  faiic  la  course. 

;?.  L(.'  '2i)  Hcptenibrti  \f^\>\,  il  I'ut  veudu  a  LoiidroH,  i\  liicliard  Wiii^lit  dc  liivcrpodl, 
siijet  anglais  ct  bcaii-pe.c  de  I'ricdi'aii,  ee  derider  hi  principal  ussocic  do  I'raser,  Trcii- 
liohn  et  ('"'.     Tja  vciite  Cut  ciU'eu;istr<'o  le  iiieiu(!  Jour. 

•1.  Ee  7  octobrti  Ir^dl,  A\iij;lit  donna  jirocuralion  a  nn  iioinnii'  Corliolt,  snjet  aiislai>, 
(ini]ili(iU(''  dans  des  I'aits  rclatil's  a  dcs  vaisscaux  (|ui  lurcai<'nt  Ic  blocns,)  de  vendrt-lf 
navirc  (piand  il  lo  pourrait,  daus  le  ddlai  do  six  uiois  uu  prix  miiiiminn  do  45.000  livn- 
sterlinji,'. 

r>.  Ee  H  oetobro  ISiM,  il  s'acciuitta  on  douaiio  pour  IJoinbay,  paitlt  do  Eoiidros  avcc 
quarante-sept  liomnies  d'e(iuipa<!;o,  apres  avoir  au|>aravaut  onibar(]uo  du  eharboii  I't 
dcs  provisions  ])onr  douzt!  niois.  II  avait  a  bord  deux  canons  niontos,  dc  18  livrcs,  (di'  I'J 
livres.  d'apres  lo  contre-nicinoiro  britanni(|ui',  )».  101?.)  Eo  memo  soir,  lo  depart  on  nit 
annonce  par  teli'iri-ipln)  a  l'arfi;ent  da  sud  a  ldv(  rpool. 

It.  Ijo  S  oetoliro  IstU,  le  memo  soir  onooi'c,  le  Eaiirol,  vapour  i\  In^lico,  jirosipK?  iieiil 
et  snpt'rieurenicnt  construit,  jtartit  dc  liiverpool,  omportant  nno  vinf>;taino  do  citoycii^ 
lies  etiits  (111  sud  ot  dcs  Oiiissos,  desiifiK'es  ooinino  "  nifichinos,"  leH(|U(dlcs  contcnaieiit 
dcs  canons  ct  tics  aH'ilts,  tols  (pio  ooux.  iMiiitloyes  a  bord  dcs  va'isscaux  do  {>ucrro.  I.i' 
Eaurol  ot  lo  !Soa  King  s'otaieut  doiiue  rondoz-voiis  dans  la  baio  do  Fimchal,  ilc  di; 
Madoro. 


et  avait 

KM',  (riiiii' 

xM'tson  ft 

1  riicinv: 

fi'lt'bi'c> 

Ol'INIONS    OF    MR.    .ST.EMPFLI. 


127 


7.  On  the  VMh  of  October  the  Sea  Kins:  arrived  on  Fnnchal ;  the  Lanrel 
liiul  preceded  her  by  two  days.  Tlie  two  ships  met  and  eiVectcd  the 
tninsshipnient  of  the  cannon,  cS:e.,  (six  larfi'e  ynns,  two  small,  caniajnos, 
munitions,  powder,  ninskets,  »S:e. ;)  for  this,  thirty-six  honrs  siiHiced. 
Corbett  then  came  forward,  aniionnced  the  sale  of  the  Si'a  Kiiiu',  and 
tried  to  indncc  the  crew  to  remain.  Ont  of  elfi'lity  sailors,  however, 
oi'ly  twenty-three  reiuained.  The  olhcers  and  men  retiincd  in  the  Sea 
Kiiiji"  )inmbered  in  all  forty-two,  and  hardly  iormed  lialf  lier  i)roper 
coinplcnu'nt,  which  forced  her  to  nse  her  enj;ines. 

She  took  the  name  of  the  Shenandoah,  and  continued  on  her  way 
under  the  insurgent  Hag*. 

:       II. — Steps  taken  by  the  Eiifflixh  consul  nt  Tenet'lfe,  and  their  result. 

8.  On  the  12th  of  Xovend)er,  1804,  Lord  Ivussell  received  froin  the 
Enj^lisli  consul,  at  Teiierilfe,  a  detailed  rei)ort,  dated  October  .'30,  of 
what  had  taken  i>lace  i'l  the  waters  of  Madeira. 

The  consul  also  sent  (Jorbett,  c'ptain  of  the  Sea  Iving',  as  a  prisoner 
to  England.  Among  otlu'r  things  the  report  of  the  JOnglish  consul 
s;iys  the  Laurel  arrived  at  Teneriffc!  on  the  iMst  October  lor  Ihe  i)ur[)ose 
nf coaling;  the  master,  L'anisay,  came  before  tlie  consul  and  expressed 
a  desire  to  land  forty-three  passengers  who  wished  to  return  to  Ijugland 
hy  the  lirst  oi)portunity ;  they  werc^  from  the  IJritish  steamer  Sea  King, 
at'Lomlon,  which  had  been  wrecked  near  the  Desertas  islands. 

On  the  2od  October  the  Laurel  proceeiled  on  her  voyage.  The  master 
i>f  the  Sea  King,  however,  did  not  (,'ome  forward  to  uake  tlu^  usual 
declarations  and  to  ask  for  assistance;  thein(piiries  made  by  the  consid 
l)ioved  thiit  the  Sea  King  had  not  been  wrecked  at  all,  l»ut  that  she  had 
'^I'on  already  sold  in  London,  an<l  was  to  bo  handed  over  on  the  high 


seas 

r 


Tlic  consul  took  the  de])ositions  on  oath  of  i'our  sailors  who  had  been 
lauded.  In  these  depositions  it  was  stated  that  the  Laurel  had  lefr 
Liveri)ool  bou  1(1  for  Nassau;  that  she  had  taken  on  board  twenty-six 

7.  Lc  19  octoln'o,  lo  Sea  Kiiij;  aniva  dcvaiit  Fmiclial ;  lo  Launl  Vy  avait  ]tivi'(''(lt>  do 
deux  jdur.s.  Lcs  deux  vais.si'aiix  sc  it'ioit;' lOUt  vt  I'llcctiii'iit  lc  tiaiisliordciiiciit  dcs 
laiions  (>t  <li's  aeccssoii'i's,  (six  j^raiides  pii'i:  s.  d'Mix  jx'tilcs,  allVits,  iiiiiiiitioiis,  poiidri-, 
I'usils,  A.O. ;)  il  sul'lit  ))(>iir  ctda  dc  trciitc-Hix  liciircs.  Cnrln'tl;  alois  .sc  ini'sciita,  amidiivii 
la  vi'iiti!  dii  Si'a  Kiiiu,' ft  idirrcha  a  cnifaj^cr  r(Miiii|)a,ni'  a  rcstcr.  J)i'  (iuatrc-\  ini;t.s 
iiKitclotK,  il  n'cii  i'<'.sta  C'cjtcr.dant.  i|1H'  vin^f-ti'dis.  Lcs  orii<'ii'r.s  «'t  Ics  Iiniiiincs  (|Ui'  lt> 
Si'a  KiiifX  retiiit  coiiiidaiciit  cm  tout  (|iiaraiit<;-di'iix,  ct  iic  loiiiiaiciit  ^iiiic  (iiic  la  luoitit' 
lie  I'c  (pril  lui  fallait,  cc  (|iii  Toliliifca  a  sc  scrvir  dc  ses  inacliiiics. 

II  piit  le  nom  de  Slieuaiidoali,  ct  coiitiiiiia  sa  route  .sous  lc  i»avillon  dcs  iiisurgcs. 

11. — Dcmuirhcs  dn  coitfiiil  aixjluh  a  Ti'ni'riffc,  it  Iciirii  siiUct, 

*.  Le  12  novcmltie  lS(i4,  Lord  Kussell  r<'<,'nt  du  consul  aiifilais  a  TiiK'iilVo  uii 
laitport  d('taillc,  datt' du  :>(»  octohrc,  sur  cc  ([ui  s'ctait  ]iass('  dans  lcs  caux  dt;  Madcro. 

IjO  consul  cuvoyait  cjfalcMucut  Corbel t,  ca[)itaiuc  du  ISca  Kinii',  [uisounicr  cii 
Annltitcrrc.  \ai  rapixirt  tin  consul  anglais  dit  cntr'auUcs;  Lc  J^aur(d  airiva  lc;  '21 
I'AiAnv  nn  port  dc  'J'cnf'ritlc  ]K)ur  i'airo  du  charlion;  lc  ]»atniu  lianiscy  sc  jucscnta 
iui  consulat  et  exprinia  le  <1('sir  dc  del)ari[Uer  (|uarante-trois  passatjers  (pii  dcsiraieut 
I'l'toiuiier  en  Anyletcrre  par  l:i  preuuert^  oeea.sion;  ils  veuaient  du  steauu-r  l)ritanui(iue 
If  Sen  Kinjj,  dc  Ijondrcs,  ipii  avait  fait  uaufraj^fi-  auprcs  dcs  iles  Desertas. 

Lt! 'il$  oetolirc,  le  liaurel  s<s  ri'uiit  on  vo_va;;c.  Cepeudant  le  i)atron  du  Sea  Kini;  no  .so 
pivscntait  pas  pour  I'aire  )H'endre  les  declarations  d'usay;t^  et  deniander  assistaiu'c^ ;  lcs 
iiil'oriiiation.s  ipio  (it  prendre  it'  consul  ('tabliront  (|ue  h'  Sea  Kiui;'  n'avait  pas  fait 
iiaiilViiy,c  du  toiU,  niaLs  qu'il  avait  di'ja  etc  vendu  a  Londres  et  deviiit  etro  livre  en 
lilciiK!  uier. 

Le  consul  entendit  lcs  d(^positions  faites  sous  .sennont  do  (piatro  niatolot.s  cpio  I'oii 
iivait  (Icbanpic.s.  Cos  depositions  eonstalaient  <iue  ie  Lanrel  c^tait  parti  de  Liverpool 
i'vec  la  dcstiuutiou  dc  ^'assuu;  (pi'll  cniportait   vingt-si.v  olliciers  et  soixautc-dctix 


i  .;. 


■il 


i:-l. 


ll 


lii:! 


f  f  1 


i ' 


H  ■ 

ii 


;;|| 

■   1 

'in 

'•1  > 

ij:n 

:'r :  t 

m 

vj   ■ 

III 

Iji, 

ML 

128 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


o(Tf;:('iK  and  sixty-two  sailors  in  addition  to  her  proper  crow,  sixty-fivf 
hIk'iIs,  I  vo  tons  of  cannoii-i)Owd(>r,  and  various  otlier  nuinitions;  that 
at  ]Mad»-ira  she  liad  taken  in  .'300  tons  of  coal ;  that  the  t)anssiii|)nieHt  in 
llie  Soa  Kin^'  had  been  elfeeted  at  a  point  oil",  tlie  Desertas  dnriny'  ciilm 
weatlier;  that  tlie  sailors  were  armed  with  cutlasses  and  revolvers; 
that  the  oflieer  in  coniiinind  had  taken  possession  of  the  ttea  King  in 
the  name  of  the  insui\!4ent  States. 

t).  On  tlie  J.^l  November,  1801,  the  law-oflicers  of  the  Crown  <iavi> 
their  opinion  on  the  report  of  the  consul  at  TeneriiVe  and  on  tin;  sendiii" 
of  Corbett  as  a  prisoner  to  En<«lan<l.  Anioiiji''  other  thin.:i^s  they  s;iy. 
"  We  are  not  of  oi)inion  that  a  vessel  outsider  of  JUitisli  waters  is  suij. 
ject  to  I'.ritish  jurisdiction  with  regard  to  what  takes  place  on  boiinl 
her."     (British  ('ase,  p.  1  ").•'>.) 

10.  Further  incpiiries  in  London;  exannnation  of  sailors  who  had  re- 
turned. 

11.  December  1,  1851.  Second  rei)ort  of  the  law-oflicers;  in  tliis 
second  rejjort  the  same  law-ollicers  declare  that  "on  more  < lei iberati' 
(ionsideration,  if  the  Sea  Kinj;'  ought  to  be  deemed  to  have  been  still  a 
liritish  shi])  wluiu  Cai)tain  Corbett  eiuleavored  to  indu(!C  the  mow  m 
board  lier  to  accept  the  confederate  service,  the  (piestiou  whether  Ini 
deck  was  not  then  '  a  idace  belonging  or  subje(;t  to  lier  Majesty,'  is  a 
serious  cpu'stion  which  ought  also  to  be  raised  by  the  indictment,  hi 
our  former  rei)ort  we  stated  that  we  did  not  think  a  Lritish  nu'rchaiit- 
ship  at  sea  was  included  within  Iler  Britannic  Majesty's  d(»minions,  in 
the  sense  of  the  act ;  but,  in  the  second  clause,  there  are  also  the  otliw 
and  larger  words  above  noticed,  to  which  we  did  not  then  advert,  ami 
which  might  perhaps  receive  a  more  extensive  couslrnction."'  (JJritisli 
Case,  p.  155.) 

12.  On  the  8th  December,  1801,  Lord  Russell  communicates  to  Lord 
Lyons  the  report  of  the  consul  at  Teneriile.  Jle  adds  that,  on  the  retuiii 
of  the  sailors,  an  incjuiry  will  be  instituted,  and  that,  by  the  advice  of 
the  law  (iHicers  of  the  Crown,  a  in'osecution  had  already  been  directed 
against  Corbett. 


itiarii  outre  son  jiropiv.  "^([uipaKP.  soixiinte-ciiiq  obiis,  ciii(|  tomioH  dci  poiidrc  h  camiii. 
I't  (livcrscs  aiilrcs  iiiiiiiilioiis;  (iii'il  (>iiiliai([i!a  a  .Madi-ic  :iili)  tcmiics  dc  (  liarhoii ;  t[W  1l 
tiaiisliordciiii'iil  a  bord  dii  8t'a  Kiiij;  is't'tait  fait  sur  iiii  i)()iiit  dos  Di;s(!rta.s  par  ui:e  iiiiT 
caliiu';  que  ]cs  niariiis  liirciit  ariiK'.s  dc  sabres  e(  de  revolvers. 

L'olUcier  eoiniiKiiidaiit  prit  possessioh  dii  .Sea  Iviii>4-  an  nom  des  etals  iiisiirj;eH. 

i).  Lc  I"'  novembre  iMil,  les  Jiiriseousidtes  de  la  eoiiroiiiic  Ijritainiiipie  donnerciit 
Iciir  ])reavis  siir  le  I'apport  du  (hhisuI  do  U'l'iH'rille  ot  siir  Tenvoi  w,  Corbett  coiiMut 
prisonnier  eii  Anj;let(U'r(S  ils  y  diseiit  (!i>tr'aiitres:  "Nous  ne,  soMinies  jias  d'avis  (in'iin 
A'aisseaii  liors  des  eaiix;  britauiiiqiies  est  sounds  a  la  jurisdiction  britanui(pic  pour  te 
<iui  se  passe  sur  son  tillae."     (McMuoire  ant^lais,  p.  lo;!.) 

10.  Kiupiete  eouiplenii'ntaire  a  Londres;  au(lition  de  niiirins  retonrues. 

11.  I.e  I''  d('cend)re.  IH()4,  deuxienie  rapport  ties  jnriseonsnltes  !)ans  oe  denxiiinie 
rapjiort  les  nienies  jurisetnisnltes  ddciarent  que  "  apres  uno  ])lns  mfiro  dt'liberation,  >i 
le  !Sea  Kinj>'  doit  etro  considere  eoinnio  ayant  tonjours  couservt-  la  natimialiti' 
britanniqne  an  moment  oh  lo  caititaine  Corbett  a  essayc  do  d«'cider  le.s  homines  ;"l  sou 
bord  a  accepter  le  servieo  confodere,  on  pent  so  demander  si  bs  pont  do  co  navire 
notait  p^s  alors  nn  lien  dans  la  snjetion  ou  an  pouvoir  do,  sa  Majesto ;  et  c'est  uiu' 
qnestion  seriensc  (pie  raecnsation  dcvra  (^^aloment  sonbnor.  Dans  uotro  precedent 
rapport,  nous  avons  forninl(^  I'opiuion  qn'uu  vaissoau  do  conimorco  britai\ni(pie  no 
rentrait  pas  dans  les  doinainoH  de  mi  Majestd  britanniquo,  solon  lo  Hens  do  I'acte; 
luais  la  deuxiemo  clanso  renfermo  d'.'intro  part  des  ternies  phis  larj^os  quo  nous  venouj 
de  signaler,  (pie  nous  n'avioiis  point  .ilors  en  vne,  ot  qni  seraieiit  peiit-etro  suaceptibles 
do  recevoir  niie  intorprc^tation  phis  diondno."    (Mdmoire  britannitpie,  p.  155.) 

I'i.  liO  H  dt^eembro  lS(i4,  Lord  Riis.ioll  comtminitpio  ii  Ijord  Lyons  lo  rapport  (In 
consul  do  Teiidrill'o,  et  il  ajoute  (pi'au  rotour  dos  matelots  I'on  oiitamcra  une  enqncte; 
quo  sur  le  pidavia  des  juiiscousuUea  do  la  courouuo  I'euquoto  ctuit  d6ji\  eutam^n 
cuulru  Corbett. 


i:i.  W(\su]tM 


OPINIONS    OF    MR.    STyEMPFLI. 


12f) 


];{.  KesuU of  this  last  procecdiii};-:  acquittal  of  Corbott  by  tlic  jur 
III. — (Utnduet  of  the  Shennndnnlt  at  Mdhourne. 

14.  Oil  the  L*r)tli  January,  1-S(>."»,  tlic  Shciiaiuloah  arrived  at  Port 
I'liilip.  ill  till'  colony  of  Victoria,  and  aiiciiorod  in  llobsoii's  l'>ay. 

Toward  tlic  middle  of  Xovcnihcr,  1S(!I,  the  mail  Icl't  l^uropc  and 
rciiclicd  .Melbourne  about  the  middle  of  -Fanuary,  biinuinj;' the  news  re- 
sjM'ctiniH"  the  Sea  Kin^'  and  her  tiansformation  into  the  Shenandoah. 

l.").  ()n  the -."•th  January,  bSfi."*,  the  American  eonsnl  protested  aj>ain.st 
the  iidmission  of  this  vessel  and  doiKdulid  licr  .seizure  o\'  the  j;'overnor. 
Tlu'  law-officers  were  consuiied  ;  the  yoNcrnor  answered,  on  the  3Uth, 
by  a  refusal. 

It  was  decided  on  the  >ame  day  Wythe  council  that  the  cai>tain  of  the 
.Slii'iiandoah  should  not  be  asked  for  the  commission  of  his  jiovernmenl. 

1(1.  February  10.  The  American  con.sul  to  the  governor;  protest 
im'iiinst  enlistments. 

February  l."».  The  law-ollicers  lind  the  evidence  sulUcient. 

February  I.').  The  jiovernor  determines  to  await  the  report  of  the 
|i()liee  authorities  betbrc  taUinj^'  action. 

February  11.  The  chief  commissioner  of  police  reports:  "  Waddell  re- 
fuses to  allow  his  .ship  to  be  .searched,  sayinj^'  that  he  ivill  oppose  force  hif 
I'lirrc,'' 

February  11.  Decision  of  council  to  >X7/Mr.s'^  Waddell  to  reconsider  his 
R'sohition  of  forcible  ()p|>osition.  Susi)ension  of  permission  to  make  re- 
pairs.    IJeply  of  ('aptain  ^Vaddell.     The  order  of  suspension  is  revoked. 

Tile  law-ollicers  of  the  Crown,  subseiiuently  consulted  as  to  the  re- 
tiisiil  of  Captain  Waiblell,  statecl  to  Lord  Jiussell  in  their  report  of  the 
Jlst  of  April,  ISt;."*,  that  "the  riyht  of  forcibly  execntinj;'  a  warrant  on 
a  l)i'lliji>('rent  vessel  did  not  exist,  but  that  an  order  to  leave  the  port  at 
Duce  woidd  be  the  conseijuence." 

17.  Subseipient  steps  of  the  American  consul  with  respect  to  the  en- 
listments. 


I'.V  IJf'siiltat  (li!  ccttf.  (lei'iiitTc  ('ii(]U(''t<,' :  ii(^((uiitL'iiitMit  do.  Corbett  par  lo  jury. 
IIJ. —  Cc  (iitcjit  /''  ShciKDidoah  a  .Uclhonntt: 

11.  I^c 'ir>  juuvicr  IHiif),  1(!  .SliciiiiiKloiiJi  iiniva  i"i  I'orl  l*liilii)iie,  colonic  Victoria,  et 
ift;i  Taiicn'  dans  la  l)aic  dr  llobson. 

Vers  III  nii-n()V(Mnl)rc  18til,  Ic  conrricr  partit  d'Knroiic  ct  arriva  vers  la  nii-janvici-  a 
Mfll)iMiiiit',  aiipiii'tant  Ics  nonvcllc^s  conccrnant  Ic  Sea  King  ct  hh  transloruuition  en 
SlitMunuloaii. 

1.').  Lc  "J.")  Janvier  l^^fjo,  Ic  consul  anicricain  i>r(>t(;sia  contro  I'atlinission  de  ce  navir*-. 
liaidtmanda  In  s(ii'<ic  an  li'onvcrncnr.  Lcs  conscillcrs  lc<;anx  lurcnt  cntcudns;  le 
l^tMivcrucnr  rcpondit,  Ic  :?l(,  par  nn  rcfns. 

Li;  conscil  dt^cidc  Ic  menu;  Jour  (i[n"ii  nc  sera  pas  deniandc  au  ciipitainc  du 
^iK'naiKloali  la  commission  de  son  i^'oiivernement. 

Hi.  Fevricr  10.  le  consnl  americain  an  jfonvcnicur:  reclamation  contre  de,H 
iiiiVilcnients. 

Ft'vritr  i:!,  lcs  conscillcrs  le<j;anx  trouvent  lcs  i>reuves  sutliHantes. 

IVviier  i:{,  Ic  •^ouvernenr  (lecido  (IN-ntcndrc  lo  bureau  de  police  avant  de  donner 
>iiiti'. 

I'Vvricr  14,  h',  conimissairo  en  chef  de  la  police  rapporte :  Waddcdl  refuse  de  laisacr 
t'aiii'  (lcs  nv  In-rclies  snr  son  vaisscau,  disant  qiril  opiioscrait  la  force  a  la  force. 

IVvricr  14,  decision  du  consiiil  de  faire  privr  Waddell  <le  revenir  sur  sa  rf^solution  de 
Mijiposc-r  par  la  force.  8uspeiision  <le  la  permission  de  faire  lcs  reparations,  lleponse 
'In  liipitainc^  Waddell.     L'ordrc  de  suspension  est  revo([U^. 

Lis  Jurisconsultcs  de  la  couronnt;,  consnltes  plus  tard  <(uant  au  refus  du  capitainB 
WiuliUUIj  declarerent  i\  Lord  Kussell,  dans  Icnr  prea  vis  du  "il  avril  IHO."),  que  "  le  droit 
'I'cxicuter  un  nnindat  snr  un  vaisseau  des  belligi^ranls  par  la  force  ii'oxistait  pas,  mais 
'|iit;  la  soinmation  de  quitter  le  port  tout  do  suite  vn  resulterait." 

17.  D(^marches  ulterieures  du  consul  amdricaiu  coucernaut  les  eur61emout8. 

9b 


i 


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r  -'v 


i::|: 


180 


ARIUTRATION    AT    OKXEVA. 


On  the  I7th  Febriiiiiy,  tlie  consul  lir.st  f^ocs  to  the  ollici'  oi'  tin;  fliiti 
commissioner  of  poli(!e,  whom  he  does  not  tind  in  ;  tlien  fioes  to  tlic 
honses  of  i)arliiiment  to  lind  the  attorney -f^'enenil,  who  recpiircs  ;i 
written  <leiH)sition  ma(h>  on  oath.  Thenee  lie  repaiis  to  the  oilie(^  of  tin 
detective  police,  and  there  receives  answer  that  no  action  can  be  takin 
withont  a  warrant  The  magistrate  dei^lares  himself  unal)le  to  tiikc 
upon  himself  to  issne  a  warrant  on  the  de[)osition  of  a  single  witness. 
and  refers  him  to  Mr.  Call  at  \V  illiamstown,  who  nught  have  evidence  in 
his  possession  irom  the  Mater  ])olice. 

It  was  about  7  o'clock  in  the  eveninj;'.  Seeing  how  little  inclined  tb' 
authorities  were  to  act,  the  consid  dete' mined  himself  to  take  the  deposi 
tion.  A  copy  of  it  was  bronght,  on  the  same  night,  to  the  attorney 
general,  but  lu*  was  no  longer  at  the  lionses  of  parlianunit. 

18.  The  Shenandoah  left  on  the  morning  of  tlie  l<Sth  of  February. 

19.  It  was  stated,  and  the  governor  of  .Alelbonrne  himself  states  in  ;i 
circular,  dated  February  27,  1805,  that  a  considerable  number  of  aailmx 
intended  to  re-enforcc  her  ereiv,  had  l)een  t-tlen  on  board  the  Shenandoah  Itc 
fon^  she  left  the  port  on  the  18th  of  I'^ebruary.    (IJritish  Case,  ]).  KJS.) 

20.  Nor  is  it  denied  that  she  took  on  board  'M){)  tons  of  coal,  wliicli. 
added  to  the  100  sln^  had  already  on  board,  made  400  tuns.  (See  sun 
plementary  ((notation  in  consideration  Xo.  Ill,  letter  d,  post.) 

The  committee  of'otlicers  appointed  to  rej»ort  as  to  the  repairs  of  tin- 
vessel  only  stated  that  the  Shenandoah  was  not  fit  to  pro('eed  to  sea  ii> 
a  steamship. 

I V. — Grnise  and  final  fate  of  the  Shenandoah. 

21.  On  leaving  Melbourne,  the  Shenandoah  went  to  the  I'acific,  ami 
thence  through  JU-hring's  Straits  to  the  Arctic;  Ocean,  where  she  (Ic 
stroyed  the  Anu'rican  whalers  which  she  nu't.  It  is  asserted  tliai 
she  burned  lifteen  vessels  after  (Japtain  Waddell  knew  of  the  terniiiiii 
tion  of  the  insurrection.  Slu^  remained  registered  as  an  Fnglish  vessel 
until  the  17th  of  October,  1805. 


L(>  17  iV'vricr,  le  consul  is(!  rend  d'aboni  a'l  Imicau  dii  t'licf  dc  la  iiolicc,  (|u"il  w 
troiiw  pas  elicz  liii  ;  j)ui.s  va  ti'DUvcr  ratt()nH'y-<;rii('ial  au  I'arli'nifiit  ;  ct]'  in 
dcniaiuUs  one,  di'ijositiou  (k-rilc  t'aitc  .soils  scainciit.  Do  la,  il  sc  iviid  au  bnrciui  dc  in 
police  sccri'tc  :  on  liii  ropond  (ni»!  Ton  ne  pent  ayir  jian.s  manclat'.  Lfjnj>ti  (rinHtniclin!: 
declarani!  jtouvoir  luonilit!  vsnr  lui  dc;  doiiiicr  nn  niaiidat  d'anvt  snr  les  depositimi- 
d'lin  fteiil  t«hnolii,  et  lo  leuvoic  vAuv,',  M.  Call,  a  WilliaiaHtown,  !e<jiu;l  poiniiiit  avoir  (li> 
tonioiKiingt's  do  la  police  dii  port. 

II  etait  environ  7  lienres  du  soir;  voyant  lo  pen  d'oniprcssonient  de.s  I'onctionnuin^, 
lo  consnl  so  docida  a  reeovoir  lni-nioni(;  la  dei)osition.  Coi)ie  on  f'nt  apportoo  lo  uk'im' 
soir,  a  '.►  lioiiroH,  a  I'attornoy-jrenoral,  niais  11  no  so  tronvait  i)lii.s  a  la  chauihre. 

Irt.  1^,0  Shenandoah  partit  h?  IH  fovrior.  diois  la  niatinot!. 

11).  11  flit  constate,  ot  \v  f>-ou\  orneiii'  do  Mt  Ihoiiine  lo  constato  Ini-niouie  dansiiin' 
circulairo  dn  'Zl  i'evrier  \f*Ky,  tiii'mi  uoinhri'  caiisiilcialili'  dv  mariiis  dcsthirx  i\  rciifoivi 
Vequipaac  avaicnt  vie  rct^iiK  «  lord  du  Sheiuitidouh  avant  ipril  no  ipiittat  lo  port,  Ic  1" 
fovrier.     (Monioiro  britanniiino,  j).  108.) 

20.  II  n'est  pas  eontosto  non  ])Uis  ((u'il  prit  I500  tonnes  de  cbarhon,  ce  qui,  ajoiitc  mix 
100  (jui  so  tionvaient  dt^.ja  a  sou  hord,  faisnit  400  tonnes.  ( V^oyez  citation  coniideinontiiin' 
dans  lo  consid(^raiit  N"  III.  ////.  rf,  ci-ai)ros.) 

Les  experts  {ttHciols  dt'-lei^ues  j)our  los  reparations  du  uaviro  constaterent  siMdciiniit 
que  le  Shenandoah  n'otait  pas  cai»al)l(5  d<'  prondio  la  nier  coniine  iiavire  a  rapeur. 

IV. — Croimhc  el  xoit  Jiiial  du  Slunaiido(di. 

21.  Au  sortir  de  Melbouriu-,  le  Sheunudoah  se  rendit  dans  I'oeeau  I'acifiquo  ct  li'' 
la,  par  le  ddtroit  do  Hehru)<t,  dans  roc(^an  Arcti(jue,  oil  il  dotriiisit  les  balciiiiii* 
ani^rieains  (|u'il  y  reucoutru.  On  protend  <iu'il  y  brfila  encore  (piiuzo  vaisseanx  apii's 
que  le  eapitaine  Waddell  eiit  on  couuaissauce  de  la  fin  de  I'iusurrectiou.  II  rest'' 
enregistr*^  coinnie  vaisseau  aujrlais.jusqu'au  17  octobre  1865. 


Misiauicd.  a 


li-CoiKlitilc   d{ 


(H'lMONS    OF    MK.    sr.KMI'FJ.I. 


l.",l 


Oil  the  <tt]i  NovfinluT,  ISl!,"),  Wiiddcll  broiijilit  tlit»  xcsscl  biiclc  to 
I,iv('r|i<M)I,  \v1k*1(>  she  was  lijiii(it'(l  over  to  the,  UnitiMl  States.  \\';wl(U^ll 
ilccliiicd  that  ln^  learned  ot  the  surrender  of  Lee  on  the  2(StIi  -Fnne,  l)nl 
tliiit  lie  still  knew  nothing  of  the  insnr<;ent  .yoN'erninent  havinj;  <'onie  to 
all  end.  oi'  which  he  did  not  become  aware  until  the_L*d  of  Au;iiist. 

(B.) — C'ONSlDJORATIOIN.-i. 

\,—('o)i(ii(cf  of  ihc  llritiiih  aiifliorHien  up  to  the  moment  of  lite  (leparlnrc  of 
the  Sea  Kiny  and  Laurel  on  the  Stit  Oetober,  l.sr»4. 

(«.)  The  previous  acts  of  the  Florida,  Alabama,  and  (leoi'/^ia  should 
linvc  rendered  the  liritish  authorities  more  active,  with  ji  view  to  {nv- 
vciitiii.i;  the  i'ei)etition  of  similar  acts. 

[h.)  And  yet  notliiufj  was  done  either  to  secure  an  increase  of  vij^il- 
:iiu'0,  or  with  the  view  of  originatin.ij  more  elfective  nunisures  of  dis 
(livery  and  pursuit,  or  of  supplementing;"  the  municipal  law  wheic  nec- 
essary. 

(c.)  The  transfer  of  the  Sea  Kin,i;'  to  the  name  of  Wrij^ht  of  Liverpool, 
vho  was  closely  connected  v.ith  one  of  the  principal  jtartners  of  th(> 
iinii  (if  Fraser,  Trenholm  »S:  Co.,  (Septendjcr  20,  LS<J-i,)  coupled  with  the 
iiiibiirkation  of  cases  containin<;"  cannon  and  arms  on  board  the  Lauri^I, 
\v(iiil(l  !ia\('  iiiinished  sullicieiit  grounds  foi'  intervention,  had  there  b(»e,n 
iuiv  disposition  to  take  the  initiative. 

((}.)  The  objection,  often  repeated,  that  lOnj^lisli  law  and  I^'nj^lish  Iej;al 
|ivoc('i'(linys  do  not  admit  of  such  an  initiative  beiu}.;"  taken,  cannot,  1)h 
Mistaiiied.  ac(^ordiny  to  the  three  rules  and  the  <;eneral  ruh^  of  Ia.w 
(|iiot('(l  above. 

(''.)  Xcvertheless,  one  mijiiit  hesitate  to  consider  these  first  facts,  by 
tliciiisclves, assuflicient  to  establish  a  violation  of  neutrality  on  the  part 
Jul  (ircat  liritain,  without  at  the  same  time  examining;-  the  subseipumt 
career  of  the  Shenandoah. 


l.f  (i  iiovcinliid  IHfif),  Wiiddell  raiiU'iKi  li'  viiissciui  a  Livci'itool.  oil  il  Cut  immiiIh  aux 
l.tats-I'iiis.  Wiuldcll  doclara  avoir  appris  la  faiiitiilalioii  di-  Lee  ic  tiS  jiiiii,  iimis 
iiiivdii' (encore  riiMi  sii  dv  la  eessatlon  «lii  jfouvtiiiii'inciit  dcs  insiir»(''s.  (|u'il  n'appiit:  quo 

I  II'  ','  ilDl'lt. 

(1$.) — ('«).\sii>i'a;.\NTs. 


l\.~-('i>iiiliiitc   (Us  (dilorlk'n    hrifuniihiuoi  JKxiiii'uii    vtoiiidit   (U    ht  sortie  dn  .SVx    Knifffldu 

Laurel,  Ic  rt  octnlire  1S()4. 


:iit 


(I)  Lcs  aitcs   ]>i'('C'eth'iits  ilii   Florida,  dc  rAlabania 
|iliis  (Ic  vij;iiciir  dc   la  part  dcs  autoriti-s  Itritanuiciiu 
[liactcs  (Ic  la  riK'iiu'  iiatiin! ; 

'')  Kt   ]ioiiitaiit   il  lie  sc  lit  ii(Mi,  iii  i)our  rciitbrcer  h 

|iiiif  iiicilli'iirc  uiitiativc  datis  Ic  lint  dc  dc^coiivrir  et  de 

liii>  iiinnicijialcs  oil  il  i)onvait  (''trc  iK-ocssaivc  iiu'elU's  1 

' )  Lii  traii.sciiptioii   dn  Sea  King  an  iioiii  dc  Wrigh 

I'liiii  iiitiiiic  avcc  nil  a.ssoeio  principal  dc  la  iiiaison  l'"!' 

jiiiiihrc  H((-l,) Joiiit-c  an  chargcincnt  dc  caisses  conti 

''"111  (111  liaiucl,  aiiiait  f'onrni  asscz  dc  niotil'sd'iiiterv* 

(/)  L'olijcctioii  Moiivciit.  rcpctoc   ((lie  lcs  lois  angla 

ll'iiJiiclttiit  jias  line  i)anullo  initiative  n'c.st  pas  sontcn 

jr.M-l,.  ^oiH'iali!  dc  droit  cit(5c  pins  liawt. 

'I  t't  pi'iidant.  I'ou  ponrrait  liositcr  a  voir  dans  ccs 
'I'lisaiits  df  violation  dt^  ncntralitcdclapart  dc  laGrandc-liretagnc,  si  Ton 
I'l  mciMc  temps  la  suite  dcs  avciitiiros  du  Shenandoah. 


ct  (111  (icorgia  dcvaicnl  .•<iis(!itcr 
.s,  atin  d'ciup('Tlicr  la  it'ptUitioM 

I  vi<j;ilaiicc,  iii  en  viw  dc  lu'ondrc 
ponrsiiivi'c,  ni  (lour  completer  lcs 
lo  i'lissent. 

t  (-'()  Liverpool,  ([iii  c-tait  cii  rcla- 
ascr,  'rniuliolni  ct  (''",  (Ic'Ji)  sop- 
:nant  dtJS  canons  ct  dcs  aniicH  .'> 
'uir,  s'i!  y  avait  en  de  riiiitiative;. 
iscs  ct  la  proc<^dni'c  aiiglaisc  n« 
able,  d'aprcs  lostrois  r(';;ics  et  la 

pvciuiers   actes  seiils  des  motit's 
"c-liretaiinc,  si  Ton  n't^xainiuait 


\^-i 


mw\ 


]:V2 


AHhirHATIOX    AT    (JKNKVA. 


f 


u 


^lll. 


II. — Coiuiucl  of  lite  Ilt'i/ish  authorities  Jhnn  ihc  (Icpniiiin'  of  the,  Si-n  A';,„, 
and  Ihf  Laurel  to  the  erentu  u-hich  took  place  al  MelhiiKrne. 

{a.)  Tliecoinmiinicalioiis  sent  oil  llic  li.Mli  of  NoviMiilicr.  l.sdt,  li\  ih, 
liritisli  consul  sit  'rciiciillc  to  liorti  Kusscll.  iiiid  the  di'positinii.v  iikkIi'ihi 
oath  on  tlic  111!)  ol'.  NovcimIxm',  iSHl.Jn-  two  sailois  rctjniicd  iVoiii  .M;i 
(Icii'ii.  coiilaiiMMJ  conxiiiciii.u'  I'vool'  that  the  Wca  Kin.i;  ami  the  liiimvi 
iiad  been  tin  Jiishcd,  in  I'^nj^iisii  ports,  with  cvci'vlhinu'  ni'ccssai'v.  in  tlit 
way  ol' ai mani.Mit.  sloit's,  and  «'(ini|>nn'nl,  t(M'naltl(  the  Sea  Kin,n' tu  In 
transt'ornit'd,  on  the  hi,!;ii  seas  or  in  any  waters  within  tin-  juiisdictinii 
(»r  a.  state,  into  a  ship  of  war  or  into  a  jjrivateer  a.uainsi  t!ie  I'niiiMl 
States. 

(/>.)  Tlic  Hritish  authorities  rocooni/ed  in  tiiis,  it  is  tine,  a  viohitiiiii 
of  their  neutrality ;  but  their  only  attempt  to  remedy  it  was  del'ectivi 
in  two  points: 

(««.)  in  I'>nf4'land,  Judicial  proccM'dinj^s  were  directed  to  be  takin 
af^ainst  Corbett  oidy,  the  Ibrnu'i'  master  of  the  Sen  Kinjn',  and  that,  ayain. 
on  tiie  score  of  reciiiitnuMit  only;  no  pi()(!eedin;;s  were  directed  a;.;:!!!!^ 
the  luastei'  of  the  Laurel,  or  those  who  freijihted  that  ve.ssel,  or  a.yaiih 
Wrij^ht.  tin' owner,  al  least  in  nann*,  of  tin' Sea  Kini;'.  It  is  nnii('ii> 
sary  to  say  tiiat  ("<)rbett's  aiMpiittal  does  not  nuxlify  llie  ([uestioii  ;• 
intermit ional  law. 

(hb.)  The  IJritish    authorities  took  nu'asures  aj^ainst  the  jx'rpetiatm^ 
only,  an«l  not  ayainst  the  results  of  the  violation  of  the  law.     In  paitH 
ular,  tJM'y  onutted  to  iidbrni  all  the  colonial  anthorities  ol    the  eiiiiiii 
of  the  illeuality  wliicli  attached  to  the  ship,  ti)enceforwai'd  Iciiown  as  ilii 
Sheiiandoali,  and  to  ju'ovide  them  with  instructions  to  seize  the  vcs-rl 
if  an  opportunity  slionld  occur. 

III. — Conditei  of  ihc  Uritish  aidhorltics  at  Mclhouriie. 

{a.)  It  is  ('ertaiii  that  tin;  authorities  of  this  colony  ref^Mved  limi: 
London  neither  coiuiminieatious  nor  instriietious  euii(;erniii<;'  the  She:. 


11. — Condnilr  (leu  aiiliirili'-^  hritdini'K/iivH  (Icpiiix  la  xortic  dii  S('<i  ICniijit  du  Laurel  jusqii'iH" 

fuili^  arrici'x  a  Melbourne. 

a)  l.i's  t'oiMiiuniicatiftns  ciivoyiV's  le  VI  novfniihro  IHfM,  ]>ai'  It;  coiiHiil  l)ritaiiiiiiji.' 
lie  'IN'MrMitl't'  a  l.nnl  l{u>.scr,  ct  Ics  (lopositioiis  faites  sous  sfriiiont:  Ic  It  iiovcmlirt!  1"im 
pur  <li'ux  iiiat<"l()!s  icvi'iius  dc  Ma(l<'ri',  coustataicut  (I'lmc  niaiiifn'  coiivaiiicatitc  qiii  ■ 
Sea  Kiiijf  ct  !o  Laurel  avaicul  «'l('  prrparos  dans  dos  ]K)rts  anglais  a vcc  tout  cc  (|uiifr' 
U(''ccssairt'.  en  fait  d'aruiciucnt,  <l'ai>parcil  ct  d't'ciuipcuicnt.  pour  Iburuii' au  Sea  Km:  | 
It's  nioyeus  (111  SI!  trausloruicr.  (Ui  plcint!  uu-r  on  daus  (Ics  oaux  (luclconnucs  sous  Jiniili' 
riou  il'i'tat,  I'll    vaisscaii  dr  ;;ut'rri',  on  en  corsairc  contre  Ics  Hlats-I'nis. 

/))  Lcs  antoriti's  luitanniiincs  rccoiinnrcut  i  ii  ccla,  it  est  viai,  unc  violatioii  '■ 
Icur  ncntraliti',  niais  clU^s  uc  chui'cliJJrent  a  y  rciiu-dicr  (pic  d'nin;  inaiiicrc  di'lbctiiwi- 
a  tin  donldc  jmiut  dc  viic. 

a  «)  I'ai  Aimlctcirc  il  n'y  t'nt  do  iioiirsuitc  Jndiciairc!  onlouiuM'  ijiic  coutic  ('dilni: 
ancicii  iiatrou  dn  .Sea  Kiuj;-,  ct  oncorc  no  Ic  l"nt-cllc  (pic  sons  Ic  clicr  d'ouiolcmcnt ;  !'"' 
omit  dc  dirif^cr  dcs  poursiiitcs  contre  Ic  patron  dn  JjUnrel  <'t  lcs  all'ri'tcurs  d<'  cc  ii.ivin 
ainsi  ipic  contrt!  \Vii<;lit,  inoiirictaire,  au  nioins  dc  iioiu,  dii  Sea  Kinj;'.  11  va  saiisdi!- 
(pic  I'acipiittcnient  d(!  ('orl)ctt  lie  iiiudifio  poin*^  la  (jncstiou  dn  droit  des  nens. 

h  h)  Ijcs  aiiloriti^s  hi'itauni(pics  no  dirijjcrcnt  Icnrs  iiiesnrcs  (pn;  (;ontr(!  lcs  pi'is"" 
ii<'«.  ct  nullcmcnt  contre  les  n'snltats  do  la  violation  dc  la  loi.  Ellcs  oniircnt  iiiii:i! 
uieiit  d'infornier  toiitcs  lcs  autoritcs  coloniales  dc  rciiipir<!  dc  rill(''^alit(^  attacliti- 
navirc,  connu  des  lors  soils  h\  iioui  dc  Slicuaiuloah,  et  do  lour  fournir  dcs  iustnicti.i 'J 
en  viic  dc  saisir  Ic  vaissoau,  lo  cas  cchi^ant. 

III. — Conduiie  des  autontcx  hrUanniqucs  a  Mvlhournc. 

a)  Ii  est.  eon.stnW  quo  los  antoritds  do  eottc  colonic  no  re,<.Mirent  dc  la  nietropolt 
coiiinainicatious  ui  instriietious  concornant  lo  Sheuaudoali ;  biou  que,  depuis  Fqioiiiif I 


ol'INloNs   or    mi;.    s'I'.kmi'IM.I. 


1  <>  •) 


,iiiil();ili;  iiltlioiiLrh.  IVniii  iIh'  tiiiii'  wlit'ii  ilic  Mill lioi it ics  in  liKiidoii  I<ih'\v 
111  'tlif  (Tiiiiiiiii!  ('Ii;ii';i('t('i'  ol  tin-  \  rsscl.  ,'iii  tin-  iiiiildit'  oT  XovciulxT. 
|S()l,)t(i  liic  iiioiiicnt  ul' lu'rciiirjiiicc  into  Mt'llti)!irn(',(.);iiiii;ii'y  L'.">,  IS(m,) 
thcic  li  ;(1  cl.ipst'd  siit'liciciil  time  tor  the  t riiiisinissioii  of  siicli  inslnic- 
rjiiiis.  Tlic  ol)S('rviiti(»n  iniidc  in  tiic  llrilisli  plciKlinys.  that  iillouiiiicc 
iiiii^i  It;'  ui.mIi'  for  till'  ini'xin'i'icncc  of  tlir  iititlioi'ltics  at  Mcllonrnc,  is 
witlmiit  force  from  (his  fact. 

(/;.)  Tile  aiiliiorities  af  Mellxmrne  sliowed  t  Iiemseh c ;.  in  several 
ivspi'cls.  iii'.nli^^'eiil  ill  liie  inainteiianee  ot' I  lieif  soverei:.;!!!  y  as  a  neutral 
(■(tiiiilrv  in  llie  case  of  the  Shennndoidi ; 

((((f.)  They  waived  t!ie  i»rodiietioii  of  tlie  eoaimission  whieli  tiie  eap- 
mill  liehl  iVoiii  tile  iiisiir.'^cnt  States.     (IJritisli  Case,  p.  lOl.) 

•  hli.)  Tiiey  suffered  a  refiis;il  of  th<  ir  ri.ulit  to  seareli  tiie  vessel  for 
till'  |)iii'|)ose  of  dis(M>veiiii;n'  British  snltjeefs,  illejiiilly  enlisted,  on  lioard 
ol  lier;  ami  Iliey  suhiniited  to  tlie  liireat  used  by  the  captain,  that  lie 
wiiiild  oppose  force  liy  force,  without  iniinediately  takiiii;'  serious  ineas- 
iiirs  ii)j;ainst  him. 

The  icport  of  tlie  law  oflicers  of  the  (Ji'owii,  which  holds  that,  a;.i'ainst 
a  icl'iisal  of  this  kind,  there  was  no  course  open   Init  to  compel  the  \<'s 
>('!  to  lea\('  the  jimt,  is  not  correct,  accordin,:;"  to  international  law,  for 
use  iiii;;ht  be  made  of  a  similar  refusal  to  carry  out  and  conceal  with 
iiiiiaiiiiiy  violations  of  neutrality  in  neutral  jxu'ts. 

[(■(■.)  'I'he  only  measure  tak^'ii  in  consecpieiiceof  this  refusal  consisted 
III  tlie  suspension  of  tlie  perinissiim  to  repair  which  had  been  juranted, 
;i  iiieasiue  which,  however,  was  withdrawn  on  the  mere  representatiinis 
i)f  Waddeil. 

(//(/.)  The  manner  in  which  the  amount  of  rejiairs  ue(H'ssary  tor  the 
vissel  was  ascertained,  and  in  wlii(di  their  execution  was  watched,  was 
liiit  iiiiperfecl.     (lieport  of  ('ai)taiii  Payne;   ISritisii  Case,  p.  l(»!i.) 

((• )  It  is  ascertained  that  the  (;row  of  the  vessel  was  au.iiiiiented  before 
licr  depart  lire  from  Melbourne  by  a  considerable  number  of  sailors,  in 
spile  of  the  constant  lenionstrauces  and  couiplaintw  of  the  ximerican 


■.! 


I    ■; 


nil  Ifs  antoiitt'.H  (Ic  Ldiulrcs  coiiiiiui'iit  it^  cariK.'ti'rc  criiiiiiu'l  <lii  Viiisscan  (mi-ii(ivi'iul>ii> 
1-iil)  jiis(|u'!iii  iiioinciU  (Ic  I't'iitroi^  (111  Viii.s.sciiii  ;'i  MclltDiiriK'.  ("Jf)  Janvier  jsi;.'),)  i|  y  (n'n 
III  siii'lisamiiH'iit  ill'  ti'injis  jiour  traiisnicttrt'  cos  iiistuiutiDiis.  L'i>l)S(^rvati(>ii  jH'i'sciiti't' 
li;ii'  Ics  iiii'iiioiri's  aiijilais.  qiril  I'aiit  ])aril(iiiii('r  (|iu'liiiu!  chose  a  I'iiii'Xpriii'iicc  drs 
.lutoi'itr's  ill'  .Mclln)iii'ii('.  rst  ]iar  Ir  faif  iiieiiu'  sans  jinitrr. 

'/)  lii's  aiitoriti's  (Ic  Ali'llioiinii'  sc  luoiitiv.riit,  a  iilnsiciiis  ('jiaiils,  in^j;lini'iili's  daiis 
li'  iiiaiiitirii  di'  li'ur  soiiveiaiiii'ti'  coininc  ]iays  ncitlri',  vis-a-\is  ilii  SliciiamlDali. 

(( '0  Kill's  n'lioiii'i'iiit  a  si-  t'airi'  I'xhilK'i'  l;i  ;'<)imiiii<sioii  qiii'  la  lapitaiiic  tcnail  dt's 
rtiits  iiisnri;f''s,  (ini'iiioiri'  liritaMni<|ii('.  j>    liil.) 

/) /))  i;ilcs  sr  laissi-rt'nt  rdiisi'i'  to  dr'/it.  do  lairc  di's  ])('Vi|iiisit ions  a  lund  dii  iiaviic. 
I'll  vuc  d'y  dri'onvrir  dcs  sn.ji'ts  aii;;"iais  ilir'nalriiu'iit  rniulrs,  vt  dh's  accciili'ii'iit  la 
iiirii;u'i>  laitc  par  li'  caiiitaini',  dn  icpoiis:-,!'!'  la  lorcc  par  la  Ibri'c.  sans  jircndi'i-  iminr- 
iliiitciiicnl  lies  nii'siiriss  si'iiriiscs  ('(intrr  Ini. 

I.I' pi'i'avis  lies  jnrisconsnlti's  dc  la  cunronni',  jxirtMi,  |\U',  coiitri'  inn'  ri'iiili'iu'c  do 
II'  lii'iiiv,  il  n'y  avait  pas  (raiitri!  nioycii  a  employ,  r  '(ue  celni  ile  I'oiei  r  le  navire  a 
i|nitti'i'  le  port,  n'est  ]ias  .juste,  (l'a|ii'<'S  le  droit  di's;.;eiis;  jiaice  que  Ton  jionrrait  se. 
M'ls  ir  il'nne  pareille  rdiiteiu'e  coniine  d'lin  inoyeii  de  eiiiri[)ir'(i'r  et  de  laclier  iinpniie- 
ineiit  lies  \iolatii)iis  de  la  neiitralite  dans  des  ports  iievitres. 

'■(■)  I.a  seiile  niesiu'e  qnis  Ton  pii'.  fontre  cette  reniteiicp  coiisisla  a  siispi'ndri'  la 
IH'iiiiission  qui  avail  ('to  a('C'Oi'd(''(!  de  faire  des  r('pai'ation.s,  iiiesmc  (jni  dii  rcste  I'nl 
ii'liii'i'  sii'i'  li's  simples  representations  de  Waddeil, 

('  (J)  I. a  coiistalution  des  n-parations  rei'llein(!iit  ni^cessaires  an  vaisseaii  ef  la 
^Mr\i'illa:ii'i' dideiir  exeriition  ne  se  lireiit  ([IKmI'iuu"  maniero  defectneiise.  ( K'apiiorl 
'111  ciiiiilaiiio  I'ayiK!;  iiKMiioire  l>rilaniii(iiie,  p.  UVJ.) 

'■)  II  est  eonstati''  (pie  IVqnipajj;*'  dii  vaisseau  fat  reiiforco,  avant  son  dei)arl  de 
Mi'llioiirne,   iVun    noiultio  c'onsidi'rable   de   iimriiiM.    malirn'   les   (UMionciatioiis   el    le.s 


'W 


Ui- 


^m 


M 


\:\4 


AKlWrKATInN    A'l'    UKNKVA. 


<'(>tisiil.     (( "irciiliir  of  tlio  fiMVcirioi- ol'  Mrlboiinic  ol'  the  l!7(  Itiicti;, 

IS*;.-,;  r.iitish  Ciisc,  p.  Kj;;.) 

((I.)  Il  ;i|»|>('iir.s  ;ilsi>  to  lie  |»iov«'(l  thut  tlu'  vessel  was  iillowt'd  to  i;i|<,. 
oil  Itoiird  .'!0(»  Ions  of  coiil,  wliicli,  ii(l(l<Ml  to  tlic  KM)  tons  slic  iihcad, 
liiul,  iiiii(k'  lUO.  (So  siiys  the  Anicriciiii  Consul  llliincluii'd  to  tlic  ;;()\. 
enior;  Aniericiin  Appendix,  vol.  vi,  p.  (I!>S,  nnd  Anierieiin  ('iis<',  p.  ;117, 
In  '^'riie  ("inise  of  the  Shen;iinl(»idi,"  l)y  Hunt,  it  is  moreover  s;ii(l  tli;;, 
llieve  were  .'!(»()  tons  taken  in,  wiiieli,  witli  the  100  tons  siie  nlreiidy  liad 
on  board,  ^a\'e  a  sullieient  supply  lor  the  cinise  wliieh  was  eontcm 
pla(vd.     (Anieriean  Appendix,  vol.  vi,  p.  (JDS.) 

Aeeordin.L;'  to  the  lepoit  oi'  tlie.  oiUeial  exjierts,  (liritish  Case,  p.  Idj, 
tlu!  .Shenandoah  was  not  lit  to  jjfo  to  sea  as  a  steaaishi]);  I'roni  whieli  it 

"m!I1 

ilisli 


may  he  inl'erred  lliat,  as  a  sailinj;'  Ncssel,  she  was  lit  to  j^'o  to  se 
pare  the  i('|>()rl   on   the  repairs  of  the   I-'lorida  at   liei-ninda :    l',r 
<  -onnter  Case,  p,  IL'T.) 

The  snpitiy  of  coal  was  m>t,  thereloi'e,  a  ne(U'ssary  condition  of  rln 
nenlial  asylnni.  and,  in  sni>plyin.!L>'  her  with  so  larinc  a  (pnintity  of  ci.ii, 
the  capacity  oi'  the  ship  for  maKin.n  war  was  increased,  just  as  inncli  un 
l>y  the  I'ecrniliin'nt  oi"  her  crew  which  totdv  phun^ 

(C.) — rllDliMENT. 

in  the  acis  which  ha\'e  Just  been  enumerated  there  exists  a  violatinii 
<ni  tiH'  part  of  (ii'cat  liiilain  of  the  obli,i>ations  of  neutrality  laid  down 
liy  the  liiree  rules;  conseipiently  (ireat  liritain  is  responsible  U.v  tin 
American  ships  which  were  destroyed  by  tlu?  vessel  in  (pn>stion. 


V. — Til]';  si:MTKii. 


(A.) — IsVCTS. 

i.  The  Sumter  was  a  cruiser  of  the  insurj;ent         '"es.  (Mjuipjtcd  in  tlni 
ports;  she  left  the  mouth  of  the  M  .ppi  and  comnicncd 

crnisinffon  the.'iOth  ofrJune.  IStJl. 


1:! 


I   '? 


rc.cijniiatiiiiis    iKni-iiitci  ri)iii]Mii's  du    coiisiil  iiiiit'iicaiii.     M 'irciilairc  <lii  nDiivriiniir  li^ 
MclliiiiMitc  .la  '27  tV'Viici'  t"-'(jr>;  iiK'nioirc  l)ritaiiiii(|tic,  p.  KiH.) 

(/)  [1  i),iiiiii   aiiHsi  ('laltli  (lu'il  I'lit  pi'rini.s    an  vaiss(!im  (I'ciiiUannicr  '.'M>  loiuifs  .!i 
cltarhou,  (•(■  «|ui,  ajoiitt'  aux  lei)  toimcs  (|ii'il  avait  cticorc,  cii  taisait  IDd.     (('"est  ci'  (pii 


dit 


II'  consiii    aintTicaiii    IJlaiu'liaid    an   jioiivcriifur ;    appi^iKl 


icr    amcricani,   lom. 


il:!.- 


•f  iiKMnoirc  aiai'iicain,  ]). '.MT.)     "  La  ('roisii'ic  dii   Sliciiandoali,"  par  Hunt. 


ih! 


lar  i-oiiiic  (pril  y  I'lit  'M^  tniinos  cniltaiiim'TS,  ci'  (ini.  ajiniti''  aux  Idil  >\\\\  n'v  t roiivniriii 
('iicoM',  faisait  line  provision  snl'lisanlc  |)oni'  ia  croisii'i-i'  ipic  Ton  a\aii  rinlciitimi 
d"<'nti'cprcndi('.  ( Aiipcndicc  anioiicain,  tonn*  vi,  i».  ti'.t-.)  Scion  Ir  rajipoi't  (li'< 
rxpcits  ol'liricls.  (nii'moiri'  l)i'itanni((n<",  p.  l<>"~i,)  It'  SJn-nandoali,  en  tant  (piv  vaisscini 
a  \ap('nr,  iTctait  pas  rapahlc  di;  inctti'n  fii  nn'i',  d'oii  Ton  pent  conclnrc  ipic  coiniiii 
\(>iliiT.  il  ponvail  Icnir  la  incr.  ((.ionipavcr  It!  jn't-aviH  snrlcs  rt'iiaraVions  pour  U;  Floridii 
a  lii'rninilt'.     (Contio-int'nitnrf  britannitiuf,  p.  127.) 

li'ai)in'i)visionii('nn'iit  ilf  cliarlxni  n'l'tail  tlom^  pas  nni:  oblijfatifui  tit'  I'asiU'  ncntrt':!'! 
i'\i  Ini  t'onrni>.sant'  nnt'  si  I'orto  ipnmtitt'  i\i'  chavlMin.  on  rcni'oix'ait  la  t'l'.pariti^  tlu  vaiv 
80;in  :\  faii'f  la  f;in!iTc  tontaiissi  l»ien  tjn'cn  anj^iuentant  son  t'linipajfti,  tMnnuu'  ou  I'livnit 
lail,. 

(C.)— .IrtacMKNT. 

t>ans  Ics  faits  iiui  vicnncnt  tfrtrt)  ('unnHU'i'S,  il  i^xisto   nnc,  violation,  tit'  la  part  ili!  h 


(!randt'-Bri'ta;;ni',  tics  t)b!i<j;ation.s  tic-  ntintriilitt>  (liUcrniiut^eH  )>ar  Ics  frois  ri';^lt>s.  Kn  cnii- 
si'qiuMU'c.  la  (rranilc-Hrctagni^  est  I'csixuisablt)  pour  ics  niivircs  aiui'ricains  tpii  out  I'ti' 
di'truits  par  ]<■  vaissoau  tjn  i|nestion. 

LK   SIJMTKK. 

(A.)— FArrs. 

1.  Lc  .Sunitci' t'tait  uii  croi.scnr  des  ctats  insui'fjf^s,  oqnipo  dans  leurs  ports;  il  soirii 
lies  passes  dn  Mississippi  et  conunciiva  sos  courses  le  30  juiii  IHGl. 


OPINIONS    ol'    Ml{.    sT.KMI'I'r-I. 


13') 


J.  Afh'i'  liiiviii;^'  jMiuli'  six  inizcs,  sIm^  first  «'iif<M('(l  the  Spiiiiisli  port  of 
Ciciil'm'jius,  (Ciiliii.)  ulicrc  she  took  in  ro;il.  On  tin'  I.">tli  of  .Inly,  IStJI. 
she  airivcd  ill  the  Dutch  jtoit  of  Saint  Antic,  in  llic  isiiiml  of  Ciiiiiroii, 
ilicrc  took  ill  coal,  iitid  staid  c'yiit  days.  On  the  ."lOtli  ol'  .Inly  siic 
iviiclicd  the  I'.iilisli  port  ol'  Trinidad,  al'lcf  lia\iii^  iinnlc  in  all  eleven 
|iii/rs  since  her  depailiirc  I'loin  the  \yaters  of  the  Mississippi;  she  re 
iiiiiiiicd  six  da>s  in  this  port,  and  there  shipped  a  coniplel(>  supply  of 
coal.  Ailcr  havin;;'  lell  'i'linidad,  the  Siinitci'  touched,  aiiion^-  olhci' 
|ilii('('Si  at  the  port  of  I'araniariho,  (Dutch  (liiiana,)  where  she  took  in  a 
supply  of  coal,  from  the  !)th  to  (he  .'Jlstof  Aiijunst;  at  I'ort  Koyal,  in 
Mintini(pie,  where  she  look  in  coal  anil  reinained  foinleen  days,  from 
the  KHli  to  the  I'.'Wl  of  Xo\('ml)er;  al  ('adi/,  when^  she  staid  lil'li'cn 
(lii_\s;  ij\n',  \ni\  in,  on  the  ISth  of  .laiinary,  iSdU,  at  (lihraltur,  iiftor 
liaviiifi"  made  six  fresh  prizes  since  her  «lepartm'e  from  Trinidad. 

;».  'riie  Sumter  remained  at  the  |>ort  of  (libialtar  until  Decicmber, 
ISii;},  when  she  was  disarmed  and  sold  by  public  miction. 

The  oi1ic«'r.s,  anion,!;'  whom  was  Captain  Senimcs,  \>  ho  subse(|ueiitly 
loiiiiiianded  the  .\labama,  abandoned  the  vessel  and  went  to  l-iii^Iand. 

I.  From  l'\'bruary,  lS(;ii,  there  had  been  riiited  States  ships  of  war 
stalioiied  in  the  waters  ol'  Alu'cciras.  to  watcdi  the  Sumter. 

r».  The  representati\('s  of  the  llnitcil  Stales  al  (libraltar  and  liOiidon 
|iiotcstcd  against  llie  sale  of  the  Sumter  as  liclitioiis  and  inadmissible, 
;ii'c(ii(lin,ii'  to  international  law. 

(!.  On  the  !)tli  of  February,  ISl!,'),  the  Sumter  escaped  from  (libraltar 
and  arrived  at  Liverpool  ;  she  remained  there  till  the  ."Sd  of  duly,  was 
liDiii  thence  employed  as  a  transport-ship,  and  left  that  port  under  tlie 
iiaiiic  of  the  (libraltar,  carrying' a  car;;'o  of  heavy  artillery.  What  be- 
raiiic  ol  her  afterward  is  not  e\  -tly  known.  It  only  appears,  from  the 
evidence,  that  United  States  ships  still  watclu-d  her  for  several  months 
iiltcr  she  Uil't  laverpool.  (The  ( 'onueelicut,  from  the  .'Jd  of  Auj^ust  to 
St'jitcmber,  180;!;   United  St.ites  Appendix,  vol.  iv,  p.  iL'O,  table.) 


i 


■J.  Aprcs  jivoir  la  it  six  iMiscs,  il  ciitra  d'ahord  Jiii  port  ('s]iiinn<>l  tie  ( 'iciiCiii'nos,  (Ciilia,) 
III  il  (MM I >a  11 1 11:1  (111  cliarlioii ;  Ic  15  Jiiillct  ISIH,  il  arriva  an  port  liollamlaisdo  Sti-.-Aiiiic, 
hills  I'llc  (k-  ('iirar:i(),  y  tMii!)an|ii;i,  dii  cliarhoii  ft  y  si-Joiinia  liiiii  jours:  h;  :{()  Jiiillot, 
il  atl('iy;iiit  lo  jyort  l)ritaiiui(iii(^  (l>'  la  Ti'iiiitt'-.  apivs  avoir  fait  ni  tout  oiizt!  pri.sivs  dcpiiis 
sisiiitii'  dcs  caiix  (111  Missi.ssii>pi ;  il  rcsta  six  Joiu.s  dans  cc  port  ct  y  lit  uu  coiiiplot  ap- 
liiovisioiini'iiu!iit  dc  cliarboii;  apri's  a^'oir  (|iiitt('  la  Triiiitr,  lo  Sumtci  toiudia  ciicoi't?, 
I'litr'aiiti'i's,  aiix  ports  dc  J'araiiiaril)o,  ((iiiyaiif  hollaiidaisc,)  oil  il  s"api)rovisio!ma  dc 
iliiiiliDii,  (III  [)  ail  :U  aoiit ;  dc  I'ort  l?oyal  a  la  Maitiiii(|iic.  oil  il  ciiihaiiiiia  du  i-liarl)oii 
't  nsta  (piator/c  jours,  (til  Id  an  '2'\  iioxciiilin^ :  di?  ("adi/,  oil  il  si'joiiriia  (piiii/c  jours; 
il  I'litra,  Ic  is  Janvier  lSii->,  m  (iikraltar,  apri-s  avoir  fait  six  iiouvclli-s  prises  dciiiiis  sou 
ili'liart  dc  la  Triiiitt'. 

X  Li'  .Siiiutcr  rcsta  an  ]ioil  dc  Oibrallar  jnsi[ircu  di'ccinhrc  I^.VtW,  ('poniic  a  laiinidlc 
il  tut  dcsariiK'  ct,  V'Midn  anx  ciiclii'i'cs  inildi(|Ucs. 

Lcs  olliuiins.  pariiii  Icsiincls  si!  troiivait  Ic  capitainc  Scitinics,  plus  tavd  coniinaudaut 
lie  i'Aliil)aiiia,  ahandouiif'riMit  l(i  vaissoau  ct  sc  rciidirciit  en  Aii<rlctcrrc. 

4.  Di's  Ic  uiois  de  I'l'vricr  18t)"i,  il  y  avait  en  dcs  iiavircs  dc  jfuerrc  des  fitats-l'iiiH 
station  Ill's  dans  lcs  caiix  d'Al^(''sras  pour  <>ucttcr  Ic  Snnitin'. 

•').  Li's  rcpivsentants  dcs  fitats-Uiiis  a  (JiUraltai  ct  a  Londrcs  protcstcreut  contrc  l.i 
veiite  (111  Snintcr,  (H)ninic  li(ttivo  ct  inadniissibh;  d'.ipn-s  Ic  droit  dcs  ffisns. 

0.  Le  'J  IV^vricr  IHiliS,  Ic  Snmtcr  s'('cliappa  dc  (Ulbraltiir  et  arriva  a  Liverpool;  il  y 
iistii  jns(]u'au  ;]  jiiill(!t.  fiit  do  la  cinployi^  coimiio  vaisscau  de  transport  ct  (jnitta  ce 
poit  sons  lo  noin  dc  "le  Gibraltar,"  cinportaut  uik;  carj^aison  d'artillcric  do  <fros  calibre. 
'*ii  lie  sait  ])as  an  juste  cc  ((u'll  dcviiit  dans  la  suite.  11  ressort  seuleinent  dcs  pii^ces 
Mile  (lcs  vaisscanx  dv  gnern!  dcs  fitats-llnis  le  fjuettr'i'cut  encore  )>lusienrs  inois  aprt's 
Ni  sortie  de  Liverpoid.  (Le  C(nmeetient,  du  :5  aout  jubfpi'eii  Hepteuibre  1863 :  appeudice 
iimoricain,  tome  iv,  pag(!  ViO,  tableau.) 


A 

' 

■  i 

i 

I 

•hi: 


\:ui 


ARm'I'KA'riON    A'l"    GKNE\A. 


(H.) — t'OXSIDETJATIONS. 


I. — lieNpcctiiif/  irlidt  tooli  j)U((r  up  to  fitr  itiomitil  of  the  iTsael^s  entrij  inh, 

(iihraltar. 

(n.)  With  tli<'  r\c('i»ti(»ii  oI'Ihm'  Ntii.\,  ;uh1  tlic  sup]>ly  of  coal  which  tin 
Smiitcr  took  in  at  Trinidad,  none  of  tlic  acts  in  (|ncstioii  took  i)lii(( 
witl'iii  Uiitisli  JiuisdictioM  :  consccincutly,  (Ircat  J>iitain  is  icsponsiMi 
I'of  notiiiii.ii' wiiicli  occniicd  hcfoic  tlic  arrival  of  tiic  Siuiitcf  at  Tiiiiiihul. 

(//.)  The  pcrniission  yivcn  lo  tiioSnnitcr  to  remain  and  to  take  iiicdul 
at  Tiii'.idad.  <lo('s  not  in  itself  constitute  a  snllicieiit  basis  for  accasin.; 
the  IJrilish  anthorities  ol"  ha\  inj;'  failed  in  the  observaiu'c  of  their  dutii^. 
as  neutrals;  because  this  fact  cannot  be  considered  by  itself,  sine, 
the  Sunder.  I)cth  befoie  and  after  tliat  time,  was  admitte<l  into  the  poitv 
of  many  (»tiuM'  states,  where  it  staid  ami  took  in  coal,  and  it  is  provci! 
that  th(?  last  sujjply  she  obtained  to  (;ro'ss  the  Atlantic  did  not  t;iki 
|tla(  ('  in  a  ibitish  port;  s(»  that  it  cannot  be  heh'i  that  the  port  of  Triiii 
da-l  served  as  a  l»ase  of  operations  for  the  kSumter. 

II. —  h'rsixctlufi  titr  jXTin'ixsion  lo  .s7<^<//.  <iiul  the  sale  of  the  Sumter  at  Oih 

nilfiir. 

(<'f.)  The  stay  of  the  Sumter,  as  an  aruu'd  ship  of  war  of  the  Confcii 
crate  States,  at  the  port  ol"  (Jilualtar.  from  the  month  olMaiiuary  to  fin 
month  of  Dccemltei',  ISiiii,  was  less  the  result  of  her  beinn' in  (listrc-^ 
than  a  i'efii,i;'e  from  the  danji'cr  arisiuiii'  from  the  ships  of  the  enemy. 

(/>.)  'J'he  ji'rantin;:'  of  such  shelter  is  contrary  to  the  second  rule  ol  tin 
treaty,  acconl  in  J-'  to  which  a  ru-utral  port  must  not  serve  as  a  base  oi 
operations  to  bellij^crents.  ami.  coiise(|uenlly,  must  not  seive  them  eitlici 
as  a  refu.n'c  trom  the  enemy,  while  .uivinj.^'  them,  at  the  saau>  time,  tin 
opl)oitunity  of  leavinj>  it  at  will. 

{(•.)  The  objection  which  is  made  that  the  Sumter  entered  Gibralt;ii 


iji. 
'ill, 

m 


V    ' 


(15.)  — Co.NSIlHOliAMS. 

[. —  ('onirriKiiit  ci  (jui  fr  pnnHd  Jnntin'oit  DKmtrnl  dc  Fcnlrir  (hi  vainscaii  <)  (Vihrallav. 

<i)  A  l"('xct']itii>M  (111  si'joui'  ct  (!(■  fjipprov  isiiimiciiicnl  <|ii('  til  Ic  Sitniti'i- :i  l;v  Tihiii', 
aiK'iin  dcs  I'iiits  I'll  i|iii'.sii()ii  n-ciit  lieu  ihiiis  bi  jiiiiilictioii  iirittuiiii^inc:  piir  coiisi  i{iii'i:! 
lii  <;r;ui(lc-15i«'t:i^in' u't'st    ri'sponsalilc    pour  ricii  df   cc  (pii  sc  passii   avaiit  rariiMiii 
tSnmtcr  a  in  'I'liiiitc'. 

h)  La  j)cniiissioM  doiiiK't'  an  Kiiiiitcr  i.tc  srjdiii'iicr  ct  dc  lairc  dii  cliarhDii  ;i  1j 
Ti'lniti''  lie  constitnc  pas  a  cllc  si'iiio  iiiic  liasc  sullisaiilt'  )M)nr  (|ii'.'  Ton  piiissc  ai'ciiMr 
It's  aiU(i!'i(<'S  liritaiiiii(|iii's  d'avoir  ni.iiiipK- a  Iciirs  devoir.)  dc  iii'iUraliti'' ;  <;ar  ci' tiiii 
lU'  jK'iit  ('tri'  coiLsidt'ii'  isoli'iiH'iit.  piii.s(|ii(',  avaiit  ct  apii's.  If  .SmntiT  avait  <''t('  iidin -' 
<laiis  Irs  ports  di' pliisiiMD'H  antics  otiits,  oii  11  sijiiinia  ct  lit  dii  chailtoii,  ct  <pi'il  i^t 
coiistati'  i|iic  Ic  dernier  a]iprovisioniiciiiciit  ipril  tit,  pour  traverser  roceMii  Atlaiitii|ii' 
n'ciit  pas  lien  <lans  nil  poll  Initaniii'ine :  i\i'  sortc  cine  I'mi  no  saiirait  pn-teiidn'  «|ii^l' 
poll  dc  la  'i'riiiite  ait  ^^c^vi  {\v  iiasc  d"ojn'rations  an  Siiinler. 

W.^Cituriviinnt  la  jKriniaxioH  tie  Krjitiir  el  lU  vintv  <hi  SiniiUr  a  (librollor. 

a)  Tjc   scjoiir  du   Sumter  einmnc   vaissean   de  j^ticirc  ariiu'   dcs  etats-eonfi''(lcr(»  ;i 
poll  dc  (iilnaltar.  dcpiiis  Ic  niois  dc  Janvier  an   iiioi^  de  dcc(  ndiie    IHti'^i,  I'nl  mi'lii^l' 
suite    d'liii   ctat   dc   di'Ircsse    qii'uii    asile  eoiitic   le    dan/^cr   ptoveiiaiit   de    \-aisM';iiiN 
eiiiiemis. 

/))  1,'iic  pareiije  eonecssiiui  d'asilc  est  en  desaeeord  twi'v  la  'i'  i'cy;le  dii  tniil' 
d'apres  la(|nellc  mi  jxn't  iienlri'  iic  doit  ])as  servir  de  Uase  d'o|)crati(Mis  aiix  Iielli«.;(''\;iiii-: 
par  coiiM-iinciit,  iic  doit  jias  iioii  pins  ieni'  servir  de  lieu  de  refiiffe  coiitre  I'euiicini,  t'"'' 
cii  lenr  laissant  la  possiliilili'  d'eii  lessortir  a  voloiile. 

(•)  li'(d>jeeli(ni  (|iii  est  t'aite  tiiie  le  Snnilei- tdait  (^iilre  a  (iilnaltar  a\anl   la   piil)lii:i 


OPINIONS    OK    MR.    ST.KMPFLI. 


137 


liclinc  tiio  imhliciitioii  of  tho  oHicial  circular  oC  tliP  .'Ust  of  Jr.iinary, 
isiL',  wliicli  limits  tlic  stay  of  bclli^icrciit  vessels  in  neutral  ports,  is 
iiiiiiKitcrial;  for, 

[il.)  I'.vcii  witliotit  tlic  publication  of  that  circular,  tlic  lirantinji'  of 
shelter  wliicli  look  place  would  have  been  contrary  to  the  duties  hiiu 
ilowii  in  the  second  rule,  and  to  the  j)rinciples  of  a  real  and  elfective 
iiciitndity. 

If.)  Moreover,  to  interpret  the  circular  of  the  .'{1st  .lanuary,  l.S(L'  n  the 
sense  that  it  I'clated  oidy  t(  tlic  shii>s  of  belligerents  \vhi<'li  should  in  the 
liitiu'c  enter  Hrilish  i)orts,  and  not  to  tiiose  which  wrre  already  in  them, 
is  ill  opposition,  if  not  with  the  letter,  at  least  with  the  seiis(>  and  si)irit 
ill  wliicli  the  cii'ciilar  was  ]>idtlislied. 

I  /■)  Tile  disarmament  and  sale  of  the  Sumter  after  she  had  been  eleven 
iiKHitiis  in  the  port  of  (libraltar  were  the  continuatio"  and  «'onc',usiou 
ottlie  coui'se  pursued  np  to  that  time,  and  wliicl:  consistid  in  saviii,^'  tlu> 
sjiip.  lier armament  and  lu'icrew,  Irom  tiie  enemy  ;  and  these  acts  were  as 
little  in  conformity  with  the  mainteiiam-e  of  a  real  and  cirectix  f  neutrality 
IIS  tlie  whole  of  the  pi'ocetMliii,<«s  from  the  be.i>innin,i;,  and  the  less  so 
iicciuise  they  were  accompanied  by  the  followin;^  ciri'iimstances  in 
iiiijiiavation: 

//.)  The  sale  of  the  ship  v>as  oidy  tictifious,  as  appears  from  the 
ilm'iuiients; 

'file  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  the  arms,  ^Kie.,  wei'e])aid  over  to  the  treasury 
«'  tlie  iiisrj'.n'cnts; 

Tlie  ollicers  of  the  \'essel  and  the  rest  of  her  crew  remained  at  liberty, 
and  a  certain  number  of  them  re-entered  tihortly  afterwaids  the  servi(;e 
oi'tlie  iiisur,u('nt  States. 

(/(.)  According'  t<?  the  ])riHciples  of  neutrality  obseived  on  land,  men 
wlio  seek  r«M'uji«'  from  rhe  enemy  are  disarmed,  and  the  munitions  they 
liriuji'  Willi  them  are  sei/,e(l  and  not  restored  till  the  end  of  the  war:  the 
authorities  of  (libraltar  oii^lit  to  have  act«'d  in  like  manner,  or  else  they 
'iiiii'lit  to  have  eomiielled  the  vessel  with  her  armaiiii'iit  and  crew  iolea\e 
;li»'  jiort  within  a  stated  t'lne,  providinu  her  with  a  safe  (uHuluct  as  tal- 
is the  limits  of  I'.ritish  jurisdiction. 


Hiiii  lit'  i.'i  I'ircniiiirc  ininisti'iii'lli'  ilu  Ifl  Jainii  r  Hl'ri.  hi(|ii('llc  litiiitr  lit  iliinc  ilit  si'joi.i' 
(Ifs  MiJ^si'iiiiA  Ix'llii^iTjiiits  dims  l>'s  ))iirls  iiftUrcs,  est  suns  inirlcc  :  cur, 

il)  Miinc  saii.s  \n  i»iililitiitimi  dc  ccili'  liiciiliiirc  In  ftmccssiuii  (I'lisilc  ijiii  <!iit  li.ii 
iiil  ('tr  CM  «l('-.sfU'('or<l  avfc  li's  di'voiis  di'Cdiiliiiit  dc  la  ii;;lc  '2  cl  dcs  iniiicipcs  d'ntu; 
iHiitralitc  rcclh;  h  ctVcctncr. 

')  Kii  oiitrc,  intcrprcicr  In  circulairc  du  :U  J:iii\  icr  isd-j  dmis  Ic  sens  iin'i-llc  iic 
ili'Viiil  coiiociiicr  (|m!  Ich  iiinircs  dcs  l)cllij;fi!niis  i|iii  ciitrciaicnt  a  Tavciiii' dans  Ics 
|Mrt.«:  liiilaiiiii(|iics,  ct  111)11  rvwK  <|iii  s'\  t inn vaici;t  di'Ja  alors,  c'cst  sc  iiicrtrc  cii  di'sac- 
iDic!.  >iiiiin  avcc  I'l  icttrc,  dii  imiiiis  avcv  Icsciisci  ropiit  dans  lcs«|iicls  eel  Ic  ciiciihiiri' 
I'm  |iiildi(''c. 

,'  !  l.c  dcsariiicnicnt  ct  la  vciilc  dii  SnintiT  mi  ImjiiI  tic  on/c  inois  dc  sijunr  dans  Ic 
iMirt  dc  (iilirallar  I'lircnt  la  ((iiitiiinatiini  ct  la  t .  :icliisiiiii  dii  itniccdi  siiivi  jns(|ti'alurs. 
I'l  i|ui  cDiisistait  a  saiM'cr  lU'  rcnnciiii  Ic  vai>-.can,  son  annciiiciil  ct  sun  cciuipanc;  ct 
'I'Mictcs  anssi  fiircnt  aiissi  |icii  cunruniics  ;r  iii.iinlicn  il'iiiic  iicntraliti'  ici  lie  el  clVec- 
'■vi'(|iic  toiif  If  i>r(ieod('',  di's  Ic  coimncncciiicnt,  cl  cela  d'aiitant  iiioiiis  ijirils  ctaiciit 
iriiiMi|ia;;iics  dcs  cironsiaiiccs  aufrravantcs  siiivanti's. 

'"  I, a  vcnlc  du  vaisscan  iic  I'lit  i|iii'  (ictivc,  aiiisi  iin'il  appcrt  d'aprcs  Ics  actcs : 

1.1'  inddult  dc  la  vciitc  dcs  ariiics,  Ac  I'lit  vcisc  dans  la  (.'aisse  dcs  iiisiir^ics ; 

lit'>  (ijlicicrs  (In  \aisscau  cl  ic  rcstc,  dc  l'«''(|iii|>a;;i' n  stcrcnt  cii  <''ta(  dc  liltcrti',  ct  iin 
'I'l tain  nomliic  d'cntr"cnx  rctitn  rent .  )>i'ii  dc  temps  a]ii'i's,  an  service  dcs  <'tats  insni'^cs. 

''I  h'aiMcs  Ics  prinei|ies  dc  iienlraliti- oltscrvi's  siir  tcirc,  les  lioinincs  i|iii  clicrcliciit 
I'll  ic|'iii;c  I'liiitrc  reiincini  hoiii  ili  saniie-i  ct  intciin's,  Ic  inati'i'ici  |ii'ils  cnipurtcnl  est 
Mi>i  cl  n'cst  rcstitiii' ipi'a  la  tin  dc  la  «jiicrrc  :  les  antorit's  dc  (  iliraltar  aniaicnl  dii 
■'Uii' 'I'liiie  iiiatiii'rc  aii:il(mui'.  on  liicii  cUcs  anraiciit  dii  lorcer  Ic  iiavlrc,  a\ce  son  ariiic- 
iiiiiit  ct  sun  cimipa};e,  a  <|nittcr  Ic  ]»«>rt.  dans  nn  dtdai  lixi',  saiif  a  le  poiuvoir  d"im  .saiil- 
I'oiulitit  jiiH(|ii'a;<\  liniltes  dc  la  jnridit  tioii  lit'itaiiiiiqiic 


138 


I  'in 


i  111 


AK'HITKATION    A'l     (JKNKVA. 


lUIxniKNT. 


1.  (hoat  Britain  has  not  fiiilodiii  her  duties,  as  laid  down  in  tho  tluci' 
rules,  in  r<'sj)ect  to  the  Sumter,  up  to  the  t'litranee  of  thai  vessel  iut,, 
diliraltai",  ami  is  not,  therefore,  responsibh^  tor  the  ships  desti'oycd  i,v 
the  Siniiter. 

L*.  On  the  otiier  iiand,  (Jreat  Uriraiii  has  violated  the  second  rule  in 
affordin.in  a  protracted  shelter  to  rlie  Sumter,  and  in  iiermittin,i;'  flir  di. 
arntament  and  pretended  saleof  that  vessel  in  the  port  oi"  (lihraltai.  ami 
is,  therefore,  I'esjxuisihle  Ibi' the  sum  for  which  the  Snmter  her  ariii;i 
nmnt  an<l  e(piii»ment  were  sold.  Cor  the  expense  of  wateiiin.u-  her  l;y  the 
ships  (»f  the  I'nited  States  before  the  waters  of  (lihialtar,  dnrin:^  the 
whole  pei'iod  of  the  stay  ot  the  Snmter  m  that  port,  and  for  the  expiiis,. 
of  her  pnrsitit  after  her  depaiture  from  that  port. 

VI. — 'I'm;  iMnKiMiTioN. 

(A.)— I'ACIS. 

1.  This  vessel   was  originally   a   I'nited  States  screw  steamship,  tin 
I'ncie  I  Jen,  and  was  Imilt  at  Unffah*  in  ^SMi. 

Shortly  hefoi'etlie  attack  on  i-'orl  Snmier  she  had  hcin 
sent  to  t lie  south  coast  of  the  iMiilci  Stales.  Stress  of  weather  ol»li;;ni 
her  to  put  into  th'-  Cape  l''ear  Kivcr.  'I'liere  the  insnr;>{'nts  took  posses 
sion  of  he)',  and  tiuiu'd  her  into  a  schooner.  Shi^  wcht  to  sea  anain  mnlci 
the  name  of  the  l{ei  riliutioii,  and  cruised  in  the  aei/iiihorhood  of  the 
i>ahamas. 

'J.  In  the  moidh  of  necemher,  lS(i:j.  she  captured  the  Anu'iicaii 
schooner  ilanover,  and  took  her  jni/.e  to  I'ortune  Island  or  Lon^' (,';i,v, 
(one  of  the  iJahamas.) 

The  ca])tain  of  the  IJetrihntioii.  one  Locke,  alius  Parker,  went  heloif 
the  authorities  of  rlie  port  with  the  i)ai>ers  of  the  Hanover,  represeiitoil 
himself  asthe  master  oi"  that  vessel,  under  the  name  of  Washinjilon  ('asc 
and  stated  that  he  had  been  shipwiccked  on  one  ol  the  neiji'hboriii; 
islands,  and  that  he  was  in  distress;  that  In-  had  been  bound  IVom  IJosioii 


(('.)  — JltilMI.N  1. 

1.  Lii  ( ii'.nnli'-l)ii'iiiL;in'  Ti'ii  )i!is  iiiiiiii|M(''  a  scs  devoirs,  (lofonliint  tlt's  triiis  rJ'ijflcs,  I'll 
(•('  i|iii  i-oiicfiiir  li'  SmiiiIci-  Jiis(|u';t  fciitiv'i'  dc  cc  vaisscan  a  (iiln'allar,  ct  (die  ii'rst,  pii: 
(■(>iisc(|ii('Mt.  ]>»>■  ri'>iiiMi.-'alilc  iiiiiir  jcs  (IcstniclKiiis  dc  navircs  cH'cctin'M's  ),ar  li'  Siiiiiti:. 

•J.  I'ar  ciiiitri'.  la  (iraiidc-itrciauiii'  a  vinli'  la  ivj^le  "2  cm  iicroi-daut  iiii  asilc  in'.ilnnp 
ail  Siiiritci' ct  cii  tiilcraiit  Ic  dc-^ariiicintiil  ct  la  pn'tciwliic  vciitc  d  -  cc  vaisscaii  ilaii>!' 
]i(iir  (Ic  (Jjlirallar.  ct  idle  csl,|»ai'  ci>iisi';|iiciit,  rcs|Mi!)sal>tc  [iDiir  ic  prix  dcvciili'il: 
Siimtci',  dc  siiii  ai'iiicMiciit  ct  dc  son  ('•i|iii|)ciiiciit,  pour  Ics  t'rais  dc  siii'vcillaiicc  piii  li^ 
navircs  ilcs  Klals-l'nis  dcvanl  Ics  canx  <lc  (Jil)rallar.  pcndimt  tniUc  la  tlnn'c  dn  xiin! 
t,iic  lit  Ic  Snmter  dans  cc  iioit,  ct  jujur  Ics  t'rais  dc  sa  ponrniiite  apri's  son  dcpait  tW  " 
poll . 

i,i:  r.i'.riniUTioN. 

(A.)— KAris. 

1.  Cc  vaisscan  ctait  diiiis  I'ori^inc  la  \ap<'in'  a  litdicc  I'l'iiclc  Hen,  dos  fltiits-l'iiis.  I'l 
avait  etc  constinit  a  Mnll'alo.  en  IS.'di. 

Pen  tic  temps  avaiil  rattaiinc  dn  fori  8iiMiler,  ii  avait.  I'tt'  ciivoyc  sin'  Ics  eotcs  iiini- 
dionales  des  filals-riiis.  he  maiivais  fciiips  fiddiu-ca  a  ciifrer  dans  Ic  tlciivc  dn  (';i|ir 
Kcai'.  J-a,  Ics  insiir<it's  s'cn  eniparcreiit  ct  Ic  traiisi'ormiTcnt  en  sidiooncr.  I!  rcinit  !.i 
iiier  sons  ic  iioin  dt'  iv'ctiilMilion  el  eioisa  dans  le  V(dsiiia>;c  dcs  Kaliainas. 

'i.  An  iiiois  dc  d<'ccmlirc  l^'(>•i,  it  eaptiira  le  si  liooncr  aiiK'-iicain  Ic  Manovcr.  el  aimii' 
sa  prise  a  I'tlc  I'^orlnnc  mi  Loiiy;  ("ay,  (rnnc  des  Maliaimis.) 

I.c  capitainc  de  la  Rctiileition,  noiiinu''  liOeUe,  kUkh  I'ai'kcr,  sc  pri-seiila  aver  l''^ 
pnpiers  dn  navire  Ic  ilanover  aiix  aiitorites  dn  port,  sc  lit  passer  pmir  ic  patron  lU-f^ 
imvire  sons  le  iioiii  dc  Wasliiiifrton  Case,  ct  rapporfa  (|ifii  avail  iait  iiaiil'ia<;e  a  riiniili- 
!ieH  voisincs  ct  (piMl  I'tait  en  ([(Hresst^;  qii'll  avait  ote  destini'i  de  iioston  h  la  llaviun 


OPINIONS    OF    Mil.    .ST.K.MI'FLl. 


i:5!i 


•0  IIii\;i:i!i)  with  liiicrty  to  seek  iinotlicr  iiiiirkot;  tlint  iiis  iiisfiiictions 
iiiitlioiizi'd  iiiiu  lo  dispose  of  his  (".ir^n'o,  iiiiil  to  iniikc  iisi- of  thi'  proceeds 
III  takt'  in  a  caryo  of  salt,  and  to  run  the  bhjckaih'  willi  it. 

Tin'  ship's  pap''is  '.vciv  ('x:;iiiin('d  ;iiid  louiid  to  he  in  confoiinity  with 
Ills  (h'rhiratioiis ;  they  were  inch'cd  made  out  in  the  uaMic  ui'lhc  mas- 
ter. Washin;;ton  Case,  antl  it  was  iinihT  this  name  tliat  I.oikc  \v,is  ad- 
mitted into  the  port  with  the  Hanover,  and  tliat  tiie  ship's  e,)ri;-o  was 
I'xclian.ued  for  one  of  salt. 

:).  Later,  on  aei-ount  of  remonstranees  nnuh'  by  an  Anierie;ni  ai^cnt, 
Locke  was  prosecuted  at  Nassau,  on  account  of  this  act.  The  iirst  lime 
lie  was  reU'ased  on  bail,  and  siu'ceeih'd  in  escaping;' tiial  by  l.dvin;4'  \\\<i\\l 
■,m\  forfeiting'  his  bail,  (October.  bSti.},)  The  second  time,  lia\iu,iji'  nmde 
the  same  voya,u('  atiaiu,  iu'  was  acquitted  I>y  the  c(>Mrt  for  want  of  evi- 
liciice  to  ))ro\('  his  identity,  (l''ebi  nary,  ISi).").) 

1.  l*re\ious  to  these  judicial  pioeeedinjis  the  Retribution  had  alsoeap- 
tiacd.  in  the  m'ij^hborhood  of  Castle  Isl.cnd,  the  Anu'rican  briij;'  I'hiuly 
Fisher,  cai'ryin;.;  a  (*ar{>"o  of  su.uar.  'I'lie  master  of  this  latter  vessel, 
named  Sti'ples,  relates  what  happened  in  the  folhrvvin,i;'  muuner: 

Tlie  prize  ];;'.viu'>'  been  made,  the  capt(U'  made  an  arran^enu'ut  with 
seine  wreckers  and  tln'u  stranded  tlie  vessel.  alt"r  whiidi  the  wreidci'rs 
took  possession  of  her;  and  she  was  then  brou.uht  i)a(dj  to  rjon.-;"  Cay. 
iicconipanied  by  the  IN  tribution. 

The  mastei  of  th(>  I'hnily  Fislun*  was  not  allowed  to  take  })ossession 
III  his  ship  a;;ain  until  he  had  paid  ~t'<)  per  cent,  of  the  pric(^  of  the 
carjio,  and  ."».'j.\  ])er  cent,  of  the  value  of  the  vessel,  to  the  wreckers. 
When  he  had  made  this  payment  he  was  rei)Iaced  in  possession  by  tiie 
nillcetor;  the  aul horities  (lechuvd  that  the  law  would  not  allow  the 
iTiiiser  to  touch  the  bri,u',  but  that,  even  if  they  wished,  they  had  no 
moans  of  prevcntinj;'  it  ;  ami,  lindiiij:'  liinrself  under  the  jiuus  of  tlie 
I'liiiscr,  he  had  preferred  i)ayin^'  what  was  asked  of  him. 

In  the  Uritisli  counter  case  it  is  admitted  that  this  statement  may  be 
true,  that  tliere  had  been  a  conspiracy  bet'.ceu  the  cai»tain  of  the  iJet- 


■f!! 


ivir  ruciiitr  <li'  clii'i't-jicr  uii  iiutrc  iiiiirclii- ;  hhi' srs  uislructiinis  l':iut(iris:iitiit  ;'i  (lispuser 
li' la  cMtituisoii.  ct  it  (Ml  oiiipioyor  le  prodnii  'lire  iiii  ciiiiry'i'iiU'iit  di'  scl  v\  u  iravcrMer 
ii'  liiiiciis  avi'c  (•(•  cliariii'iiiciil . 

Li's  iiapicr.s  ilii  iia\  ire  I'lui-iit  cxniiiiiit's  el,  Ihium--  coiilctrmrs  aiix  (ir'ilaijiti"iis;  ils 
'taiciil  en  (  ll'i'l  ail  iimu  dii  patinii  Wasliiii^^roii  {':{><■.  ;  I  r  I'lit  muis  fc  iiom  (|ii.-  Locko 
lut  mliiiis  ail  jioit  avcc  If  llaiiDVcr  ct  (|iit'  la  carjial.siHi  iln  iiav  in- I'lit  fliaiii;' i' coiitrc  uiif 
ilf.scl. 

:i.  I'liis  tard.  a  la  suilc  <!(-  di'iionc-iatiniis  laid's  par  iiii  a;;cnl  aiiioricuiii,  Locki' I'lit 
|iimisiu\i  ell  justice  a  Nassau,  a  cause  dc  ce  fail  :  la  iiitininf  lois,  it  I'lit  i.  I;V  In-  sous 
'  iiiitio!:,  I't  iciissit  a  sc  soiist  rairc  a  la  prori-dure  cii  iirciiaul  la  tiiirc  cf  ali.iiidttnn  int  sou 
laiitiiiMiii'iiiciu,  (oclohre  lsi;:{.)  La  sccoiidi' tois.  a  \  aiit  rd'ail  Ic  inciiu'  viiNam'.  il  I'lit 
:i'i|!iilir'  par  Ir  trihiiiial,  laiitc  dc  |)ii'iivcs  cmistalanr  son  idciititc,  (J.  \  ricr  l--lir).) 

I.  Aiiti'iii'iirciiiciit  ii  ci's  proci'dcs  jiidiciaircs,  Ic  Kctrilnition  avait  aiissi  captiiir  duns 
li' viiisiiiaj;c  di- Castle  Island  Ic  l)ii(dv  aniericaiii  l>iiiil\  I'lslier.  portaiit  iiin'  ciirffalsdii 
ill' siu'ie.  Lc  patnm  ile  ee  dcniier  vaisscaii.  iioiiiiiit'  Staples,  laconte  cc  ipii  s'est  passr'' 
ill'  la  uiaiiiere  siiivaiite  : 

La  inisf  laite,  le  caideiir  etii-it  entrt'  CM  relaticui  avee  (|ii(d(|iies  ivr<  ■  ' '  i  avait  cii- 
Miitf  I'liif  ('•(•litiiier  le  navirc  ;  apivs  (pioi  les  irndiirx  s'eii  etaieiit  i;uii....s;  unsuitt;  il 
•i\ail  i't(''  raineiit'  a  f-mi^'  (Jay  sons  la  eondnite  dn  Ixetiiliiitioii, 

Liii,  patron  dc  rilniily  t'islier,  ii'avait  t'li'  'mi  <'tat  de  reprendre  possession  de  son  vais- 
^'■aii  i|u'il  ii'i'iit  pase  an\  irccc/icc'*  ;">(!  pour  cent  dn  pi'i\  de  la  c;irj;aison,  et  ',V.\\  pon. cent 
li' la  \  aliur  dn  vaissean.  liorsipi'il  eiii  depost- ce  paieineiit,  il  a\  ait  I'di'  leinis  en  p<>s- 
^I'ssiiiii  p.'ir  le  collect eiir  ;  les  antofiti's  avaieiit  diMdare  ipie  les  lois  iie  peniiel  tiaieiit  pas 
111  (•l■(li^,l Mir  de  toiielier  all  Iti'lcU,  niais  iine,  (jiuiml  ineiiie  elles  le  voiidrai  lit,  elles  n'aii- 
I'lii'iit  aiieiiii  nioytMi  d^^  I'ciiipeelier ;  el.  sn  Innivant  sous  les  ciiuous  dii  croiseiir,  il  aviiit 
Hiieiix  aiiiit'  payer  ce,  (pi'ou  liii  dcinaiidail. 

IJiUis  II'  contre-UKMUoiie  luitauni(|iie.  on  recoiiiiait  tiue  cct  expost-  jieiit  etre  vrai,  ipi'll 
y  iiViiit  cu  (!()iuplot  cutre  le  capitaiue  ilii  K'ctriluitiou  et  les  inrrkcrx  e»  vuo  d'cxtoi<pier 


m 


40 


AKIJITKATION    AT    (iKXKVA. 


vibiitioii  iiiul  the  urcokovs,  with  a  view  to  extortino-  money  (Voni  tin 
iMi.u'.  fi'om  wliii'li,  as  a  Diize.  lie  would  otliorwiso  have  been  al)h'  to  oli 
tain  nothinf-;;  but  tliat  no  complaint  iiad  1)('<mi  made  a.i:ainst  tii( 
authorities  of  tho  colony,  and  that,  since  then,  nine  years  had  elaitscd, 
.").  The  I'etiibution  tlMMcnpon  went  to  Xassau  Uay.  was  sold  thereon 
tiie  10th  ol'  Ajtril,  isd.'!,  ther(>  chan.u'cd  her  name  to  that  of  the  l^ttii, 
and  both  these  transactions  were  rei^istered  by  the  autiiorities  at  Nas- 
sau. On  her  liist  \(>ya<i'e  to  New  York  as  a  transjjort  she  was  rcco". 
ni/ed  as  the  I'ormer  Jtetributioa,  and  was  seiz<Ml  bv  the  authoiities  iiiid 
sold. 

(B.) — CONSIDKIJATIONS. 

(A.) — Wli((t  iooJc  place  rcspectiiitj  the  Hanover. 

TJje  Brilish  authoiities  are  not  responsil)!!'  in  this  matter,  since  tli(\ 
were  <lecei\<'d  in  i(',t!ar<l  io  the  entry  and  sale  of  the  prize  at  Lon^'  (';iy. 
and  since,  from  tlie  manner  in  which  this  Irand  was  co'mmitted,  tlicy 
cannot  be  acct:s<  d  of  culpable  neji'liji'ence. 

Nor  can  any  responsibility  b(M»ttached  to  the  subse(|uent  ac(piitt;il, 
foi'  this  act.  of  Captain  Locke  by  the  courts  at  Xassau,  inasnuu-h  as  i; 
is  iu)t  shown  that  there  were  any  evident  defects  in  tlu;  proceed in,i;,s  di 
the  Jud<:nient. 

(1).) — W/iaf  1o:)k  place  rcspectiny  the  ijii>>lii  Fi.slicr. 

it  appears  to  be  proved  that,  in  IJritish  Jurisdiction,  by  means  of  n 
conspiracy  between  the  captain  of  the  (;ruiser  and  somi^  of  the  crew  ot 
the  wi'cckinji'  \essels.  exactions  w<'re  i>ractice<l  on  this  vessel  after  sin 
lia<l  been  cajttured  and  brou.uht  i'lto  the  waters  and  port  of  Lon;;  (lav; 
and  that  th<'  authorities  of  the  port  were  aware  of  it.  tho,  a. fair  having, 
so  to  sjieak,  taken  phu'c  before  their  eyes;  that,  notwithstandin;^',  tlusi 
authorities  did  not  take  an.v  stej)s,  either  with  a  view  of  aiVonliii; 
efficient  protection,  or  with  a  view  of  instituting  judieiai  pro(!eediii},'.\ 


lie  I'lU'jji'iit  iui  l)iici<.  (lout  il  n'liuriiit  sans  ct'lii  rieii  jm  n'tina-  conuMi'  pris(>;  inais  (jUi! 
n'y  iivail  pas  en  dc  plaiiiti;  portci'  coiitrc  ics  autoiitcs  colonialt's.  ct  (pu-,  dcpiiis  Im- 
iiLMiC  alls  s'('tai('iit  i'<nulr..s. 

.").  L;'i-(li'h.sus.  li'  li'i'lrntiUioM  sc  I'ciidif  dans  la  baio  di*  Nassau,  y  fiit  vfiidn  lo  1"  iiviii 
'  -ii:;,  y  i'!iaii;;i'a  son  noni  cii  (•clui  do  "Kttii."'  ct  I'liii  ct  fautrc  dc  cfs  actcs  f'liri'iit  ('iin';;i>- 
tri's  jiar  li's  autdiitis  dc  Nassau,  l.ois  dc  son  jiicniicf  soyaf^ca  Ni'W  Vorli,  v.u  ipuili! 
dc  transport,  il  y  I'nt  rt'connn  coniinc  I'ancMt'n  l»ttriliiilio'i.  ct  I'nt  s(''(picsti'c  jiarl  ■ 
aiitoritcs  ct  V(;iidii. 

(  M.)  — CoNSlDKIJANT.-. 

{  .\.)  C(!  qui  sf  iKissii  iiniirn:«iil  Ir  nuiivrir. 

Los  autoritcs  In  ilanni(pics  n'cn  sont  pas  rcsponsablcs.  jjuisiprdlcs  I'liirnt  froiiii"- 
(plant  a  I'ciitri'-i*  ct  a  la  vmic  \\o  la  jirisc  a  l>onj;  Cay,  I't  (pic,  dc  la  nianiiTc  dont  vfVv 
tiDiiipcric  tin  coniinisc,  il  iic  pent  Iciir  ('"tri^  rcpioclK'  dc  iK'n'lincncc  coiipaldc. 

II  n'y  ;i  pa->  imn  plus  dc  in  oi  if  dc  i(Nii()iisal>ilil(-  dans  ra((piitlcinciit  siil(S('Mpiciit,  \m\: 
vv  fait,  (III  captaiiic  l.ockc  jiar  Ics  trilmnanx  dc  Nassau,  ]niis(pril  n'cst  pas  ctalili  i]"' 
y  ait  CII  (Ics  dclanls  I'vidcnls  dans  la  iir()C(''iliirc  ct  ht  Jiii;ciiiciit. 

(H.)  Ci'  qui  xc  jKinsd  (onccriKuil  r  f''milji  Fiilicr. 

II  par.'iit  cDiistah'' (pic  dans  l;i  jiiridiction  hritannicpic,  an  nioNcii  d'lin  coniplot  tuin' 
ciitrc  Ic  capitainc  dii  cioisciir  ct  (pichpics  itoniincs  (r('iinipa.'.;('  dc  bateaux  dc  saiivclii'.' 
il  I'nt  coiiiinis  dcs  exactions  contrc  vv.  vaisscan,  apr(s  (pi'il  cut  (>tt'  ('aptnr('  ct  aimi' 
dans  Ics  eaiix  ct  Ic  port  dc  I.oii);  Cay  ;  (  i  (pic  Ics  aiit(Mit('s  dii  iioit  cii  avaicnt  coiiniii- 
saiicc,  Ics  clioscs  s'l'-lant,  |)oiir  ainsi  dire,  p.-isx'cs  siuis  leiirs  yciij,  ;  (pic,  iKHiobstaiil  cl' 
CCS  antoriti's  n'av  aicnt  pas  fait  unc  scmIc  d(''iiiai'(dic,  ni  en  viic  d'aceordcr  iJi'oli'ctii'" 
ofI'c(jtivc,  ni   cii   VIIC  d'cntainer  <les  p(Hiisuitcs  /pidieiaircs.  iii  en  faisaiit  lappoi't  iiii\ 


OI'IMONS    OF    MR.    ADAMS. 


141 


or  i!.v  i'«'Portiii;i- to  their  siipcrioi'.s  what  was  taUiii-u'  place;  that,  inoie- 
tivci",  ami  as  a  st'(|uel  to  these  aets,  on  tlie  lOth  ot  /vpiil.  1S(»;5,  seven 
weeks  alter  tlie  events  which  liad  talceii  phice.  tiu^  sale  and  change  of 
iiiiuie  of  the  lietribution  "took  phice,  and  that  Ihese  transactions  were 
lejiistered  by  the  authorities  at  Nassau. 

(C.)  The  objections  nnnle  by  (Jreat  IJiitain,  that  it  was  not  until 
nine  ye.irs  a'ter  these  acts  took  place  that  a  claiai  is  nlad(^  with  respe<'t 
to  the  I'hnily  l-'islier,  and  tiiat  Loni;- ( 'ay  isa  distant  and  little  fre'pn-ntcd 
|)();t,  are  iiiiniaterial,  Itecanse  the  nature  of  the  oll'cnsc  coininiited  at 
Loll;;' ('ay  made  it  the  duty  of  thi' authorities  to  interfere  olliciaily.  or 
iurcp(n'tto  their  superiors;  and  because,  even  if  at  the  tinu'  of  the 
coiiuuission  of  the  olfense,  there  was  not  on  the  spot  a  force  to  prevent 
It,  it  was,  lu'vertheless,  the  duty  of  the  authoiities,  ininu'diatcly  altcr- 
uiu.".,  to  take  every  step  to  repair  it,  excn  that  of  insisting-  that  nuMs- 
iin's  slnudd  be  taken  a<4ainst  the  bclli,u'erent  I)y  whom  the  cruiser  was 
counnissioned. 

.11  iXi.MKNI'. 

(ireaV  Hritain  <lid  uoX  fail  t(»  observe  her  duties  as  a  neutral  with 
icsncct  to  the  facts  which  concern  the  Hanoxcr:  on  the  otiier  hand, 
ill  iv.i:aid  to  the  Kmily  Fislicr.  she  did  not  lullill  lier  duties  as  a  neu- 
tral, and  is  I'esponsible  on  tiiis  iicad. 


OPINIONS    O  F    M  U.     \  \)  A  M  S  . 

1. — 1)1  !•:    DILKilONCi;. 

These  words,  which  are   found   in    the   lirst  and  third  of  the  rules 
luescriiied  by   the  treaty  of  \\'ashin,i>ton,  for  the  .u'overn- 
Mieiit  oi'  the  aibitrat(us  in  makin,i;'  up  their  judj>inent.  have 
^iveu   I'ise   to   much  di.scussion   in   the   picparatory  aryiiinents  of  flic 
(i})]i()sin<>-  parties. 


;iMt()iit'''s  sii|ifri«'nrfs  dc  cc  i|iii  hi;  passait;  que  Iticii  plus,  ct  cii  siiilt;  di-  (('s  laits.  If  Itt 
iivrii  l^ii;!,  .si'iii  .St  iiiiiiiii'M  itpivs  Ics  <-vi-ii('iiit'ntsi|iii  avairnt  cii  lieu,  la  vciUi-  ct  tc  cliaii;;!'- 
iiiciit  fill  iioiii  (Ir  l'i<'tiil>iUi(iu  s'eltt'ctncrtMit  ct  <|iio  ccs  aclcs  I'lirciit  cnrcifi.slrc's  jiar  to 
uiitoiitcs  a  Nassau. 

({".)   I.f»  ohjiiliiniy  ijiic  jirrxtnhhi  iliiniiU-Uri  Idijiu  — 

(^iic  cc  n'cst  (|u<;  lu'uf  alls  ajiics  Ics  fails  a('c(Hii|ilis  (|Mc  I'ou  irclanic  au  sujct  ilc 
ri'.iiiiiy  l'"islu'i' ct  <|iic  l,(>n;i  Cay  csf,  iiu  imit  ]n-\\  lVcc|iicntc  ct  I'-caili'— m'oiU  pas  (fiui- 
]imtiui(c.  jiarcc  i|Ut'  la  iialurc  ilu  dt'lit  cdMiiiiis  a  I, on;;-  Cay  fai.sail  jiux  autoiiti'-s  mi  de- 
voir irintcrvciiir  <rot'(icc  ou  dc  t'aii<;  iap|iiirt  anx  aiit<tritt''s  siiptTiciii'cs,  ct  que  quaiid 
inriiic,  an  UKiiiicnt  dc  la  coinuiisslou  dii  didit.  I'tin  n'avait  pas  siir  place  la  force  dc  i'oii- 
lii'L'licr,  Ics  autiti'ifcsavaicnt,  cciicudaiit,  In  dcvuir  di^  I'airc  iuiinciliatcniciit  apii's  tmUes 
Ics  lit'iiiarclics  pour  y  I'ciiicdier  ct  niciiic  ccliii  d'iiisistcr  poiirqifil  t'lit  pris  des  uu-siiics 
iDiilii'  Ic  liclliH;(  rant,  conmicttiint  dii  cioiscur. 

(('.) — .lr(a;.Mi:M. 

l.a  (Jiandc-nrctaKiie  ii'a  pas  manque  ii  ses  oltli^atioiis  dc  iiciil  rat  ilc  reiati\  emeu  t  au\ 
I'aits  (pii  coiicerueiit  Ic  llauovcr;  par  coutic.  iioiir  ce  (|ui  eouceinc  li'.iuily  l''islicr,  die 
ii'a  jms  satislait  a  ses  devoirs  dc  uitulntlili'-,  ct  cite  t!st  rcspoiisalde  de  ce  cla't'. 


I   ■: 


m:s  ''injKs  i>n.i(ii;x<i'.s." 

Ccs  Miots,  (|ui  Nc  ti'ouvcnt  duns  lit  preniii-rc  v.l  dans  la  tioisicnn^  des  I'cjrles  prcsc:  Itcw 
piir  ic  train'' de  \Vasliiny;ti>n,  ptuir  scivir  dc  <;uide  aiix  arl)ilics,  pour  lornicr  Iciirjiif^c- 
iiiciii,  (nit  doiiuc  lieu  iV  !■  neiiup  do  diseussious  dans  Ics  exposes  prc|»aiat()irca  i\v^  pai- 
tif's  oppowintcs. 


142 


AUniTK'ATlOX    AT    (iKNKVA. 


1  the  sido  of  (ii'cat  liritain,  an  ('X|»laiiati(>ii  of  tlicin  is  f;iv(Mi  in  tlic  ■  ..iiihcrc  "  v 


I 


Or 

'.Hli,  KHli,  and  I  UIi  |)ro|)o.sitions,  laid  down  on  the  L'k!:  and  L'.-)tli  i»ii 
of  tlic  case. 

The  snl)i('('t  is  aj;ain  consnltMcd  in  pa.u'('s  IM  and  L'l'  of  tin-  voiiinu. 
railed  tiio  Coiuilcr  Case. 

It  is  a^ain  ii'iciird  to  in  tlio  Stli  and  !)th  pages  of  the  \-olnine  eallcil 
the  Aijjinnient  or  Snniniaiy. 

Ijastly,  il  is  treated  in  a  nH)re  general  way  in  tiie  ar.i>nnient  presented 
1>.V  !Sii'  iionndell  I'ahner,  eonnsel  on  behalf  of  Her  liritannie  Majesty,  on 
the  L'r)th  Jnly  last. 

On  the  side  of  the  I'nited  States,  an  explanation  is  inesented  in  pa;;ts 
l."»()  to  l.")S  of  the  volume  called  The  Case, 

Jt  is  a.nain  referred  to  in  the  sixth  paj^'e  of  the  Counter  Case. 

The  sul)jeel  is  ajiain  treated  in  paj^cs  ;>1(>  to  -'ti'i.'  of  the  Ar^niunenl  di 
Si;  miliary. 

i  a  tly,  it  is  discussed  in  a  more  s*'n<'i''>l  ^\''>.v  in  tl'<'  arj^unu'nt  suii 
niitt(d  l>y  the  eouiisi'l  on  behalf  of  the  Cnited  States  on  the  ."»th  andiilli 
ol'  An^yiist. 

I'he  olijeetion  which  I  am  constrained  to  admit  as  existing'  in  my  niiinl 
t(»  the  (Iriiish  discussion  is,  that  it  ai>pears  to  iiddress  itself  for  flic 
most  part  to  the  establishment  of  limitati<»ns  to  the  meaning  of  the 
words  rather  than  to  the  e\|>lanation  of  the  obligations  wliieli  tlic.v 
imply. 

Tile  olijeetion  which  1  am  constrained  to  '.'wn  to  the  Ameiican  deliiii 
tion  is  that  1  do  not  lind  the  word  "due"  used  in  tin'  sense  aitriijutcil 
to  it  in  any  dictionary  of  I'stablished  authority. 

Yet  it  does  not  appear  to  me  so  dillicult  to  lind  a  suitable  meaning  lor 
these  wonls.  l'eriiai»s  it  may  have  been  overlooked  fnnn  the  very  fiict 
of  its  sii!ii»licity. 

1  understand  the  word  diligenee  to  signify  not  merely  work,  bat,  to  use 
a  lamiliar  phrase,  work  with  a  will. 

T'he  force  (»f  the  (jualilyiiig  epitiiet  "due"  can  be  best  obtained  by 
tracing  it  to  its  origin.  All  lexicographers  derive  it  from  tlu'  Liiliii 
verb  "  debere."  which   itself   i.s  a  eompound   of  two   woids   "Mle"  and 


"    XI 


Dii  coti' (Ir  l;i  (iraiKlc-liri'ta^iie,  ifiiii' fXiilic:i(ii)ii  I'll  csl  (Iipiuh'c  (i;uis  iiis  i)""',  !()"" 
1 1'"'  i)iu|M)sit ions  ]iiis('cs,  paurs  ril  ct  ■,'.">  till  ■■l.'asf." 

I.csiijcl  i'.'st  <li-  III  111  scan  (•ttiisidcrt',  pa^ic-;  "Jl  ft  '-i'-l.  du  volimir  apju'li'  li-  '•  Cniiiitcr-rasc 

II  y  rsl  ciicdii'  fail  a!lii>ii>ii,  |ia,u;cs  >  el  '.(.  ilii  voiiiiiir  iimiiiui'  ■■  Aiifiiiiniit "'  mi  "  Sin 
mary." 

I'iiiliii  ilisf   trailc  (I'liiic   niaiiicn'   ]iliis   ".jcnnalc  daiL.-.  Ic   iilaiilnyiT  )irfsi'iiti'' jtai  S 


noniiiu 


'aliMiT,  ctiiiscillcr  (If  ,sa  .Majrsti-  In  ilaiiniiiiu 


."i  jiiilli't  (IciuiiT. 


Diiculi'   (Its  I'^tats-I 'iiis.   mil'  cxiiiira'  'Hi    ot    pii'sciili'c.  jia^cs    l.Mi  a  15^  du  voli 


iiii>' 


lloliiiiic  Ic  ••  ('a^ 

II  y  est  t'licdif  I'ail  alliisioii,  pajrc  (i  tin  '•('(Minli-r-iasf.'' 

I.c  Niijt't  est  tic  iioiivcaii  traitf,  jiajifs  liKi  a  '.V>\i  tit-  '•  TAi j^uiiiciit  "  dm  ■•  Suniiiiaiy." 

I''.iitiii  il  ',  st  ilisciilc  irniif  iiiaiiici'c  jiliis  jri'iit-ralf  duns  Ic  plaitloycr  pn'sciiti' par  li» 
fonscillt  IS  tics  l^tals-l'iiis,  Ic.s  ;'»  cI  ti  atnit. 

l.'olijcctitiM  ipif  Jc  sills  t)ldiy;i>  d'ailmcltrc  coniiiii'  i.'\istiiut  dans  iiitni  esprit  a  ri'y;iiril 
lies  aruiiincnts  aiijtiais  est.  tpi'ils  sciiil)lciit  s'appliipicr  pour  la  i>liii)art  a  otaldir  tics  !;■ 
inilaliinis  dii  sens  dc  ccs  nitits.  pluti'd  tpic  tic  ri)l)lii;al  i'lii  ipi'ils  iinpliipicnr. 

I.'ii'ijcrtiini  t|nc  Jc  snis  ol>lit;('  tic  fairc  a  la  dclinitiitn  anu'ricaiiic  est  tpic  jc  nc  trniivr 
pas  Ic  iniit  •' line  ■' employe  ilaiis  Ic  sens  tpii  y  est  at  liilitn'-,  tiaiis  aneun  tlit'tioiinain 
il'iinc  anloriii'  reconiine. 

Cepenilani  il  ne  me  seiiil>K<  pas  si  tlilHeili!  de  tronver  iiii  sens  eoiivfii.ahlo  poin  ri> 
mills.     I'cnI-etrc  a-t-il  i-cliappi-  ]iar  le  tail,  mt'iiie  tic  sii  simplicitt^. 

.lo  ctnnpiciids  tpie  Ic  nit)t  "tlili^rcnce"  siy;iiilie,  iitm  pas  simpleiiieiit  a^ir,  mnis  a^ir<li' 
Iton  Clear. 

I.a  loiiti  tie  rc|iitlietn  t|iialilifative  "iliie"  pent  etie  iiiieiix  troinee  t'ti  reinontaiiMi 
sini  ori^iiie.     Tous  Ics  lexicofrraidics  la  t'oiii   iliMiver  tin   verbe  latin  (/(fct/r.  ipil  est  Im 


liiire  of  or  J 

Assiiminj 
.U'p.  The 
;iliiitlier,  til 
••  Dcltere,"  i 
ivliicli  is  etp 
thus  (leline( 

Kicliardst 
liiis  a  right 

Wciister: 
iliie  iVom  m 
!ia'  to  pay. 

1  liave  se; 
tlii'iii.  as  tin 

Hence   it 
;;i'n('e"   i,    til 
|i;iity  may  <; 

r.i'it.  ir"tlii 
nafiire  and  < 
llic  Jadgmei 
or(lin;iry  trai 
tni  tlie'  iaitl 
|i;iity  to  win 
il!  the  sense 
:'.  coiitested  ( 

If  this  vie 
lows  that,  wil 
iiilcs  laid  dt>\ 
ii'naid  to  eei 


!iii'iii('  fi)in])osc  I 

!■'!  tV;nii"iis :  an 

Km  ailincttaiii 

..I  |irciiiicii'  ini 

iiii|ilii|Uccii-j||en 

•  tlMlWC."      J-",ii   I 

1-11  .•ili,;;lais,  il  c.- 

lliiiiiiidsnii :  • 

li'Miaiiilcr,  tie  n 

\Vfli>icr:  "  1) 

|||''mii  fiiiitrat.J 

I  I'l'liiiiii'r  coniint 

•l";ii  I'liiTcln-  II 

I  !-'■  tout  i|iic  rcpi 

I>i'  la  (111   lien 

^'lii'iix  (111  a  (|i 

liniit. 

Mais  si  t-ettc  ( 

i'"ti'ii(liic  dc   CI 

;'i,:;i'iiicai  on  1(^ 

''■•'  tnnisaclions 

I  plisscnu'iit  lidt^'t 

1 1 a  ('•le  eonti 

'liaiict?  d'oliteiii 

**!  ofllc  man 

I^Diivcnieinciit   1 

l"K(^CS(lailS  If   t 

'■aaiiii's  fhosi'iJ 


OI'IMONS    OF    MW.    AiiAMS. 


14:5 


■m 


.•halMTC,"  wliicli  iiifans  "(lunsi  dc  iilio  liiiWorc" — tiiat  is.  in    i']ii^lisli,  to 
Imreof  oy  /t''>in  (inothir. 

Assiimiiiji'  tliis  to  be  tlic  pi  iiiiiirx  inciininu',  I  now  come  U\  tlic  socoiul 
stcn.  The  first  liiiviiiji"  iiiii>li(Ml  s()iiu'tliiii,u'  ivccivcd  hv  one  pcisoii  IVoiu 
aiititlicr,  the  second  iniplics  ('(luidly  an  oblination  incmrcd  tln'ichy. 
•  Dclteic,"  in  Latin,  means  to  owe.  In  Freneli  it  hecoiiies  •' devoir," 
aIucIi  is  ecjuivahMit  to  del»t.  to  duty,  or  to  ohliiiation.  In  iMi^lisli  it  is 
thus  (Iclined  hv  two  eminent  antliorities  : 

KicliaidsoM  :  '•  That  wliieii  is  owed;  wliieli  any  one  c.njilit  to  have, 
li;is  ii  ii;.;ht  to  (U-mand.  chuni.  or  ]tossess." 

"\V('l».ster :  '"Owed;  tiiat  oiij;ht  to  lie  paid  or  (h)ne  to  anotlu'r ;  that  is 
line  iVoin  me  to  anotiiei',  wldeh  conti'act,  Justice,  or  propi'iely  reipiires 
MM' to  pay.  ami  wliicli  lie  may  Justly  chiim  as  liis  ri^^lil." 

!  have  searclied  a  ,ureat  variety  ol"  otiier  auliioiities,  iiut  do  not  cite 
iliciii,  as  they  only  repeat  the  same  idea. 

lit'iire  it  may  be  inlened   that  the  sense  o''  the  woi'ds  "due  dili 
^I'lice"  i.   that  of  "earnest  lalior  owed  to  some  other  parly,"  which  that 
|i;irty  may  claim  as  its  ri.yht. 

r.iit.  if  this   (U'linitioii  be  com  "(led,  it  must  naturally  Ibllow  that  the 

iiiitiut'  and  extent  of  this  oblij^atioa  ciinnot  be  measiiicd  e\clusi\ely  i)y 

ilic  JiKl.unient  or  jileasure  of  the  paity  subject  to  it.     If  it  could,  in  the 

iiidiiiiiiy  transactions  between  individuals,  there  would  belittle  security 

Ml  tlic  faithlul    performance  of  ol.li;iations.     If  it    were  nol    that    the 

i  party  to  whom  the  obli<;ation  has  beiMi  ^iveii  retains  a  ii,iiht  to  claim  il 

■  ill  the  sense  tliat  he  undeistajids  it,  his  |)rospect  of  obfainiiiji  Justice  in 

;,  coMtested  case  would  be  but  sli;uht. 

If  this  view  of  the  ineaninji  of  the  words  be  the  correct  one,  it  fol- 
lows tlint,  when  a  neutral  .uovernmeni  is  Ixaind.as  in  the  liist  liiid  tliini 
rules  laid  down  in  tlu^  treaty  Ibr  our  i;uidance,  to  \\!<('  "iUw  diliL'.cnce"  in 
ifuanl  to  certain  thinji's.  it  incurs  an  oblijiatioii  to  .--ome  exteiaal  party. 


•   i 


41 1 


!iii'iiic  coiiiiios*'  (Ic  (li'ux  mots  (If  ct  liiiliirc.  ci'  i|iii  siiiiiii'K  ijiui-ii  df  itVio  hahi  re — ri's!  w-dirc, 

i"i  triiiii;;iis  :  avoir  on  liiiir  il'iiii  aiilrr. 

V.u  iiiiiiii'ltiiiit  Hill'  «'i'ci  I'st  la  lu'i'itiii'ii'  sinMiliciitiim,.i'iii'ri\i'  i;iaiiitciiant  a  la  scccniilc. 

..I  |ii'ciiiicn'  iMi|ili(|iiaiit  inriiiit' ii'isomu'   a   n-rii   (|iU'li|iic  cIiiim- iriin  aiilr(\  la  srcoiiil" 

liiililiilUfcuaU'iiM'iit  (iiruiu'til)li;;iitions"fii  est  siiivii-.    Dilnrc,  en  latin,  sl^iiilir,  i-n  aii!;iai.s, 

I  •  toowi'."     I'll  IVaiivais.  il  (lev ic lit  "tlcvdii,"  i'('((iii  i'i|ui\aut  a  di^tlt'. ili'Voir  on  oltli^iation. 

Km  .-iiiulais,  il  est  (li'liiii  aiiisi  jiar  dciix  aiittniti's  (■■niiiii'iiti"^ : 

iIiih:inlsoii  :''(.'<■  tini  «'st  ili'i ;    <•(■  (|iii'   iiiii'liiu'mi    iloit    avoir:   it   (|ii'il    a    li'  droit  dc 
'I'Mmiidi'i',  dc  rt'clamcr  on  di^  jiosst'dcr." 

Wi'li>ti'r :  '■  I  In  ;  ('('  (|iii  doit  rt  re  jiayc  oil  (ait  a  iiii  aiilri' ;  cc  i|u"(in  doii  :i  uii  aul  r.' :  w 
'1111111  coiitiat.Ja  jiistii'c  on  la  pi'oprii'lc  cxij;!'  iiiic    \v  ]ia.\i'.  el   cc  i|ii  ii  ]iiiil    jiisli'ii.t'iil 
inliiiiiiT  coiimio  son  droit." 
■i'.ii  I'hi'vrln'  nil  '^laiid  moiiiImi' d'autii'sanloiiti's,  iiiais  jc  iic  Ics  citr  pas.  pan-c  (|n'('llcs 
'•  lout  (|Mr  ri'pt'tcr  la  niriiii'  idi'c. 

He  l;'i  on    jifiit    inlV'icr  (iiic   Ic   sriis  dc-,  mots  ••  dni-    dili;:.i'ii(i' "  est    cclni  d'iintra\ail 
lii'iix  (111  a  (|in'l(|iic   autre  pt  I'.soiinc.  (|iir   cciti'    pcisoniu'   jti'iil    rccluincr  coinnic  .son 
i  limit. 

M;iis  si  (.'cttc  di'iinitioii  est  adniisf,  il  d(»it  natnrcllciiiciil  s  riisiiix  re  (|iic  l;i  iiatiin-ct 
i"ti'ii(liic  dc  cfltc  oliIi;iiUion  iif  pcuNcnt  pas  rtrt'  ostiiin'i's  cxclnsivciiicnt  isdon  it- 
,!ii,:;tiiii'iir  oil  Ic  plaisir  dc  la  iicisoniic  (|iii  y  csl  .soniiiisc.  Si  cda  clail  possililr  daiis 
II  s  tiaiisactioiis  ordiii.'iircs  cntrc  individiis,  il  y  aiiiait  pen  dc  M'cnrili'  |ioiir  I'acco'in- 
j  |ili>si'iii('iit  lidclc  dcs  olilijiatioiis.  Si  cc  n'otail  •|ii»'  la  pcisoniic  cuvcrs  lat|nillc  i'ol.lijj;a- 
j  I'liii  a  ('tt'  contractcc  coiisciVc  Ic  droit  dc  la  rt'tdainci-  dans  Ic  sens  oil  cUc  TciitiNid.  sa. 
'liaiicc  d'oUtciiir  jnstii'i!  dans  nn  cas  coiitcst<''  nc  scrait  ipic  lc:;cic. 

^!  ct'ttc  nianici'c  d'cnvisaj^cr  Ic  sens  dcs  mots  est  cxaetc.  il  s'l'iisiiit  <|ii('  lur.siia'nn 

[;'oiivi'iiM'iiicnt   iienlrc  est   tenii,  comiiie  dans  la  inciiiicic  »'t    dans   la  lioisicinc  ic^lo 

I'H'iOc.s  dans  Ic  ti'aiti'  pour  nous  servir  dc  "iiidc,  d'excifcr  "due  dili^iciicc"  a  ;'.  >>;iviil  dc 

'itiiiiii's  chosi's.  il  eiioonrt  enveis  hiicIhiic  autre   paitic   nne  ol  li^ai.ua  d"iii  u  n'.  st 


;      i 

i    • 

'  1 

r, 

]■' 

H'U 

I  ;■ 


i,mi 


'  I 


(Hi 


144 


AHIUTKATION    AT    (iKNKVA. 


tli(^  iiiituio  iiiul  extent  of  wliicli  it  is  not  (MUiipctcnt  to  it  to  iiiciisiuc  ex 
clnsivcly  liv  its  own  will  ninl  plciisnic 

Vet  tin*  iissMininion  tliiit  it  is  conipctcnt  apiu'ius  to  \\\o.  to  iiiidcilic  lii.. 
whole  rxiciit  o!'  the  IJiitisli  position  in  this  controvci'sy. 

It  niiiv,  in(h(Ml,  he  nllirMicd  thiit  no  sov<'i('i,i;n  powci-  in  the  lii;;t  rcsoii 
is  ii('coniit;il>i('  to  iiny  olhcr  lor  the  icsnlts  oT  the  excicisf  of  itsnwn 
Ju(l;ini('nt,  iinivcd  at  in  jn'ood  laith. 

'I'his  proposition  may  he  adniittctl  to  be  trnc  in  ])oint  of  fact;  iiiii  ii 
is  olivions  that  procctMlinj^s  nn(U'r  it  .^ain  no  sanction  nnik'i  any  law 
hnt  that  of  snpciioiily  in  i>hysical  loicc 

1\>  escape  this  alternative,  icsort  has  lieen  had  to  an  atteni))t  at  deli 
nitioii  ol' a  s\steni  ol'  ii,u]its  and  oblij^ations,  to  which  tiie  asscm  ni 
civili/ed  nations  inipaiis  anthoiity  in  the  rei^idation  of  their  i('»*ipr(M;il 
dnties. 

I'lnU'i'  thai  system  all  the  nations  rei;o,uni/,in;;'  it  are  jdaced  on  a  pci 
fectly  e(|ual  footing',  no  matti'i-  what  tin»  natnre  of  their  relative  loicc, 
To  hori'ow  a  sentencr  IVom  tin'  liritish  connter  c.ise — 

llcr  .M.iji's)y"s  u;ii\  I'l'iiiu.  ill  Uiiosvs  (if  iiu  disl  iiicl  iciii  ln'lw.'i-ii  more  (li;;iiitiMl  ;uiil  li«. 
(lijiiiiticd  |ii)\vris;  it  rci^iirdM  all  sdvt-ri'ijrn  shitcs  as  ciijciyiiiii  ('i|iial  riu'lils,  and  f'i|u:i!l\ 
siili/n'.'!  to  all  nrdiiiaiy  iiilrnial i.'iial  olilitiation^  :  and  il  is  (ii  inly  inTsiiadcil  liial  Mn  iv  i« 
no  Niali'  ill  lluio|M'  or  AiiPTica  \viii(  li  would  lie  \\  iUiiiy;  to  idaiiii  or  ai'ci'pt  any  iiiiiiiiiiiin 
ill  tliis  r,>s|u'(t  on  ilic  i^ruiiiitl  of  its  inrciiority  lo  otlirrs  in  cslriil ,  military  I'oicf.  ui 
jioiiiiliition. 

Adinittiii.u'  this  position  in  its  fullest  extent,  it  nuiy,  at  the  sanu'  tiiin-, 
he  ailirnied  that,  if  Her  Majesty's  <i'overnnieiit  were  to  enter  into  a  ('(tii 
tract  with  these  vaiions  states,  as  a  neutral  powe!,t()  use  <lne  tliliji'ciici 
in  certain  enu'r,u<'nci('s,  not  one  ev«'M  of  the  smallest  of  tlieni  would  fail 
to  deny  that  Iler  ."Majesty's  ,i;»(verninent  was  tlu^  exclusive  Jndj^'e  of  lin' 
measure  of  its  (thiioations,  contracted  under  those  words. 

What    is  then  the  rule  by  which  the  actinil  i)erforinanee  of  this  duty 

jias  comiM'ti'iit  iioiir  ist  iiiicr  (■x<diisiv(MiU'iit,  d'apii-s  sa  V(donti'  proprt!  ct  son  )>oii  jiiiii^ii 
la  nalnif  ft  r(''i('ndiic. 

I'l'ln'iidaiit  la  sii|i|iosition  (in'il  est  (•oiiiiicicnl  nif  scniblc  srivir  dc  liaso  a  toiitc  i:i 
position  annlaisc  dans  cilic  rontroNcrsc. 

Onjiciii  en  I'll'i't  alliniicr  (|iraiiciiiu!  |niissaiici'  soiivcraim*  v.n  ilofnicr  rcssort  11:1  1 
rcndrc  coniptc  a  iinc  autre  jioiir  li-s  n-Miltats  dr  rcxcicicc  ili;  isoii  |)ropr(?  jiij^i-nifiit  i;ii: 
lU'  lionnc  I'oi. 

("I'Kf  pro)(o>iti(Hi  )>ciit  rtii'  adinisc  roiiiiiii'  vrair  cii  I'ai!.  in.iis  il  est  ('crtain  tpriiiH 
condiiitc  <iiii  s'y  conloiiiii'  iic  ;j;a;4n('  aiifiinc  sactioii  (rainiiuf  ioi  si  ci'.  n'l'st,  di'  ccUf  (["11111 
siipi'rioiilf  I'll  I'oicc  physiipif 

sv 


I'oiir  ('rliaiip'.'r  a  ii'tlf  aiti'iii;iti\i' on  a  cii  r.-i'oiirs  a  iini!  tciitativc,  ])iMir  di'diiiir  uii 
..sti'iiu'  til'  droits  ct  d"iildii;at  ions,  aiii|iii'l  ras->i'iitiiiit'iit  tlii.s  nations  ciAilisrus  doiiui 
jiutoi  it(''  dans  h'.  ri"j;ltMn('nr  di'  Iciirs  devoirs  n'ciproi[iics. 

D'apri's  ee  sysieiiie,  loiites  les  iialioiis  (pii  le,  i'<'eoiiiiaisseiit  sont;  plaiM'es  siir  m 
piod  parlaitciiieiit  I'^^al,  iriiiiiiorte  la  nature  de  leiir  foi'ee  relative.  I'oiir  t!ini>riintii 
illH'  plirasi'  (111  •■eounter-case''  aiinlais; 

''lie  <;on  veriieiuent  de  sa  Majeste  .  .  .  lie  coiinait  aiieiiiie  distinction  eiitif  di^ 
puissances  pins  011  nininsidcvci's  en  di^uiti':  il  rcnaiitc  tons  les  I'tats  soiiveiains  I'diiiiii' 
jouissanf  dc  droits  ('naiix.  eomine  e|^aieiiieiit  assujettisa  toiites  les  olilijifations  ortli- 
nairesinlcriiatioiialcsMi  a  la  I'criiiecoiivii'tioii  tpril  n'est  pas  en  I'liwope  011  en  Aniericpu. 
nil  f:eiil  ('tal,  ipii  veiiillr  |ii('tcadre  iii  aeii'iili^r  a  ci-t  I'lfaid  iiiieuiie  exeiii|)tioii  111  iliv.. 
snr  son  intcriorili'  relative  coiiinie  territoire,  coinniit  piiissunei)  iiiilitaire  on  ccniiiin' 
population." 

En  adiiicttant  ei'ttc  position  dans  toiite  son  ctt'iidiie,  on  i)eiit  alliriner  en  ineine  temp' 
«jue,  si  le  iioiivi'riieniciit  <le  saMaJeste  dcvait  i'aire  nn  contrat  iivoi;  ces  tlivers  t't.it^ 
eoniiiK^  piiissaiici'  miit  re  pour  exereer  "due  dilijience  "'  d.'iiis  eerlaines  eireonstaiiei's.  il 
n'est  i»as  iiii  des  plus  [letits  d'cnti''i;iix  ([iii  11^111(111.'^  '^''  "'"i"  '!""  '"  f^oiivcMneinciit  iln  sii 
Majesti^  tVit  its  .inj;'.'  excliisif  do  la  inc.snre  de  ecs  oUlij^ations  coiltract^'-us  (l'a}iri''s  fi-- 
uiots. 

Qiicllo  cHt  done  la  ri»glf  tl'apr^s  laqiiellc  ou  peut  ostiiuor  raticuiuplissoment  cil'cctii 


OI'IXIOXS    OF    MR.    ADAMS. 


14;1 


can  l>i'  cstiiniifcd  .'  Tt  socms  to  nic  tolcviibly  i>l:iin.  AVIiMtcvcr  iiiny  he 
tlic  rcliitivc  |»(»siti(iii  ol"  nntions,  tlic  ()hli<;iili(>ii  iM'twccn  tlicm  rests  upon 
the  hiisis  of  exact  aiid  comidete  reciprocity.  Hence  the  compact  eiii- 
linict'd  in  the  words  "due  dili^i'eiice"  must  I»e  t'nlliUed  accoidin;;-  to  th<' 
coiistnictioii  jdaced  iipon  the  terms  by  each  separate  nation,  snltjccf  to 
rcasonahh?  modifications  l»y  the  Jnst  representations  ol'any  otlier  nation 
with  wliich  it  is  in  andty,  snlVerin<4'  injury  from  tiie  consiMjnenccs  of  u 
mistake  of  ne/^ii^ence  or  intention.  These  may  v«'ry  naturally  jirow  out 
of  the  j;reat  ditl'erences  in  theii-  iidative  position,  wldch  sli(tnl<l  propeily 
ill'  taken  into  consideration.  In  the  strnj;';i!e  wliich  took  place  in  Amer- 
ica, ''due  dilif-'cnce, ''  in  rej;ard  to  the  commercial  interests  of  one  of  the 
l)clli;;'erents  nu'ant  a  very  (lilfcrent  thin;;'  fi'om  the  same  words  applied 
to  the  other.  The  oidy  safe  stainlai'd  is  that  which  may  he  reached  liy 
considering"  what  a  nation  woiUd  consider  its  ri;;ht  to  demand  of  another, 
wore  their  relative  i)ositions  precisely  reversed.  If  the  due  dilijicnce 
actually  exercised  by  one  nation  toward  another  does  not  pro\e  to  be 
exactly  that  <iili^en(;e  which  would  be  satisfactory  if  applied  to  itself 
under  i)arallel  circiimstanj^es,  then  the  obligation  implied  by  the  words 
has  not  been  properly  fullilled,  and  reparation  to  the  party  injureil  is  no 
more  than  an  act  of  common  Justice. 

Such  seems  to  bo  tin?  precise  character  of  the  present  controversy. 
Tier  Majesty's  jjovernment  denies  tliat  the  measure  of  dili.i'csKU'  <bn'  by 
licr  as  a  neutral  to  the  United  States  as  ji  bellij'erent,  durin;;' the  late 
strun';>le,  was  so  ^reat  under  the  law  of  nations  as  it  has  been,  with 
licr  consent,  made  by  the  terms  of  the  treaty.  15ut,  in  either  case, 
she  claims  to  be  the  exclusive  Jiid^e  of  liei-  fullillment  of  it,  ai»art  from 
the  establishment  of  this  tril)unal,  to  which  she  has  consented  lo  appeal. 
Hut  this  very  act  implies  the  (ionsciousness  of  the  possibility  of  some 
debt  contracted  in  the  process  by  the  use  of  thest;  terms  that  may  Justly 
he  claimed  by  another  party.  Of  the  nature  and  extent  of  that  debt, 
and  liow  far  actually  paid,  it  is  the  province  of  this  tribunal  to  »h'ter- 


•f 


tk'  en  devoir?  Kilo  iiic  Hoinl)lo  iisscz  cliiirp.  Quelle  ((lie  soit  la  itositioii  relative  des 
iiiitiiiiis,  r<)l»li<?ati(>M  entre  elles  re}i(»s(^  snr  la  \y,isv  d'exiictc^  et  coiiipli'tc'  iriipidritt'. 
l)is  lers  le  coiiti'at  coiiipris  sous  ces  mot.s  "du(^  dili;i;eiR'e"  doit  etre  reinidi  d'apri's  I'lii- 
tdini'tiitioii  (hniiiee  des  t(!rnie.s  par  cIukhk!  nation  prise  .sepaieinent,  Nujette  a  des 
iii(i<l:lic;Uioii8  raisoiinal)les  de  lapait  des  re[ire.sentatioiis  jnstes  de  t|uel«iue  aufit)  nation 
avcc  liKiuelle  elle  t!.st  en  rapport  d'aniitie,  soutlVant  des  doinniaf^es  ensnite  des  roiise- 
(luciices  de  nialentcndn  on  de  nejfli^ence,  on  d'intention.  Celles-ti  pinivent  iiaturelle- 
iiieut  deeonler  des  j^randes  dill'erenees  dans  lenr  jxisition  relative,  (pii  doivent  etre 
prises  en  consideration.  Dans  le  coiillit  ciui  cut  lieu  cu  Anu'riiine  "<ln(!  dili;i;enei'"  par 
rapport  aux  interf'ts  eoninierciaux  do  I'un  des  belli<;eranls  avait  un  tout  autre  sens  (|in! 
les  iiieiiies  mots  appliiiues  a  I'antre.  La  senle  jtierre  de  tonche  est  n-lle  que  Ton  ptut 
tiimver  en  coiisiderant  eo  tiu'nno  nation  eroirait  avoir  le  dioit  de  n'elaiuer  d'une  autre, 
si  lours  positions  relatives  otaienl  pr»'ei!»enient  iuvtuses.  Si  la  "due  dili<;enee"e(Vcoti\e- 
iiieiit  exercee  par  nne  nati(tn  envers  nne  autre  ne,  se  niontri!  jias  (''tro  exaetenient  eetfe 
"(lilijfeuc(!"  .(pii  serait  satisfaisante  si  elle  lui  ('-tait  ai)pli([uef  dans  <le.s  eireonstanecs 
aiiidoifues,  alors  I'oblijration  iiupli(|uee  par  les  mots  n'a  jtas  i'-te  hieii  remplie,  et  nno 
reparation  envers  la  partic  leseo  n'est  pins  (lu'nn  act<!  de  simple  justiee. 

Tel  i)aralt  »;trc  le  caractero  pr«^eis  de  la  presente  controveise.  Le  jjouveriicnieiit 
'h  sa  Jlnjeste  nie  que  la  mesnro  de  diligenco  due  par  lui  comme  neutre  an.x 
Ktats-Unis  comme  bellij^erant,  pendant  le  dernier  conllit,  ffit  anssi  Ki'iinde,  d'apri-s  lo 
•Iroit  des  gens,  (pi'dlc  a  etd  laite  a\ec  son  consentement  par  les  tt^rmes  du  traite. 
Mais  dans  les  deux  ca8  il  pretend  etre  le  jnye  exelusif  de  la  maniere  <lont  I'llt;  I'a 
aecoiiipli,  a  Texception  do  I'etahlissement  do  eo  tril>unal,auiiiud  ello  a  eousenti  a  eu 
appeler.  Mais  cot  aete  lui-menio  impliciuo,  i»ar  I'omploi  do  ces  termos,  la  eouscienee  do 
la  possibilitd  do  qnebiuo  dotto  contraelce  dans  raffaire,  et  qui  pout  justeuieiir  rtro 
yoelaince  par  une  autre  partie.  Quant  il  la  nature  et  a  rotenduo  de  eette  detH',  <'t 
jiisipi'oii  ello  a  6t6  pay(5c  eft'ectivemeut,  il  appartieiit  a  ee  tribunal  d'on  deuidor,  aproj 

10  b 


'i(i 


II' 


iS 


if 


-Tnnrr- 


'I   ''t 


14G 


AUniTRATION    AT    (JKNKVA. 


liiitjo,  after  I'lillcoiisidtMation  of  tlu' evidence  snhiiutt»Ml.  Such  i.stlu'coii 
structioii   I   liiive   pliuted  upon  tlu'  words  "diu;  dilij^eiico." 

II. — TIIK   ErrEf'T   OF   C(»M:M1SSI()NS. 

This  qiU'stion   hiis  been  dis("ussi'd,  inoro  or  loss  oxtouslvcly,  in  the 
m.i  ., I, .„„„„.•  l»iii»'rs  niid  iir^^uiiicnts  bcfor*'  lis, 
•"■'"•  On  iM'hiiir  of  (jivjit  JJritiiiii  it  is  claiiiu'd  that  the  rule  i> 

licrrcctly  ,  .tahlislu'd  that  a  vessel  l)eloii;;in;i'  to  any  i)o\ver  reeojinizcd 
as  soverei;;!!,  or  as  a  helli^iereiit,  has,  in  virtue  of  its  cominission.  a 
ri;iht  to  elaiiii  a  re('ei>tioii,  and  tlio  privile^'e  of  extraterritoriality,  with 
ont  reji'ard  to  its  antecedents,  in  the  ])orts  of  every  neutral  power. 

The  authorities  (jiiotiMl  t(»  sustain  this  position  sustain  it  as  an  esiuli 
lishe<l  general  rule.     1  see  no  reason  to  question  it. 

Hut  the  (|iiestion  that  has  been  raised  in  tiie  jii-esent  controversy  is 
an  <'\('ei>tional  one.  which  is  not  touched  by  these  decisions. 

The  reception  of  vessels  having'  an  ori^^in  exclusively  or  even  imr 
tially  Ameiican,  and  bearing'  on  their  front  no  evidence  of  fraud  oi 
violeiit'c,  does  not  seem  to  have  been  brou;;ht  into  <iuestion  in  this  con 
trovcrsy.  ►Such  vessels  were  the  Sumter,  the  Nashville,  the  Tallahassee, 
the  Chickamaiisa,  «l^c. 

TIm^  case  is  ditfereut  in  rej^ard  to  that  class  of  vessels  which  dciivi 
their  orijiin  exclusively  from  a  systematic  and  franduleiit  abuse  of  tlu' 
amity  of  a  neutral  i)ower,  setting'  at  detiance  its  laws  within  its  (i.vn 
Jurisdiction,  and  takinj;'  advantajio  of  its  Ibrbearance  in  the  hoj)e  (if  in 
volvin^j;  it  tlie  more  with  its  opi>onent  in  a  responsibility  for  toleratiii;; 
its  own  misdeeds. 

It  admits  of  no  (luestion,  in  my  miml,  that  the  outfit  and  erpiipuicnt 
of  the  Florida,  tiie  Alabama,  the  (Jeor^ia,  and  the  Shenandoali  were 
each  and  all  made  in  defiance  of  the  laws  of  Great  JJritain  and  tlic  in 
junction  of  tho  (Queen's  proclamation  of  neutrality.    By  this  coinliut 


iliiiii  in  com] 


I'll  cxiuiicii  compU't  <lcs  priMivt's  (ini  liii  out  ('ti'  fsmunisos.    IVllc  ost  rinterpretatioii  n" 
j'lii  (loiiiu'c  (los  mots  '"(Ine  diligence." 

i.'kkfet  dks  co.MMissioxa. 

C'fttc  (|U('stioii  a  ott'  (lisciitt'o  (I'liiic  iiianiiTe  plii.s  on  iiioius  (lcvolopi)<>c  duns  Ics  d»a- 
Jiifiits  ct  ]ilai(li>yi'is  dcvant  ikiiim. 

1)11  c'ot<''  dt!  la  (.iiaiidu-Hiotiignu  tin  lurtend  (lup  la  n  glc  cut   jiarfaiteuH.nt  odiMii- 1 
qn'iiii  vaisseaii,  apiiartciiaiit  a  iiii  jiouvdir  qiideoiKiiio  rcconnii  coiiiiiio  soiivi'i'iiin  mi 
coimiie  liolligt'ianr,  a,  en  vcrtii  dc  sa  eoiiimisssioii,  li'  droit  do  rt'clainer  uiie  iriu'iitiimii  | 
Ic  piiv  ilt'gi)  d'l'xtra-ti'iriloiialitt',  sans  I'jjard  a  si-s  antc'ci'-disiils  dans  le.**  lun'ts  de  toiitr 
imissaiicf  iicutrc. 

Lcs  aiitoiitts  cit(H!s  \w\\v  appnyor  ccttc;  jiosUion   hv  soutionnent  coniinc  line  iv;;'t 
gt'iii'i'iili!  I'talilit'.     .)('  lie  vols  pas  do  raisoii  do  In  incttro  on  (|iioslion. 

Mais  la  <|iii'stioii  soulovoo  <laiis  la  jm-soiito  oontrovorso  est  imo  <iiicstiuii  exceiitioa- 
iiolio,  a  laqiit.'llo  cos  dooisions  no  so  rappoitoiit  pas. 

I.a  H'oopiioii  d(!  vaissoaux  ayaiit  uiio  origiiio  ainoricaine  en  tout  on  en  partio,  et  iiM 
luiiiaiit  siir  lour  front  aiiouiK!  preuve  do  I'raiido  ou  do  violonoo,  ne  soiiiblo  j»as  avoini' 
iniscMMi  ([uostioii  dans  cetto  coutrovorso.    Tols  «^taicnt  lo  Sunitor,  Ic  Nashvillo,  luTal  I 
laliassoo,  lo  C'liiokainauga,  oto. 

Lo  oas  ost  ditloroiit  en  oo  (pii  couoernc  cetto  classo  do  vaissoiix  rpii  tirout  lour  ori;.'!*  I 
oxidusivouiont  d'nii  alius  systoinati<)iioet  IVaiidiiloux  <lu  coiuitt'd'uno  piiissaiico  iieiiir'  j 
UR'ltant  an  doli  sos  lois  dans  sa  propro  juridiction,  ot  pronant  avantage  do  sa  l"i'ii'l 
disposition,  dans  I'ospoir  do  roiitraluer  encore  avec  son  advorsaire  dans  nnc  respoiia  I 
hilitt'-  )iour  avoir  toloro  ses  propres  inofaits.  I 

,Io  ii'oii  doute  point,  la  pr^^par.itioa  et  roqnipenient  du  Florida,  de  l'Ala1ianiii.'l''| 
Georgia  ot  du  Slioiiandoali  furent,  pour  chacun  d'oux,  fait  eu  ddfi  de»  lois  de  la  Ciriii"li-| 
Liotagiie  et  des  iiijonctions  de  la  proclainutiuu  de  uoutralitc  de  la  lieiue.    I'ar  ciii»| 


OriNKtXS    OF    .Ml{.    ADAMS. 


1  17 


tli(>  pcrpctviitoi's  liad  iiof  only  c.U'iuly  f'oi  fcifcd  iill  li^ilit  toconsidciiitioii. 
liiit  liini  siil»j«'('t('(l  tlu'insclvi's  to  tlni  pciiiiltirs  of  iiiiilvl'artoi's  if  tlicy 
ever  ivtiiriHMl  witliiii  tiM'  Jurisdiction  wliicli  ilicy  liiul  insulted.  Tin- 
lijilit  t(»  cxchuM' vessels  IVoMi  llritisli  ]»oits<»n  these  j^ionnds,  witliont 
h'I^iikI  to  tlieir  eoniniissions,  is  distinctly  idliiined  hy  Sir  ikonndell  I'id- 
iiicr,  one  of  tlie  lawyers  of  the  Ciown  diiiin;;'  the  whole  j»eiiod  in  (|nes- 
tioii,  and  seems  to  he  indnhilable.  'J'o  deny  it  would  jilace  excry 
sdvcrciun  i)ow«'r  at  the  mercy  of  any  adventnrous  pirate  on  the  ocean 
will)  iniuht  mana^ic  to  coNcr  himself  with  tin-  threa<il)are  nnintle  of  Ihe 
iiiiimtest  hellificrent. 

It  is  a  perfectly  well  understood  principle  (»f  law  that  no  cili/.en  of  a 
fiiiciL;!!  nation,  exceptinjn,  jterhaps,  in  certain  cases,  a  representative 
iliitiuMl  with  diplomatic  privile;;es,  is  free  from  the  ohlijuation  of  con- 
toiiiiitin  himself  to  the  laws  of  the  country  in  which  he  is  residing,  if 
111' willfully  violates  them  he  is  suhject  to  the  same  penalties  which  are 
i:ii))ns('il  upon  mdive  citizens.  I'jven  thou;.;h  not  a  citizen  he  is  snhject 
iiidrcat  IJritain  to  he  tried  I'ov  ijikisI  treason.  If  instead  of  conspirin;;' 
;i::iiiiist  the  (^)ueen  he  enters  into  comhinations  which  involve  the  kinj;- 
(iiiiii  in  complications  with  foreign  j)owers  with  which  it  is  at  peace,  he 
viiicly  cannot  come  forward  and  plead  the  possession  of  a  commission 
lioiii  the  authorities  of  his  own  couidry  in  his  jiistiticatitm,  Meither  is 
the  connnamh'r  of  a  ship  of  a  forei;;n  power  which  conms  within  the 
li;iilM)rof  another  free  from  tln^same  ficneral  oltli^iation.  If  he  violat«'s 
;iiiy  t»f  the  re^'ulations  ])rescril)ed  for  his  yovernmenl  he  is  lial)Ie  to  pay 
llii'  penalty  by  u  withdrawal  of  his  privilei^cs  or  by  an  immediate  order 
ot  exclusion  from  the  }»ort. 

For  myself,  therelore,  I  cannot  see  any  reason  why  the  existence  of  a 
coiuiiiissioii  should  have  stood  in  the  way  of  a  clear  expression  by 
(Iri'iit  ilritain  of  its  sense  of  t\u\  indi^inities  heaped  upon  Jler  ."Majesty's 
Ijovcniiuent  by  the  violation  of  her  laws  within  her  various  dominions. 
(oiitiiiiKaisly  persisted  in  diirinj;-  the  existence  of  tliis  belligerent.  In 
my  {(pinion  it  would  have  Jiistilied  the  seizure  and  detention  of  the 
jotil'iicliny  vessels  wherever  iound  within  the  Jurisdiction.     JJut  if  that 

ciMicliiifc.  li's  fiiiitcnrs  iiviiiciit  iiiMi-sciilcinont  ijcnlii  iicttemciit  tout  droit  an   rt'.s])('('t. 

iiiius  ils  (■tiiicnt  iissiiji'tlis  anx  pfiiii's  lies  niaHaitciirs  .s'iis   rcvciiaicrit  Jamais  duns   la 

jnridictiiiii  ([uMIs  avaiiMit  iiisidt<M'.      Li?  droit  dV'Xclnrt*  di-s  vaissi-aiix  dcs  ports  aii<j;iais 

||i'iiu'  CCS  motifs,  sans  (''jjard  a  Icio's  ('(ninnissions,  est  in'ttcnu-nt  atlii'nK'  par  Sir  li(Mindcll 

ll'.iiiiicr.  nn  dcs  consi-illcrs  dt-  la  coiwonnc  jicndant  fontf  la  prriodc  i-n  iincstion.  i-t  scin- 

I'l''  ctrc  iiuinl)italdc;  If  nicr  serait  mcttrc  toiitf,  pnissancc  sonvciaiin'  a  la  nicrci  dt;  tont 

[imntc  iivcntnriMix  snr  l'oiM\in  fjni  i)onirait  nWissir  a  so  convrir  du  niaiiti'au  nsi-  du  pins 

jln'tit  liciliMvi'iint. 

I    ("est  un  jniindjie  nc  loi   i)nrraiti'nii'nt  hiini  coniinis,  (in'ancnn  citoycn  d'nnt'   nati<ni 

|<Hiiiij;rii',  si  VI'  n'l'st,  pent  ftrf,  nn  rcpivsi-ntant   rrvT'tn  dc  ](rivilc'^cs  diploinatiipn's. 

Inyst  t'Ncnipt  dc  l'ol)ll;;ation  dc  sv  conlor mcr  anx  lois  dn   pays  <lans   Icipu-l  il  dtnncnrf. 

|S'ilJcs  violf  volontain-nii'iit.  il  fst  assn.jctti  anx  inrnics  ju'lni's  (pii  sont  iniposf'i's  anx 

■(il'iyciis  nutifs.     iir-nic  s'd  n'cst  pas  citoycn,  il  est  expose  '-n  Anj;let(rn'  a  eti'c  ponrsnivi 

ji'iiir  lllln^i  traliison.     Si,  an  lien  dc  conspircr  eontic  la  iicine,  il  entre  dans  des  eondii- 

iiaisiiiiMpii  ])rf'cipitent  Ic  royannic  dans  dcs  complications  <'nversdcs  puissances  sonve- 

laiiii's  iivcc  Ics(pn'llcs  eelni-ci  est  en  paix,  il  ne  jicnt  ecrtainement  (>as  sc  jircscntcr  c! 

•■'iliiiiiycr  pour  sa  Jnstilication  sur  la  possi'ssion  d'nnc  comniission  di's  antiu'iti's  de  son 

rriiiirc  |i;iyH.    Le  conunandant  d'nn  vaisscan  d'nnc  ]»nissancc  etrau}-;'!-!!  tpii  vient  dans 

''■|H>i't  (I'nnc  autre  n'cst  ])as  exempt  non   plus  d<!  la  nu'ine  <)1)li;f«tion  <ien(''ralc.     S'il 


"   I't'i  I  II  Mill-  jiiii  re-    II  CSI'    |Nl.s    CAl'lilf't     lliiu     [illin    iii:    in    iiieiiie  tfiiiip^iil  liill    ^eiii-i.iie.       oi 

jViiili!  (|iu'1ipi'un  dcs  re;iltMiuMils  i)rcscrits  ))<mr  sa  condnitc,  il  est  cxposi'  a  .snldr  la 
yiiii' (I'ini  deponillonnMit  ilc  scs  }>rivil<^;fcs  on  d'nn  ordre  innin'diat  d'exclusion  dn  jiori. 
/^linlt  a  nn)i,  ]»ar  const'^iincnt,  Jc  nc  puis  voir  ancnn  nn)tif  jioiir  le(piel  rexistence 
liiiic  CDiiiinission  anrait  ciniK'clic  unc  maidfestation  nettc  dc  hi  part  dc  la  Orande- 
l'iit;ii;iM'  (le  son  sentiment  des  hidijinitivs  aiini.sso.-s  sur  h?  pnivcrnemcnt  dc  .sa  .M;i.jesti 

fi:ir1'i  vi,. I. .»:....  .i.. i..:..    .1......  ......  .i:iv.; t..  ^:t.,t »;.....', „,...:..* .'.i..... 


lliiv 


'••^iit    111'  nfpii    nt-iii  iiiii-ii  I    m%-n    I  inil^ll  1  1 1-.-,   .iiiiii.-irs*  i-.-»  .-111  I    ii:   j.;ipii  >  i-|  ii^-iiit-il  t    tu'  .-*.!    .*l  iijr.">l  i 

fl|iii'la  vidliition  dc  scs  lois,  dans  sesditlerentsotats,  coiitinnee  avee  ])er.sistance  ]ieMdaiit 
I'NisttMU'c  dc  CO  licllijjt^rant.  Dans  mon  opinion,  die  aurait  Jnstilie  la  saisic  ct  I'arret 
Sw  vaisseau.v  conpablcs,  partoiit  oh  ou  les  aurait  trouvds  dans  la  jnridiction.    Mais  .si 


T    P 


I'M' 


148 


AinJITIJATIOX    AT    (iKXKVA. 


wore  coiisidcnMl  incotisistciit  M'itli  ;i  clciU"  impurtiality,  it  ct'i'tiiiulv 
dcnKiiMlcd  iiii  nitiic  cxcliisioii  tVoiii  Ilcr  Miijcsty's  ports.  The  ii;L;lit  t" 
decide  . such  ii  point  rests  exclusively  with  evt'i'y  sovereign  power.  Hut 
iiii  oppoituiiity  wiis  lost  for  estiil»lishiii;>'  ii  sound  principle  ol  intii. 
iiiitioiiid  inaritiiiio  intercouise  which  nuiy  not  soon  occur  ii<;ain. 

III.— ox  THE  Sri'lM.V  OF  ri{OVIS"ON«,  AND  ESl'Kf'IALLY   or  CoAl.s, 

This  (piestion  of  coals  was  little  c(»nsidered   l»y  writers  on  the  law  u; 
nations,  and  by  soverei;;n  |)owers,  until  the  present  ceiitun. 

'""" It  has  Iteconu'  oiu>   of  the  first   iuipoitance,  now  that  tin 

motive  i)o\v<'r  of  all  vessels  is  so  jureatly  enhaiu-ed  Wy  it. 

The  ellect  of  this  application  of  steam-power  has  i'lian^ied  the  clini 
aeter  of  war  on  the  ocean,  and   invested  with  a  f^reatly   pvepondciiiir 
foH'e  j1ios«'  nations  hImcIi  jxissess  most  lar.i;ely  the  best  material   li»r  i; 
\vi1hin  their  own  territories  and  the  jurea  test  number  of  maritime  iilucisl 
over  the  ^lobe  whert^  deitosits  may  lie  conveniently  provided  lor  tlicit I 
use. 

It  is  iM'i'dless  to  jxiint  out  the  superiority  in  this  resju'ci;  of  the  posi  I 
tion  of  (Ireaf  ISritain.  Theie  seems  no  way  of  discussing?  tlie  «iiu'stiiiii[ 
other  than  throu<;h  this  example. 

.lust  in  proportion  to  these.  advanta.u'es  is  the  responsibility  oftliatj 
countiy  when  lioldin.^*  the  situation  of  a  neutral  in  time  of  war. 

The  safest  course  in  any  critical  emer;j;ency  would  be todeny  altouvtlnr 
to  sn|)ply  the  vessels  of  any  of  the  belligerents,  except  perhaps  wiit'iiin 
positive  distress. 

r.ut  such  a  ])olicy  would  not  fail  to  be  re'iar(h'd  Msseltisli,  illiberal.  iiinI 
uidvind  by  all  bellij^crents.     It  would  inevitably  lend  to  the  accpiisitiniil 
and  establishment  of  similar  positions  for  theuiselves  by  other  maritiiiifl 
powers,  to  be  {guarded  with  e<pial  exclusivetu'ss,  and  entailing  upoiitlniiif 
enormous  and  continual  expenses  to  provide  against  lar*!  emeryj-iuies, 


«'i's  nicsiin's  t'taiont  i'nvisajj;<^«s  eoinmo  lu;  .s'aci'oi'ilaiit  iias  avec  nin'  .strict^  imimrtinliii 
«'llc  cxi^i'ait  ('(^itaiiii'iin'Ut  iiiii!  t'xclii.sioii  al)siiliu'  dcs  jMirts  do  sa  Maji^stt'.  he  ilinitiV 
(locidcr  sar  mi  tt'l  point  apparticiit  cxclasivcnu'iit  a  fi>nt('  piiiHsanct)  sdiivcraini'.  M:i' 
I'occasioii  fat  alors  in-niiio  (I'tMalilir  111)  piincipc  juste  dew  relations  iiiarltiiiics  iiitiiiiM- 
tioiialiis,  la<iiielli!  pt-ut  no  pas  so  r('pi<^seiil(;r  do  lon;;toiiips. 

i,i;s  sirnsioKs  dk  puovisions,  kt  siM';cr.\i,i:Mi:xT  dk  cnAiiuoN. 

Cetto  (iiiostion  du  cliailH)!i  a  pou<^t(^  Px.amin<^o  par  ccnx  qui  out  (^crit  snr  lo  dniitili' 
j;eiis.  I't  )iar  Ics  i)iiissaiu't's  souvcraiiics.  .jiis(|iraii  siocloaotiicl.     Kilo  est  dovcniic 
proniit'ic  inipoitaiicc,  iiiaiiit(Miaiit  rpie  la  puissaiico  iiiotrico  do  tons  los  vaissciiiix  cnKl 
si  fort  anjinnntf'o.  I 

L'ctlet  <li'  cetto  application  do  la  vapour  a  elian<j(^  Ic  caractiVo  do  la  guorrc  siir  I'ofMLl 
ot  donno  niio  foree  tres-prc^poiuleranto  aux  i>nissances  (|ui  j>ossedoiit  on  ]»lns  ;,Mai!i!t 
altondaiuM!  les  nieillenis  niatoriaux  pour  cola  dans  leurs  propres  torritoiros,  t-t  If 
grand  noinbio  do  places  niaritiinos  snr  lo  globe  oil  des  tlt'^pots  peuvont  6tre  (^tiiMijil 
propos  jtoar  lenr  usage.  I 

II  est,  inntilo  do  faire  r(!inar((Uor  la  grando  supt^riorite  sous  C(i  rapport  d(>,  la  jMisiti'l 
do  la  (Irando-Hrotagne.     II  n'y  a  i»a8  nioyen  do  considi'rer  la  question  autreinciitii'; 
par  son  (^xoinple. 

La  responsabilitc^  do  co  pays,  quand  il  gardo  la  position  d'un  nontro  en  ti'iiips ii(| 
guorre,  «!st  tixactonient  i)roportioun(^o  i\  sos  avantajfos. 

La  »;oudnito  la  jiliis  sftro,  dans  uno  circonstanee  critique,  soraitdo  refuser  absolimiffil 
d'approvisiouner  les  vaissoaux  d'aucun  dos  belligilrants,  si  ce  u'est  pout-otro  eiitasJ 
di5tros80. 

Mais  uno  telle  conduito  no  mauquerait  pas  d'etre  regardt^e  conmio  c^gtusto,  illiWral'l 
ni^^eliante,  par  tout  bellig<<rant.     EIIo  conduirait  in(?vitablemont  i\  racquisitionel'l 
IVtablissonicnt  do  positions  somblables  jiour  elles-niAnios,  par  toutes  les  puissaiiMJ 
maritiuicH,  pour  so  gardor  avec  nil  <^gal  exclusivisnie;  ot  elle  les  entralnorait  dans ti»| 
dtpenses  (Snorines  ot  coutinuelles  pour  subveuir  ii  des  circonstnnces  raros. 


oiUNioNs  OF  mi;,  apams. 


140 


It  is  not  llu'l'dorc  cillici'  Just  or  in  the  interest  of  utiier  powers,  l»y 
t'\,u'tiii;i' severe  respon.siltilities  of  (Ireiit  !>rit;iin  in  time  (»(' wiii',  to  I'oree 
lii'icitiier  to  deny  nil  sniiplies,  or,  ;is  n  lij^jiter  risk,  to  en;,^ii;;('  lierselfiii 

war. 

It  is  in  this  sense  tliiit  I  ni»pro:i('li  the  iir;^iwnents  that  hnve  been  pre- 
sented in  icjunrd  to  the  snpply  of  eonis  ;;i\en  hy  <lie;it  i'lrilain  to  tln^ 
iiisin';^ent  American  steamers  as  forminjj;'  a  base  ol'  operations. 

It  must  be  noted  that,  throii;;hont  the  war  of  fonr  years,  supplies  of 
(iial  were  fnrnished  lilierally  at  first,  and  nunc  scantily  afterward,  bnt 
>tiil  indiscriminately,  to  both   ludli/^'erents. 

Till'  difliculty  is  obvious  how  to  distin;;idsh  those  eases  (d"  coals  miven 
idcitliei' of  the  parties  as  helpini;'  them  imi»artially  to  other  ports,  iVom 
tliiisc  furnished  as  a  base  of  hostile  oiM'rati<Mis. 

rii(|iiestionably,  C.'omiHodoic  Wilkes,  in  the  N'anderbilt,  was  very  mncdi 
iiidcd  ill  continnin;;'  hiscriiiseat  sea  by  the  suppliesolitaiin'd  frcmi  llritish 
sniirccs.     Is  this  to  be  constiued  as  ;^t'ftin;i'  a  base  of  oi>erati(Uis  .' 

It  is  plain  that  a  line  must  be  drawn  somewheic,  tu'  else  no  neutral 
jiDWcr  will  consent  to  furnish  supplies  to  any  belli.u'erent  w  liate\ cr  in 
tiiiic  of  war. 

Sii  lar  as  1  am  able  to  lliul  my  way  out  of  this  dilemma,  it  is  in  this 
wise: 

Till'  supply  of  coals  to  a  belli;i('rent  inxoh'cs  no  res|»onsibiIity  to  the 
m'litnil,  when  it  is  made  in  response  to  a  demand  presented  in  ^ood  faith, 
with  a  sin,L;le  object  of  satisfyiii;^-  a  legitimate  puip;)Si'  openly  assi<;iied. 

On  the  other  liand,  the  same  suj)ply  does  involve  a  responsibility  if  it 
sliiil!  in  any  way  be  niatle  toappi'ar  that  the  concession  was  made,  either 
liicitly  or  by  aj>reement,  with  a  view  to  pi'omote  or  comi)lete  the  execu- 
tion (»f  a  hostile  act. 

Hence  I  perceive  no  other  way  todetermiiii  {'•<'  dc^rct'  of  the  respnii- 
siiiiiity  of  a  neutral  in  these  cases,  than  by  an  examinaliim  of  I  lie  e\i- 
Mi'iicc  to  show  the /^/^'//N)f  the  .yrant  in  any  sj)ecilic  case,  l-'raiid  oi- 
liilseliood  in  such  a  case  poisons  cN'ery tiling'  it  toiuda's.     JOveii  indilVer- 


II  n'fM,  i>;u'  <'niisi'i|iiciit,  iii  juste,  iii  (lulls  rinliTcl  des  aiitii's  iiiii>s;ui('i  s,  en  i'liinisinit 
ilisrcs)ic)iis;iltiliti'S  si'vi'ics  ;"i  l.i  ( ;i;illit(-Iirct;i;;iii'  cli  Iriiips  <|i'  n  iidi  .,  d,.  la  t'diciT  :.  icl'llhcr 
liiiit  siiiisiilc;  (III.  foiMiiic  Mil  iikiiimIic  (l;iii;;ci',  ;i  s'cii;^M;iir  I'lli'-iiii'iiii'  dans  la  i;iii  ric 

("rsl  dans  cet  fsiii  it  i\\\f  J'aliiirdi'  Ics  cxiidsc's  ijni  out  <'ti''  i)r('>i'nt;'  ■.  i|iiaiit  aiix  snlisidcs 
lie  cliarliiiii  doiiiii's  pal'  la  (irandc-Iircta'^iic  aiix  stcanu'is  aiii('-iicaiii>  iii.->nr^(s  (■dinnii! 
liii'iiiant  line  Itase  d'())(('iat  ions. 

II  liiiil  i'ciiiaii|Ui'r  i|iie  iii'iidaiil  la  ;^iieii'e  de  ipnitre  aiis  des  siilisides  de  cliarlion  rmeiit 
liMiriii.s  lilii'raleiiieiit  d'almrd,  iiioins  aliondainnifiit  cn-iiiile,  iiiais  (oiijoiirs  indislinele- 
iiii'iit,  aiix  deiix  liellij;i''raiits. 

l.a  diliieiilli' est  evidelite  de  savoir  conimelit  distili;;iler  les  cas  de  elniilioil  <l(iiine  a 
WiiR'Uii  (les  deux  ]iartis  ]>iuir  leiir  aidei*  iiiipai'tialrmeiit  a  se  leiidic  a  d'aiities  ports,  du 
it'iix  oil  11  I'lit  I'oiinii  pour  sei'vir  eoiiiiiie.  Iiase  d'oin'iat  ions  liosliUs. 

II  n'cst  pas  doiUeiix  ipie  le  eoiiimodore  WilUes.dii  N'aiidei  dlt,  n'ait  t'le  lieaiicoiip  aide, 
ji'iiirioiiliiiiiei'sa  eiiiisieie  en  iiier,  par  les  si  1 1  )>i  des  oh  ten  us  de  sources  aii;;laises.  I"aiil-il 
iiilc'r|iirrer  ceei  eoiuiiie  (orniant  iiiie   liase  d'oiieiat  ions  .' 

11 1'st  elair  (|iruiie  liyiiie  doit  etie  tiree  ((iieliiiie  part,  oil  aiitieiueiit  aiieiiiie  iiiii>sanf'e 
iii'iitrc  lie  eoiiseiitiia  a  luiiiiiir  de.s  siilisides  a  aiieiiii  helliyi'ianl  (iiieleomiiie  en  teiiiji>  do 
U'lii'lie  Mil-  Toeeail. 

Si  Ji'  jiiiis  .sortir  do  ce  dileiuiue,  ce  n'est  (pie  de  eette  nianii're. 

1-1' siihsidi' (le  eliarlioii  a  iiii  l)elli<;('Maiit  ii"iiiiprn|Ue  aiieiiiie  respoiisabilitt'  du  iieiitre, 
'|ii:iiiil  il  est  (ait  eii  ri'poiise  a  nan  deiiiandu  pri'seiitets  de  lionie  I'ol  dans  le  simple  l)iit 
<ti's:iti.slair(f  iiii  d(;s.seiii  l('';;;itiiiu^  oiivertmii!  .  u  indiii'"' 

Il'.iiiti'e  part,  le  iiieiiie  siiltside  iiiiplii'  u-  iiiio  respoiisahiliti'.  si  on  ])eiit  diMiioutrer 
'I'll' 111  iDiieessiou  a  ('ti';  taite,  tacite!"  .it  on  par  entente,  eii  viie  d'aidcr  on  d'aehcver 
I'XiViiiioii  d'uu  aete  hostile. 

Di's  lorsje  no  vols  )ias  d'aiitre  iiianier(.'  de  di'terininer  le  dejin'di!  la  resp()nsal>ilit('  d'uu 
I  iK'iitic  dans  i;cs  eas,  (|ue  d'e-Kaiuiner  la  ju'intvc  piuir  i'aire  voir  rinteiition  dii  siiliside, 

Ills  uliatpiu  cas  particulier.    La  tVaudt!  uti  le  luensju^^e  dans  iin  tel  cas  souilfj  tout  co 


V 


Nf 


m 


i:)0 


AKIUTK.VTIOX    AT    GKNKVA. 


(MUUMnaydoijoiUM'atc  into  willful  uc^jiiijfcncc,  nud  tlisit  will  i'nposc  u  liai-. 
.l«Mi  of  proot"  to  excuse  it  before  r(>spori.sil)ility  e-.iii  he  relieved. 

This  is  the  I'lile  I  have  eiideavoivti  to  aitj>ly  in  ,J!ul;;iiiy  theiiatiu 
the  cases  c()aii>laiiK*il  of  in  the  coarse  of  this  arhitiation. 


i>  111 


IV 


Tin-;  ruiuiDA. 


On  the  ISih  I'\'l»rnaiy.  1  SdJ,  iNIr.  Adams  a. Mressed  a  n<»t(^  to  Lord  !;iiv 

sell,  callin;!;   his  atteiitinn    to  a  letter   he   h;id  reeei\ed  fr mi 

Ml'.    Hadley,    the   eonsnl    of    tln^    United     States    at    Liver 

|>ool,  touching"  a  eei'iain  uan  l)!)at  fit  tin.i;' ont  at  that  ptnt,  which  he  li;ii| 

reas(»n  to  believe  was  intended  for  ilie  use  of  the  Anieiicau  iiisnr.ycuts  i;i 

their  wai- ajuainsl  their  (ioverninent. 

On  the  llMh  Mr.  Ilaniaioiid,  on  behalf  of  Lord  I'nssell,  re|)lied  tut 


note,  a|)|»risin,n  Mr.  Adams  tiial  he 


w<>  id  mcve  the  lords  comlnissioii 

ami 


ers  to  cause  ininieiliate  in(|nirics  to  be  made  r»  spectin^j  the  vessel, 
to  take  such  steps  in  the  matler  as  nii;;ht  Ite  li^^ht  ami  proper." 

On  the  Ll'^l  t  he  commissioMris  of  the  cusi(nns  nnnle  a  reiiort  to  the  ctVn; 
that  ther*  was  a  vessel  of  the  suit  desciibed  r-alled  the  Oreto:  tluit  *; 
had  been  built  by  Messrs.  Miller  A;  Sons  for  Messrs.  l-'awcett.  I'rcstuiuv 
« "o..  e'.^im'ers.  and  intended  for  the  use  of  Messrs 'I'homas  lUolln  is,  n; 
i'alermo.  Messis.  .Miller  vS:  S(Uis  <'\pressed  their  belii'f  that  her  ilestiim 
tion  was  I'idermo. 

'I'Ih' fact  is  now  clear  that  in  tliis  statenn-nt  there  was  either  etpiivma 
tion  oi'  positive  falsehood  sonu'wheic  betwetui  the  parties  na'ned.  Tin 
testinmny  of  .Mr.  I'riolean,  (»f  the  linn  of  I'raser,  'rrenholm  X'  Co.,  of  l.i', 
erpool,  auents  of  the  insiii/^icnt  <M'.i;ani/.ation  in  .Vmeri.'a,  (than  whnm  no 
man  <m  earth  was  .mire  siu'c  to  know,)  tt'stimony,  too,  extorted  from  liiiii 
uith  j^reat  reluctance  on  his  «)atli  in  a  Uritish  coiut.  establishes  bcvomi 
dispute  the  Ihct  that  she  was  Imilt  I'u-  the  oid«'r  of  ,L  I).  Ibdloek.  aunii 
of  the  insurgents. 

So  with  rei;ard  lo  the  siaiement  made  by  Mr,  S.  Price  iOdwards.  cul 


(ju'il  t<ii!cln'.     Nfrinr  I'iiiililtV'iriici'   ]>i-nt    (l(';4i'Mi<'r('r  I'll   n'';;li:4;<'ii<'<'  vuloiit.-iiiT,  I't 


liniiuNi  ra  Ir  ( 


lr\  nil   lii 


!■  |n>l  llnr.  ;i\  ml  li  ol  li-  (lirliu  )■;;('  ih'  hi  l(-Ni»iiM-i,'ili|llli 


'I'.  !!r  i'.>l  111  ii';;lc  ijHi-  ji-  nil-  hiiis  rti'inci'  (l'ii|i|)liiiMt'r  rii  Jii;;<-;iiit  \.i  iialuir  dr 
li.'.si|iirls  itn  a  fiiit  tii's  n'i'liiiii.iiiii;n  tin-*  !.•  (^mii-s  il-  cct  urbitni;;:'. 


i.i:  iioianA. 


1,0  1-  Crviicr  1-iiW,  \t.  Ail.i 


MIS 


ail 


trliliiiii  ^111-  line  letlre  iinil  ;i\ail  ii'eiie  lie  M.   hiitjl 


Ii'ssri   ;■'.    I.iil'il   1,'iisHfll    line    note   mnir  il|)lii'li'r 


I'Miisiil  lies  I,tiit--I'iiis  a  l.iMf 


limit,  ail  siiji'i  il'iiiie  i-eilaiiie   eaiiniiiiiii .  ,  ijiie  I'liii  a|i|)ar('illa  it  <laiis  it  |:iirt,  et  i|ii>'r"ii 
avail  <li">  raisons  ill' eiiiiie  d'-^tiiii a  ^I'l  \ii' aiix   iii-iii  l;is  aim  rieaiiiH  ilaiis  la  .';iii'i; 

i|ll'i!-<  Millti'liaii'lil   riiptie  lelll'  I  iiillM'Tni'lllelll . 


M, 


be  I'.i  <lii  iHeiiii-  iniiiM.  M.  ilaMiMiiiiiil  r<  |i.iiiilil.  .ei  imiii  ile  I. mil  K'li.seli,  i  n  iiil'm 


iii;:m! 


V.l.iiiis  i(ii'il  i'H;,;;i',j<Tail    |e 


i.U'l 


s    e.ilillii|..saires   II 


fe^aril  lie  ee  V.iis.seaii  et  a  |iri  lull'e  les  liii'Mires  eiin\  iMiaiili-». 


.'•    IIMI'    l'lli| 


MiiMete   .'lilliii  lii.i: 


!, 


1. 


I'M  e(»iilliii.s>iairi's  iles  iloiiaiies  l:e,»)u>rtiMelit  iin'll  y  a  v:ii.'  iiii  \  Mi>-si>n>i,  selii 


iil:iM 


a  eeliii  ileeril.  iii>|iile  i'(  )ieti»;      I'il  iiMiit  i-|i'  i-imstriiit   par  .^!^t,  Miller  et  liU  | i'  MM 

I'aweelt,    I'ie.>.|iiii   et   (  ''',  iii>;i  iiin'rw,  et  .jii'il  etitil   ilestiai'  :i   l'iiHa;;i'  ile  M.M,  Tl 


IllllDI- 


♦  lere 

Paielliie 


I'aleriiie.     MM.  .Nfille!  ;t  f,N  ('X]iii)iiaiitit  leiirernvanee  a  eetteilestiiiati 


II 


est  iiiaiiifelMllt  a\  I'lf 


II  II  \  aval 


t  ilaii 


.l.'el, 


liaii'MlS  nil  mil'  ei|lliviliil|e   nil  : 


r.lll>^hi(e  (Mi>itive  illl|'lltal>!e  ;i  uniliin'ime  lies  ililes  pallies.  I,e  ti'iiii>ij;liafj;.' ile  Ml 
lean,  lie  til  iiiiiisiiii  I'la'ier, 'l"r '1111111111  et  ('"',  lie  l,i\  erpi»i)l,  iiLiriits  tie  riii;;ani^atiiiii  ii'- 
illMllI'm'S  aim  rie;iilis,  lielsimnai;!'  ',ill  ilevait  sa  voir  liiielix  i|ii>'  |ie|xi>iille  re  i|u'il  ill  '  llli' 
et  I'lilll  li'  |illloij;H!l;4''  ("ill  an  aejie  a\  ec  ijlli  !i|lie  jieilie,  sons  seriiii'iit  iialii  iinr  cniir  "< 
Jiisliei'  ai!;>laise,  I'tuMit  ill!  iVanaltleiiieiii  leCaii  une  ei'  vaisMeaii  I'lif  eiMistiiiil  ir^iMf* 
les  Mlilres  (le  J,  I ».  jtilllnel,,  a;ielil  drs  iii-iiil  jji'S. 
Aiiisi,  ii'.iiuit  aiix  iille;;alii>iis  ile  M.  S,  I'riee  IMwaiiU,  lecovcur  a  Liverpool,  li.ni'"' 


OI'INIUXS    OF    MU     ADAMS. 


151 


lector  of  Liverpool,  in  M::  lottt'r  of  the  LMst,  transmittcMl  hy  tlic  coinmis- 
siKiu-n^  to  Loiu  Uiisscll,  that  Itc  had  creri/  reason  tit  hi'licra  that  sht'  was 
tor  tht' Italian  jjovt'rmnc'it,  it  is  now  made  clear  that  he  either  told  a 
t,ri-"lioo(l  or  had  bet-M  'Ailltii.ly  deceived  by  Mr.  Thomas,  or  others  con- 
iicclfd  with  the  transaction. 

Karl  linssi-ll  directed  lliv  .Majesty's  minister  at  Tnrin  toinipiivf  as  to 
rli('  fact  of  this  jtroceedinij;  on  the  part  of  '"le  Italian  ^(»vernm«'nt,  and  on 
rlic  1st  of  March  he  received  an  answer  that  IJiUon  I'icasoli  had  no 
l<!i(iwl('d;L;-e  winitever  of  any  sneh  ship. 

It  is  admitted  that  at  the  time  now  in  iiuestion  Ilei' Majesty's  jidvern- 
iiiciit  had  no  reason  to  snspect  any  of  these  statements  to  be  false,  ^'\■ 
it'litiii,!,'  ihe  last.  Snbs(  (pi'iitly,  on  the  L'."»th  of  Maich,  the  tinal  infoi'm- 
iitJKii  c.ime,  com|)letely  establisiiin;;"  t'iie  fact  in  that  «'as('.  Ibit  even  the 
earlier  information  wonid  have  been  likely,  as  it  wonid  seem,  at  least  to 
sluike  contiilence  in  the  veracity  of  (he  paity  n\akiii;;'  the  sfateiiuMit. 
And  here  I  trnst  I  may  be  permitted  a  jjciM'ral  remark,  possjIOy  rather 
t'itc.  as  to  the  moral  i'tVect  of  falsehood  npon  the  ;,fenei"al  <M'edit  of  men. 
in  the  private  relations  established  between  person>'  it"  any  individual 
ill  a  matter  of  importance  be  one  detected  in  a  deliberate  falsehood  the 
I'oiiscipjence  is  a  habitual  distrust  of  him  by  his  associates  fu"  the  future 
ill  aiiy  transaction  whatever.  So  '  <loubt  not  if  my  respected  colleague, 
wliuhas  done  sc  mnch  luuior  to  the  bench  over  which  he  has  lonii  pic- 
>iil{'(l,  should  <liscov(M',  in  the  examination  of  any  irnportaut  witness  in 
ii  case,  the  fact  that  hv  had  delil»eratelv  peijnred  himself,  he  w(ni!d  at 
<Mi('i'  icel  it  his  duty  in  chai'aiiiji'  the  Jury  to  set  his  evidence  aside  as 
-vmaally  nu<lescrvin;j;  of  conlideiice. 

Now,  upon  a  calm  icview  of  the  volumiinnis  transactions  recorded  in 
tJH'  muaerous  volumes  which  have  been  sul»mitte(l  to  the  judnineiit  of 
rliis  trilamal,  I  d(»  not  hesitate  to  say  that  it  coiitains  a  rec(»rd  of  the 
iiKist  continuous,  persistent,  willful,  ami  tla.ui'ant  falsehood  ami  perjury 
laniedon  in  the  Iliitish  possessions  by  individuals  associate*!  in  the  .\mer- 
iiaii  iiisei'ivcnt  cause  and  their  Ibitish  alliliations.  from  the  date  of  the 
miidi;!'; of  the  Oreto,  at  the  beyinnin^,  to  that  of  the  return  of  the  .Shen- 


iltrc  ilii  •.'!,  tiaiisiiiis.-  par 


iMiii.iisMiiics,  oil   il  il(''i  larait   iiu'il  a\:iit   tout    li.'U  d 


ill' >|iii' Ic  vaisst'aii  I'tait  tiiiistiiiit  jioiu'  ii- ;^nii\ mii.  iinMit  itiilicii.  il  est  inaiiiti'iiaii! 
MiliMU,  oil  <|ii"il  a  ilit  iiiH'  riiiisscii',  oil  oiiil  ii  I'lt'  tioiiiiH'  ear  M. 'IMioinas  on  aiiiii'S 
iiMiiiiii'h  fii^rimiTN  (laiis  raltaiir. 

I.I'  Com  tc  jiii^scll  tit  tail''-  an  iiiiiiistii'  ilc  sa  Maji'sti-  In  i(aii;ii>|Uc  a  I'm  in  <li'-i(li'inaii'!nH 
"iiir  savoir  iln  ;;oiiv(iiiriniiit  italicn  cc  qu'il  ni  t-tait.  i 


t    !.■    I' 


•iiais  riTiit   1 
li 


ciMnisi- 


M'ait  si'iiiinaoli 


'|iii'  Ic  l)aroii  K'icasoli  n'aNait  am  iini'  roiinai>.saiit'i'  tl'nn  \ 
II  i>t    ailniis  (|n"a   r«'|niniii'  doiit    ii  est    unotion,    li-  y;ini  >  c'lneini'iit  <lf   >a    Majc^ti 


l.;it 


iaiili|ni-  n'avait  aiU'iini'  laisoii   dc  n 


nisid'^i'ir  CCS  (Icciaialioiis  <oiiiinc  *'an> 


cx- 


I'l'lt'  la  ilcinicic.  I'ln.,  taiil.  Ic  '2'>  mars.  Ics  <lciiiii'r.>*  H'n,sci;;iiciiiciit.s  rtaltlircnt  coin- 
il'ii-iticiii  ic  fait  ilaii.scc  cas.  Mais  nn'inc  ics  ;)rciiiicrs  rcnsci;;ncinciit-s  anraimit  lin,  a  ci- 
|ii  il  sciiililc,  I'ltiaiilcr  la  foi  ilaii.s  la  vciaciii'  ili's  |iar'ics  dont  vciiaiciil.  Ics  dccjarat  1011.4, 
la  i(  i  I'oii  nic  pen  lie  lira  11  nc  rein  <ri|nc  ;i<''iicra'c  11 11  pen  n.si'c  (inaiit  anx  cli'ets  iiiora:i\ 


di.-.eiicf  de  verai'ite  snr 
d< 


lit 
it   .1 


ntli 


aii\ 


!>iivi'r,  SI   I  mi   a   niie   iois  deeoiutrt   dans   niie   i|iicstioii   de  i|nc|i|iie   iinpoi'tancc  t|ii(; 


I  >ans  ics  rappin  t.s  dc  la  vii 
ici. 


a    \  10 


1.'    I;i 


III'.  I: 


I    colisei|llelice    ell 

rsiiis   eoiixaiiicn    one 


st 


<ni 


111 


inoii   hoiioic 


!Mi  li|ii  III',  de   propos   dcliiii 

i!i  lii'  di'  liii  pom    tonjonr.s.      C'l'si    aiiisi  ijiii 

"|li''>;iie,  i|iii  a  taut  ilinstii'  le  Irilmnal  dont  ii  a  etc  loii'^lcnips  I,'  pie>ident.  dcconv  rait 

'li!i>  I'l  \aincn  de  i|iiclipic   important    liinoin,  d.iiis   iiii   [norcs,  ipfii  s'est,  ie  saelianr  ct 

'•■  veiilaiil,  parjiin',  il  ii'In'-il<'iail  pas  a  coiisiiieier  ecnnme  di-  son  dc\()ir  en  deinani.'  ii't 

■111  jiiiy  lie  incttrc  Noii  lt''aioi;;iia;;e  di'  eolt'  roiiinie  iiidi;;ne  de  eicance. 

Hi  iiiaiiitenaiit.  apres  mi  fvameii  I'alnie  et  i'('ll>'clii  des  \>dmiiiiieii..es  proccdiires  rap- 
l''<it<  l>^  ilaiiH  les  noinliri'iix  volinnes  ipii  ont  <'|e  soimiis  an  ,jn;^einent  de  cc  1  rilninal,  Je 


1:  lio 


itc  pa.s  dc  <Ih'<-  ipl'll  colli  ic II I  line  lelati 


■i-'^iHiii's  a 

■111 


la 


caii.se  des  iiisiiiL',cs  a 


e'S  (aiisseti  s  rt   des  parjlires  dc  pcrsolllies 


iiierieailis  et  de  ieiii's  alliliations  .-.lu'  It 


Hone  Inilaii- 


|Me,  dcptiis  lU  const  ruction  {\v  \'i  )rcto,  an  coninicncenicnt,,jnsi|ii'an  re  tour  dii  Sliemui- 


l*v 


IT) -J 


AKlHTlfATION    AT    GKNEVA. 


{uiddiili  to  Tii\('rj)()()l,  at  the  close,  that  Iiaf<  yet  been  biou^lit  to  li;;lit  in 
history. 

'I'lic  earlii'st  evidences  of  the  truth  ol"  this  alVirmatioii  are  foiunl 
tliickly  strewn  aitioiijj;"  th»^  traiisaetioiis  relatiii,u-  to  this  vessel.  Th.v 
appear  most  sirikiii;:ly  in  the  rejjorts  Mia(h'  hy  Mr.  I)a(Hey,  the  eoiisiil 
of  the  United  States  at  Liverpool,  both  to  his  own  (lovernnient  and  to 
!Mr.  Adams,  Ills  dnty  was,  witii  sneh  imperfect  means  as  he  ha<l  iiihi. 
l»ossession,  to  exeici.^e  (bn*  (lili^^cnee  in  expositijj;'  e\ery  trace  of  an  ;it 
tempt  to  carry  on  iVo;ii  thai  ))laee  iiostile  operations  a;;'ainst  his  dw;; 
country;  and,  I  must  add,  most  faithlidls  and  ener^jctically  (hies  he 
seem  to  me  to  have  j)erformcd  it,  J5nt  just  in  the  pi(»portion  to  tiir 
elheacy  of  his  exertions  was  the  attention  of  those  en^a^icd  in  sudi  cii. 
terpiises  direeteil  to  the  nu'ans  of  baflliu^"  liis  nim.  'i'o  tliis  end  it  a]t 
]>ears  ch'ar  that  amonji  the  parties  to  wiiieh  lie  was  ibiven  to  I'csuit  in; 
the  pr.rpoNC  of  j^atla-rin^'  information  were  not  a  few  of  indiffcicii; 
character,  and  jiiobalily  some  emi)loyed  by  his  opponents  expressly  hi 
]inr  him  on  a  false  seeiit.  Ilav  iiiii'  no  power  in  his  hands  to  I'Xtoii  im. 
\viilin;4'  tc-stiinony,  he  w.is  compelled  to  rely  entirely  (»n  liis  own  Jiid;; 
iiient  to  piciv  out  of  the  mixed  mass  before  him  that  which  inij:ht  scciii 
to  him  most  in  harnr.my  with  the  probabilities  of  tlu-  ras<'.  That  In- 
should  ha\('  been  occasionally  misled,  and  thus  have  made  represisiUi 
tions  iiii()U;;h  Mr.  Adams  to  Her  Majesty's  .yoverni.ient  which  wcic 
]tro\ed  on  investigation  not  to  Ite  accurate,  ou^^lit  to  be  neither  surpii^ 
in;^'  nor  matter  of  Idame  to  him.  In  point  of  fact,  hf  seems  in  tiie  piescnt 
case  to  hav»>  supplied  j)retty  much  all  the  coirect  inlbrmation  wliiih 
ller  Majesty's  ;i(»\  ernnu'iit  actually  receiNcd,  and  whi(di,  if  they  hadful 
lowed  it  up  with  t'oriespondinj;'  dili;ience,  would  certainly  have  eiiibil 
in  the  (h'tention  of  the  vessel.  And  her  detention  at  that  critical  iiii^ 
ment  ia  these  enterprises  would  probably  have  had  theittV-ct  of  pultiii: 
a  sto[)  to  tluMu  all.  as  W(dl  as  U)  tlu'  necessity  of  any  such  tribunal  :e 
the  one  now  constituted  here. 

Hut  this  was  not  to  be.     Thi'  ,i;(>vt'ininent,  uhi(di  had  in  its  liamb:  a', 


'■ 


dciiili  ;i  l,i\  cijiiiol.  a  l:i  I'm,  ii-s    plus  I'dntiiiiis,  iiiriiii'ilitos  ft  llii;j;i'jiiits  qntj  riii.stoiic  ;ii 

jillllilis    t'OllllllN.  , 

J^fs  jin-iiiifrts  (li  iiiiiiistiiUiniis  (Ir  ci'tii- iiriiriiiMlion  sr  IroiurMt  iiunilii'i-uscs  |>;niiii  !r 
jUdft'iliiio  ri'lal lv(  s  II  (■<•  viiisM-aii.  _  I'.llfs  apparaissi'iii  Ic  plus  i-lairciiicni  dans  li's  r;i| 

jiorls  <li'  M.   I)ii(lliy.  i-Diisiil  lies   l',lat.s-l'iii.'>  a    l,i\fi| 1:    ia|>|i<iits    nansniis  a  >ii 

^tiiivtM'iMMiiciit  iiiisNi  liicii  (ju'a  M.Ailams.  Son  dfvnir  i  lall.  avi'c  \c  m(is,»'iis  ir  pait'.iii 
i|m'i1  avail  ni  son  ptmvuir,  iic  tain- r;imiailri' a\cc  la  dili;;t'iii';'  iirccssairr  ti>iit  iiMlicrd 
li'iital  i\  IS  I'aitfs  pmir  diriiii'i'  <li's  nprial  imis  li'isiilcs  cuiitri!  sa  patiif:  ct  Ji'  (Idis  ajniitr 
Hii'il  Mil'  s'  inhlf  ra\i>ir  aiciniipli  avi'c  liraiicoiip  ilr  ('(Hisciciiii'  d  irfiu'r;jii'.  .M;i! 
jiiNli-iiiciit  ell  pinporiiun  di'  I'l  I'licai  ill- <lc  .-•fs  rll'urts,  I'aitiMitinii  (If  cimix  (pii  aviiii!: 
riilicpris  (■••s  (ipi'ialioiis  I'lil  diii'^ri'  >nr  Ics  iiioynis  dr  lc,>>  coiil  icraiTiT. 

1 1  appaiait  rlairfiiiciu  i|iii',  tlaiis  it  liiir,  pariiii  Irs  piTsDiiiirs  aiipii's  rlcs(|iu'lli's  il  i'(:i 


(iiijiui-  di'  (licitlii'i'  ill's  n'Miy;iii'iii<' 


Us.  il 


.N<  II  Intiivail  i\r  pi'U  I'^i  iiiialMis,  ri  ipii  i-taiih' 


pinhaldi'iiiiiil  cmpliivtcs  par  si's  advi'i'^airi '^  pour  Ir  di'iiiiilcr.  N'ayaiit  .iiiciiii  puinni! 
ipiiur  anai'lirr  drs  rciiscij;iit>iiii'Mls  iin'on  in-  Mnilail  pas  liii  doiiiirr,  il  Ciit  oldi:^!''  ilf  sVn 
ii'iiii'ltri' a  .H.iii  pi'iipi'i' Jii^'i-iiii'iil  piiiir  <liiiisir  daiiN  ci' ipii  liii  rtait  rappurli' fi' ipi'il  y 
iivait  dc  pins  vrai.-i'iiildaidi',  ^tii'il  ait  rti- <|iifl(|iii't'itis  iniiiip"'.  ct  ipi'll  ait,  a  i-aiis'il'' 
«i'l;i.  fait  ail  ;;inivi'rin'iiiciit  dr  sa  .Maji'sii"  l>ritaiiiiii|iii'.  )iar  rnitn-iiiisi-  df  M.  Adaiux. il'- 
l-fpri'si'iilal  inns  ipii,  siir  ciiniirtc,  mit  iIi-  I  roiivi'i's  iiun-l'iiiuiri-s,  iic  pnit  rtri'  (■toiiiiaiit  <■' 
111-  pint  di'Vciii''  nil  siijct  dn  lilaiii  •  a  son  r';j;ard.  Ilii  I'ait  il  parait  liiin.  dans  Ir  i':i« 
iifl ni'l.  a\ oil'  lonrni  pii's  pir  tons  lis  iiMisriyiicnirnts  i-xarts  ipic  If  j;(Mi\ci'iii'i!'i'iit  il'' 
sa  Majrsti' lirilaniii<|n  ■  a  viainii'iit  icfiis;  rt  ipii,  si  nil  t'li  a\  ait  friiii  niniptr  aM'in:: 
sniii  <';^al,  aiiiairiil  rrriaiiii-iiirnt  aiiu'in''  la  saisii-  dii  \  aissraii.  Crttr  saisic  a  cr  iiiiiiih'IiI 
teirait  pi'ol)al)!iMnrnt  rii  p  mi'  ii  suit  at  dc  ini'll  ic  iiii  Iitiiii',  in)ii-s"iil('ini'iit  a  rclti-  riili- 
jMis.'.  inais  a  toiilrs  Irs  aiitri's,  ci  nous  anrait.  [lar  cdiisi'iiiu  lit.  «'vili'  la  conslitiitiii:)  i\'' 
n'  tnliiinal. 

.Mais  11  III- dtvail  pas  t-ii  I'-tio  aiiisi.     L;-  j-iiiiVL-rui'imnit,  ipii  avail  ton-*  li'-  iiid.m'' 


niilitrliir  Ion- 
MViiir  ell  nnis 
(!i's  I'lniiiclcs 

lioi'llllll'lllS.  I| 

MViiin  If  dfpa 

ilr  I'llllf   tU-;> 

;'|iipiisc  laitf  I 

iiidf  li s  ill' 

line  iiliaiif  ai 
i|m'iimi'  I'aiissi- 
iHilr\ait  pas 
ill-*  laisons  s 
avdiis  Mills  |f> 
lli:iis  I'f  Ipii  f^ 
nilr-df  M.  1 
.M;iji>i.;  I. lit  a 
li' ill  Nil-  d'(-i-lii 
"i->  i-liip|o\fs 
iihiir^is  aiiif I 
'"iiiviiiifnifii 

IXlilll    M'lll    ft   ( 

iii.iis  aiissi  f  > 
iialjiiii. 

11  a  iir.ia  r-t 
''lii.i'iiii  pif  a 
'^lisM-aii  Mppi 

"Niiiii  ajoi 


OriNIONS    OF    MK.    ADAMS, 


i:)n 


till'  means  of  oxtortiiij;'  uiiwilliu;^"  ti'slimoiiy,  tlirou^ili  cniciciit  and  triist- 
utiitli.v  ;i,m'iits,  (Iocs  not  sct'iii  lo  liiiNc  Ihtii,  at  this  iiioinciit  at  least, 
(■oiiscioiis  of  tiio  (>xist('i)C('  of  aiiv  oIi!i,!4atioii  lo  oriniiiatc  iiiNcsti^Liiif ions 
;it  ill).  It  may  reasonably  be  <lonbt('<l.  from  the  evidence  Itcfore  w.^i, 
wlictlici'  it  believed  in  it  if  it  was.  On  the  1st  ot '.Alarcli — that  is,  twenty 
il:ivs  iicfoi'c  the  escape  of  liie  Orcto — an  iminiiy  made  of  tlic  .novernnient 
(if  Italy  ivspectin;;' one  of  the  ollicial  statements  rccci\('d  from  la\er- 
IKHil  had  been  replied  to  in  terms  which,  if  not  alisoliitcly  (U-ei.Nive  as  to 
its  lalschood,  certainly  tended  to  throw  the  .i;ii'atest  |»ossiblc  <loMi)t  npon 
itstnith.  Ill  snch  an  important  transaclioii  as  the  biiildiiii^' of  a  luiin- 
iiiiat,  it  would  seem  to  be  clear  that  a  j:ra\('  misstntciiicut  of  its  dcsli- 
iiiitidii  by  icspoiisilde  ])artieswas  not  likely  to  be  made  carelessly,  or 
witliout  ,ui\iii;i'  rise  to  some  possilde  suspicion  of  an  adeqii.ite  motiNc  to 
;ic('i)iiiit  for  it.  It  d(K's  not  a]»peai'  from  anytliiii,i;'  conlaiiied  in  the 
|i;ilii'r>  bcl'ore  lis  that  the  attention  of  the  parties  concciiicd  was  called 
III  this  circumstance  at  all.  r>ul  it  docs  appear  \'cry  clear  that,  both  in 
the  Ictteis  of  .Mr.  Adams  and  .Mr,  Dudley,  under  the  eyes  of  l!er  .Majes- 
ty's .^oNcniiiieiit,  there  was  presented  an  adeipiatc  motive  to  explain  it, 
tduit,  the  wish  to  elude  t!ic  \i;nilance  of  1  ler  .Majesty's  no\ernniciit  and 
licr  olilicers  in  jireventinu  the  (Uitlit  Ironi  one  of  her  ports  of  a  \essel 
Sillily  wanted  by  the  iiisur.m'iit  .\mericaiis  to  carrv  on  war  on  tiie  ocean 
iiuiiiiist  their  Oovernment.  .\11  the  external  circumstances  indicatin.u' 
a  state  of  pea<*e  everywhere  el>c  in  the  civilized  wtnid  pointed  to  that 
liiiarter  alone  as  the  proltablc  one,  not  simply  to  «'xplaiii  tlii'  (h- -tination 
III  the  vessel  itsell',  but  likewisi'  the  false  representation  which  had  been 
iiuiilc  tor  the  puipose  of  concealing'  it.  iler  ."\IaJesty\s  ^i'overiiment  does 
iiiit  seem  to  liaNC  eiitei'cd  into  any  such  process  of  reasoning;-. 

On  the  I'.'Jd  of  I'ebnniry  it  has  already  lieen  'ibscrNcd  that  Iler  Majes- 
ty's (•(tmiiiissioners  of  customs  had  addressed  a  letter  to  the  treasury 
iiiiiuil,  makiii!;' a  report  in  rc<>artl  to  the  condition  and  destination  of 
llif  vessel  called  the  Orcto.  At  the  close  of  that  letter  are  the  loUow- 
iii;;  Words: 

\\v  lir^  I'liilliiT  t<i  ailil  tiial  N|M'cial  diiictioiiv  liavi'  ln'cii  L;ivi  ii  \n  ihr  (illiccrs  at  IA\- 


li'iiliti'iiir  tdiis  Ics  i'(>iisi'i;;;;i('mc'nts  (rfiiijiluvi's  lioimi'tf^  ct  ili'^iii-s  ilc  fni.  nc  siMiililr  pas 

.IVnir  ell  collscicMCC,  a  cillc  ('iMiiillc,  dr  i"(N  i>ti'll(i'  (I'lllic    til)l  i;;al  inn  (Ir   sii   pall   ill'  I'aiif 

lies  riii|iii'lfs  voloiilairi's  di' SUM  coti'.  <  til  pi-nl  rai.>'>iiiialil(iiii'!it  ilniiici'.  cii  \uvaiit  \is 
liiM'iiiiiciils.  i|ii'il  iTUl  iiii'iiif  a  re  ilcMtir.  I.c  1"'  mars— c'l'st-a-tlirc,  viiini-dnis  jiiiir.s 
;i\,inl  Ic  di'iiart  i!r  l'<  ircld — miu'  t'iii|iirti'.  I'aili'  aM|irrs  dii  ;;niis  ciiicmciil  italii-ii  aii  Mi.jct 
ilr  riiiii'  dt's  di'ciaraliiins  olilii'iclli's  rcriics  dr  LivfriMi'd,  a\ail  t-ii  |iiiiir  ri-sidtal  uiid 
;'|iiiiisc  lailc  dans  des  iciaiics  i|iii.  s'its  n'l'LiicMl  pas  alisulmiifiU  di'cisiCs  ipiaiit  a  I'cxiicti- 
tiiili'ilf  ci'sdi'rla  rat  inns,  tt'iidairnl  dii  nmins  a  ji-tcr  siir  flics  Ic  pins  i;ia:iil  don  If.  Dan.s 
mil' :it)'airf  anssi  iniportaiitr  ipic  la  ronsiiiiri  luii  iriiin'  laiioniinrc,  on  ]iiiuirait  ciuiii- 
iin'iiiii' lanssi- d(''claralii)h  I'ait.' "|Mant  a  sa  dcsliiiatina  par  dfs  ]irrs(inin's  irsiMiiisalilrs 
iiiilivail  pasi'trc  Caitc  par  in'v^liijciiii'  d  drvail  lain'  iiaitrc  mi  smipi/nn  ijii'd  y  avail 
ili-i  riiisoMs  siillisiinlrs  di'  la  laiii'.  II  iii'  jtarait  )ias.  d'apics  ji's  dnciiincnls  ([uc  inni.s 
:iviiii>  sons  ics  M'li  \,  1 1  III'  I'at  irnl  ioM  di-  res  p.'r.siiiiiii's  ail  ili-  appi'lcc  dii  hint  snr  cc  lait. 
iiMis  (I-  1 1  Ili  ('St  clair  a  tors,  c'l'st  ipn'  dans  lex  i>'i  tr>'--  dc  .M.  .Vdains,  an>si  liii  n  ipic  dans 
II  lies  lie  .\I.  Ihidicy,  It'll  I'l's  piaii't's  suns  lis  vriis  drs  nii'iiiliiis  dii  ;;iin\  I'lni'iiii'iil  dr  sa 
M;ijr>|t'  liiiiaiiniipir,  di's  raisniis  liirii  salti>anti's  di-  tc  fail  rniriil  d'lniii cs — c'l'st-ii-diri- 
ii' ill  NJr  d'lM'iiappi'r  a  la  viniiaiici' <lti  ;'iin\rriii'nirnl  d<'  sa  .Maji'stt'  l>iilaiiiiii|ni'  ct  do 
>iN  t'liipiiiycs  pniir  cnipcciicr  i'anncincnl  dans  tin  port  an;.;lais  d'liii  vaisscan  dont  Ics 
iiiMir'.;!  s  aiin'ricains  avaiciil  Ic  pins  ^riand  hrsoin,  pmir  faiic  snr  iiici' in  j;ii 'lie  a  Iciir 
'iiiiivi nicuiciit.  La  pais  ipii  rc;;nait  parloiU.  aiilcitrs,  ilcvait  dirl;j;cr  faliciiiioii  sni'  ct; 
piiiiil  seal  ct  di'vail  noii-sciilcnicnt  onv  rir  Ics  ycnx.  <|nant  a  la  dcstinaiii  ii  dii  vaisscan, 
Wilis  aiissi  c\|iiii|n('r  la  lanssc  di'claratiiiii  taili;  dans  riiUcntiou  dc  raclici  tcttc  dcsti- 
liiiiiiiii. 

II  a  dija  I'll-  I'ciiiiiriiiic  t|nc.  Ic  v!'J  Icvricr,  lis  conuniKsah'cs  dcs  dmiancs  ilc  sa  Ma.jcsti^ 
I'liii'iiii  pic  avaicnt  adrcssc  a  la  licsorcric  nnraiipoit  snr  I'dat  ct  la  dcsiinalioii  dn 
^.li'-siaii  appi'lc  I'DrcIo.     .V  la  lln  dc  ic  rapport  sc  tioinc  !a  iilirasc  v:'i\anlc: 

".NciH  ajoiitiins  i;iio  dcs  hisinictioiis  spi'i'ialcs  tint   etc  tliiiiii«';'s  a   ij'Vcrpool   pmii- 


m 


154 


AUIilTRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


m 


erpool  to  wntrh  thr  morrmoilx  of  tin;  rrHxcI,  and  tluit  wo  will  not  fail  to  r('i»ort  fortliwith 
any  circuiii.stiince.s  which  iiiav  occur  worthy  of  yon i'  loi(islii|("s  (•oj;niz!iiic('. 

Tiio.  1'.  i'I{i:manti,e. 

(iKKNVIIJ,!-:  C.  L.  J!EK'Ki:i.i:v. 

After  a  diligent  scareli,  I  <lo  not  sncco(Ml  in  lindin;^'  a  trace  of  any 
r»'|)i)rr,  of  (licse  f^cnth'incn  earlier  than  tlie  Itli  Apiil.  I'robabls  tlicy 
dill  not  re<;ard  the  circunistances  of  her  ontlit  and  departure  from  the 
port  as  worthy  of  their  h)rdsliip.s'  eo;;nizanee,  nnh'ss  the  news  wen- 
altsohitely  <h'inaniU'd. 

Yet,  when  3Ir.  A(hinis,  on  the  L'ath  of  ]\rareli,  addressed  another  ic 
iMonst ranee  to  I''.a)l  l'nss<'ll,  it  seems  to  have  had  tlie  ellectt  of  pr<»iii|it 
iii<;  Ills  h)rdship,  on  the  L'tUii  of  ^Fareh,  to  direct  a  note  to  be  sent  to  the 
secretaiT  of  the  treasni-y  re(pu'siinfjf  tin-  eoininissionei's  of  cnstonis  "td 
^ive  directions  that  tiie  Oreto  may  be  dilij;ently  watched.'' 

This  seems  to  have  broii;;:ht  forth  a  h'tti'r  from  Mr.  S.  Price  luhvanls 
to  the  foHouirij;'  elVect.     It  is  (hited  theL'Stii  of  Marcii: 

To  the  C(iiinni'<sioiiirs  of  Vimloms  : 

Thc!  «('rc\v-vt'Hscl  Oreto  was  rcgistiM't'd  at  this  pdit  on  thi'  :!il  instant,  as  per  coiiyn; 
rt'^islry  annrxi'd.  She  clcart'd  on  the  loUowin;;' day,  llifltli.  tor  I'alrrrno  and  .laiii^iii;i 
in  liallast,  as  \h'v  inclosi'd  vii'tnalin;;-liili.  She  saili'd  on  thc'J'Jd  instai.l,  llic  d.i\  ii|im;i 
wliich  flic  Anicriran  consnTs  letter  is  dated,  liavini;  a  eiew  of  lil'iy-two  men.  all  llrii- 
isli.  save  sonH'  three  or  t'onr,  om-  of  whom  only  was  an  American.  SIii'  had  iioiliin,' 
wh.'itexcr  on  hoard  save  the  stores  enumerated,  .she  ii;td  neither  unnpo  vder  nor  evm 
a  sijinal-;;nn,  and  no  colors  save  Maryatt's  (.'ode  of  .si;;nals  and  a  Mritish  oisii^n.  With 
reference  to  till'  passeii;iers  hr(Miu,ht  hy  the  .\nnie  Child,  it  is  <dear  that  I'.iey  wi'i'e  imt 
intended  to  form  any  pintion  of  the  crew  of  the  Oreto,  lor  they  aie  .till  in  l.i\i'i|ii(iil; 
and  as  respects  the  dippin;^  of  the  ensi;;'n.  this,  as  far  as  1  can  asi'crtain,  was  a  cdiiipli- 
nient  paid  to  one  of  the  Ciinard  steamers  and  some  other  vesstd,  which  sainted  lli'' 
Annie  Child  on  her  arrival,  the  mastcr.s  heiii;.;  parties  known  to  mu!  another. 

What  became  of  this  h'tter  it  is  difliciilt  to  cNplain.  It  .seems  clcai 
that  Lord  lius.sell  coiiUl  have  Icnown  nothing;'  of  it  on  thc  7th  of  Apiil. 


siirveiller  les  moil venii'iits  de  ce  vai-iseaii  et  ipie  iimis  ne  maminerons  pas  de  von-;  i,i:i- 

jHirter  inline  lial('!ilr:it    toilte  eireons!a'n-e  diLJlle  d'etre  pinte,'  ;i  1,1  conn.ussanee  de  Viilli 
sei;;lieiirie. 

(Sij-m')  ••■fllo.  F.  I'IM'.KMANI'I.K. 

••(iKr.NVii.LK  c.  L,  iu:k'Ki;i.i;v; 

Mah^rt'  line  rediercln'  tres-active.  je  ne  leiissis  pas  a  troii\<-r  nne  si'iile  trace  ile  r.iii- 
j)ort  fait  |»ar  ees  nn'ssieiirs  anti'iieiiretnent  an  l  iivril.  I'rolMldeinent  ils  n'ont  |i,i< 
consideie  rarnieinent  et  Ic  ih  part  di'  ce  vaissean  c(minu'  <lcs  circonstam'cs  di;;'nes  d'rtiv 
poriees  a  la  coiinaissanee  de  Icnrs  seiifiienries,  a  moins  ipie  les  inmvclles  ne  letir  lii-t»i'iii 

tlcmaildees  expres. 

Et  ccpeiid.inl,  lors(|iie  M.  Adams,  le  \i.">  mars,  adrcssa  nne  seconde  repii'scntai  inn  mi 
Cointi"  ivnssell.  le  risllltat.  en  I'llt.  a  cc  iin'il  semlde,  (pie  sa  sei;^nelirie  eiiNoya  an 
seend.iiie  de  la  troorerie  line  iiot< .  ordoniiaiit  an.\  commissaires  des  donain-.  "li'' 
donner  des  instiii''l  ions  poiir  ipie  I'l  >reto  I  in  siirveille  a  vec  soin." 

(  cci  semlde  avoir  provotpie  nne  lettre  di'  .M.  S.  I'liie  l',d wards,  dans  les  liiiin- 
siiivants.     \'A\v  est  dali'e  dii  •,'•>  mars. 

".Iiir  iitiiimissturcn  ili'<  (Idiuuk s  : 

"  i.e  vaissean  a  Indiee  I'l  >rcto  a  I'te  enri';iistri'  dans  ce  port  le  '.\  conranf.  d'apies  rii|iii 
dii  re^islre  ei-j(dn(.  II  s'.icipiil ta  le  leiidcniaiii,  1.  pmii  I'iilernie  et  la  .lamaiipn' I'li 
lest,  d'apies  le  iie'iiioire  di's  \  i  vres.  eidnclns.  II  mit  a  l;i  voile  le  'J'J  coiirant,  le  Jiuir  ilmi; 
la  h'ttredn  con>.;nl  anieiicain  est  dati'e,  ayant  iiii  <'(piip;i;;e  de  treiitc-deiix  homines.  tnM' 
an.ul.'iis.  a  Perception  de  trois  on  ipiatre,  don!  iin  seiil  I'tait  anii'iieain.  II  n'.'ivait  lii'ii 
aliord.sice  n'cst  les  |)ro\  isions  eniiim'-recH.  II  n'avait  ni  poiidi'c  ni  nieme  iiii  caiinii 
de  siiiiianx.  et  point  de  conleins,  si  ci^  ll'c^*^  li-  systeme  de  si^nanx  ^\o  .Mairviilt  et  im 
))avilloii  an;;lais.  <^nant  aiix  p,issay;ers  amenes  )iar  I'Aiinie  Childs,  il  est  (dair  ipi'il- 
u'etaieiit  p.is  dr>.iini's  a  fcnnier  nne  portion  (|iieleoiicpie  de  riMpiipa;;e  de  I'c  )reto.  car  il' 
sont  ein'ore  a  I.i\'erpool;  et  ipi.inl  an  saint,  dii  |iavillon.  e'etail.  anl:int  ipie  je  |iin'<  li' 
<'onsiaier,  nil  compliment  t'ait  a  I'liii  des  'sieaiin'is  Ciinani'  et  a  ipndipie  aiif' 
vai-tseaii  ipii  saliia  "r.Vnnie  Childs'  a  son  arrivi'e,  les  eapitaiiies  se  cimnaisMii! 
niiit  iiellcmi'iit." 

II  est  dim. die  <rexi)li(pier  co  ipi'il  advint  de  cette  h-ttre.  II  semlde  elair  ipie  i.iinl 
Jvi!s>»e|l   ne  poiivait    rich  lmi  savciir  le  7  avril,  cai' il  parait  alors  avoir  domic  To  dri'i 


OriNIONS    OF    MR     ADAMS. 


155 


lor  Iio  appears  then  to  liavo  diroetcd  yiv.  iraiiimoiid  to  writo  to  llio  See- 
ii'tiir.v  ot"  tlie  Treasury  "to  cause  his  loidshij)  to  bv  iiitbniuMl  wlictlMT 
iiiiv  report  has  been  reccivi'd  from  the  coniiiiissioncrsot'cnstonis  respect- 
ing' tlic  vessel  tlie  Oreto."  'Tliis  was  the  sixteenth  (hiy  at*er  lliaf  vessel 
liiid  saih'<l,  ;i  lact  which  he  api)ears  ar  that  time  not  to  have  olUcially 
known,  tht)u;;h  (hmbfh'ss  he  liad  jiathered  it  from  the  newspapers, 

Tlic  report  hefoi-e  alhnh'd  to  was  then  prodnced,(hited  tiie  ttii,  Imt  not 
ivccived  nntil  theiStii.  It  then  first  jiaxc  tlie  information  tiiat  tlie  \essel 
hail  saiU'd  on  the  L'L'd,  havin.y;  l>een  I'c^^istered  in  the,  name  of  .loliu 
ih'iny  Thon>as,  ()f  Liver[»()oi,  as  sole  owner,  and  cleared  for  ralermo  and 
Jamaica  in  ballast. 

Tiie  reports  indi(;ative  of  any  observation  whatever  nnide  in  watcliin^if 
tilt' niovi'Mients  of  the  Oreto  a[>pear  not  to  have  been  collecte(l  until  the 
latter  part  of  Auj^iist,  and  then  only  at  the  instance  of  Lord  Russell,  for 
aiiotlier  jmrpose. 

One  more  report  was  made  by  the  <*omiiiissioners  of  ciistonis  on  the 
Istdf  May.  Tlie  ollicial  declaration  of  the  minister  of  state  of  the  Italian 
mivcriiiiienttoiCarl  i;iissell.<lenyin;iiill  knowIe(l;;-e  whatevei' of  the(  >reto, 
iiad  been  put  into  their  hands.  Tliis  declaration  had  been  sent  to  .Mr. 
Mdwanis,  tlu;  collector  of  the  l)(»rt,  wh'j  had  been  the  first  person  to  de- 
claie  his  faith  in  the  lalseliooil,  and  was  now  called  to  make  further  ob- 
si'i'vatioiis.  Iledidnot  iliiiik  fit  to  make  any  expl.ination  of  the  reasons 
111'  liis  belief  nor  of  its  source,  but  conteiiteil  himself  with  a  reference  to 
the  rcuislry  of  tin*  vess»'l  in  the  name  of  a  native  of  I'alermo.  w  liich  he, 
|intl»ably  knew  to  have  been  a  fraud,  because  he  went  on  to  admit  the, 
fact  of  its  real  destination,  and  to  place  his  absence  from  action  on  the, 
;inuii(l  that  "<'(V/f  in  that  case  no  act  had  been  <roiiimitted  to  justify  his  iii- 
liiCcreiice.''  It  does  not  seem  to  have  occurred  to  him  to  asic  himself,  if 
till'  flisjuti'li  of  th<'  steamer  was  a  legitimate  act,  v,  here  was  the  need 
iit'tlic  falsehood  aliout  the  Italian  ;;(iveriinient,  or  the  further  falsehood 
(if  the  ownership  of  .Mr.  Tliouias.  Xei slier  does  it  seem  to  Iiaxc  occurred 
to  Her  .Majest\*s  ;;ovc;nment  to  consider  whether  they  had  been  cheated 
liv  tlieir  own  ollicers. 


.^l.  I[:iiiiiiii)ii(l  (I'i'crirc  nil  sccri't:tirt>  dc  la  tn'-<i)ri'rii>,  "  (|ii(' sii  scijjinMiric  soil  iiif.iriiK'o 
»i  I'oii  :i  iciMi  i|Ui'li|iic  r:i|i|i(iit  ilcs  cinnmissaircs'  drs  dunaiit's  luiuliaiit  Ic  vaissi-aii 
I'Oictn."  ("(-tait  !(•  si'i/i'Mir  Jiinr  apics  i|iii'  Ic  vaissi-aii  avail  mis  a  la  vnilc  fail  qiril 
III!'  si'iiililc  a  ccttc  i'i|iH|ii('  n'avdir  pas  roinni  «i|)icitllcmi'iit.  <iiiiiii|iic  sans  doiiii'  11  Tciit 
apltiis  ]iai'  Ifs  Joiniiiitix.  l.c  rainiiirt  am|iiil  il  rst  fait  alliisioii  cj-ilfssns  liit  alnrn 
;iiiiiiiiil.  (laT(''  dii  t,  iiiais  iion  rri.u  avant  ji-  "*.  II  diMiiia  alurs,  jiom  la  pri'inn'rc  I'ois, 
riiit'iiriaatidii  <|ii('  Ir  xaisscaii  avait  mis  a  la  voili'  Ic  v!,',  (in'il  avait  t'ti'  fiiri-uistri'-  an 
iinin  (Ic  .IdImi  Henry  'I'liomas,  dr  l.ivi'i'|iniil,  ciuiiiiii-  scid  priipiit'-lairc,  I't  i(ii'il  s'ctait 
iiii|iiittc  en  li'st  pDUi-  ralcriiii'  ct  la  .lamaiipif. 

l/'s  rappiuts  iiiiliipiaiit  Ics  olis,Tvatiiins  I'aiti's  cii  ,-mvi'illaiit  li-s  mdnvniiiMits  dn 
lOifiii  He  paiaissciit  avuii-  ('tf'  rasscmlili'-;  <\>\r  mts  la  lin  dii  iimis  d'adtit.  ct  alors 
^'■r.icMicMt  ;i  !a  dcmaiidc  dii  CiiiiUc  K'nsscli.  dans  lui  antic  lint. 

I'll  lappurl  flit  en  milic  c;'it  par  Ics  ciinimi>.>-aii"s  ilc-,  dunaiics  I.'  1' '  iiiai.  ( in  avait; 
ini-i  ciifrc  li'iiis  mains  la  iintc  nilicicllc  dii  niiiiislrc  d'Tlat  dii  ;^itii\  cincmcnt  italicnau 
t  i;ii;c  li'iissili,  par  laipiidlc  11  di'<darait  ii'a\i)ir  anciiiii'  cunnaissanrc  (\r  \'{  (tcin.  Ccttc 
||' I'iaialiiiii  avail  ('li'  ciixdvcc  a  M.  I'.dwaid.--,  Ic  i-cccvcnr  dii  pml.  qui  avait  I'ti'  le 
jiri'iiiicr  a  sc  <|i'clarcr  con  vaincii  i\r  la  vcrit.-  dcs  faiisscs  mdicat  ions  doniii'cs,  ct  ipii  fiit 
•iliiis  appcli' a  fairc  dc  pins  aiiiplcs  olisc!--,atioiis.  II  nc  criil  jias  devoir  doMiicr  des 
'■\|ilic.itioirs  siir  Ics  raisoiis  de  sa  foi  en  ecs  indicalions.  iii  siir  rori<rine  dc  ecite  foi, 
iii;iis  sc  conlenia  de  s'eii  ri'lci'er  aiix  rc;iislrcs  (pii  porlaicnt  ee  vaisseaii  an  imhii  d'nn 
jiiliilaiil  de  I'aleniie,  ce  <|iie  )trolialdeiiicnt  il  savait  etre  ntie  fraiidc,  parce  ipi'll  alhi 
,iii«i|ii'a  adincttn'  Ic  fait  de  sa  vraie  destinalion  et  a  exenscr  son  alistcntinn  cii  disant 
III!',  "iiieinc  daiiH  ce  eas.  mi  ii'avaii  eominis  anciiii  acte  p'oiir  just i tier  line  intervcnlioii 
ill' >'i  part."  II  ne  iiaialt  pasipril  liii  M>it  \ciin  a  resprit  dc  se  demandci'  poiiii|iioi, 
M  Ir  il('|iart  dc  la  eaiioiinicre  I'tait  lc;^al.  il  I'lail  iicsoin  d'nnc  t'aii'-si'  dcclaialimi  an 
"'ijit  (In  •;onvcrncinciit  italieii,  oil  dii  sccnml  ineiisonne  an  siijct  de  la  pniprntc  dii 
Mussi'iiii  |.'ir  M,  Tiioiuiia. 


'lUVI'll  ■      I 


ir)(; 


AUniTKATIOX    AT    (IKXKVA. 


A  stciiinor,  completely  lilted  in  iill  respects  jis  a  iiiim-of-wnr,  had  siii'. 
(•ceded  in  cscapiii-^-  iVoin  liiverpool,  and  iiolliin;;'  was  left  to  laake  liei  a 
l)o\vei' on  tlie  ocean  l)nl  the  receii»l  of  arms  and  aninmnition.  IIow  tliat 
])roceedin,!L;"  was  accomplished  we  shall  sec  in  the  secpu'l.  At  pres'  nt.  | 
desire  to  point  oat  the  extent  to  wliicli  the  I'alsehood  and  I'raud  th;it  liail 
been  resorted  to  in  the  comse  ol'the  transaction,  to  cover  it  IVom  ol>.scr 
vation,  lictray  the  consciousness  of  the  jiariics  concerned  in  it  ol'  the 
danger  llicy  were  incnrrin,u,  of  the  indi.unation  of  ller  Majesty's  ydNcrn. 
nienl  in  case  tin'y  were  detected  in  jtrcparin;^'  such  a  host  ih' ciitt  r- 
]»risc  in  a  British  port.  At  least  they  appear  to  have  had  no  idcii  Ilia; 
su<"li  an  attempt,  if  really  nnch'rstood,  was  not  an  act  which  wonld  Jus 
tify  the  inteiference  of  the  ;;o\  crnment.  Hence  the  studied  efforls  t) 
misrepresent  tiie  transaction  from  the  l)»'.i;inninjL;'  to  the  end.  ilcnci' 
the  laI)or  to  snl)stitntc  a  false  Urilish  owner,  ami  a  false  <lestiny  lor  tlic 
real  one.  Hence  the  sindieil  repicsentation  of  I'ah'rmo,  in  Sicily.  :is  tln' 
term  ol'the  \(>ya^'e,  cNcn  to  llie  simi»!e  seamen  <lecoycd  l>y  tliis  nicaib 
inttt  an  nnwilliii;^-  s«'r\  ice.  In  a  word,  the  alTair  iccks  with  inali.niiant 
fraud  from  its  incejttion  toils  close.  'J'he  parties  c(tiicerncd  appe;utu 
lni\('  had  no  conception  htnv  easy  it  was  to  paialyze  the  action  of  llci 
J\Iajest.\'s  j^oNci  iimenl.  or  they  woidd  at  once  have  relieved  thi'niscl\i'> 
of  all    he  opprohriuin  thai  attended  their  pidcecdmj 


l)oul)ll 


tlicv 


wonld  not  have  indnl^^cd  in  mendacity  for  llie  mer«'  love  of  it.  'riny 
(lid  not  then  conceiNc  that  the  i»rinciple  of  aciion  was  not  to  initiate  aii} 
acli\('  measures  of  thoron;^!!  investi.i;ation  into  the  truth  of  their  wmiN 
and  the  p)od  faitii  of  their  acts,  hut  to  wait  for  the,  disclosure  of  llir 
iH'cessary  cxidence  hy  tin'  a.LienIs  of  the  I'l/itcd  States,  who  could  n.ii 
in  the  nature  of  ihin;.is  possess  anything;'  like  their  power  of  exti>rtiii,u 
the  truth  from  nnwi!lin,i:'  lips. 

1  ha\('  now  reached  the  mome"f  when  it  seems  necessary  to  ap.-ly 
myself  to  the  (picslion  so  much  di.  i[s^>i'd  in  the  ar;;innents  laid  heloiv 
ii.s  by  the  respective  parties  to  tiie  liti,i;ation.  What  is  the  dili.!4('ii(i 
i\\\i'  Irom  oiM'  nation  to  anttther  in  preventing'  the  littin^-out  of  any  vcs 
.sel  which  it  has  reasonable  jiround  to  believe  intended  It)  criii.se  agiiiiLst 


I* 


I 


:ii>si;m  iiiiiii-  sons  Ions  Ics  raiipoi'l-^  (■oiiiiiic  \  ;ii--s(;iii  dc  liiuric  aviiit  H'lissi  a  siirii 


<lU   |ilil  t   (Ir    l.l\  (Tliixi 


lie  (I 


rs  aililcs  < 


I  <li 


'I  il  lie  III!   iiiaii(|iiait    plus,  pmir  I'trc  iiiii'   [iiii'ssaiii'i!  siir  rocran 
Xiiii.s  \  cnniis  (iaii.s  la  Mii(c  (•uiiiiiii'iit   on  aniva  ;i  In 


iiiiiin(iiiii> 


t'li  I'oiiriiir.  I'uiir  li-  iiiiiiiii'iit  Jr  ilt'siri'  laiii-  r('iiian|iu'r  imhmImi'II  la  IVainlo  ciiiiil 
]><iiir.caclnT  rarinriiiciU  <!•■  cc  vaisscaii  (it'iii>lc,  chv/.  ci-iix  iiiii  tri'iiiiiairii!  dans  ralt'aii' 
la  fCi  sciciico  (Ics  (lan;it'rs  ([ii'ils  ('(inraiciif,  si  Ic  ^■ifiivcinciiifiil  di-  sa  .Majr>ti 
liritaiiiiii|ii(^  avail  di'i-uiiviTl  Ics  iii'rpai'atifs  dc  ccttr  ciitcriirisi!  lioslili^  dans  iin  pnii 
anglais,  lis  |(aiaissciit  an  iimius  ii'avoir  cii  aiii'iiiui  idt'i;  (lu'iinc  tt'llf  ciiti'iiirisc  iri-iaii 
]ias  nil  ai'li'  just  iliaiU    riiitcix  I'litioii  dii   uoiivi'i'iicniciit.     ]>t^l; 


I  (JI'S  fli'orls  ll'illTIS  |HM1I 

nil  aiilif  jiiiir  que  Ic  vrai.     J)i'  la  i-i'  lia\  ail  dc  siilis!  iiiicf  ii" 

a  la  vi;i;' 


picsciiicr  la  (iiit'si  ion  sine 

i'anx  |tiii|)rii  lain-  an;;la;s  ci   iiiii'   I'aiissc  drsiiiialiciii,  an  innprii'tairc  ii'i 


di'st  iiiat  ii>ii.     1  >('  la  (•(•tie  <li''claiatii>i 


I  (ic 


I'al 


criiii'  (•uiiiinc  If   lull  till  V()va;!c.  di'<lariil 


■\  el 
1. 


laitc  iMi'iiii'  aii\  SI 


nijiii 


<'s  iiiahlui-,  ciil  raiiH  s  dc  rctli'  iiiaiii>i  !■  <laiis  iiii  st  r\  ici' (|a  i 


voiilaii'iit  |>iiiiir.     I'.ii  nil  mill,  crllc  all'airc  est   nii  t  issn  di' tVaiidcs  dn  foiiiiiicncciuiiii  i 
la  I'm.      I.i's  iicrsdiiiics  inti'icssics  nt-  ;.riiildint    a\uir  cii  aiifiiiii'  idi'f  dc  la  lacilili''  iivri 


lii<|nrll(>  tin  |iiin\'ail  paralvsiM  raclinn  dit  >;aii\' 


It  d.'  sa  M 


(•;i<'s  anraiiMil  assiiot  dcsirt-  dc 


ijcsti'  lM'iliiniiii|iii'.i 


di-livior  di!  rdjiiindirt!  di'  tniilfs  It'iU'.s  niacliiiialinii 


lis  111-  <'i)iii|M'i'naiiMit  ]»as  alnrs  ((iii'  li's  priiicip;'s  d'aulisii  ('t.aii'iit.  tlo  ni>  poiiil/  iiri'inli- 
1'iiiilial  iv(t  (In  iiicsiirt's  actives  vi.  (■niiiplctcs  ]ii»iir  I'ccnnnaiti'c  la  vi'ritc  di'  IfHi 
ii!'i';i;ati'ins  ct  la  luniiic  I'oi  dc  Iciu's  a^-li's,  inaisd'attciidri!  Ics  r.'Vt'iatiiiiis  dcs  a;;i'iil.s  il ■ 
J^.tats-I'iiis,  (iiii  lie  iiiiiivaicnt  (mi  aiUMiiic  iiianicrc  i>i»ssriluf  It)  [losivoir  (l'i^vtori|iii:r  1. 
vt-riti-  a  dcs  ljciis  <|iii  iic  voiilaicnt,  |»as  la  (aire  ciinnaitrc. 

.Ic  Niiis  niainlciiaiit  arrive  an  iiiinncnt  nii  il  iiic  scinliU;  iieecssairc  d'cxiiinincr  la  i|i>'' 
tiiin,  olijcl  dc.  tant  di'  disciissimis  dc  l.i  jiart  dcs  dciix  parlies  dans  <■:',  di'-liat.  Avi' 
(|nellc  ilili;'eiice  iiiic  natinii  dnit-cllc  a,'iir  pmir  enijicclicr  rarinenicnt  d'nii  vaisscaii  qi^ 
I'oii  a  d(.-s  raisDiis  snllisautes  dc  cioirc  dcstim-  a  coinbattrc  uiio  aufrc  uulion  .'     (^ui)ii|n 


iiMiii  avis  a 
imissc  avcf 
siitlir  (Ic  dir 
l;i  (irande-l 
tin  tiaih',  |i 
v<pis  pas,  en 
Majeste  lull 
I 'ins.  et  me 
ilniiiccs  |iai 
taisaiitc  poi 
iviiiiilies. 
'l"iiir  lieu  (]i 
coiivcrtes,  a 
nitiiiii  (III  n 
lir(iltiii^('>e  (I 
fait  ^fi'iit'-ral 
tiiiiis  ipii  s'l 
iiitnt  (Ic  HOI 
tivi!  ct  cniiN 
soiiiM.'onncr 
lit'  sf  il(''clai 
«ec,  alors  (| 
(I'iiltciidrc, 
iKiin-  (aire  j 
Bfcdiirs  aii.\ 
t'lii'Z  8oi  et 


OPIXIOX.S    OF    MR.    ADAMS. 


-[')! 


11  ('(>ui([  (•(tininaiKi  ro  ivmicr  ainnin  c  every  ediiiDiiiaiioii  siis|>ecie(i  lo  tx 
t'lMiiiiii^"  witliin  its  luHilers  to  render  assistiiiiee  to  tlie  iiiaiiemcrs  o 
till'  inaleontoiits  at  \un\ui  I  All  these,  are  parts  of  a  eoinideto  whole 
the  inaiiiteiiaiiee  of  order  at  home  and  of  peace  ahroad. 


111011  iivis  a  vvi  t^^jiird  soif  piirraitt-iiii-nt  foniii',  Jf  sens  (|iic  cc  ii'i-st  pas  ici  Ic  lien  ofi  jn 
imissi-  avi'c  Ic  plus  ih'  ('(nivciiaiicc  cxpiiniiT  iiifs  raisoiis  d'uiit'  iiiaiiiiTi-  coiiiplrti'.  II  inn 
sMilir  (Ic  ilin-  (pic,  scion  mcii,  la  ililijrciicc  cxcict'c  \\:w  tunics  Ics  antorilt's  inlcicsst' -s  do 
la  (iiaiidc-lirctaii^jf,  dans  Ic  CHS  actinl.  ik;  nic  parait  iiiillciiicnt  corrcsimiMlr  ■  an  Icxio 
(III  tiait(',  ])arcc  (pi'dic  ii'a  iiiillciiiciit  ('•t(''  spontaiU'c,  ('(nniiic  cllc  dcvait  r('trc.  .Ic  in; 
vols  pas,  en  ctVcl,  dans  asicnn  dcs  docnnicnts  sons  iios  yciix,  <|nc  Ic  ^joiivcnicnicnt  il(!  s;i 
Miijcslt'  liiitaniii(|iic  ait  av,i.  si  cc  n'csl  'siir  Ics  representations  des  a;ients  des  Tltats- 
I'lus.  et  iiicmc,  lors(|n'il  aj;it,  il  s'cii  tient  cxclnsiv  (■incnt  anx  iiituiiiialidiis  (pii  liii  soiit 
(ImiK'cs  par  ccs  ai;cnts,  ct  seinldc  snppcser  (pic,  s'il  pent  rajipoitcr  d'line  inaniere  satis- 
taisimie  pour  Ini  siir  ccs  iiil'orinations,  scs  oidi;iati(nis  intcniatioiialcs  sont  plcliicineiit 
ii'iiipiics.  II  est  I'vidcnt  (prune  telle  inaiiiiTc  d'a^ir  t'oiirnit  aux  )»ers(iiiiies  iiit('rcsst''es, 
'|"'iii'  I't'ii  (pi'i'llcs  aient  line  ecitaiiie  lial)ilet('',  tonics  Ics  tacilites  |ionr  t'vitcr  d'etre  di'- 
coiivcrtcs,  au  iiioycn  d'i'(piivo(pics,  Ninon  dc  uieiisonncs.  .Ic  nc  puis  doniu'r  aneiinc  di'li- 
iiitidii  (111  mot  "  dilij;(!n('cs  "  (pii  nc  ,si;;nilie  pas  senieiiicnt  iiiic  premiere  action  direet(i 
Iir(>liiii;;(''C  dans  le  luit  dc  v<''rilicr  dcs  d(''lits  nii  a  nn,  mais  aiissi  dans  Ic  Init  d^'taltlir  li! 
t'liit  f^f'iH'ral  di^  riiitiMitioii,  tcl  t\w.  cc  lait  ressmt  d'uiic  oliservation  c(nitiniic  des  o|i('i'a- 
ticiis  (pij  s'cxf-cuttMit.  Siipposoiis  line  conspiration  destiiit'c  a  rcnvcrscr  Ic  ;;duvcrnc- 
iiiiiit  (Ic  son  pays,  u'tMitcndrait-oii  [>as,  par  Ics  dues  diliij;ciiccs,  line  surveillance  attcii- 
tiv(?  ct  eonstantc  (Ic  cliaiuino  ct  d(!  toiitcs  Ics  pcrsonncs  ([IK^  Ton  a  des  laisons  dt; 
sdiiiKMunicr,  ct  line  atUioii  iiiiin<'diat(;  pour  (■ni|i("'clicr  le  iiKMivcnient  dc  sc  ]M'(nionecr  ct 
(Ic  sc  (U'clarcr  f  Cost  siirtout  en  temps  dc  ^ncirc  (lu'iinc  i'iu'i};ic  scmlilaldi!  sciait  ex- 
ilic, alors  (pK^  hi  diinncr  d'liiic  cooperation  ('■traiifitrccst  imnilneiit.  N'cst-il  |iasnatiircl 
•ruttcndre,  »Io  t«Mito  piiiMsaiicc  uvcc:  Iu(|iicllc  on  est  cii  paix.  ([n'cllc  I'cia  tons  scs  ctloits 
]i(iiii  fairc  avorter  toutc  ^Mltcnt^^  iiotoircineiit  IbriiK'c  Mir  son  tciritoire  pour  porter 
sccdiirs  aux  iiisnrj;(\s  f  Tout  ttici  fait  partie  iriiii  tout  (•(  iiiplct,  Ic  inai  itien  dc  la  jiaix 
I'licz  sol  ct  h  IVtrimgcr. 


^ 


ii 


f 


B3;;;i5 


158 


AKIJITRATIOX    AT   GKNEVA. 


That  tlnMc  «li<l  oxisf  in  riioat  Bi'itaiii  a  ('(miUiiiatioii  of  i^tsohs,  cnm. 
]>os«'«l  paitly  (>r  AiiKM'icaiis  and  jiartly  of  Hritisli  siihjccts,  lia\  in;;'  I'm 
ir.s  ohjcci  aiul  iiitriit  {\w  liltiiijii:  out  of  vcjsscls  to  v.ury  on  war  with  tin 
rnitc*!  States,  to  tin*  <mmI  of  ovt'ituniiiif;'  tin*  (lovcinini'iit,  is  mailc  |mi. 
fectiv  plain  Ity  tin'  oviiU'in'i'  i»lai'<Ml  Itclon'  us  l»y  the  two  paitics.  Tlmr 
n«'i' -Majesty's  iiovennncnt  coiisidcriMl  it  in)  part  other  duty  to  ori;;!. 
nate  any  lu'oceedinjjfs  tendin;j  to  prevention,  at  the  tini'.M)f  the  oiitlit  m 
the  Oicto,  or  to  pass  at  all  lieyoinl  the  lanye  of  invcsti^iation  especially 
l>ointed  out  l>y  the  ajients  of  the  Anu'rican  ^-overnnnMit  to  itsaltentimi. 
ap|»ears  to  nn'  certain.  At  a  later  stajue  of  the  dillicnlties  this  jtoljcv 
apitears  to  ha\t'  l)een  i)artially  (•hanf;'ed.  The  favoiahh^  i-lVects  of  it  aiv 
claiin<'(i  as  a  nn>rit  in  a  portion  <il  the  |>apers  lielore  us.  an<l  i  am  rciidy. 
at  any  ami  at  all  iM'o|iei'  limes,  to  t«'stify  to  my  senseof  itsclliciencyiiiid 
value  wherever  it  is  shown.  I'.nt  alter  close  examination  1  fail  to  see 
any  traiM-s  of  this  poliey  in  the  pres«'nt  instance. 

It  is,  then,  my  opinion  at  this  stajxe  of  the  transacti(Mis  that  Ihi 
3IaJesty's  yovernnnMit  did  fail  to  use  due  dili^-cnce  to  prevent  the  littiii;; 
otit,  within  its  Jurisdiction,  of  the  Oreto,  which  it  had  reasonable  j^rouiul 
to  Ix'licNc  intemled  to  cruise  ajiainst  the  Tnited  States. 

J  now  i)i()<*eed  to  the  next  stej*  in  the  careei-  of  this  vessel. 

Xksskk. — Oil  the  lilM  of  .March,  ISIL*,  tiie  Oreto  estrapi'il  fr<nn  Liver- 
])ool  with  an  intent  to  carry  on  war  ayainst  the  United  States.  Ihi 
^lajesty's  yoverniiM'iit  had  not  been  tempted  to  penetrate  the  deceptidn 
which  had  lieeii  deliberately  practiced  upon  it. 

On  the  L'Sth  of  Aiuil  she  arrived  at  Nassau,  and  was  reported  by  the 
•I'oveiiior  as  a  rci-istered  Uritish  vessel  and  carry iiiiij  the  Hritish  II, in. 

On  the  .'{(Mil  ('ommander  .McKillop,  of  Her  Majesty's  siiip  Ibilldo;;, 
addressed  a  letter  to  the  secretary  of  the  admiralty  to  this  etfecrt : 

A  very  siis]>ici(ni,s  stcaiiuT,  the  divlio.  cvidriitly  intoiiilrd  Cor  a  j^milmaf,  is  now  in 
till'  iipiH'r  aiicliorai^t'  inidfr  tln'  lirilisli  liay;:  l>nt  as  tlit-n'  arc  no  li'ss  than  liirci- (•aiiiins 
of  anus  and  aiiniiiiiiitioii  iiiiitt'ii  lo  riiii  tlu'  lilorkadc.  some  of  tlicsi^  ^iiiis,  iVc,  wdmIiI 
turn  licr  info  a  inivatctT  in  a  few  lioiii's.     AntMils  of  tlw.  uoat'cdut'atu  yovcnini  'lit  iiin! 


(.•iTil  a  fxis(«''  dans  la  (;iandc-Iirctay;Tic  uni'iMitcntc  cntrc  dcs  AniiTifaiiis  <'tjli's  siijcis 
111  itann;i|iics  ayant  iioiir  lint  d'iii'nii'r  dcs  vaissi'ans'  jionr  faiiv  la  y;nrirnaux  l'".tats  l'iii> 
IKMirn  iiviT.Ncr  lc(ionvcrncnicnt,  <"t'st  mic  (dmsc  iiarfailcnn-nt  iimnvoc  par  li-s  tcinoii;!);!- 
j;('s  mis  di'vant  iios  u-nx  par  livs  di-nx  parties,  (^iic,  le  ;;(»nverneni<Mit  ile  sa  M.ijoti' 
liritaniiii|nc  n'a  pas  ('(insidt'n''  <lt'  son  drvoir  de  preinln^  des  nifsnri's  pn'-vi-ntivrs  an  iim- 
ment  de  I'lirnicnient  de  !'( )rct().  on  di'  l':iire  pcnir  son  roinple  nnr  cnqur-te  en  drliors  (lt> 
ienseit;nrnicnts  spc'cialt'inciit  fonrnis  jiar  les  a;;i'iits  dn  (ionvi'mi-incnt  aiuerieaiii.  c'csi 
enfori'  nnc  ehosiMndiscntalile. 

A  nnt'  (''ptiipw'  posti'-rienre  ectte  polilii|nesenilile  avoir  elian^c'  en  partie  ;  on  en  rt'cliuin' 
les  lions  it'snltats  dans  nne  partie  des  doennients  ipii  soiit  drvant  nons,  et  jf  suis  |iiv: 
a  tt^nioiuner  en  fa\cnr  di-  sa  valciir  ct  de  son  ellieacitt'-.  Mais  apri-s  nii'ir  exainen  ji'  iir 
lenssis  pas  a  tronver  tract's  de  cette  politi(|ne  dans  li'  cas  iictncl. 

Mon  o]iinion  est,  jiar  eonst'iiiii'nl,  (pie,  dans  ectte  pi-riodc  de  I'alVaire,  l(^;joiivcrncmi'iit 
de  sa  M:ijcst('  l»riiiinnii|nc  n"a  pas  cxcrci'  la  dilincncc  ii»''!'essaii'c  pour  enipcdier  rii|i|i:i- 
reillcincnt  d<'  rorclodans  les  liiniics  dc  sa  Jiiridi<!tioii.  lorsipi'il  avait  dcs  raisons  siilli- 
s.'intes  de  eruire  (pie  ee  vaisneau  etait  dcstini'  (;i>ntrc  les  filats-( 'nis. 

Xdns.ui.—,])'  pa-^sc  inaintenant  a  l.i  sceonde  p(Tiodc  de  la  can  icrc  de  <'c  valss'aii. 

Le  ViJ  mars  l^ii'J.  I'Oreto  sortit  de  la  rade  de  IJverpool  avee  rintentioii  de  lain'  li 
j;iierr('  anx  r/ats-l'iiis.  I.c  (roiiverneincnt  de  »ii  Ma,ii'st(''  n'avait  pas  ete  teiit6  dt!  pi'iic- 
trer  la  I'laudc  ipii  avait  i''t(''  eoniniise  {\{'  propos  di'lilii'n''  a  son  t^;rard. 

Le  *•><  ,i\  ril.  il  arriva  a  Nassau  et  liit  aiinontM-  par  le  ;;oiiverneur  coniino  vais-scau 
anglais,  porlant  Ic  drapean  an;;lais. 

I.c  :!(l.  le  eoinmandant,  McKillop.  dii  vaissenn  (l«i  sa  Miijeste  l)rit;onii(|ue  le  linlidn,' 
I'xpedie  an  s('i'i(''taire  de  rainiranl(>  nne  Icttrt-  a  eet  etVct : 

'•  I'n  \  ;iissean  t  ri's-snspect,  I'i )reto.  t^vidciiiniciit  e(nistriiit  pour  ('•treniie  catiomiicre,  m' 
troiive  maiiitemint  a  ranere,  sous  les  einilcurs  l>rit,inni(|ncs  ;  niais.  eoimne  il  n'y  a  ya- 
nioins  de  frois  ear;;aiMiiiis  d'arines  ct  de  miiiiilioiis  ii'i  ri'iiniivs  pour  fore»'r  le  lil(ii'n>. 
•liU'lqiies-uns  de  ces  camins,  efe,,  poiirraieiit  en  fairo  uii  corsairo  en  peu  dMieure.s.    l>i'» 


OriNIONS    or    MR.    ADAMS. 


,.|lliirs<  "if  flifir  navy  arc  luTf  on  tlif  sjtot,  and  /    'jrc  no  du 


h<i 


till ir  sirncc. 


Such  Wiis  tlic  iiiitiiiiil  and  just  coiK-liisioii  of  a 
wiitiii;:'  iindt'r  no  bias  on  on«'  side  or  the  otluT,  I 

M'll 

mail 


SI' of  Justice  and  fair  dealing'.     L«'t  ns  now  pi 
ncr  in  wliicli  cvciils  contribiili'd    (o  vt'iifv 


1 

ir)9 

iiihl  tlitil  thv  Onto  in 

hit 

iiilvd 

^'idlant  Hritisli 

oft 

cer, 

nit  niovi'd  only 

h\ 

his 

I'occcd  to  ('onsi< 

lei- 

the 

liis   prediction 

to 

the 

f  the  United  St 

at( 

's  at 

j;  his  attention 

to 

the 

rt  of  Liverpiiol 

i)f 

1 

the 

Ifttcr. 

(hi  the  !Hh  of  May.  Mr.  Whitiiiji-,  the  coiisnl  of 
Nassau,  addressed  a  note  to  the  uovernor,  c;dliii 
tlu't  of  the  almost  ('iniciiirent  arrival  fnnii  the  po 

Mii!iho!it  Oreto,  and  of  the  tii;^'  Fanny  Jjcwis,  laden  with  jiiinpowder  for 
the  iiisiirjient  Americans. 

Tliis  letter  was  referred  by  the  ;;'overiior  to  the  eonsi«leratioii  of  the 
attoriieyji'eneral,  with  an  indorsement  on  it  to  the  <'lfe<tt  that  he  wishe<l 
tlic  a^i'ciits  of  the  Oreto  to  be  informed  that,  if  they  put  arms  on  boar<l 
that  vessel,  he  slujiild  then  enforce  the  rules  laid  (lowii  in  the  <^)iieeii's 
|inicliiiiiation. 

The  receiver  general  enters  his  minute  on  Mr.  \Vhitin;;"s  letter,  to  the 
(■tlt'ct  that  tlu'  J'^anny  licwis  has  an  assorted  carp)  not  to  be  hiiided. 
Ih' is  conlideiit  that  no  part  of  the  caiji'o  had  then  been  transferred. 

lint  on  the  -(ith  of  the  month  his  toiM>  ehaiiji«'s,  and  lie  is  <'oiiviiieed 
that  the  consi.unees  of  tin'  Oreto  intend  shipping;'  laij^e  quantities  of 
arms  and  munitions  as  c;ir;>'o. 

Two  days  days  later  Commander  IMcKillop  writes  to  the  .uovernor  as 
I'oliows: 


Sfvcr.il  stfaiiMTs  liavini;  aticlioicd  at  f'oclirani 


uicliioa}:!',  ]  Hi'iif  an  dfliccr  \ cstcr- 


il.iv  til  \  isit  tlnan  ami  luu^irr  llicir  en 


and  ascertain  w  iiat   tlicv  wnc  and   lii'W  t-ni- 


Tlii' olliicr  ici>iiit.s  tiiat  .mr  siciiniir,  tlic  Oreto.  is  aiiitaieiitly  littiiiy;  and  ]ire\iaiin;i 
jiir  II  M'.sscl  of  war;  nnder  tiiese  cirtiinistanees,  I  would  mij;;;i  st  tlu'.l  she  slioniii  eiinic 
iiiiii  tlie  liarltor  at  Nassau,  to  pii'veiii  an.v  inisnnderstnudin;;  as  to  Iht  ei|iii|)|)in;;  in 
ilii>  i«iit,  e(Hitiur,\  to  the  loieiyn-enlistnieiit  act,  u.s  a  jnivatoer  or  war-vcswel. 


:i;;riits  (In  ;r()n  vcrneinent  conli'drie  et  des  ojlieiers  de  sti  marine  se  ti(in\eiit  ill  meme.  ct 
\fU';n  auclin  donte  que  I'Oreto  est  destint'  a  ienr  service." 

I'lUe  ('tait  laJMsieei  natiireile  eiinehisitni  d'nn  lirave  ollicier  anelais,  ecrivant  sans 
rUv  iHcMMin  jMMir  nil  parti  on  ]ionr  I'antre,  niais  n'e<'ontant  qne  sa  conscience  et  son 
■-I'litiiiicnt  d'ci|nile. 

lAinnimins  inaintenant  connnent  les  (•venenient.s  sc  eharj^erent  de  vc'rilicr  a  la  lettre 
I'l-s  {iiidictions. 

l.f  ;i  niai.  M.  Wiiitiii;;,  consul  des  f.tats-t'nis  a  Nassau,  aflress;;  mn-  note  an  <iou^('r- 
iii-in' |iiiur  ap]»orler  son  attention  sur  Ic  lait  de  I'arrivee  in-es(|Ue  simnltam'e  ile  la  ea  • 
iiniiiiieie  I'Oreto  et  du  remoriiueur  l"ann\  i.ewis,  tons  deux  venant  do  Liverpool 
iliiM'X's  de  |iondre  pour  le.s  insnr;ies  aim'ricains. 

('ctli<  let  tre  tilt  souuiis- par  le  ;;oiiverneur  a  rexanicn  du  ])Micnr(nr  ^rirral.  avei; 
iiiir  iiiiff  ('crite  jiu  dos,  oil  ij  cxpriinait  Ic  di>ir  (|Ue  les  a'^ents  de  ]'( liclo  In  -isrnt  intornc's 
"He  s'lls  iMnl)ari|Uaient  des  arnics  a  Imrd  dc  leiir  vaisseaa.  il  inettiait  a  cxi'iiition  les 
liiivri|it ions  ('•iiiett'es  dans  la   proclamation  de  la  K'eine. 

I.r  ivccveiir  y;('m'ral  prend  note  t\v  la  Irftre  de  M.  Whitin;;.  en  ce  s(  ns,  (jue  la  Fanny 
l.i'wis  a  une  car;iais(ni  assortie  t|ui  ne  dtiit  pas  etre  dt'lianini'f.  11  expiimc  sacini\ic- 
tmii  i|a"ancnnc  partie  de  la  (•ar;;aison  n'a  encore  I'te  deliariin»- 


ns  Ic  *J1(  it  e|ian;;e  de  ton,  et  il  est  <-onvaim'n  (|ue  les  ay;i'nts  de  I'Oreto  out  rintcn 


M 
tiiiii  d'cndtaniuer  coniine  car;;aison  de  ^ramies  ttuantiti'-i  d'arnu'.s  et  de  ninnit  ion 

Miit ; 


nlli 


iMx  Jcnus  plus  tard,   le  comunindant,  Mr.  .McKillop, eerit  au   );oiivernenr  ce  qui 

I'Insieurs  vajuairs  etant  a  raiieri"  dans  la  in<l«^  d«  Cochraiu',  J'ai  envoye  Iii<>r  un 
licr  pour  les  visitei,  rasseuilder  leurs  ei|nipanes,  et  lei-onnailre  ce  (|h'ils  ctaieiit  -t 
la  iiianicre  doiu  (ni  les  eniploie.  I/ollieier  ine  rapi)orti'  ipie  "  I'nn  des  vapenrs,  I'Oreto, 
I't,  sflou  toute  npparence,  arnn-  pour  etro  un  vaisseau  de  jiuerre.  I»ans  ecs  eireon- 
M:uiris,  j(.  sn;;;;(^rerais  (|u'on  le  fit  eiitier  dans  la  raile  de  Nassau,  aliii  d'i\  iti-i  tout 
iiial(iii(.||(|n  ndativeineiit  a  son  aiineinent  dans  ee  port,  L-oninii!  vaiswean  de  j;nerre  mi 
'If  itiuise,  fuiilrairt'iiiL'nt  au  /oniijn-inlintuanl  uvl," 


»   i  ;  ;'i  i 

•■  ■  ■  < 

I 


1(50 


AK'IM'IRATIOX    AT    GKXKVA. 


^s ; 


TIip  u'ovcnior  rcffncd  tlic  (iiicstioii  to  tlic  iifforiioyjifojionil,  wIki  ;;;ivi 
it  M>;  Iiis  (IclilMMMtc  npiiiioM  that  an  oidci'  lor  the  removal  of  lln'  Oivti, 
to  a  |il  ICC  wlicn^  s]h'  was  within  reach  of  ohscrvatioii  sliouhl  imt  K, 
made,  as  siicli  onh'P  coiihl  not  lie  h';4ally  enfoi'ced  nnh'ss  it  was  distiiictlv 
shown  that  such  a  vioIati(»n  of  hiw  had  taken  plat-e  in  respect  to  jicri, 
wonhl  justify  her  sei/nre. 

Here  also  it  is  to  lie  noted  that  the  attorncy-j^eneral,  folIowiiiM' tli,- 
example  i^iven  in  the  mother  coiintiy,  considers  it  not  incnmlieni  ii|i(i>i 
the  ^(tvernmeid  to  initiate  any  measiwes  whatever  of  a  prevcntivi 
natnre.  in  other  words,  not  until  a  vessel  shoidd  succeed  in  an  miiiii 
taUin]nof  an  illejial  natnic,  which  would  necessarily  imply  her  csi';i|i,. 
from  the  jui  isdict  ion,  would  the  juoper  time  comi^  for  proceeilin;^'  wiili 
proof  that  she  ou;^lit  to  ha\i'  been  detaineti. 

It  was  no!  mil  11  1  liecanu'  familiar  with  all  these  tra!isa«'tions  tlmt  l 
fully  comprehended  the  singular  facility  of  adaptation  of  the  law,  as  im. 
derstojd  and  practiced  in  (ireat  IJritain,  t(>  the  delay  ami  defeat  of  tin 
eiids  of  justice. 

it  is  due  to  the  jjovornor  to  say  that  he  was  not  altou'cther  satisfihl 
with  the  passive  |>olicy  recommended  I»y  his  attorney  ;;'eneral ;  and  he 
ju'occeded  to  recommend  to  Commander  Mcivilhtp  to  take  active  hums- 
ures  (»1  jirevention  in  the  e\  cut  of  ids  i>ein;x  <'onviuced  tiiat  the  vcssd 
was  aUout  to  be  aimed  within  that  Jurisdicti(Ui. 

On  the  Sth  of  .liine.  Commander  McKillop,  in  a  letter  to  the  uovciikh, 
announces  that  he  will  seize  the  Ncssel  shouhl  she  attempt  to  take  ;iiii 
munition  on  board. 

On  the  vei'v  next  day  the  consignees  of  the  Oreto  beijan  to  htad  tlic 
Orcto  with  arms  and  aminiinition.  i!ut  Commander  McKillop  <liil  m 
e.xeciiti'  his  purpose,     On  that  day  lie  (putted  his  command. 

Hut  on  the  \ cry  next  day  his  successor,  Comnninder  llickley  of  llir 
]\IaJcstv's  ship  (ireyhoiind,  visited  the  Oreto,  and  found  the  consimi('t» 
just  as  busy  discharjiin;;'  the  arms  and  ammunition  taken  in  tlicdny 
itcibre.  In  point  of  fact,  they  had  received  a  pi'ivate  notice  from  tln' 
governor  and  the  commander  that  it  would  not  do;  but  it  was  not  ;i 


T,i'  L;niiv<'rii(Mir  icm oya  l;i  (|ii('sf  i<iii  iiii  piociiii'ur  fjoiu'ral.  Ccliii-i-i  dt'^eliU'ii  (|iii'M!i 
opinion,  iijiii'-i  tni'irc  ii'lli'sioii.  I'ljiit  <|iu'  I'oii  lie  ilcvait  point  oi'donncr  U'.  (trpliirriiHii; 
lie  I'Oicto  ponr  Ic  coiulniit'  cii  nn  lim  od  il  si-rait  iniriix  siirvciii/' ;  iiu'ini  tcl  onlrcii" 
MTait  point  ir'nal,  tiint  (|n'oM  n'anrait  jias  [U'oiivi-  (.'laircnicnt  <|iii',  la  loi  avail  I'ti'  vinln 
(If  inaiiit'i'c  a  jiistilliT  sa  .saisic. 

IicMianpions  cncori'  ici  ipic  li-  prociircnr  jirm'ral.  suivaiit  I'fxamplc  ilonni'  I'li 
An;;'lt't('i ii'.  in- ronsidcrc  pas  ipi'il  soil  (in  devoir  dii  ;foiivt'fnrmi'iit  dc  prendre  aiii'iiii'' 
lucsnif  preventive.  \]\\  d'aiures  t<'rnie.s,  ee  n'ent  <pie  loiscpi'itn  vainseaii  atira  tiii<>! 
dans  line  entrejirise  ilir';;ale — e'est-a  dire,  lorsciii'll  sf  sera  soiistrait  a  la.jiiridiction— i|iif 
Ton  ponrra  prendre  des  niesiires  |ioiir  nrriver  a  la  jireiive  qiroii  devait  le  dt'-teiiir. 

Ce  lie  flit  ((ii'apivs  nretre  laiiiiliarise  avei-  toiites  ces  atVaires,  ipie  J'ai  eoiii|iri-'l:i 
siimiiliire  laeilil''  avee  la<|Melle  on  pent  adapter  la  loi.  telle  (prello  est  pratiipU'e  daii' 
la  (irandi'-lirelaniie,  an  didai  et  eiiliii  a  raiiniilatioii  de  la  justice. 

("est  line  Justice  a  reiidre  ail  ^joiiveriieiir  que  de  recoiinaltre,  (|ii'il  ne  fiit  jms  cimi- 
l>li''leiiient  salist'ait  de  la  |)olitii|iie  passive  recoiiiiiiaii(Ii'e  par  le  prociireiir  ;jeiii-riil.  I't  il 
eiijoionit  an  ('oiiiinodore  MeKillop  de  prendre  d'aetives  niesure.s  preventives.  d:iii'' I'' 
(•as  oil  il  strait  convaincii  ([n'oii  ('tait  siir  le  point  d'armcr  hi  vaissoau  dans  eclti' 
Jniidiel  ion. 

he  "^  .jilin,  le  eoininandant,  Mi-Killop,  dans  nne  Icftre  adn^ssi'^e  an  gonvcnu'iir. 
aniioiice  ((ii'il  saisira  le  vaissean.  si  Ton  tenle  d'cmlianpier  dcs  mnnitioiiH. 

Le  joiir  sniv.int,  les  a;;ents  dt^  TOreto  eoiiinicnceiit  i\  1(^  cliarycr  d'arincs  (^t  do  iini- 
nitions.  Mais  leconiiiiandanl,  MeKillop,  no  met  pas  :\  ex<^ciitiuii  sa  nieiiaee  ;  il  ava't 
(piitti'  ses  lonelioMs  le  inr-iiie  .jonr. 

r.e  lendeinain,  son  Miiccessenr,  le  eonimaiidant,  Hickloy,  (In  vaissoau  de  sa  iiinji'!>tc 
lnitamiii|iie  (Jicylionnd  visita  I'Oreto.  i;t  tron  va  les  a)j;ents  en  train  de  d('cliarji('r  le  vais- 
sean des  arnies  et  des  ninnitions  enil»ar(pu'es  la  veille.  En  ettot,  ils  avaieiit  ret.ii  uii  uvi« 
partiinlier  dii  yDiiveriienr  et  dn  commandant,  (lu'il  uo  puuvuit  uu  C'tre  aiusi,  iiiaiai'< 


OPINIONS    OF    MR.    ADAMS, 


ICI 


iiKMiiiciii,!;  iiititiiiitioii  iis  to  iibsoliitc  acticMi.     'I'licy  were  nmniii;,^  ciioiiiih 
to  tiiUc  tlic  liiiit.  and  cliiiii;;')'  the  line  of  tlicii'  opcriitions. 

Tlit'vnowdccliircil  tiiciriiitciitioii  tttflfiirtlicC  )i'('tuiii  hallast  t'or  Havana, 
This  assiiraiicr  i|iiii-t«><l  tlir  apiticlM'iisions  of  tlir  liritisli  coniinaiitli'i'. 
lliit  liinliii^'  that  the  vessel  still  remained,  on  the  l.'tth  of  .hiiie  he  a;;aiu 
visited  liei",  in  e(tni|tany  with  eij;ht  ul'  his  olilieiMs,  The  <.'re\v  had  n-- 
I'lisi'il  to  ;;('t  the  anchor  ii|>  nntil  tiie.v  eonld  he  made  certain  as  to  w  heic 
the  ship  was  yoin;;'.  The  ( >reto  was  a  suspicions  vessel.  Alter  clo>e 
(iliscrvation,  Captain  llickley  and  hisei;;lit  olVieers  all  si;4ned  a  report, 
;i(l(lrcssed  to  the  jiovernoi,  to  the  ell'eet  that  she  is  in  cNcrv  respect 
tittctl  as  a  man-oi"  war.  Siie  had  left  l,i\t'ipool  tilted  in  all  lespeeis  as 
tlicy  saw  her.     No  addition  or  alteration  had  Ih'cii  made  at  Nassau. 

This  pa|)er  was  submitted  to  the  attornes -general  lor  his  opinion,  and 
111  ;,Mve  it  to  the  elVect  that  nothinj;'  contained  in  it  would  jMstil\  the 
detent  ion  of  the  vessel. 

Milt  Commander  llickley  saw  the  thin;i' in  a  dilTerent  lijiht  fiom  the 
;itt(tnii'y,  and  on  the  l."»th  addressed  a  new  letter  to  the  ;;overnor,  I'e- 
|iiirtiii^'  the  result  of  his  conversations  with  the  portion  of  the  crew  that 
liiid  come  to  see  him,  lie  was  now  so  convinced  of  tin'  intent  of  the 
|i;irties  c(»nU'ollinjH'  tin;  Oreto,  that  he  was  stron;ily  inclined  to  take  the 
ivs|M(iisibility  of  her  seizure  and  removal  t<»  another  station  at  which 
was  placed  the  eoiumodoie  oi'  commander-intthief.  And  he  actually  put 
(Hie  of  his  oflicers  tempoiarily  in  char^i'e. 

Oil  the  Kith  of  .Inne  the  .liovernor  wrote,  in  reply,  dei)recatinu  all 
irtiiiii  of  the  kind  ( ontemplated,  and  throwing;' the  responsibility  wholly 
ii|i(iii  him,  if  he  slnudd  take  it. 

On  the  same  day  the  attorney-^^'eneral  nives  an  opinion  that  no  ease 
liii>  vet  bet  a  made  out  for  sei/,ure.  lie  d»tes  not  appear  to  ha\ e  I  hoiii^ht 
it  iiis  duty  to  initiate  any  ineasui'es  to  ascertain  what  was  the  e\  idene*' 
iilKHi  which  < 'ommandei'  llickley  was  impelled  to  his  convictions.  It 
was  the  passive  policy,  the  example  of  wliich  had  l»een  set  at  home. 
Tilt' evidence  must  t'omu  to  the  ;'(»veiniiieiii.     It  was  not   lor  the  -iov- 


n'llait  |iiiH  1111  avis  nn'iiiiriuit  trimc  jictinn  dc   la    pai t  ilii  t^iuivciin  iiicnt,  ft   ils   riiifiit 
;i^<iv.  tins  jHHir  ni  (ciiir  (■(nii|»t<'  <'l  |iinir  cliaii^rr  Iciii  lium-  clc  (•(iiulnilf. 

IImIi  (lariTciit  aliii-.->  i|iril>  a\  aiciil  rinli'iil  ii>ii  df  s'ar(|iiit  ti'i'  jHnir  l'(  )rct()  fii  Ir-^l  iciur 
1.1  ll:ivaiii'.  Ci'Uf  ili'claratiiiii  ra-^siiia  )ii)Mr  ciiii'li|iii'  ri'm|>-*  li'  i'ii:iiiiiainlant  lintaii- 
ii.i|Ui'.  .Mais  Ic  Hi  jiiiii,  voyaiit  i'Drcto  ttiii.jniirs  a  raiic-rr,  il  alia  lr  visiti-r.  aic(iiii|ta,iiiii'' 
ill' liiiitoriicicrs.  l/(''i|iii|iani' a\ail  rcl'iisi' dr  li'\  it  raiirrc  taut  tiu'im  iii'  Ini  aiirail  jias 
iiitniiiiiailrc  laili'stiiiatiniiilii  vaisscati.  l/On-tix'laii  mi  vaisscaii  siis|ii'i'l.  Ajiri's  mu'ini- 
iinlii'iisi'  iiispcciinn,  lr  <-a|iitaiiii-  liirkli-y  ct  scs  liiiit  nllii'ifrs  si;;ii)'nt  iiii  ra|)|>i>rl  ailrt'-^i- 
iM  L;iaivcriit'iir.  (it'claiaiil  i|iii'  !'( »i'flii  est,  suns  tons  Irs  ra|i]n>rts.  aiiiir  ruiiiuir  nil  \ais- 
vaii  (Ic  i;iirrrr.  II  iivait  i|iiitti''  i^ivripiiiil  tri  iin'ils  lr  vnyairiit  alms;  on  iir  Ini  avait 
l.ii!  iii  i'liaii;friiiriit  ni  ailditiini  a  Nassau. 

Tr  ildcimiriit  I'nt  sMiiiiiis  an  iiniriirrnr  yi-iit'ral.  rt  il  ilrrlai'a  i|n'il  nr  nnitmaii  rim  dr 
lapaiilf  ajnslilirr  la  di'triitimi  dii  vaissraii. 

.Mais  lr  coininanilanl  liirklry  nr  vnil  i»as  Irs  clio-rs  suns  lr  nirnir  junr,  rt,  lr  l.'i,  il 
iiilivssc  mir- iimivrllr  Irtlrran  linnvrrnrnr  |ii>ni'  Ini  I'aiir  ronnaitrr  lr  ri'snltal  d'linr 
iiinvcrsaiiiMi  avr(^  nnr  jiartir  i\{-  rri|nii>aLjr  dr  I'Oirtn.  ijiii  I'lait  vrnn  lr  Iruiivn-.  Ilrsf, 
>i  iiiiivaiiirn  di>  <'i)imaUrr  Irs  viTitaldrs  inlrntiinis  lU-!^  ajfrnts  d<'  !'( )i-rt(>,  <|iril  est  tout 
ilisposr  a  iirriidrr  siir  lui  la  rrsi»i>iisjiliilit<''  ^\^'  lr  .saisir,  rt  dr  lr  nnidiiin'  an  innniliajii* 
"II  SI' tioiivr  l(!  (oniiiiandanl  rn  chrf.  II  va  iiiriur  Jiusiiii'u  coimiirtlrr  trniiKnairnnriit 
1111  ill'  srs  otlicirrs  a  sa  j;ardr. 

'■I'  lii  jiiiii.lr  LCnuvrnirnr  n''it((iMl  I'w  IdAiiiant;  toiitr  lueHiiro  (lo  cr  /jtMU'c,  ct  lr  irnd  n- 
I  Kpiiiisalilr  dr  cr  (in'il  |ionirait  iairr  a  rrt  I'-jrard. 

Li'  iiiriitr  Jinir  lr  )>riirnrrnr  f^i'mrral  dt'-rlari!  ipri!  n'v  a  riii'on)  aiirmi  inntit'dr  siisjr  Id 

v;ibsrini.     II  nr  scinldr  |ias  avuir  rvn  tpril  I'tait  dr  smi  drvdir  dr.  |trrndri)   di's  inrsnrrs 

l«iiir  ivcininaitrc  siir  (|ii(ii  Id  conimaiidant  liirklry  rinidair  sa  ronvirtinii.     ("itait    \»n- 

Ijiiiirs  (cttr  tiolitiijiir  passivrdont  on  lui  avait  doiiin'  rrxainplr  rn  An<;lrt<'nr  ;  la  prmvi? 

[•ii'vait  aiiivrr  au  gouveriirmeiit,  ct  CO  ii'rtail  pas  an  ;;oiivrint'iiiciit  a  reclirnlirr  rrlle 

11  B 


t 


i-> 


pflT'^;' 


II!  *; 
III'. 


1(52 


AlMlIT|{ATIO\    AT    (JKNF.VA. 


iMiimciit  fo  yo  to  llio  ovidonco.  Of'conrso  it  iiiitiir.'illy  lifip]>«'iHMl  tliit 
this  woikcd  cntiit'ly  lor  IIm'  licin'tit  of  \hv  niMldii'ttors,  iiiiil  to  the  i  . 
Jury  of  tlu'  piiity  that  oii;;ht  t(»  liaxr  Ix'cii  protccU-d.  On  the  saiiic  (l;i  . 
<  oniiiiaiidrr  llii-kl<-y  wrote  a  rrply  iiiaiiitairijii;>'  liis  <'oiivi<'tioii,  hiit  ilv 
cliiiiiin'  to  assiiiiM'  the  rrspoiisibility  of  actiiiji'  in  tiic  face  ol'  the  attniii,) 
^icncial'sopjnion.  lie, tlu'n'l'oir  withdrew  the  olHccr  whom  li(>  lind  phicnl 
in  <'liai';;e  ot"  the  ship. 

lint  tin'  ;;o\('i'n(»r  is  not  satisfied  with  the  aeticui  of  eitlu'r  |>arty,  iiinl 
is  afraid  to  euniniit  himself  entirely  a;iaiiist  the  clear  conviction  of  rlic 
<i)inman<ler,  so  he  (h'cides  in  lavor  of  a  sei/.nr«'  of  the  vessel,  with  a  \  ii  ■, 
to  a  snl»missioii  of  the  (piestiou  to  the  local  (;ourt  of  vice  ndmlraltx  iit 
Hassan. 

This  was  on  tln^  17th  of  Jnne.  The  information  of  the  act  of  Captiiiii 
llickley  was  transmitted  to  the  jiovernment  at  liondoii,  ami  rec'iviij 
iIm' approliatioii  of  Marl  1'nssell.  Indeed,  there  is  a  de;;r<-e  of  heinti 
iiess  in  the  terms  he  uses  to  expiess  it,  and  in  his  anxiety  to  see  ihc 
otlieer  jnoperly  s<'cnred  from  any  hazard  to  himself  by  reason  of  his 
conrse,  that  <'learly  shows  the  eariu'stness  ol"  his  satisfactimi.  I  hope! 
may  not  lie  e.\ceedin<;"  my  jnst  limits  if  I  seize  this  occasion  to  do  a  sim 
])1e  act  of  Jnstice  to  that  eminent  statesman.  .Mnch  as  1  nni^v  sec  caihf 
In  differ  with  him  in  his  limited  eonstriurtion  of  his  own  duty,  or  in  tlir 
\  lews  which  appi'ar  in  these  papers  to  have  been  taken  by  him  of  the 
]»olicy  jirojier  to  be  jMirsiied  by  ller  Majesty's  government,  1  am  far  Irnm 
drawin,u'  any  infei'cnces  from  them  to  tlie  effect  that  he  was  actuated  in 
any  way  by  motives  of  ill-will  to  the  I'nited  States,  or.  indeed,  iiy  wn- 
worthy  motives  of  any  kind.  Jf  I  were  ]termilted  to  .iiid<i('  from  aciiln 
<'oiiiparison  (»f  the  relative  wei;;lit  of  his  various  opinidiis  with  his  action 
ill  diiieiciit  (MMitin.u'eiicies,  I  should  be  led  ratln'r  to  infer  a  biiliiiur 
of  <i()(ul-will  than  of  hostility  to  the  I'nited  States. 

The  law ollicersof  tlieCrown  were  likew  ise  coiisnlted.  and  they  junvrMii 
opinion  favorable  to  the  action  of  (io\ernor  llayley,  but  stroiijily  iiiuiir: 
that  evidence  of  what  occurred  at  Liverpool  of  buildinjjf  and  fittiiii;  out 


l>rt'iivi'.     Ci'ttr  iii.'uiirri'  il'Mj^ir  dcviiit  in^ct'ssairt'iiu'iit  tonriicr  an  profit  (lt'.sr()ii]);ilili's it 
ill!  iii('jM(lirc  (if  cciiN  (|iii  (It'Viiiciit  rti''  |iroli'';;r'.s. 

Iji'  iiiriiK^  .jour  li'  t'oiiiiiciiiilaiit  llickley  ii']iiiih1  (|II('  s:i  conviclidii  (Iciikmu'c  (iiliiii'. 
iiiais  (|i\'il  irciiti'iid  ji.is  a^siniii;!'  la  i('s|innsaliilit(>  il'ay;ir  fontrairt'iiiciit,  a  rupiiiiini  ilii 
jirin'iiicnr  };tMir'ial.  l]n  coMsi'micnci'  il  rdiit'  rollicii-r  <|u'il  avail  (•(niniiis  a  la  itaidiMli! 
vaisscaii. 

I  A'  i^diivi'i'iicnr.  jicii  saliHlalf  tlos  dcnx  oitiiiioii.s  opposrcs,  on  craiiiiiant  do  so  ciiiniUH- 
incttii- fii  so  (li'ilaiaiit  ciiiilii'  la  coiivictioii  •ilisuliie  ilii  cniimiaiKlaiit,  sc  (h'cidc  I'l  tiiiiv 
sai'<ii'  Ir  vaisscaii,  el  a  |i(>iti'i'  la  (|iicsrion  dcvaiit  la  coui'  dc   la  vicc-ainiraiitt'  a  Nmsmiii. 

' 'cci  sc  jiassai'  Ic  IT  Jniii.  On  lit  cniiiiailrc  an  j;(mi\  (Miiciiicnl  a  Ijinidrcs  cc  (|ii";n.i;r 
Tail  Ic  cajiilaiiic  1 1  icidiy.  ct  Ic  ( 'ointc  l.'iissclj  y  diimia  son  apinohat  imi.  II  yaciir;:! 
un  Ion  dc  coidialili'  dans  Ics  terms  ijn'il  cnijiloic  ]tonr  rc\|Minicr.  ct  dans  son  anxiil'  n' 
Aoir  t'oi'iicicr  liicn  -aianl ;  contrc  loni  liasard  a  cansc  dc  «a  condnitc,  >\\n  nnmtrc  cIiiip- 
nicnt  Ic  sciicnx  (ic  sa  satislaclion.  J'cspcit*  nc  pas  dcpassri'  nics  Jnslcs  liinilcs.  >i  !•• 
saisis  cctic  occasion  d'acconiplir  nn  sinijdc  actc  dc  Jnslicc  cnvt'iw  cct  hoinnic  d'lliit 
eminent..  Aniani  Jc  ]inis  voir  tU^  nn)til's  dc  dilleier  d'avcc  Ini  (|nant  a  sa  nninicrc  lii- 
eonscrlte  d'en\isa;;'er  son  pi'opi'e  devoir  on  dans  les  viies  (|ni,  par  ces  doeninenls.  sciii- 
lilcnt  avoir  <■(<•  adoptt'cs  par  Ini  (pnint  a  la  condnito  a  siiivii!  par  1(^  ji;onveiin'iuciii  (!'• 
sa  Jtajcstt'-.  antant  jc  snis  loin  d'en  tirer  ancnnc  conclnsion  ipTil  ait  vtv  inn,  enaiiiiiiii' 
inaniei<',  par  dcs  nn)til's  dc  nninvaisc  volonic  t^nvers  les  lltats-irni.s,  on  nieine  par  ili" 
iinttil's  indl;;in's  d'ainnnc  espcee.  S'il  in'«''tait  iterniisde,inj;er,  en  <;(>nipaiaiit  avcc  <iilii!' 
la  \alenr  relative  i\{'  ses  opinions  diverses,  a  sa  condnitc  en  diHt'Tentcs  conJoin-lMri's.ji' 
hciais  plnli'it  portt'  a  conilnre  en  I'avcnr  d(?  la  lioimo.  voloiite  (pu!  do  I'ho.stilite  a  ri'i^ai'i 
«lcs  Hlals-l'nis. 

I.es  aToi'ats  dc  la  coiironne.  cji;aleineiit  consnltes,  doinn'>i'ent  luns  opinion  lavuralil'' 
iinx  mesn res  prises  i)ar  le  j;onvein<'nr  IJayley,  inais  n^coinniaiiderent  fortenwnt  tl'<'i' 
voyi  1-  le  i('cit  de  cu  ipii  sVtait  pas.se  a  Liverpool,  uu  sujotdo  lu  coiKStructiou ct  de  runuf 


OPINIONS    OK    MI{.    ADAMH. 


ir,3 


slinnlil  lu'  at"  oiioc  sont  forwiiril,  in  onlor  to  coinplt^to  tlio  proof  of  her 
hitstilt' •Ii'stiiiiition  to  tlif  liiiitol  Stiitcs. 

And  lit'i't"  I  tiiist  I  may  \n\  pciiiiittt'd  to  cxpn'ss  my  sense  of  yratilicn- 
tioii  on  iciidiii.u'  the  repni'ts  iiml  ohserviii;;'  the  aclioii  tif  the  t\V(»  ;;iilliinl 
naval  nl'liccrs.  Tlieirelcai'  ;;uo(l  sense  iin<l  r;ipitl  Jinl;^Mient  liml  led  tliem 
strin;:lif  t'orwanl  to  tlie  penetinlion  «»r  tlie  motiv«'s  of  the  antliors  of  the 
wrctclied  «M|nivoe:itions  and  falsehoods  l»y  wliieli  tliey  were  sni  rounded, 
as  well  as  to  the  adoptiiui  of  the  most  elteetive  measures  to  Inin;^'  their 
iiiacliiiiMtions  to  naii;;ht.  Neither  (h>es  this  course  appear  to  lia\«'  lieen 
in  any  way  prompted  l»y  a  nn-re  spiiit  of  j;((od-\vil!  to  the  I'liited  Stales, 
which  were  to  !>(' proteelecl  l»y  their  aeiion.  It  seems  to  ha\«'  sprunj;" 
troni  that  natural  impulse  oi"  a  conscieiiee  void  of  (dVense,  whieh  per- 
ceived an  aet  of  injustice  and  fraud  to  he  in  conteuiplal  ion,  iiud  deter- 
niiiifd  at  once  to  resoit  to  the  hest  measures  to  present  it. 

Had  such  an  ein'r;^<'tic  spirit  ainmated  the  whole  action  of  Her  Majes- 
ty's j;o\crnnu'nt  at  all  tinu's  and  in  all  conjnnctui'cs,  there  would  have 
liicii  nocpH'stiou  about  the  exercise  of  due  dili^jcncc  in  this  muiativ*'. 

The  opinion  of  the  law  ollicers  in  Fiomlon  was  received  l»y  \vm\  Uus- 
sill  en  the  iL'th  of  Au;;ust.  Ti-u  days  hefore  that  date  he  had  addressed 
a  letter  to  .Mr.  Stuart,  the  llritish  secretary  at  \\  iisliin;;lon,  icquestin;; 
liini,  in  vi«'W  of  this  ]>roceedinji",  to  dissuade  the  American  (lo\ernment 
lioni  procccdinu'  in  the  nu'asure  then  c(mteniplated  of  issuing  letters  of 
iiianine.  lie  little  thought  of  what  had  heen  laid  up  in  store  for  him  by 
till'  learned  JudjiC  of  the  com  t  of  Nassau. 

Oh  that  very  sanu' day  he  Icid  ])i'onounccd  his  Judunient  that  then 
was  IK*  sutlicient  e\idence  to   prove  any  act  commilted  at   Nassau  to 
iastily  (he  seizure.      I>nt,  consi(leiiiij;'  the  very  suspicious  nature  of  the 
I'ircnnistance.s,  he  slutuhl  I'cleasc  his  own  ;;ovcrnment  I'rom  the  paynn-nt 
ot  costs. 

It  is  the  .nenei'al  rule  of  courtesy  bi'twcen  nations  to  reco>ini/.e  th(^ 
action  of  their  I'espective  <'ourts  without  scekiiii;'  to  analyze  tin'  piim-i- 
]ilcs  upon  which  tlie  decisions  are  made.  And  it  is  a  wise  rule,  as  <'on- 
duciveto  tho  general  nmintenaniio  of  law  ami  order  in  the  perlbrnmnco 


lit  (111  viiisscaii,  iifiii  do  coiii|tl(n('r  in  lUfinr  dc  l:i  lU'stiiinlioii   lio^iili-  dc   INircto 


n.'imt  lies  fltiits-l'nis.     Kt  i 


<Mlisr;ir(ii)li  <Ml  lisailt  n-s  lllililnil 


,1  t'S|iiTc  (|ll'il  lllf  srl;i  |iiTllliN  d'r\  lifilllcl'  IIMMI    Sent  illlfll  t 
■t  ell  ri'iii;iri|ii;iiit  l:i  cKiiililiti'di' ccs  dciix  hravcs 


It    di- 


"liii  ii  is  df  iii;iriiic  ;  li'iir  Imhi  sens  Iiiridc  ci  Ifnr  jii;;ciiii'iit   i;i|iidi?   Irs  coiidiiisiii'ii 

III  iiiiMiii  a  pructrci'  Irs  iiKit  it's  dfs  an  ten  is  di's  niisii  aides  im|i  is  n(|iirs  ct  dcs  iiii'iis(iii;r('s 


iiifii  till  a 


iliHlt  lis  clauilt  ('IlVc|n|i]ifS,  ai 

lui'ltii' a  iii'aiit  [('Ills  iiiacliinaliniis.     Ccit 


di>]i|i 


iT  li's  iiifsin'i-s  Ics   plus  iriicaccs  puiir 


(■  coiidiiitc  III-  si'iniili'  pas   iinii    plus  avmr  cti 
]iMiviii|iii'i' ell  aiii'iiiiiMiiaiiii'ri' par  nil  simple  esprit  de  hoii  Ndnloir  a  re;;aid  des    I'.lats- 

1  llis,  qui  de\  aii'lU  etre  pl(ite;;es  par  ielirs    lilesllles.      l^lle    seliihle    a\ oiv  jailU    de    Tiia- 

I'IiImipii  iialiirelle  ifiiiic  f(mscu'nc((   iiette  do   toiite  taiile,  ipii   \(Ui  se  jniparer   iiii   ai'te 
j  ililijllsliee  el  d(!  i'lailde,  et  ipli  se  detenililie  Cll  lileliie  t elllps  a    prendre    les   liH  Sllles    les 
I'llls  (lecisiveis  ptilir  l'elill)e(lier. 

Si  Ic  liieliio  espl'lt  I'lieljiiipK'  avalt  iinillle  tollte  la  en  diiite  dil  ;ii>liveriieiiieilt  ili^  sil 
Miiji'ste,  t  nil  jours  et  daiis  toil  ten  les  coiijidiel  ores,  il  n'eiit  pas  ('ti'  <|iiesli(Hi  ile  la  pratiipK.' 
ills  "(hies  dilii^eiices"  dans  ee  iiu'iiKni'e. 

('cite  opinion  flit  re(;iie  )iac  le  ("onile  Ifiissell  !(>  1'J  aoiit :  six  joins  aniiaiavaiit  il  asait 

inhi'ssi'  II  III'  let  Iff  a  M.  St  naif.  secK'tairede  la  l(vuatioii  a  \\'asliiii;;;toii,  pour  Ini  deniander, 

III  ciiiisideiatioii  deeette  d('eisioii,  de  dissnader  le  (loiiv crneiiieiit  aiiK'rieaiii  de  niettre  i"i 

ixi'cinioii  la  n.esnre.  doiit  il  I'tail  (|iiestiini  alois,  de  dt'iivier  des  lettres  de  iiiar(|iies.     11 

ijii'iVdyait  lien  ee  (pie  liii  n''servait  le  lres-(''niiiieiit  Jn^rede  laeoiirde  Nassau.      I.e  iik'Iik* 

.I'liir,  ce  jin;c  avait  indiioiiei'  smi  jiie;eineiit  ;  il  d(''(daraii  (pi'il  n'y  avait  pas  de  preiives 

i-Mllisiiiiti-s  ipi'il  i-iit  ('vt('  e(Miiiiiis  a  Nassau  iin  iiete  Jiistiliaiit  la  saisie.     .Mais  {•()iisi(l('iaiit 

la  iiiitiii'e  MiHpeeti>  des  eiieinistaiices,  il  liln'rait  son  j^onverneiiieiit  dii  paiciiieiit  des  tVais. 

("est  inu-  ri-jrlo  };-'iu''ralf  de  eointoisie  eiitre  les  nations  de  riTonnaitre  les  a;;isseiiients 

<"■  Iciiis  tours  d)«  Justice  ri'speetives  sans  elierclier  a  analvscr  les  ])rineipcs  sur  les(|n(dH 

iBc  liiisciit  leiirs  di'cisions.     ("est  la  mm  iej;le  siik"'.  iiiissi  utile  ](oiir  le  resiieet   le  la  ioi 

J'l'n^^  liuin  If  niainticu  dcs  droits  reeipioimes  do  pioti'yor  It-s  intents  do  I'luio  ot  do  I'autiu. 


li'A 


AHIUri.'AriMN    Al'    (ilAKVA. 


(»(■  their  let  iiii'MCii'  (liitics  itf  tudd'cliini  !o  iii<li\  iiliiiil  interests,  i;  ,t  [ 
ant  n«ii  nil  u^e!  lice  mht  w  lietlier  ilijs  rule  v  In  mid  be  held  ti>  extend  >,:  i,,i 
Jis  to  hind  liie   liieliii)ers  (it' this   tlilnMiid    In   :ih.s(»lute  sil.iice  in  I  hi  -  mmm 


similar  instiuices   thai  emne  iielMre  us. 


W 


lilsl   most  aiixions  on  wW 


( iiNions  to  presei\«'  the  deeoi  iim  a|i|ii  oitiiale  to  a  stiition  of  sneli  tini 
neiiee,  1  am  at  the  same  lime  o|i)ire>sfd  I-"  llie  eoii\ic|i(»il  that  III  iiu 
piii'tiun  of  the  IdstopN  of  ihi>  iiroiecdiiijn'  is  t  lii>  responsihilityof  lln 
Majol't's  ^o\  CI  liiiieiil  for  llie  siil»si'(|Uent  eai<'ei"  of  this  \esse|  iiui;,. 
deepi;,  iatplicaled  than  In  the  aelioii  ot'  this  \  iee  admiialt \  jiidui .  iii 
let  I  in;;  this  ve.ssel  l;o  ii|miii  llie  leasoiiiny'  whieh  he  presents  in  his  jiisii. 
tie;ilinii.  Il  Would  he  easv  lor  •••e.  if  it  ueie  Iieeessaiy,  ti»  j^'o  liiti>  ;iii 
aiial,\  -  I.N  of  llie  various  points  ill  wiiieh  he  appears  to  ha\e  riileil  .'h., 
IH'oiisIv  hotli  in  le^iard  to  'he  !;i\v  :ind  to  the  evidenee.  It  is  made  ccr 
tain  '»_\  the  papers  that,  ia  the  ioiiiier,  he  was  not  siistaim-d  by  tiie  hiw 
ollieers  of  the  ('rown  at  home.  And  as  to  the  latter,  i  eaiiiiot  Imt  as«<iiiiii. 
the  preseliee  of  some  slloii;;'  I'Meliial  bias  whieh  shonid  have  iiidnciM 
him  to  iiive  <'redil  !-,.  eertain  persons  on  the  mere  scon-  of  pei>tili;il 
charaeter,  w  here  |es|  imony  proves  them  soeleail>,  in  iii_\  e\es.  to  Ii;ivi 
been  arrant  cheats,  and  to  diseiedit  the  seamen,  ehielly  on  aeeoimt  n' 
•iheir  low  condilioii.  w  ho  are  as  elearl,\  manit'ested  toh;;\e  told  llie>iiii 
stunlial  ti mil.  My  mod*' of  explanation  of  this  Ihiyrant  perversimi  ni 
the  l;iw  is.  that  ihe  ,iiid;;e  p.irto'.k  so  largely  ol'  the  i^eiinal  syiii|i;illi\ 
admitted  lis  the  ;;(i\ernor  t<»  li.i\e  ie'd  --uav  o\er  the  entire  popniiitioii 
of  I  he  iKlaiid.  as  to  leiidei  hiiii  alis(»hilrl\  iiieapalde.  in  this  (^e^e.  oT  i 
peieepiioii  ol  iiistice.  ll  is  lutl  proli,iitl\  witlioitl  a  strong coiix  ietidi:  i,| 
t  Ills  1 1  111  ll  •  li;ii  I  he  plain  .scii-m-  and  eicar  appreei;ii  loii  of  laels  pronijiioi 
( '('.niiiaiidi  !•  1 1  ieUe\  to  ;id\  isi-  t  he  reiiio\  ;il  <if  t  Im  \ cssrl  eiil  irely  uiit  ni 
I !  IS  jiii  ivdiei  ion,  for  t  he  hoiair  of  ( ireal  lhil;iin,  whirli  mn>l  be  liciil 
res|»«i|isible  I  lu'tMl;;!!  ii^  a!.;en!  s  \\\r  \  his  ll.i'^iMiil  w  rolin  dmie  lot  lir  iniMiiM 
jiailN.  it  Iiad  ben  peilmp-  well  il  (he  desire  of  llie;;allaiil  olliccr  iin; 
Lm  ell  eoMiplied  W  itll. 


.Mi 


in\  siriet  (ires  ha\  e  Iil,ew  Ise  been  III ;.de  upon  t  he  ,iel  ioii'o''  I  he  ;illi. 


liey  ;;eneral.  Mr.  .\.!;dei>oii.  ihroanhoiil  i  liese  proeeediii/^s,  of  so  li.ii^l 


1 .1 


I 
I 


i^A 


''i\\ 


Wilis  \f  i-.c  siii-"  pas  si'\f  ►.!  cctlc  ri".il('  iloii  s'i»iijiiii|ii'T 


lilJiilll'cllHrllli'llI,  jll'"!"  ■'  " 


liliu-r 


IcH  iiii'iiiliti'N  lif  If  irilniii;il  a  itii  vilcinc  ali'.  ilii,  ti.iii-i  rr  I'.i-  rt  dans  il'aiil  ir-.  scirilililii 

Ulli   IHMIs  Mini    Mtimiis.       (^tltliii|l|(-  tl>>-i|i  sili'liv  ill  timlr  ni'raSKHI  if'  Ir^lnclrr  Ic  (h-i  Hill 


ill!    11     Mllf    |MIS|lillll    si     >'lllil|l'llll',  Jl'    SIlis     I'll'.-M 


\>;iv  \. 


I   riiliv'iclioli    i|llr    Itllllr    |)!ll'l  illlll 


I'liiirH  i<i'  I'i'iii'  iiiiiiii)',  1)1  ri-s|iiitisaliiliii' i!<i  ^hmvimiiciiii-iiI  lii'ii:niiiM|iii'  iiii  snjci  ilf  < 
liatiiiii.a  n'rst  <ti'M'iiiir  Hti-isi  uramli'  i|iif  imi  -iiitr  <li'  ii-  jiiuiMiicia  ili-  la  vin- .(iiiinm''- 
I')  lies  iii'^iiiiii'iitK  tui'-Ht'iiirs  I II  III  I  sa  iiisiiiii-atiiin.  ||  nii'  -.crail  I'acili',  s'll  I'-lail  h'-i'i'>s;iiri'. 
il'aiuilvM'i  il".  ilitfiTi'iitH  |iiiiiils  ml  il  >'i'i(  liiimiii'.  soil  ..ihi-.  Ir  im|i|hiiI  ill  la  liii,  snil  ifiin 
ll-  ra|i|iiirl  ilii  tlrnjl.  Miii  >iiiet  Ir  ia|i|iiirl  ilr  la   (iirinr.     l.'-r*  ilniiimi'iiis  |ii'iiiim>iiI  -nii- 


lliMlit:'ll|i 


'!(  <|ii",  i|U.iiit  an    |iri-iiniM',  ll  n  a  |t:i->  rti- a|)|iii\i-  |i:ii 


r   iiM  a\  lira 


IM  if.  1 


I  I'lii' 
riililii'  •■11  Ali^li'leni'.  <,>iiaill  l  la  vi-c-nialr.  ji-  nr  )M||.>,  i|l|i'  rliiili'  a  l'i'xi«iti'll('«'  il'il'i' 
^raiiili  !'  ialn.'  i|iii  I'a  ■ciiiiliiii  a  ilnmirr  i  iranii-  an  li'niui'.;iia>ii'  ili'  irilai'irs  |ii'i»i'iiiii>. 
MKilM  I  111  I  ■•\li  •*••  Iriii'  ii)inlaliiiii  |ii  r>iiiiiiflli'.  aim  »  i|iii'  ci'  lriiiiii;iiiai;i'  mi-  |ii<iiivr  ifim- 
nil  III  qti'ils  I  taii'iil  ili'->  i'uiii'lii's,  ll  a  lU'  pas  afiiiti  r  I'nl  an  li  iniii;{iiai;>'  ilfv  iiiai°iii>.  |>r':i- 
(•i|ialiiiiiiu  a  lansc  dr  li'in  laiij;  itifii  inn ,  i|iir  I'mi  a  |.iiinvr  a\  nir  till  la  mtIIi'  siilist;!!'- 
tlilli',  .i'iv|ilii|in'  ci'tli'  lla);raiil'-  iiiinsiiiT  pai  !••  fail  i|iir  If  jnyi' pa,' ticl|iail  'H  ""' 
^laiiiir  nii'snir  a  l.i  s\  nipalliir  ;;r'tii'rali- i-pnmM'r  par  la  pupnlaliiMi  pi-ii  iiiiinl<ri'ii'*<' 'I'' 
I'llr,  h,\  nipalliii'  ailini.si'  ilii  ii-Hir  par  li'  ^iinvi'..i"iir,  I't  i|ni  li-  ri'inlait  imapalilr  il'nii  jni!'- 
inrlll  i'npallial.  II  rst  priiliali|>'  ipir  rr  tilt  pai'i'i- ipl'll  I'lail  ronvailicil  ili*  ri<  I  lit 'j'" 
to  rKiiiiiiaiiilanl  liirkli'x  ciiiisi'illa  ili-  riniilnii'i'  le  \  iiiH>(raii  Inns  ili-  I'i'iic  inriilii  limi.  ''"'  ' 
ri'diiiii'iir  if.'  la  (iiaiuli'.  |tri'tau[ni-,  ipil  iluii  I'lri-  li'iinr  rrspinisalilr  ili's  ai'limis  if  "< 
a;{i'iitt.  piiiii  ri- il'Miiin  liji- I  viilfiil  raiisr  a  la  paiiii-  li'S"i',  it  nil  iciil-i'Iri' en' li.''ii '!'■' 
I'dii  •.!•  Int  irnilii  an  <l.  Mr  <li'  I'l-  liia\i'  nltli  i«  r. 

Uii'ii  ili"<  ll  il  I'pK's  lilt  rtr  ry:ali'iiiriit   failis  i\v  |a  rinnlniir  ill    l'ai|nnify-i;,<'iii  r;i!.  ^' 
AikIi'I'siiii   ilaii:i  Ii' ciiui'i  ill' ( itii'  piiici'tini'i',  il'iiiii'  nat'ii'>' si  (;ta\i' ipfil  a  i-li' fiii;.!,.;'  ' 


OPINIONS  or  mi;,  adams. 


1 


D.) 


I'Cltlllll     H 


iiiitiiro  ;is  lo   li;i\<'  ciillrfl    i'lmu   liiiii  :i  luriiiiil   |);i|mt  in  Iiis   jiistilifiitioii, 
.iiiili  li:is  Ikm'II  plactMl  mimoIi;;  tli*'  llu('llll|(•|lt^  Itcrnit'  lis. 

.MtiT  :i  cait'l'iil  cxaiiiiliMtioil  of  tli<'  <|iii>sl  ioii,  I  iiiii  I<m|  |i>  tin-  In'licf 
ihat  il  i"!  iiossililc  to  nii'ivi'  :it  ;i  clciir  (•oiii|>i('lif!i--iM;i  ol'  I  lu- iir.it  i\r-< 
vliicli  iK'tiiMlfil  liiiii,  wiiliuii!  the  necessity  of  iiiii»iitiii,t;"  ;iii.v  |nii|iiis(' 
,l,ritI.V  iilVeetill^'  his  iiMemily. 

l!  ;i|)pi';irs  liiiit  il'.  (Ml  the  iiiir  hniiii.  hi'  \v;i  ,  slow  in  his  ilispDsit  inn  to 
ivai'li  ;hi\  etVecti\  e  ;iet  ioli  loMetiMt  t  lie  enterpi'ise  of  tlie<h'elo  ill  iSdl.', 
oil  th<' other,  lie  :i|»|»e,irs  in  |)ro|ioi'tioii  (jiiite  us  swill  in  tlie  proeess  of 
s,i/iiiL;  the  vessel  known  ;is  ihe  AleMindiii.  ;iinl  siiliseipieiil  ly  tiie  Mary, 
,iiiil  pie>siii.u'  for  her  eoii<|enii.,it  ion,  when  she  inaile  her  appearanee  nt 
Nii»aii  ill  ihe  winter  of  l>ol.  niith-i   iiiiieh  less  <liihion>  eireiiinstaiiees. 

The  reason  is  plain.  .Mr.  Amler.  ,111  viitiiali\  ailinits  in  his  s|;itciiient 
I  hat.  ill  tin'  earlier  staji'es  of  the  st  iii^^le  in  Aiiieiiea,  lie  eoiisiijereii  t  he 
I, lie  III  the  I  11  i  let  I  States  as  set  t  led,  anil  he  <li*l  Hot  I'vuret  il.  I*>l!l,  ill  I  he 
la>t  iiioiiilis  of  the  war,  lilt  a  shadow  of  iloiiUt  eoiild  lia\  i'  remained  in 
Ills  iiiiinl  as  to  Its  periiiaiieliee.  lie  then  elieerfllll\  aeeeptetla  lelailier 
nil  tlieir  side,  TIh-  traiisilioii  from  one  stale  i>f  !'eeliii;>  to  tln'  olliei-  can 
lie  In.  cause  of  surprise  to  a.,>  one  oiismvaiit  of  the  lehii  imis  of  1  he. 
>iiiall  popiilatioii  of  Nassau  to  ihe  riiited  States.  Neilheris  ii  dillienlt 
!ii  |M'ri'ei\  t' ainoini'  Ihe  doeiimeiils  the  Iraees  of  a  similar  revolin  ion  of 
^nliiiieiii  and  action  .uoiiil;  on  simnllaiieoiisly  in  other  portions  id'  lier 
Majesty's  (loin  in  ions  far  i'eiiio\  cd  from  t  hat  relat  i\  el\  iiisi^nilicant  island. 

ISc  tiiis  iis  il  iiia\ .  the  elVect  ('t'  t  he  d(>eisi(ni  of  t he  admiralt  \ conrt  in 


l>'iL'  was  not  only  lo   liln  rate  Ihe  sliiji. 


)>nt 


lo  pill  an  end   to  all  se  rions 


proiiiiitoi  H  atlciiipts  to  prevent  the  full  accomplishment  of  the  nefarious  purpose  td' 
111!  (lu  iicrs.  ( )ii  or  alioiil  t  he  7t  h  of  An.mist.  1  he  ( )re|o  sailed  from  Nas- 
^;ni.  <  )n  the  !tth  of  the  same  imuit  h  the  schooner  Priu'-e  Alfred  also  hd'f 
,111' place.  Tliey  met  at  a  spitt  a;^ree(l  upon,  ahniit  sixty  miles  distant, 
iall(d  (J.-eeii  ("ay;  and  there  the  Oreto  i('cei\ed  her  armament  and 
.iiiiiiiiiiiil  ion,  as  well  as  hei'  I  nie  otlieers  and  crew  .  'The  eoinmander  was 
iilic\ed  i'nmi  the  terror  of  a  new  airesi   v  liicli  he  had    felt  in  the  e\cnt 


'  1110  pfiiir  Mil   institli'tition  nn  ini'inMirc  rcinncl  i{Mi  ;i  rii'  \\\M-r  |i:irnii  Ics  (1()('ni"i'iit.'<  o\- 
jcuM's  iii.\  aul  null-.. 

.Vpirs  nil  r\aiiii  n  ^.l■l  ii|iiili  ii\  dc  la  i|insi  icm.  Jc  -.ni-.  .nni'iir  a  crciiir  iin'il  est  |ii)>sili|ii 
il  iiiivrr  a  niii-  |M'iri|iiinii  tlaiii'  <lis  niolil's  i|iii  li-  dii  i;;i':iiriil,  sans  iin'il  soil  iii'i'i'-...;iim 

'iii  ini|>iili'i'  aiiriiii  i|i'>^i'iii  alliTlanl  -nn  iiili';>ri!i'  an  linnl. 

II  ■•I  iiiliii-  i|iic.  si  (fun  rule  it  a  cii'  lent  (Ian-  ^a  ili>.|uisii  ion  a  :iclii|iit'r  aiii'iiiii'  iiiisnii- 
'iluiici'  |iiiiii  t'in|ii'ilii'i'  l'i'nlrc|iii-.i'  lie  Tl  (nto  nn  t  -ii".',  di-  faiUrc.  il  jiarait  i-ii  |nu|Hiri  iini 
:iii^<ii  axiiif  u  )M)iiiscii\  ic  Icvaisvcan  iioihiim'  I' AliAamlia,  ct  jiliis  laol  la  .^l.l^>,.lll  ;i. 
I'li'ssci  Hii  ciniilaniii.it  inn,  Imsini'il  lit  smi  M|i|iaril  inn  a  Na'-saii,  I'liiv  it  lii-  l-iil,  ilaii.siirs 
'ai'iiiislancc.s  lii'aiii'i'ii|>  innins  iliinO'iisrs. 

l,.i  laisiiii  v*\  ('■viiti'iitr.  M.  .\iiilir>oii  adnict  virtni'ltt'iin-nt  (Imiih  sun  nii'Mitiiii'  iiiic, 
ii.iiis  ii's  |iriiU)ii-l'cM  jilia.si's  till  I'linlhl  m  .Vin<  rii|ni',  II  ciiiisiili'rail  Ic  soit  <Ii-h  I'.lalM-t  His 
iiiiiiiiii'  tiiMiiiii',  ct  il  in-  le  ii'j;trllail  pa--.  Mais,  dans  Ics  diTiiii-rs  iiiiiis  dc  la  kiiimit.  il 
II'  |"Mi\ail  |ias  ii'sliT  ilaiis  sun  rs|n  it  I'iiiiiIiH'  d'nn  dnnli-  siir  Inir  iiiTniaiii'iic  i'.  II  an;it. 
iili>i!>  Nnlniiticis  |iiinr>'n\,  I. a  tran-itinn  dn  I'liiir  di*  rrs  lai'mis  dc  >.  nlif  a  I'antii' in- 
I'liii  I'tii-  mil'  raiisi'  di  siii'lM  ill-  |Miiir  aiiciiii  nlisi'ivatinr  dis  if  la  1  inns  ilr  la  I  let  ill'  |»i|ni- 
l.ainii  ilr  NasMc;  aver  )>■>  I'.tat -'-I'liis,  ||  n'r-l  |ia<' nun  pins  dillirjli' dc  di'rniis  lii  |i,iriiii 
"s  iliirminiils  Irs  iiaci's  d'lini'  !  i'\  niiil  ii>n  siinliiald:'.  a  |iiiiiiiis  dr  la  nianiiTi'  di-  sriit  ir  I't 
'^■t'iii.  Miiiiill.'iiii'inint'ilans  liii'ii  d'aiitii"'  pai  liis  drs  1  lats  dn  sa  Maji  sir,  t  H's-c|id;;iitrT, 
iti  ii'Kc  \\,.  iTlatixriiit'iit  iiisiuniliiinli-. 

•^iii'i  ipi'il  i-ii  suit,  la  i'iMiM'i|iirn('i'  (In  in;;i'iiii'nt  ilr  la  nun  i-n  l-'i'ii  liil,  ininsciilciiii'nt 
['"'  liliiii'i'  Ic  li:itinii'iit,  Dials  I'lirorc  dc  iiK'ttii  nil  ti'iani'  a  (iMile  li'iitaiivi'  si-rirnso 
!"'atiiipi  rlirr  rai'ciMnplissi'iiu'iil  den  proji'ts  criiniiici!*  dc  scs  propriiiaiics.  Vits  In  7 
"".riMilii  |iiilta  NiiN^an.  !<<■  t*  dii  niciiii'  innis,  In  .silHiininr  i'liiiri'  .VH'iml  i|iiittii 
"•""•i  If  port.  lUiHc  rciirmidi  runt  u  iiii  nndntil  imivnaii,  a  iinn  disiancn  dn  !»(i  niillis, 
»|i|M'li' (iicrii  Cay,  I't    la,  rOiTtti  rnrnt   sns  annns  nl  vn.t  innnilinns,  unssi   liinn   i|ni'  scs 

'  >l)*  iittlt'ii'r.s  I'l  sou  <'vnipii);c.     I,n  I'lniiniandant   n'avait    plus  ii  (laiiidii-  mm  nniivrllo 


100 


AUnii  l.'ATIO.N    AT    (Jl'.NKVA. 


ofliis  coiitimiMiK'o  jit  Nmssmii  loi- aiinilu'r  (l;iy.  TImto  was  no  ra use  lor 
this  apprt  licnsioii.  Mis  \  icinry  was  cninplt'tc.  On  llif  iiioriiiii;;  nl' the 
I  nil  Aii;^iist.  ill  a  place  callcil  lllossoiii  Cliaiiiifl,  liclifvtMl  to  Iti'  witlnn 
tlic  r.iilisli  jiiiisiiiclioii,  (lie  lt)i^lio<»k  round  in  his  ncssi-I  shows  the  Imiun. 
ariiiiii  to  have  hfcii  coiiiph'hMl.  The  ant  liority  o!'  Ilcr  .Majt'sly's  ycAcin 
rrniiicnl  ha:l  Itccn  snccessrnllN  dcru'ii,  aiul  the  (h'cision  ol  her  a<iiiiiiiilu 
com  t  provcti  a  mockery  and  a  sliow. 

Hence  it  appears  to  nie  that  ( Ireat  I'liilaiii  liad  eh'arl\  I'aih-d  in  eiilniv. 
iiii;' the  second  rule  presci'ihcd  in  the  tieaty  ol'  Washin.uton,  as  well  ;i, 
the  lirst  ;  and  if  Ihesc  two  ndes  were  tint  eiilorced  as  tliev  shuiihl  h;i\i' 


leeii,  a 


lihiie  in   rei^ard  to  lh<>  third  appears  to  result   as  a  in, ill 


fi'iii 


lu- 


ll:! 


course. 

The  next  steji  in  the  career  of  the  i'lurida.  material  tti  the  preseiii  i|i 
cnssidh.  is  the  lacl  ut'  hereiitiy   into  Muhile,  a  purl    held  I»y  the  ni- 
,iL;cnls,   aillioniih   al    llie    lime   blockaded    li\    the    vessels  of    (he    I'liih 
Sialis.     Here  she  remained   t«ir  more  than   I'onr  iii(»nllis.     On  the  1 
of  .lannaiN .  !>(!.'!.  she  auain  succeeded  in  runiiia^  the  Itlnckade  ontwiii 
and  on  tin    j.'dh  her  captain  had   the  cunl  iiixdeiu'c  to  ;;i>  al  once  in  il 
\  <•!•>  place  <ir  I  he  i>land  ol'  Nassau  riniu  w  liich  he  had  Jiisl  escaped  ainl 
teriui  s  w  liich   Iteluii.u  nuly   toa   malcraclnr.     It  is  piupcr  to  atld   tli;il 
the  iuier\al  lie  liavl  shipped  an  addi*i<uial  inotle^N   torce  ol'  lil'ty  lour 
at  M«»ltile. 

The  i|iieslion  In-re  naturally  arises  whelher  1(\  (his  prdcess  (he  \e-iM! 
had  sn  lar  cliaii;:ed  her  pie\  i<ius  cliaraclci  as  to  l»e  di\  ested  ol'  aii,\  lr;iiT 
ol  hei  i!ritish  ori;;in  and  I'lauilnient  etpiipineiit.  and  eiditied  (o  chiiin  ;i 
new  depart  nre  as  a  le.uK  imate  oll'spriiic  ni  ;i  recduid/.cd  liclli^ereut  powi'i, 


ii'ii 


lii.> 


<p lest  lull,  appertainiliu  exclusively  to  (he  case  nl  this  \  o.x 


I  ai 


11(11, ,■ 


Il   Ihiisc  siilimitled   Id  our  cdiisideralion.  and   loiicliiti;;'  ll"  release  dl 


Her  liiitaimic  .Mnjcst  v' 


;d\erumt  lit  Iriuii  any  Curt  her  r«'S| 


■  ilirv  !i.; 


the  I  lint  d(   her  di  I'lm.  appears  (o  me  one  ol   the   md>t  iiilere  iin;^  ;ii 


HI 


diniciill  dt   all    that    we  aie  called   to  dccidi 


>ul  III  di'der  Id  cdiii|)it'l< 


t  he  ie\  icw  dC  t  he  career  ol'  lilt-  \ cssel,  sd  tar  as  it  relates  Id  the  aclinii 


tiri'i'stiitiiiii.  crainli-  i|M'il  am;iit  I'liniiivrc  i'l  Niissaii,  s'll   v  t'tiiil   irsli'  iiii  jinir  ili- pi 

!l  ir 


I  avail    |iiiMilaiil  aiii'iiiu' raiMiii  lii- ciainiiri-;  s.i  viiliiiii' ctaM  I'oiintlrli 


I.I-  i: 


llolil. 


ill!  matin.  <laii>  IIII  ciiilroit  iiniiiiiii''  ltl(i'i><i)iii  ('liaiiiirl.  ilaiiH  Ics  liiiiitcs  <lo  la .jiiriilirn>  : 
lii'itaiiiiii|iii',  Ir  livM'  (III  liiir  ratlcsti',  la  transact ii>ii  tut  tKln'V))-.  l/aiiliiiii<  <l> 
l^iuiv tTiiriiiriil   til    ..a   .Ma.ji'.Htt- avail  ffi-  liiaxrc  avrc  niiiti's,  ct  la  ilrcisioii  dc  la  i-mir n' 


V 


iiiiiiaiili' M>  iiiiiiitra  iiiiiiinc  iiiii- ilii  ismii  rl  iiiii'  iikiiiihi  mv 


II 


ihlr  I 


(•:*>ii|liri 


hi  qiir  la  I  ii'aiiili'-|tii'ta;;iii    avail  I'l-lniiii'  a  I'aiir  ii  .s|ii'i'ii'r    la  s >iiili'  ii  ir|,.  i|'i  tiaili 


\\ 


I>iillii4ti>li    1III.SSI    lih'li    tjilc    la    |itrlillrl'i', 


Kl 


M     ii'.-»    (lrll\     n^jcs    rial"  :i;      Vl<ilir«,  ll 


t  riii>-it 


iiif  (Icv.'iil  rrliT  iii'i'CM.airi'iiiciil. 


I.r  |la■^^ui  V  ant  ilaiiH  )a  call  ii'ir  ilii  I'iai  ilia,  nlalila  la  iliM'iiN^iiiii  |iri  mi'IiIc,  est  Ir 


Mill  mill  I'  a 


Moll 


ill',  |ii<!t    iirrll|M'  )>a|'    Irs    llislll  ui  V,  (|i|i)|i|||<',  a  <  rl  ti    i'|)iii|lli' 


l>l< 


.•11! 


Irt  vai-M'aiiN  (li'H  r.tals  I 'ills.  II  V  iisia  )»liis  ili-  i|iialii'  iiuiis.  I.r  j.'i  jaiiv  in  \-< 
niissil  lie  iiiiiivcaii  a  Imi'i  r  Ir  Muriix,  it  Ir  ra|iilaiiie.  If  '2''  dii  niriiir  iiinl^, 
rin>i>lciii'i- (ll*  Ml' ri-iiilrc  ilc  Miiti-  an  iiiiiiii'  riiiliiiii  ilr  I'llc  tic  .Nassau,  il'iiu  il  mV'HI 
I'l  liajijH'  suns  li's  ti'i'i'i'iMs  i|ui  n'a|i|iai'lii'iiii('nt  ifiTa  uii  iii.'ill'ailriii.  11  nuiviiiii 
•  rajniiliT  i|tii>  dans  rinlrrvallr   il   ivvail    ciiikIi'  rini|iiaiiti'-i|iiatir   Iiuiiiiiich  dr  |i|ih<l'' 

llMlli'  fsprrr,  a   Mlilijlf, 

Iri  .s'.livr  ii;iliiH'lliMi(nl  la  i|Urs|iiiu  ill-  sjiVKii  si  pin  n-  prmici.  Ir  V  .•li.-.sraii  avail 
iisHi'/  rliaii;^r  sou  cat  ai'li'ii  piiiiiitil'  |iiiui' I't  I'l'  lii'piiiiilli  dc  liiiili'  iiai'i'  dc  mui  mi'^jiiii' 
III  itannii|iii' rt  di- mui  i'i|Uipciiiciti  I'laiidulcus,  d  |iiiiii' ci ic  aiiliii  i>i'  a  prclciidr)-  p^iii^r 
ill' null V can  iniiiiui'  iin  pindiiii  ii '^itinu' d'litn' puiNHaiicc  licllif^i  raiilc  I'i'ciiiinuc.  <'iii'' 
i{Uc.sliiiii.  appai'lciiaiil  cNcIusivciiiciil    jiu    cas   dc  cc    vaisscaii,    cntrc  tunics  ccIIch  i|iii 

(111    ^OIINcI'llclllcIlt   ill'  -i 


Miiiit    siinniiscs   a    iiiilic    c\aiucn,   d  cinliiassanl  la   dccli 

.M;ijcsli'  lii'ilanniijnc  dc  tiiiilc  i'cm)>iiusiiIii|iic  iiiii  liciirc  an  siijcl  dc  la  laclic  lU'  m'' 
(iri^;iiic,  iiic  scnihic  ntii'  dcs  plus  inli  rcssantcs  ci  tics  plus  dillicilcs  dc  (uiilcs  cclli  s  i|H'' 
iiiiiiH  .siiiiiiucs  llppclc^  a  di'cidci'.  .Mais  aliii  dc  I'linipli  h  r  la  icviicdc  la  can  icrc  ciili'" 
(lu  C'U  vuihscail,cii  tail  I  i|U  die  HI-  tii|ip(iit(!  II  la  cimiiIiiuc  dc  la  (■iiiiidc-lhitaguc,  ijii.iiil>> 


MS  Visiles  a 
liiMlu'ii  la  Iin 
l^iii'ls  ipic 
aiiiiin  a  .Nasi 

•>llri'rs,  c(  IIII 
li-nililill  cnlll 
Mnil  avail  V 
jn'riiiissiiin  :i 
l">u\.iil  liicii 

I'IkIoIIIICC  MJ 
'lilllH    ll'tll-     \ 

jiiiiirHiiiii  dc 
"ll  a  a^iic  la 
j'lir  lis  aiil 
liuiiti'iiii'iit  n 
iii'iiili'i'  liii  I 
li'iiila,  a  CI 

llll'll'lll     ||«Ml-/ 

''  ^iiiii^iiaj^c  I 
I'll*,  ijiii  ill" 

ll"*  filllc  I'SShll 
''"lllllllT    ipii 

'•iiclal  ill-  I'll 


Ol'INlOXS    OF    MU.    AI)A>fS. 


107 


(iiriit  r.i'iliiin  iiiion  the  occiisiMii  »»1  lire  visits  at  any  ports  witliin  lli.it 
jiuisilictioii,  1  (Ict'tu  it  <'Xi>('(li»'iit  to  postponr  the  ol)Sfr\atioiis  1  pri>po>o 
ti)  iiiiiKr  it|M)M  it  until  tilt'  cihI. 

\Vlial('\<'r  iiia,\  he  llic  doubts  clscwlicic  rxpicsscd  about  this  point, 
none  wliatcvtT  were  adinittt'd  at  Nassau,  the  \('i\  spot  uImic  the  tia- 
^raiit  iVaud  had  hccu  most  sut'ccssl'ully  pcipoi  rated  and  ll»'i'  .Majest\'.s 
dignity  insulted  and  detied.  She  was  ininietliately  iceoj^ni/ed  as  a 
!i:;itiMiate  l»'lli.u('rent,  the  (»id\  ohjeetiou  made  to  lier  pieseiu'e  lieiiiji  !i 
\iiil;itiiin  ol'  a  minor  reu'idation  rif  the  poit.  whieli  leipiired  a  pi'e\  ions 
iplilication  lor  permission  itelore  «'oniini;'  to  aiM'hor.  I'or  this  minor 
dili'iise  the  captain  niuld  allord  to  apolo;;i/.e.  when  the  \astly  ^iiealer 
oiii'  li;iil  hccii  so  readily  eondoned.  'I'lie  ((lijeet  he  now  had  in  \  iew  was 
ihc  pidciiriii;;"  a  ;ntiod  supply  of  eoals  tor  tiie  piosceiiiion  of  his  cruise. 
I'lrmissioii  seems  to  have  heeii  j^iveii  without  stint.  Some  (piestioii  ha>» 
liiiii  raised  al)oiit  the  precise  (piaiitil\  :  but  it  tliere  was  no  limit  pre- 
-,  iihfd  by  the  auihoritil's.  it  may  reastniably  be  inlerred,  Irom  the  ;;i'ii- 
iiaj  sMupalhy  strongly  manifested  by  the  population,  that  all  would  be 
siipplied  the  captain  wiuild  lie  read\  to  take.  So.  likewise,  with  pro- 
\i^iolls.  A  persmi  on  Itoard  of  the  l-'loi  ida  at  the  time  seems  to  hasc 
!iM(ir(lc(l  his  imi>ression  that  eiionuh  had  been  supplied  to  last  several 
iiiiiiitlis.  This  is  doubtless  e.\ay';4('rated.  So  with  the  test  iinon.N  ol  two 
jMiMMis,  taken  several  years  attei  ward,  of  their  lecol  lection  of  the  facts, 
wjiicli  would  natnrallv  be  subject  tt>  serious  reduction.  N  ei,  alter  inak- 
iii;:  every  possiide  allowance  tor  these  circumstances,  it  appears  reason- 
alilf  to  ine  to  conclude  that  Captain  Ma'lit  succeeded  in  ;^(ltini;  all  that 
ill'  (lesjii-d  to  put  h'lii  ilia  condition  to  commence,  and  c(mtiiinc  l*ir 
>oii!e  time,  a  predatory  cruise.  Ii  is  also  alleged  that  the  captain 
•.iiiiipcil  here  eieven  men,  vvliicli  i>  nut  unlikely  to  be  true  also,  if  he 
liri'ilcd  them. 

<'a|.tain  Mallit,  thus  c(»mpleiely  tit'ed  out  from  Nassau  as  a  basis,  pro- 
r.ciji'd  (>ii  his  cniisf,  which  lasied  loi'  alioiit  a  month,  and  in  which  he 
;i!lt';;t's  llial    he  cxiterieiiced   very   r(Mij;h   wi-alher.      This  is  the  n-asoii 


M  -i  visile-,  11  ^•l•^laill^  I  PI  His  >i(ii>  cctli'  iiiridiitiiiii,  jr  (  iirjx  |i|iis  cuiin  I'lialilc  tir  icinti  I  ri> 
{iM|ii':i  1:1  liii  Ii'>t  oliHciA  at  lolls  i|iii' ji*  mo  )iri>|Misi'  lie  faiii'  la-ili'SNiis, 

(jiicls  ijiif  |iii.ssfiit  cirr  Irs  (lollies  t'lilrrtciiiis  ailli'iir-  a  i-r  siijct,  on  n'cii  aiiimitait 
aiiriiii  ;i  Nassau,  rfiuiroil  oil  la  I'lainli'  lla^iiaiilc  avail  >\f  coiniiiisf'  avt'c  Ic  |>lii>  yiMmt 
<iiiiis.  I'l  1)11  la  (li|riiiii-  tir  Si  .Maji>l«'  a\  ail  ili-  Ic  iilii->  oiiliau' ''.  II  I'ul  iiiiiiiiiliMti'iiiciil: 
I'liiiinii  coiiiiiii'  lii'lliu;!  rani  liniimic.  la  s-iili-  iilijn-i  ion  faiic  a  -.a  imsi'Mci' a\  ant  vii> 
<|ii'il  avail  ^  ioli'  nil  |ii'l  il  ic  ^li'inmi  dii  ]ioit,i|iii  <  xi^iait  i|n'oii  ilrinaml^il  ifalionl  la 
)Mritiis.-.ioii  avani  il<'  iiirtlic  a  ramiT,  ruiir  nltf  If^^cii'  fantc,  l''  caiiilaini'  Mallitt 
ji'iiisaii  liii'ii  taiicniM'  a|iolo;',ii' i|iianil  rcllr  (|iii  itail  lii'an<'on|i  pins  Miaii<l>' avail  <'<•' 
|>iin|iiinii'i' si  |ii'oni|)li'iiii'ni .  Mainunaiil  lr  Init  n'*''  '''  •'apitaini'  MaHitl  sr  |iiii|>o>air 
<biis  ri-ttr  \i«iri'  ciait.  ill'  SI'  ponrvoir  irniir  lioniic  |ii'o\i>ion  ili'  rliailion  jmnr  la 
ltiiin>«iiiii  ill'  Klin  ciitrr|iiisc.  I, a  pi'tniissjun  scnililr  avoir  rtr  »loiiiii-i'  sans  iroiTvi", 
"ii  a  as^iii' la  i|Hi'slion  lie  lii|nanlili'  pni'isi'.  inais  s'il  n'v  avail  )ias  ilr  liinilr  picTi  iti- 
par  li't  jiiitonli-s,  on  pcni  raisonnalili-iiii'Mt  I'oiirlnir  ili-  la  s,\  nipiitliii-  ;;i'ni'i'ali', 
I'liili'iiii'iit  inanil'i'sli'i'  par  la  population,  itnc  tmit  ii-  i|ii<>  ic  rapilaiin- i-ni  ili-  put  a 
pii'iiilii'  liti  ci'M  I'tr  iloiiai'.  1*'  nii'ini'  jtour  It's  pi-ov  isjons.  I'm'  prisonm'  a  lionl  lin 
lli'iiila,  a  I'i'tli'  r'poi|i;i>,  si'inlili'  avoir  mis  pai  mil  son  iinpri'ssion  ipi'on  cii  avait 
^Ki'iiili  as»<'/ piiiii  pln>i(>nrs  iiiois,  ('i-ci  f>i  sans  ilonti'  cxajii  ic  |)i' imini' ipiant  an 
I' iiiiMKiia^i' ill' ili'iix  jii  I  siinni's,  I'litpninti''  pliisinirs  aniirrs  apirv,  a  Inir  n-i'iiiil  ili-. 
Ii:l»,(|iii  ilcvraii  rlri'  sonniis  a  niir  rriliirlion  siricnsi'.  Mais  apif-i  avoir  fail  luiiirs 
II'.  ((iiiri'ssioii-.  pos-iilili's  a  I'l'^anl   ili'  n-s  i  ii'i'onstanri'S,    it    inr   smilili- raisonnalili' ilc 

'I'liiliiri'  ipii'  li   ■  apitai'ii'  NtalUtt  rriissit  a  olitmiir  tout  jiTil  ilisirail  ponr  sr  ini'ltri' 

iiiiial  ili>  I'lMiinii'ni'rr  il  il'  rnutiniii'r  p -ii'laiil  i|n.  Iipii'  ti'inji-.  iini'  roiU'.i'  ili'  pillii;^!'. 
"'I  iili.  ;;in.  aiissj  i|iii*  li  cajiitaini'  y  I'lir.ila  on/i'  liomnirs  ;  I'ait  iloni  la  vrrit<-  n'i'st  pas 
iii'I'niliiilil,.,  n'II  en  avail  lii'ioin.  hi-  rapilaiin'  Mallit  I,  aiiisi  loinpf'H'iiii'nt  pnnrvn  a 
^■''>ini  plai'i'  pri-''  pnir  ku  liasi',  coninii'nva  sa  conrsr,  ipi;  ilnra  env  iron  nn  iiioi», 
"Villain  liniii'l  il  ilii,  iivnir  « proiivi'  do  IH's-iihU-m   iiiiips.     An    moins,  l'i.'bI  la  luisiiii 


ICS 


AlvMilTIJATION    AT    (;i:.N'i:VA. 


a^isin'ind  for  liis  visit  to  lljiihudocs,  wlicri'  lie  aiiplifd  for  more  coal  ainl 
soiiM'  Imnhrr.  He  siippicsscii  the  Tact  of  his  Ial<'  supply,  ami  I'cpnitnl 
liiiiisrir  as  last  tVoiii  Mol)i'('.  lie  siicccrdctl  in  ohiaiiiiii,;;  '."•  toils.  ;i!iil 
tliiis  i»ros<'ciilt'(l  liis  iMcdatoiy  \(iya;;<'  on  liis  irnrwi-d  stock. 

Miicli  ilaina/Ltc  as  tiicsc  pciinissions  innpicstionalily  entailed  upon  tlir 
I  hitcd  States  couinicrc)-,  it  is  pid|)er  lo  add  tiiat  tiny  imd  not  Imi-i! 
;^i\(  II  so  niiicli  fVotii  any  willl'n!  disposition  on  the  part  oT  the  ojliccisdi 
ller  Majesty's  jioveiiiuient,  l»nt  lather  lVt>in  their  indill'ei'cnei^  to  all 
nM'asiires  of  early  prevention.  So  soon  as  inroiination  of  these  evcnu 
had  been  received  at  the  colonial  oili<'e  in  London,  this  lilieralils  wav 
checked,  ,iiid  ordeis  were  issind  to  i»e  more  cautions  in  the  future. 

.\fler  a  \i.Nil  of  four  days  to  j'eiiianilnico.  ilie  ne\i  liritish  ]i(ii; 
entered  by  <';ipt:iin  Mallit  was  liermmla,  on  the  l."»tli  ot  .Inly.  His  a]i 
lilication  for  ^oM-rnmeiit  coal  was  here,  lor  the  lir.^l  time,  rel'iised.  ||i 
.snccceded.  ho\ve\er.  ill  oi>tainiii.n'  plenty  from  other  sources,  iiiiil  im 
trans;ii-essin';' the  limit  pre>eriited  Ibr  his  stay  for  repairs  withoiii  ci!, 
sure,  which  enabled  him  to  cross  the  ocean  ami  reach  l»rcst,  in  l"'raii(c. 
on  the  L'.id  »>f  .\nun>t. 

It  shnuld  be  noted  that  this  loiiy  <'niise,  (i(»in  the  L'r)tli  of  .Taiiiiarv  to 
the  :.'.'>d  ol  ,\ii;;iis.'.  of  ueiirly  seven  months,  was  made  with  siipplicsoi 
coal  recci\»'d  exclusively  from  I'oitish  sources. 

It  seems  to  1m  uiiiiec"'ss:iry  to  eiitei'  into  further  particulars  nt  I.,! 
career  alter  »lie  left  Ibest.  She  seems  to  have  touched  at  some  Ihili-l! 
|Mirts  in  t  he  W  Cst  Indies  and  obtained  assist  a  nc'-,  und  . she  liaa  My  put  iii'n 
liahia,  which  pro\<Ml  to  l»e  the  termination  ot'  liei'  I'ccord,  in  OcIoIm:, 
The  leu;:tli  of  her  term  on  the  ocean  had  been  about  eiuhteen  iiioii;l:> 
— loiifi  enou;:h  to  perpetrate  much  too  larjic  an  amoiuit  of  mischirf. 

It  now"  remains  to  me  only  to  recur  to  the  tpiesii(»ii.  already  propuM  i 
in  the  course  of  this  opinion,  repaid  in;;'  any  chaiiue  ot  Original  charailii 
that  may  i»e  coiisidere<l  to  have  taken  place  in  this  vessel  by  the  lac!  "I 


ilxiiiiri' )i:ii' 111!  |iiini' 1:t  \  i>il<>  ijiril  111  IrMI  fi'viici'  h  la  niU'liiiili',  jiniir  pi-ciiilrf  fin"!. 
|ilii>  ill'  I'liiuliiiii  it  ilii  liiils  |iiinr  !r.H  ii'|i;ii','ii  iitim,  II  mi|i|<i  iina  Ir  Tail  ilr  .-mi  iliii!  ' 
Mili>iili',   "I    il   ilirlara   i|ii'il   \riiait   ni   lii'iiiiri'  lini    <lr    Muliili',     II    ii  u>>i(   a   iil<>iii: 

ijllal  li--\  iliyl  -ili\    I  nil  Ill's,  I't  rnlll  illlia  alllsj  si  Hi   \ii\a^;r  llr  Jiilla'^i'. 

<,ii!rli)iH'  uraiiil  i|iir  suit    II'  iliiiiiiiia;ii-  iaii'>i,  saii''  aiii'iiii  ilniiii    par  itm   iii'riiii>i>iiiiis, ;, 
fill  lliirlri'  I  Irs  1 .1  at -I    liis,  il  i  iill\  iilll   irajiilllfr   nn'i'lli  s  ii'iuit    |ia>  la  ill   i  Ir  linllliii  1  ;i\i 

iii.il V i-illaiii'i'  ill-  la  pail  ili-  I'liliii'li'i  ilii  ;,iiiiv itiu'IihmiI  ilr  sa  Maji'sti'  i|u'a  caii-'i  li' 
nili'  iiiililfi'rriii'r  ipii  llr  pii-\u\ail  jamais  la  inri's^ili'  dr  pii'iiilcr  ilrs  iip'c'aiilii'i." 
iliivaliri-.  Allssjiiil  i|lli'  la  limivi'lli  ili-  ri's  I'M'tii'lllrlils  clll  rlr  li'rlli-  a  I'linii'i- cuIhIimiI 
ill  I.miilrts,  I'cllr  lilii'i'itlilr  I'lit  npiiiiii'i'  ri  ili-s  ll^ll^l•^«  riiniil  dmiiii's  (rrlrr  jihi' 
fiii'mispi'i'l  a  riiMiiir. 

Apirs  mil'  \  isiti- ill' i|iuitri'    jmii-  a  Pn  iiaiiilimii  .  If  pirinirr  pi>i  t  an);lais  nii  i  iilii  1 
rapilaiiir   Mallil    I'lil    Iti'i  iiiiiila,    Ir    l.'i    iuillil.     !<a    ilriiiaiiili'   iliilitiiiir  ilii   I'liai'liini  'l^' 

;ii>il\l'rnrlli-lll    till    iri  M'ri|<<i'r  pmir  la  plrlllirl'l'  fii|»,       llli'llssil    iipi'llilalll     a    I'M    iililHu 

til  aliniiilaiiri' irailli'iii  >>.  t  I  a  ill  |ia>>i'i  sans  criiNiui'   Us  liniilrs  pii'MiiIrs  I'l  miw  >«■]•■■'■ 

Iimir    npaialiiHiH.  tt    i|iii    liil   iluinia   Irs   iiioytui*  ilf   tra\i-r-i'i'   I'lii'iaii   rl    irallriiiili'' 
tO'sl.  I'll  I  lain  I .  Il'  '.*:!  aiiiil. 

il  I'aiit  ii'tiiai>|iii'r  iiiir  .illi-  lunmn'  iimisr,  iln  *,';' Jaii\  in- an ',':!  amit.  ilr  piis  ili' !"i'' 
liini'',  IliI  ralli'a\i<  ill's  NiiliMili-.  ill'  I'liarliiili  H'vlls  i  \rlll>ivi'l'ii'lit  lir  sninrrs  liiiwii'- 
nii|llrH, 

li  III'  nil'  siinhlf  pas  iKi'issaui'  iri-iitrri  vlaiis  il».»>  ii'lails  iiPi'i  iciiis  snr  !a  rarin  ii' 'i' 
CI  \aiMsi'iiu  api.'s  H.<t  ilrpurt  tli-  Itrt'st.  I)  st-iuM^'  avoir  tmirln''  a  ijiii  lieirs  pnH* 
tin^lais,  tliiiiN  IfN  IniW^  iirri«lrrtal>'M,  <'t  avoir  «*l<4«*iiii  <Ii'h  Ni>i'mii'>< :  I't  riillii  ilriili'i.i 
I'laliia.  <■!'  i|iii  mil  Im  »  miit  liis|iii:i',  « ii  oi>rtl»pr.  I. a  ili'.ni- dr  su  i  arriiTi' sur  rt«i'.i;i 
a\ait  rlr  (I'lMlV  il«»M  li  i.^  alls  rl  liiMiit.  Sii  i-i  •«•>•.  <s  •titilc  lirl|i|;rl'a!.l  a\  ait  illll'r  tin  in '■ 
ili\  liiiit  niois '  a— 'iv.  loii^ti  iiips  poi.i  I'oiith''  I  irr  ■..»«•  Mtiiiini'  ili  iloiniiiaiirH  litaiiin'ii' 
liiip  ;;iiiii(ii-. 

II  iir  mr  rvHtv  pins  ipi'a  ri'Vi'itii-  h  In  «fiw'»t»i»M  *W;\»  |>rii|iiisi'i'  ilaiis  li-  rmirs  ili-  ri't  ii\''. 
a  I'r^aril  iln  r|iiiii;;rniriii  ilr  raia'li'iv  iKuiioiiai,  tiu'on  pmiiiait  ri'ii'-iilrii'r  i  uiiinir  auini 


OI'INTOXS    OF    yUl.    Ar>AM><. 


1(^0 


liir  linviiif;' su('P(mm1<'(1   in  rciicliinj;  a   port   of  tlie  Ix'llincn'iif   ]>o\vt'r  to 
\\liitli  slu'  chiiiiHMl  to  licloii;;. 

1  hiivf  ciidriivorcd  to  <ii\»'  to  this  point  the  most  (Mn-t'iii  iind  «lili;;«'iit 
>liiil\  of  wliicli  I  iilii  «':i|);ilil('.  Till-.,  n-siilt  is,  tliiit  1  ruiiliot  :ini\i'ilt 
liny  niMcliision  satist;n'tory  to  invsclf  wliicli  fvt'ii  implies  a  iu>f<'ssity  to 
,i<M'lit  to  llu'  l»ldpositioll  tliat  ;-;iircr.ss  \(iii(lllir.s/nni(l.  All  law  rcro^iiiizcd 
liv  lilt'  consciriicf  ol'  ('i\  ili/.rd  nations  lias  liii'  its  onl,v  solid  Imsis  a  (•«mi- 
vii'tion  tliat  it  is  liascti  upon  clear  jainciplt's  ol'  ri;4lit.  in  some 
liiiiuiiancs  the  word  nscd  to  express  tlirsr  ideas  is  ideal  ieal.  At  I  lie  siinui 
lime.  I  am  not  unaware  tliat,  in  the  pro.i;ress  ol  internalional  relalitais, 
ilitic  may  happen  iVoin  tiiiH'  to  time  occasions  when  a  necessity  w  ill 
iiiisc  to  reco^ni/e  a  simple  I'act  without  reference  to  its  nalnre.  lint 
I  Ills  II  nisi  happen  Milder  ci  renin  stances  w  I  lie  1 1  imply  neither  pai  I  icip:il  iuii 
mil 'approval.  lfou;;ht  not  to  he  itennitled  to  happen  when  these  cir- 
iMiiislaiiccs  are  clearly  within  control.  :iiid  the  moti\c  to  act  should  he, 
iiii|ii'iali\e  as  iipholdiiiii'  the  majesty  of  law. 

Ill  the  case  lu'lore  ns,  it  seems  to  me  conclnsi^ »'ly  eslaltlished  l»y 
(vidiiice  that,  fr»an  the  moment  of  incepiioii  to  that  of  complete  execii- 
liiiii.  I  he  hiiildiiifi',  etpiippiii;.'.  and  dispalchiii;^  of  the  \  essrl  were  eq  mil  ly 
r.irricd  on  l»y  a  res(.rt  to  every  species  of  tiilseliood  mid  liainl,  in  orch-r 
111  liallle  and  defciil  the  le;^ii  iinate  jtiirposc  of  Her  Majesl  \"s  ^o\ » ■rumen t 
til  iijilMtld 'lie  sanctity  of  hei  laws  and  iimUe  !4<>tid  her  olili^.ii  iuiis  to  a 
jiin-iuii  nation  with  which  sli' was  ai  peace.  Down  lo  iht-  inomeiii  of 
arrival  at  Mobile,  1  fail  lo  per<'ei\ean\  .^ood  icasdii  for  siippnyin;;  ihat 
I  lie  clia  racier  (he  \  esse  I  lonU  at  the  outset  had  not  siil»s|aiiliall,\  adhered 
III  II  to  the  end. 

It  has  always  lieeii  t(»  me  a  cause  ol"  profound  regret  that  Her 
MiijcsIn's  yo\»'rnmeiit  had  not  seen  lit  to  mark  hei  seii^e  of  the  imlin- 
iiilics  lieaped  upon  lier  hy  the  lla,i:rant  siolalioii  of  herla\\.>i!i  these 
tascs  at  least  liy  exclndinjn'  the  vi'ssels  from  her  polls.  'I'liiis  she  woiihl 
have  rescued  her  own  honor  and  esiapcd  the  e\  il  coiiscipieiices  which 
have  ever  since  attended  her  opposite  decision.     Such  a  c(Uirse  had  not 


lie   iih  ■■  ■ 

nil   llrll    ' 

l-i>ii>li~.  ;■ 
llli'i  ^  ;i\' 

•  Mil-'    I 
■IMIIli'  ■  - 

'iIH'   I',-- 

II   I  lltM 

:1  lillll   'U 
II    iilllrl,.; 

Ill   M-jii;:i 
rnllriiiiit'- 

•^     llUi.r. 
;ill  li  !'■  'i' 

|P|r>      |M'll- 

rliti  I 
.lir  i'ii(.M:i 
r  i-ll\ili''l 
III  aili'iilir 

,.  ,rt  llV!'. 
inn-  .i\;i"' 


III  lirii  iliiiiM  <■!'  vniNsi'iiii  par  li'  fait  clr  sa  ii'iissili-  a  alii'iiiilir  iin  jmhI  iji'  l.i  |iiiissaiiro 
ixliii:!  laiitc  a  lai|iM'll<<  ii  a\ait  la  |iii  tnit  ion  il'a|i|iaiiriiii . 

.Ii'  lllf  .>llis  rl)(ir<r  llr  riilisaci  i  r  a  ri-  |i()ilit  I'iIikIi'  la  plus  MiijIIHIlM"  el  la  plUH 
:illi'iiti\<'  (liitil  ji-  silis  rapalilr.  h''ii'Miltat  I'll  est  <|iii-  ji'  lit'  \)\\\>  airiv  ri' a  aiii  iiiiO 
iniii'lii^iiiii  Milislaisaiitf  pmir  iimi  iiiiiiii'  ipii  iiiipiiijiial  la  iint  ssiti'  dc  ilniniri  iiinti 
:i>«i  III  JiiH'iit  a  la  !iia\jiiir  i|iii'  U-  siii'ii'n  saiirlilir  la  IVamli'.  'I'imiIi'  loi  rrriiiiiiiii'  ear  lu 
iiiiiM'ii'iH'f  ili'H  iiat  inns  i-i\  ilisr-i-M  a,  ]Miiir  lia-c  sullii.'  iiiiii|iir,  la  ri>ii\  ii'timi  ijn'iili' est 
I' mil  I'  >iir<lrH  priiii'ipi's  iiiiiiaii\  cir  liioil .      I  >aii>  iiiii'li|iU"'  laii^m  s  Ir  iiiol  riiiplii\  r  pmir 

i\|ililllf|   res  idri'H  rsl    iililil  iijIM'.       I!  II   lllillH'  ti  liipi  Ji-  iri^imif  pas  i,lli',  tiails  \r  pru;;|iH 

iW  lolls  IcM  rappints  iiiicriialiunanx,  ii  iniil,  sr  piisriilrr  ilr  tiipps  cii  tfiiip-  iti.s 
I'liaviniis  nil  iiiit'  In•l■l•^>il^•  aiiixf  (Ir  I rfiiiiiiain r  III!  siiiipli'  Tail  sans  (••^anl  a  >a  ii.uuic. 
Mais  il  laiit,  puiir  cfla,  i|iir  rilMi-i  i  >«i>  pn  .smtc  ilaiis  il< -s  cin'oiistaiircs  ipii  ii'iiiiplit|ii<  nt 
iii  |iailii'ip:iliiiii  nj  appmlial  inn.  0\\  ni-  ilrviait  pa.s  prnnrlln-  i|m'iI  tiiiivat,  i|nanil  ^va 
iiiriiiistanri's  Mint  I'viili'iiiinriil  stiiiH  (-tiiit  ii'ilr  <'l  <|iii'  Ic  iiinl  it'  il'av  il' '^'lail  iMipi'i'ii'UX, 
I'oiiniii' appiiv  am  la  nia.jrsti' ilr  la  jni.  !)aus  Ir  las  ipic  nniis  av(ii.>  <lr\  aiil  n>iiis.  il  niii 
■"'iiililr  iiii'iihlr.stalili'iiii  III  >t,ilili  par  la  |iii'MM'  i|Iii',  tlrpnis  Ir  iiiiuiM'ni  iln  <  nninii-ni'i-- 
imiii  JiiMpra  irliii  (If  I'l'Nc  I  iiiioii  rnnipli'li.  la  roiistrn  linn.  I'l  i|nipriiii-iii  I  I'lApiili- 
'iiiiiilu  \  ais.sran  tint  <li' i-;;alrnir!a  riiiHliiils  an  nnivrii  ilf  loiitr  ispiir  <1  iiiiiis(inf;cH 
' '^  ill'  I'laiiiU's  riiinliini's  |iuiir  ilijniii'i'  I't  pmir  annnli-r  li's  ilcssrins  |i'};ilinii'^  ilii 
,.<'ii\<  nil  mini  il*'  sa  Majrsli  .  dr  niainliiiir  la  smiv  i  raim  |i'  ilf  srs  lois  ct  lU-  n  niplir  srs 
'■'iliuniiniis  ciiMis  iiiir  naliiHi  flranm'ii-  a\rr  l.ii|nrllr  il  ilait  m  pai\.  .liiMpi'an 
-  "iiiihi  ill'  ','arri\ir  a  Mnliilr,  Jr  llr  )iiiis  ti'nnvcr  aiiinnc  luiniir  laisnn  ilr  Mippnsri' i|in' 
!•  .iiarlric  •  Il  i>  pjir  II'  \  ai-'srau  an  i  iiniiiu'iicrini  iil  lu  'in  ait  pa-^  <  Ir  allaclii'  o'^ni* 
'iillriiii  III  jiiMpi'a  la  Iin. 

.I'ai  iiiiijiiiii>  icj^rclti'  pi'iiriinili'iiiriit  ([iii'  ic  ti;mivrrnrn\«'i»t  tic  nii  MajrHli'  n'riit  pan 
MiKi-  iiiiiM'iialtii'  lie  niotiti'i'i'  Hdii  Hrnliiiiciil  a  I'ihiikI  ilf.s  indi^niti's  ai'inniMlri'--  siir  liii 
|i:ii' III  \iiilatiiiii  ilajjiaiiti'  di-  s*>h  luis,  dans  ct-s  ciis  :iii  iiininK,  on  cxclinint  Irs  vaissraiix 
''••so  jiiiiiH.     II  aniait  ain^i  sanvr  sun  lioniitiir  ct  i  rliappt''  an\  riinHiM|iirnrt's  tVirln-iiM-H 

II  iMii  iiiiijiiairH  i't<'  atliu'lircs  a  su  <lr(  i-ion  coiitiain'.     [  u<  t>\U'  «li  inar>  lir  n'u\ait  pas 


170 


ARniTRATION    AT    CJKXEVA. 


»Vf 


lu'cii  witliont  its  ndvocatt's  juiionj;  Jiiiisis  of  ('miiiciico  in  rlio  kiiii;(Ii»iii. 
at  least  one  of  wlioiu  had  rc('i)i'(!(Ml  liis  opiMJoii.  A  si<;'iiili('aiit  f\;iiii|i|,. 
may  ln'  loiiml  in  tli«'  jtapcrs  bcfoic  us.  Such  a  comsc  coiihl  not  li;iv, 
iailcd  to  maintain  itself  in  the  end  by  tlio  simple  force  of  its  innate  li.ii- 
jnony  witii  Justice  and  with  ri^iit. 

To  suppose  that  tlie  nuual  stain  attached  to  a  transaction  (»f  tlii>i 
cliaraeter  can  be  wiped  out  by  the  mere  im-iih-nt  of  visitiii;;' oiu'  phui. 
or  anotlu'r,  without  a.iy  material  alteration  of  the  constituent  bo(|y  ii:. 
spirin;;  its  action,  seems  to  nu'  to  1h'  attachiuj;'  to  a!i  aceidi'Ut  the  \  iiiiii. 
which  api»ertains  solely  to  an  «'\ercise  of  the  will.  I  cannot,  therefore. 
concede  to  this  notion  any  slnnh'  of  weight.  The  vessel  called  ili, 
I'lorida,  in  my  view,  carried  the  same  indt'lil»le  stamp  of  dishonor  t'ldm 
its  <'ra<lle  to  its  j4ra\e;  ami  in  this  opinion  I  have  been  liai>i>y  to  (!i> 
cover  that  1  am  completely  sustained  by  the  authority  of  one  of  the 
most  eminent  of  the  Jurists  of  my  own  country  who  excr  sat  in  \\w 
]ii;;hest  seat  other  most  elevated  tribunal.  I  find  it  reccu'ded  in  niicni 
the  vohuiu's  submitted  to  our  consideration  by  the  aji'cut  of  lie 
]\lajesty*s  ;;()\('rnment,  '.Vom  which  I  pray  for  lea\e  to  introduce  the  lul 
lowin<4'  extract,  as  nudvin^'  an  apjuopriate  close: 

"  It'  lliis  were  to  111-  iiiliiiitti'd,"'  siiys  Cliicf  .lustier  Maisliiill,  "  {]<<'  laws  for  tlic  ]iirsii- 
vat  ion  oC  oiii-  iicuti'aiity  would  lir  coiiiiilfti-ly  i-hnlcd.  N'cssrls  coniidi'tclv  lit  lid  in  cmr 
]ioi'ts  for  inilitiuy  cxiirditioiis  iircd  only  sail  to  a  licIli.Lji'rcnt  port,  and  tlicri',  iirin  (V 
tainiiii;  a  conniiissioii,  )X'>  llndn;;Ii  llu'  ci  rciiiony  of  disdiarniiii;  and  rc-cnlisliiii;  tli'ir 
(•rt'W.  to  iicconic  pii  lici  ly  Ic^iliniati'  ci  niseis,  jinrilied  from  every  taiiit  eontiaeiril  i; 
tile  plaee  \\  lieie  all  llieir  retil  forei-and  eapaeily  for  annoyance  was  aei|iiiie(l.  I'ii.s 
\V(Hiii|,  indeed,  lie  iVainliilent  nentiality,  disj^raLefiil  to  t air  own  (.ioveininent  am'  uf 
wliieli  no  nation  wonid  Ite  (lie  <lnMi'." 

l''or  the  reasons  herein  spccilied,  1  have  come  to  the  conclusion  in  ilh.' 
case  now  presented  of  the  I'-loiid.!,  thai  (Ireal  Uiitaia,  by  reason  of  licr 
omission  to  use  diU'  dili.ueuce  to  prevent  the  litt iiio' (»iit.  ariiiin^.  aihi 
eipiippiiiL;-  within  its  Jiirixlictioii,  <d'  thai  \essel,  and  lurther  of  her  oiniv 
sion  to  lorbid  tiie  crew  of  that  \essel   Iroin    making-  use   of  its  ports  ui 


I  ti  I 


)naMi(n>''  d'axoeats  parnii  les  jnristes  lis  pins  distin^iies  dn  royaiiinc,  doiit  nn  an  iii'ni-- 
h  doniie  son  avis,  i  in  )ient  en  tionvef  nn  exeniple  si^iiilieatif  dans  les  doeniiient^  "H 
Hont  tie  \  ant  nous,  t  'm-  lelle  «  ondnite  n"eiit  p.is  main  pie  de  se  soiiteiiir  a  la  loiij'  le  w: 
la  simple  fmee  de  son  liailiionie  iiiliee  avee  la  jiisliee  ,1  |c  droit. 

SiippoM  r  (pie  111  laelie  inoi;ile  im|iiiniee  a  line  1 1 ans.ict ion  de  eette  mitnie  piii" 
^1  re  (  It.iei'e  par  le  sini))le  ineideiil  irmie  visile  a  nil  lien  1.11  a  1111  autre,  sans  aiiiii:. 
rliiiiii^eineiil  nialeiirl  dii  eoi|>s  enlist  il  n.iiit  (pii  inspire  sa  eoiidiiite,  me  seinlde  altmlii;' 
i\  nil  ai'eideiil  la  veitil  ipii  n'appartii'iit  ipi'a  iin  exereice  de  la  \idoiiti'.  .Fe  tie  piii-..  I'l' 
oolisi  (|Melil,  aceorditr  a  eette  idee  aileiine  espcce  de  valelir.  I.evaisseail  liolillll'  i 
I'lorida,  a  iiion  point  <le  viic,  iioila  le  ineiiit'  eaeliet  indi'leliile  de  drslioniienr  de  >"'i 
hereeaii  .insijira  su  lomlic.  Kl  .j'al  eti-  iieiirenx  de  lioiiNcr  ipie  je  snis  eiitiereiiniit 
mipiiye  liaiis  eette  opinion  )>ar  I'aiiloiiti'  d'lin  des  jnristes  les  plus  t'miiients  de  iiin:! 
])ay."s  <!iii  iiil  .jamais  oeeii|ii' le  sii'-ge  !<•  plus  iiaiil  de  son  tiilninal  le  plus  I'li^ve,  .le  li 
Inmve  lapjioii.e  dans  nn  ties  volniiieM  soiiinis  a  iiotm  e.xaiiieii  |>ar  r;iitent  i!ii 
^Oll  Ve;  nemeiit  di-  sa  Majeste.  doni  je  \olls  ]irie  de  me  permettle  de  pii'seliter  I'lXtl.i" 
Hiiivant  eomme  fai.s.'int  iiiie  tin  liieii  appropriee  a  cet  avis: 

"Si  Ton  ailmetiai!  eeei.  ulil  liCliief  .1  list iee  .Marsliall.  I  les  loi.-,  jioiir  le  maiiilii' i '1'' 
noire  mntral'ie  seiaieiit  completement  i  linlees.  l>i- \ai>seaii\  entieienieiit  eipui"" 
duns  iios  pulls  pour  des  opt  ■rations  mil  it  aires  n'on;  «pi"a  faiiM  \  mlr  jiisipra  nn  port  lui- 
lineranl,  it  la.  apris  avoir  ohleuii  nm-  eommissn.n.  .-i  fane  la  eiieinoiiii'  de  lic'iiiii  r'i 
<le  n'eiiioloi  lein  ('-ipiipai;!',  |.oiir  tleviiiirdi  -  •  loiseiirs  parfaitement  li;;iiiiiies.  piiritii< 
de  toille  t;lelie  eo,,tiiieti-e  diuis  le  liell  on  tonte  lelir  foree  i  '  l.iir  )iiiii\  oir  de  nilile  "'' 
•He  aet|iiis.  t'e  nei-uit  eii  vi'-rili'  iine  iii  iitraliti'  tVandiilen.-.,  dislionoraiile  pour  iinn^ 
jtfople  }j;oilvcnie!>M'iit,  et  dollt  aileiine  liatioti  nc  seiait  1,1  dupe." 

I'onr  les  raisi  n,-,  .spcciiii'cs  eiilcssiis,  je  siiiH  arrivf  a  !a  nnieliisioii.  dans  le  eas  iniiiii- 
tenant  pr.  ^'iite  du  I'loiida.  <pie  le  (iraiide-liii'iari'ie — en  omettaiit  de  faire  iisaii'' il'"* 
"  dues  <; ■  ,  4.-nees  "  poiii'  emiH'clKM'  rari'iiii;i<'iiieiit,  rannemeiit  et  reipiipeinent,  d:itis  •.! 
jiiiisdi.  I  i.m,  de  ee  vaiss.'an:  et  di'  plus,  en  oiiiettanl  de  <lifiiidre  a  I'eipiipai^e  ile  n' 
Vtiitsuiiu  di^  so  bervir  de  .sc.i  port.s  ou  de  se.s  .^aiix  tominc  base  il'uperaliuii.s  cuhIil'W 


oriMONS  OF  yni.  a  dams. 


171 


wiitt'i's  ;i^<  <li(' basfi  oroporiitioiis  iiy;niMst  tlic  I'liilcd  States,  lias  I'ailrd 
tii  liillill  tlKMlntics  set  loitli  in  cafli  and  I'vciy  one  of  the  tlircc  iiilcs 
prcsciilKMl  to  tlu'  arldtrators  as  llu-ii-  <;iii(l('  undiT  tin.'  terms  of  tin; 
tri'iit.v  ol'  Washin;;t(»ii. 

Y. —  I  III;    A  I.  A I  JAM  A. 

Oil  til.  L'Uli  of.luiu',  1S(»L*,  ."Mr.  Adams  addressed  a  note  to  ICaii  iJiis- 
sell,  iciiiindin;;"  liim  of  the  represciilalion  lie  had  made  some 
li. Ill' before  toiwliin;;  the  «M|iii|)ment  of  t!u'  On-to,  and  allnd- 
iiiji:  to  tilt'  verilu-ation  of  liis  apint'lieiisioii  of  its  true:  destination. 

Ill  point  of  fact,  Lord  Itiisscll  had  had  in  his  hands  for  a  tortni;;'lit 
ii  coii.v  u{'  a  letter  of  ("ommamh'r  MeKillop  to  the  seia-etaiy  to  the  adini- 
iiiity,  whieh  has  already  been  (|note<l  in  the  memoir  on  the  i'lorida,  as 
iltiirly  iiidii!atin,i;'  the  eharaeter  of  that  ncsscI  and  its  destination. 

Her  -Majesty's  ;;dveriiment  had  then  had  no  reason  to  doiilM  as  to  the 
iiitine  of  the  vi;^ilanee  which  had  liecn  promised  on  the  part  of  her  olli- 
nisiit  liiverpool,  or  of  tl;e  manner  in  which  it  had  been  di'cei\ed. 

Mr.  Adams  then  proceeded  to  call  his  jorilship's  attention  to  another 
iiiid  more  remarkal»le  case  of  a  vessel  in  process  of  e(»nstrnct ion  at 
Livi'ipool,  in  the  yard  of  one  of  the  most  noted  Itiiildinn  linns  of  that 
place,  intended  for  t lie  same  purpose  as  d«'si;^nated  in  tl.'e  case  of  the 
Onto,  and  <'ontrolle(|  virtually  Ity  the  same  parties. 

.Mr.  Adams  at  the  same  i. me  transmitted  to  his  lordship  a  letter  from 
.Mr.  Dudley,  the  consul  of  the  I'liiled  .States  at  liivcrpool,  addressed  to 
liiiiisclf,  ;4i\  in;;' all  the  information  touehiiii;'  the  maiter  he  had  heeii 
alilt'  to  collect. 

On  tile  next  day  3lr.  ilammoiid.  on  hehalf  of  his  lordship,  addressed 
('lie  Ictier  to  the  secretary  to  the  tiea>ni\ ,  reipc-^i  in;:'  immediaie  iie,  li- 
lies to  he  made  respcctin;;  this  vessel,  vS:c..  in  the  eiistomary  form. 

At  the  same  time  he  addr»'ssed  amitlier  to  the  law-ollicers  of  the 
Crown,  liaiismiltiiij;' th;' note  of  .Mr.  .\d;iais  and  t  he  letter  df  .Mr.  hud- 
ley  fertheir  eonsidei'ation,  and  askiiii;  lor  .>ueh  o1».m'I\  ai  ions  as  they 
iiii;,^lit  have  to  make  on  the  subject. 


F.tals-t'iiis — ii'a  pas  rein  pi  i,  daiis'T  cas,  Icsdrv  .lirMcNpKsi'^daiiN  Ics  trois  ri'f^lcs  pirsiritcH 

■M\  lllliincs  ('iiiiiliii'  ;^lli(l(■^  il'ilpli'>  Ifs  Id  iiic  ■,  illl  tl.iili-  (le  \S'ar*llill^t(ill. 

l.'.VI.Ml  \M  A. 

I.i' ','1  juiii  l-i;-,'.  .M.  Atlains  adirssa  iiiie  iniic  mi  ('imiic  i.'usscll,  tin  rap]Hlant  la  ri'pii'^- 
M'!itali(iii  iin'il  i'\ail  I'aitr  i|iii'l<|iii-  tcinp.sanpai'av.-iiit  Imirliaiit  I'cijiiipi-iiii'iil  ilc  I'l  M'l-to, 
<l  lai^aiit   alliisioii   u   la  vi  lilir.il  ion   il<'  .-"Ui    ap|tri'lii'ii~-:iiii  >iii  la\rai<'  ilr^titialinii  <li- 

n  ini-ci. 

I'll  elVi't,  LiU'il  h'li'^si'll  a\  ail  ni  rii  Mialii-<.  )ii'iiilaiif  iiih'  i|iii!i/aiiir  <!('  jnins,  nut'  rnpii'  ilo 
1'  litlif  lilt  (•(Mimiaiidanl.  McKillup.  ati  ■.'•ciilaiii-  dc  rainiraiit  •.  ijiii  a  ili'ja  I'li-  citv-t) 
'!.iii>  If  liii'iiKiii'i'  Mir  li'  I'Iniida  cnaiiiii  iiMlh|iiaiil  (•!aii<iiii'iil  ]<■  earachri'  dt- cr  vais- 
waii  ct  fa  dcsiiiialiuii. 

I.v  );ipii\ci  iiciiH'iil  di'  sa  Majcr,lt'  ii'a\aii  ilonc  I'li  aiiciiiH'  r.-iisoii  puiir  doiHiT  di'  l:i 
"I  MIC  (If  la  vi;;ilancc  <|iii  a\  ait  ili'  pnniii^i'  dc  la  pail  At-  sex  oliicii'i's  a  l,i\  crponl,  ni 
'1'  1 1  iiiuiiicir  dmil  11  avail  I'lf  tmiiipi'. 

M.  Ailains  allira  eiisiiilc  ratlciitiiiii  ilc  sa  si'Ihiumm  ir  ^ur  iiii  aiitrr  ca.s.  jdus  rniiarijiia- 
''''•il'iui  vaisseaii  i-ii  ritiislriielion  a  Ijivi-rpnid,  ilaiis  '■•  riiaiitiiT  d'nii  i\r<  pins  lanii'iix 
""iMiiiciiairs  dc  cctlc  \  illl',  dcstini' an  iiii'-iiii' lint  ipi. ci'lni  ijiii  a  •'•n-  inditiiif  dans  lo 
la^  di'  |'(  )i(.tii  I't  riHil  iiili'  circclivi'iin'iit  par  It's  nn-nirs  pari  irs. 

M.  Adams  li-aiisniit  m  iiii'ini'  I  mips  a  sa  s('ly,iH'iiiii'  nin'  li'tiie  de  M.  I  •in'li-y.  li-  rdiisul 
"^  l.lats-1  jijs  a  I.ivi  rpdol.  adrcssi'i'  a  Ini-nn'ini',  diiinianl  tons  li-s  rfiisri'^iii'miiits 
'"ii'liaiil  I'^tli- all'aiiv  ijn'il  avail  pn  rassemldrr. 

'•'' liiiili'inain,  .M.  llaiiiiii-.iiiii,  an  nin\i  di-  sa  sii;;iii-iiiii',  adrcssa  niir  lrttr«' an  siTn-- 
1. 1  lie  lie  la  ur'siiii  ill',  d.ins  la  Imiiir  ordiiiaiif.  di-niandat'l  i|m"i)Ii  lit  iiiiincdiali'iiniii  iiiii) 
iiii.|ii(i|. ,.,  i',-.^f;,i.,|  ,1,.  ,.,,  vaissi'.in. 

l-iHiii  nil' temps  il   adri'ssa   iiiu'  li'Mre  an\  .-ivoeat s  dr  la  ('(inrni.iii',  en  traiisini'ttaiit 

iiHiii'iJi'  M,  .Vdam.s  I't  la  lit  I  if  de  .M.  I)iidli\,  pniir  c|ii'illis  I'lissrni  prises  m  rdiisidii- 
I  latum,  It  eu  dt'iuiuuluiit  k'sobsorvalion.s  ipiiLs  pouvaieiit  avnii  a  laire  hiir  va  Hiijiit. 


172 


AIUUTRATION    AT    GKXKVA. 


It  is  ])rpstiin(Ml  tliiil  this  Inst  incnsurc  \v;is  n  pri'dMition  ii(Mitioii;iI  |„ 
juivtliin;;'  tliiit  liad  Itrcii  doiic  in  f  iir  cmsc  of  tlic  <  Mfto. 

I"'ivi'  (l;ivs  liitcr  ;i  i('|K»rt  \v;is  niiidc  l»y  tlic  liiw ollicci's,  in  n'|ily  lo  ilns 
a]i)>li(':itiiMi,  ill  snltst.iiict'  to  tliis  ctlri-t  : 

if  till'  ri'iniMiiliiliiiii  iii.'iilc  liv  Mf.  Adams  i^  in  aiTdnliiiicr  witli  flic  faft«,  tlic  IniiM. 
iii;^  ami  ci|Mi|iiiiciit  ol'  ihc  stcainci'  is  a  iiiaiiiri'>t  \i(ilalii)ti  ol'  llic  l'iirci;^ii-ciilis|iii>';t 
act,  ami  steps  t>ii;i;lit  ti>  Itc  taken  to  |>iit  tlial  act  in  •'one,  ami  {<<  iniitnt  //n  (■(.■.«i7 /c,,,,, 

iJOilllJ    lit  Hilt. 

'I'liis  Wiis  ii  nTCiit  step  ill  iidviiiici'  of  iiiiyfliiiiy  tlint  liad  tiikni  iilaccin 
tli«'  loiinricasc.  It  In  My  ici'dniii/cd  the  duty  ut'  iircvnitidii,  and  sli'iiii;;iv 
rrcoiiiim'iidt'd  liiat  |trn|icr  steps  lie  takcii  l>y  llic  aiitlH)iiti('>;  at  lavci 
]i()()l  tu  asrcrlain  tlir  liiitli,  and  it' siil)ii-it>iit  rvidmcc  could  lie  oltlaiiml 
tojiistily  pi(>c«'('diii;;s  under  the  act.  to  take  siicji  proceedings  ;is  simui 
as  possilde. 

N'Mihin^i' eoiild  lie  more  satislMctoiy  than  tliis  dire<'tion.  If  il  ii;ul 
been  eanie(l  out  in  its  s])irit  Itv  tlie  parties  wlio  liad  it  in  eliar.uc,  tlnii^ 
is  little  reason  to  doubt  that  the  jrojicy  pointed  out  would  lia\e  Immi 
ell'ected. 

i'.nt.  it  appears  more  than  douUlfnl  whetlier  tliis  injiinetion  produ.vil 
tlie  smallest  elVeet  upon  tlie  parties  conceiiie(| ;  tor  it  could  'lard'iy 
liave  readied  its  destination  hetoie  tlie  time  at  wliicli  tlie  report  of  iln' 
(•ominissioneis  of  the  eiistoins  was  made  up.  That  repojt  was  deaih 
made  in  answer  to  the  earlier  letter  of  Mr.  Ilaminond  <»f  the  'J.")tli;  tm 
the  reports  of  Mr.  S.  I'rice  l-'alwai  ds,  the  collector,  and  ol'  !•'.  Muil^hii. 
.surveyor  at  Liverpool,  dated  the  L'Sth  instant,  iiichtsed  therein,  piiidl. 
l)y  two  <la>s  the  opinioti  of  the  law  olliceis.  No  allusion  ap]»(ars  tti  \»- 
uiade  to  it  in  this  reply.  The  siilistaiice  of  it  is  the  admission  of  tic 
i'act  that  the  vessel  is  intendc'l  for  a  ship  of  war.  lint  no  e\  ideiHc  Ii.in 
been  produced  of  its  dest  innl  ion  siiflicietil  to  inslily  pioceediiius,  aini 
unless  the  consul.  Mr.  I  Midlcy,  should  be  able  |(»  stilniiit  such  e\i<|cii.i 
to  the  collector  ol  the  port,  any  attempt  t(»  seize  tliexcssel  wmilil  i  n.l 
only  in  entailing'  iij)on  the  parties  com-erned  very  serious  conseipiriiic. 


On  |iciil  prisiinicninc  crttcilcrnicrt'  mi'surc  I'tail  luictirf-caiitinn  en  pins  dc  tniu  iti|':: 
aviiit  cic  tail  dans  !c  cas  dc  I'Orciu. 

('im|  jcniis  plus  tard,  nn  cNp(i>c  tni  la  it  ]iar  ccs  ■•ni'iicicrs,"  en  ri'piinsc  a  cettc  deiiiaii'i. . 
cinilenanl  en  siilisiaiiec  ee  ijiii  siiii  : 

•'  .si  hi  I  ipiesenlal  inn  I'aitc   par  M.  Adams  est    d'aeenrd  a\  ee   les  tails,  la  enlist  i  iiri'  < 
«'t    I'l'ipiipi'inenl    dii  s|,aniei-   sunt    line  \  ielal  inn   manifcstc  dn   /""/'nV" '"'''•'"""''"'■ '' 

lies  niesllles  dniselil  et  re  prises    iiniir    laiie  i\.  illler  <el    act    et    \nmv  inifnihn'  U    vai^'<^ 
ill  jHnlir." 

C'eiait   nil   ci'iiud  prncres  siir  tniii  cc  i|iii  avail  eii  lien  dans  le  eas  pnei'ileiit.    ( >' 
cxpnse  ieei)nnai>-sait  iileineineiit   le  devoir  dc /))•('(•(  );(■)'.  ct   rceninniaiidait  t'oi  leiaeiit 'p 
ties  incstircs  citiiveiiiildcs  Inssent  prises  par  les  antoritt's  <lc  lavcrjinid  imiir  eniistatri  !i 
v"iiti',  ct  si   I'tin  (iiiiivait  nldenir  des  iirciivcs  siillisanles  pniir  Jiisiiiier  des  iiouisiiii'> 
eniit'nrineincnt  a  raetc,  pnnr  |n'endrc  res  nu'snres  aiissiii'it  i|nc  pnssildc. 

Ii'ieii  He  pniivail  elie  pliis  sat isfaisaiit  (pic  ei's  direetinns.  Si  elles  avaieiil  etc  siliM-' 
dans  eet  esprit  par  les  partii'sipii  en  etaient  eliar^fi'cs,  il  y  a  pen  dc  nintils  dc  doiiirf 
ipic  la  eniidnilc  indii|iiee  anraii  etc  ctli'acc. 

Mills  il  parall  jdiis  i{ne  dniitcns  (pie  eet  le  injinnt  inn  pmdiiisU  Ic  ninindrc  cllil -if 
cciix  (pi'ellc  eniieiiiiait.  (arelle  aiiiiit  a  peine  i>n  alt(in(!>'c  ha  dest  inalioii  a>a!it 
rcpnipic  on  t'nt  eeiil  le  rapport  des  eninniissaires  des  dmiancs.  Cc  rapp(Ml  I'lit  I'viilcin- 
ineiil  tail  en  n  pniisc  a  la  pree<  ileiiie  lettre  dc  M.  llaninimid,  dii  -.">,  ear  les  lapi'mi-'l 
M.S.  I'riee  I'.dw  aids,  le  receveiir.  et  dc  .M.  I).  MiMj^aii. '<iMT(  i/iw  dc  l,i\  crpnol,  (laii^ 'i'l 
ti"',  ((iii  y  elaieiil  renl'eiines,  pi'i>cc(1">it  dc  d<".;v  jniirs  I'avis  ties  "ollicieis  dc  la  Ini.  'i 
ii'y  est  tail  aneniie  allnsinii  dans  ecttc  ri'ponsc,  I, a  siilistanec  en  est  radinis>iiiM  <l: 
fait  (pic  li<  vaisseaii  est  dcstiiK'  a  ("'frc  nn  \aisscaii  dc  j;ncrrc  ;  inais  i|iraiiciinc  pi'iivc!' 
sa  desiinatioii  u'a  ('le  (n'odnite  (|iii  siillise  a  Jiistilier  (les  poni'snites,  et,  (jiTa  nmiii-- m'" 
le  consul,  M.  |tn(lle\ ,  nc  jiiif  prodiiire  line  t  die  preii\ c  an  rceeveiir  dn  port,  toiiie  i' 'i 
tativc  dc  s.iisir  Ic  vais-icaii  n'alinntirait  (pra  attircr  sur  les  poiirsiiix  ants  des  cHU-i- 
(iUemcs  Ircs-seiii'iisi.'S. 


Ol'IMONS    OF    Ml{.    AMAM8. 


17:5 


Tlic  ifpori  of  the  coimiiissioiier.s  teniiinatt'S  in   the  t'U.stoiiiar;\  lonii, 

til  «  il  : 

\Vi' lir;;:  ti)  v.tlil  Hint  llif  (tlVncrH  at  Livcriniol  will  Uccp  a  stiirt  \v;tl<li  o'l  tlir  vcssi-l, 
;i!ii|  lliMi  ;!iiy  riii'llicr  iiil'iiniiation   tlial   may  he-  iilitaiiiol  ciiiirrriiiii;;'  lirr  will  lie  rurili- 

Wllll  MlMll  hi|. 

Oil  II  lirst  cxiiiniiialion  this  ])arayia|»!i  woiiltl  scciii  by  its  tciius  to 
imply  a  jirdiiiisc  in  tlir  iialnic  (»!'  a  |»lcil,i;i' of  rnnsinnl  vinilancc  ;  Init 
ii|iiiii  ('i)Mi|KU'injL;'  tin*  iiliiascs  wiili  tlit-  almost  idcniicai  otirs  nsr*l  in  tlic 
|iric('(lin,u  i'asc  ol'llic  Oicto,  an<l  ohscrvin;^  the  n-snlts  wliicli  liappcncil 
HI  hiitlMMsi's.  it  ninsi  he  inlriKMl  tliat  it  was  rcuaidt'd  l»y  tlic  pailu's 
i.;ily  Its  one  of  the  est  a  I  (11  shed  loiiiis  oj'  rndin;;  a  dispatfli. 

A  copy  of  tliis  jcpoit  was.  (»n  the  liii  ol  -Inly,  transmit IimI  to  Mr. 
Aihiiis.  with  a  ictpicsl  tliat  tin'  I'liitcil  States  cdnsnl  at  I,i\  fiponl.  Mr. 
Pmllry,  sill  Mill  I  he  in  si  rne  tell  to  si  1 1  tin  it  to  t  lie  e(»llee|or  of  tiie  eiistonis 
N,i('li  cvideliee  as  lie  iiii;;lil  possess  teinlin;;'  lo  show  tinil  liis  siisjticioiis 
aslotlie  th'Slinal  ion  of  tile  vessel  were  well  loninhMl. 

Tilt' name  of  tiiis  eolleelor  was  S.  I'liee  IMwanls.  and  I  liave  already 
hail  oceasioii  to  point  oiil  in  my  examination  ol°  ilie  destination  ol'  the 
Ori'fo  tlie  very  peculiar  sil  nation  in  which  he  was  jdaced  Ity  ilie  repre- 
Mutations  on  that  subject  made  l>y  liim  at  that  time  to  Her  Alajesiy'.s 
;'ovi'rniiieiit. 

Mr.  hiidh'V,  ill  accordance  with  Air.  .\dams*s  inslriictioiis.  aecordinj;ly 
;iii(ln'sse(l  to  .Mr.  Ilduards.  on  the  IMh  duly,  a  letter  !' I'liisliiii;;'  a  loll^• 
;iiiay  of  details  as  to  the  nature  anil  soiin'it  of  the  information  he  had 
iilitaiiicd.  and  pro\  idin;;',  as  it  would  appear,  almndaiit  means  of  prose- 
iiiliii;;  fiirllier  impiiries  if  tlieie  were  any  inclination  so  to  do. 

To  this  letter  Mr.  S.  Price  l-Mwards  replied  l»y  proniisini;'  that  lu« 
wiiiilil  suhinit  it  to  tlii>  coiisiilcral  ion  of  the  lioarti  of  customs,  lie  did 
ii<il  tail,  however,  to  add  an  expression  of  opinion  that  the  statements 
iiiaiic  ii.v  him  must,  lirst  of  all,  l>e  snltstantiated  by  evidence  tnrnished 
iiy  liiiiiself. 

iJiil  this  Mr.  S.  I'rice   lOdwards  happened  to  have  received  from  tlie- 


\.i'  i.iii|Mirt  (Ic's  t<iiiniii.-.>air('s  sr  icniiiiir  ilaiis  la  rniiiii'  onliiiaiii'.  I'l'slaMliri-  ; 

".Villi".  |iriiiiis  il'a  jiiMlcr  i|iir  l'"<  iil'lirii'is  di-  l,i\  i  r|iii.il  ••xi'iriMiiMl  iiiii-  •*iirvrillanri> 
MMifsur  li'  sai>-i'aii  d  (pn'  tmil  ri'iisi'iniiiMiiciit  iilii-riciir  i|iii  iiiniiiaii  i-iic  (ililiiiii  In 
r''iii  riiiaiit  sera  lapiiiirti'  sur  Ic  <'liaiii|i.  " 

\  nil  |Mi'iiiiiT  cxaiiii'ii,  cr  |iitra^ia|ilir  si'iiilili'iait  |iar  Irs  trniir.-.  iiii|ilii|iit'r  iiiic  |ii'ii- 
iiirssr  (laiislc  jiiMiri'  il'iiii  riiy:a;iriiii'iil  (I'mic  vigilance  (•unsiaiih' ;  mais  ni  i-iiiii|iaraiit  ci'H 
|iiiiasrs,  a  ci'llcs.  |ii'i'si|iriili'iii  ii|iirs,  i|iii  sunt  tiiniliiM'i's  ilaiis  Ir  c.as  |ii'i'i'i-ilrnt  ilo 
I'lMi'in,  fi  i!i  n'ihaii|iiaiil  Ics  ii'siilia' s  ani\i-.  dans  Ics  ilniv  cas,  mi  |ii'iil  rii  ciiiii'liiri) 
iiii'il  ii'i  lait  roiisidi'ic  |iar  Irs  piirlirs  i|Ui'  ciiiiiiiii-  iiiii'  drs  I'imiui-.s  rialilit'<  |)(>iii'  trriniin'i' 
mil'  ili|H  I'iii-.  I  lu'  coiiir  di-  rr  ia|ipi)rl  In!  I  r.nisinisi',  Ic  t  jiiilli't,  a  M.  .Vdaiiis,  a\  fc  iino 
iliiniiiidc  ipi,' Ic  ccinsiil  dfs  r.l.ais-i  iiis  a  l,i\ ciikhiI  I'lii  rliar;;i' dr  sKiinii'ltrc  an  rm'\ciir 
i!''Mliiiia!ii's  Idles  pi'i-nvi's  (pril  pmiirail  |tii>si'd('r  Iciidaiil  a  munlrrr  i|iii'  scs  siiiipriiiis 
'I  ri';;aid  dr  la  drsl  iiiat  inn  dn  vaisseau  itaicnt  )iii-ii  rnndi-s. 

1,1' 1111:11  df  rr  iiTix  ('111  riail  S.  I'rii'o  l",d\v  aids,  d  j'ai  di'ja  ni  riMcaNinii  d'iniliipii'r, 
il:iii>  innii  (•\aiiii'ii  di'  la  di'stiiialion  t\r  roiclo.  la  siinatinn  tics-parl  iciilii-ii'  dans 
l:ii|iirlli' il  iiait  plai'y,  par  Ifs  irprrsi-ntal niiis  (pTil  lii  a  n'  snjri,  a  crili'  I'pnipir,  ail 
K'lii^ii'iMiiifnt  dc  sa  .Majcsti'-. 

.^l.  iMidlfV,  sidoii  Us  iiisti  iictionsdi'  M.  Adanis.adn'ss  1  ni  niiisi'i|iii'ni  r  a  M.  I'.dward.s, 
li' '•'.jiiilli'l,  line  |(in;^iii'  Ictli't",  t'lMU'iiissant  iiiif  si-rii'  dc  iTiisi'i;xniMiii'iits  siii-  |a  iialiin'  rt 
ii's  ?iiiiii-cfs  dt's  inloiiiiatiiins  cpi'll  a\ail  idilciiiics,  ct  doiiiiaiit.  a  cr  ipril  scnildait,  dcs 
iiiiiyciis  aliiiiidaiits  vie  pnnrsiiivrc  dcs  ciKpiflis  nltciiciiics  s'il  y  avail  ipiidi|nc  disposi- 
tiiiii  a  ell  I'airc, 

A  rctic  Iclirc  M.  S.  I'lici-  ICdwiirds  rcpoiidit  iii  prnnifllant  ipi"il  la  sumncttiait  ;i 
l<'>.aiiii'ii  di's  coiiiiiiissaii'i'.s  di's  dniiancs.  II  in  inampiail  pas  ccpcndanl  d'ajoiih-r  iino 
I'Xliri'ssion  i\r  Kiiii  (ipiiiiiin  i|iii-  Ics  allirniatiniis  dc  .M.  Itinllcy  dcvaiciil  ciic  avanl  tout 
vi'iiliiis  par  divs  prciivi's  loimiifs  jiai  Ini-nicnic 

Miii.s  CO  .M.  .S.  i'licu  Kdw(inl.H  8«  Irouvuit  avoir  ri'vu,  »lii  aiciiif  consul,  oiiviioii  troiu 


174 


ARniTKATIOX    AT    (!K\KVA. 


I!  ^ 


H.'uiK'  consul,  'S\y,  Dndlry,  nciirly  tlircc  \v(M'ks  lu'lorc,  ii  IrHcr  ;;i\iii;; 
liiiiiiy  (Icliiils  sfioiijily  poiiiliii;:'  lo  tlit'  dcstiiiiilioii  of  this  Ncssrl.  wlii,!," 
.so  I'iir  ;is  npiu'iiis  IVoiii  tlu'si'  |»ii|)«'rs,  must  liiivc  Ix-cii  ciitiifly  siipimsMi!. 
It  liiis  Ik'cii  jMihlislicd  in  one  ttf  tlit^  lati'st  volnnics  of  tlic  p:i|ii'is  hi,. 
pendrd  to  I  lie  Anicriciiii  ciisr.  IrMiionly  ;Mconnt  lor  this  oniissimi  ii|i,,| 
i  lie  supposition  1  liiil,iis  Ml'.  1  >ii(llt'.\'s  Ii'ilcr  Jiddrt'sscd  to  Mr.  A d inns  on  ih,. 
lollouin;^'  diiy  liinl  lonnd  its  \v;iy  to  Inni  soon  iilirr.  he  inlrircd  tluit  , 
not  it'i'  of  till'  I;itl<'r  won  Id  do  lor  Ixttli.  'V\\v  \\w\  re 'idly  is.  Iiowcvit.  tlmr 
tlic  i'\  idcncc  is  of  a  dilVci'cnl  kind,  >ind,  tlion;;li  not  drcisiNc  in  itsii^. 
Wiis  cidcnhdrd  to  opt'ii  ii  way  to  further  invest i.i;jilion  if  siirh  wncl, 
siii'tl. 

The  h'tlcrof  Ihc'.Mh  .Inly  was  rcli'rrnl  to  t  lie  solicit  or  of  the  cnstoins,  Mr. 
llanicl,  who  replied  in   the  cnstonniry  manner — ••  insidlicient  e\  idciuc." 

On  the  i.">lli  of  .Inly  tin-  commissioners  of  customs  wrote  toil., 
('((Ihetor  of  Li\eipool  jo  the  same  cIVect,  and  on  the  ITtli  copii- ,  i 
papers  were  sent  to  the  ticasiiry  Ibi'  the  inltamation  )»f  the  loidsciiin 
niis.sioners. 

'i'lius  it  apjM'ars  that  three  wteks  liad  passed  since  the  iiijunctinii  lui,! 
niioii  the  authorities  ol  tln>  customs  at  Liverpool  to  ascertain  the  iimli. 
ami  not  a  syllalde  had  liecn  r(  turnc.!  to  them  e.Nceptin.u  of  a  ne;Lr:ili'>> 
chariicler.  No  snllicient  evidence  of  intenlion  oll'cred  to  t hem.  ami  im 
dispo.vition  to  search  lor  an.v  ;  that  was  the  sum  of  Ihe  whole  matttr. 

'I'iifd  of  vvailin;.;  for  the  action  of  Her  Majesty's  ;;overnnH'i;;.  \\\. 
Adams.  (Ill  tlie  iTih  .Jiilv.  wrote  instructions  to  Mr.  Dudley  to  eiii|il(i\  .i 
solicitor,  and  ^ct  up  allida  v  its  to  hiv  Itelure  I  he  cod  eel  or.  'I'iiat  n  Ulcer  liail 
had  almndant  rea.sou  to  know,  in  the  ca>e  of  the  Oreto,  how  tlifticiih  i: 
v.as,  in  ;i  city  swanaiii^  with  s\  iiipal  hi/.rrs  in  the  siici-css  of  t  licsr  ml 
Ventures,  fur  him  to  lind  iiciskiis  w  iio,  Iiowcv  cr  clcai  ly  they  ini.uht  Kimw 
V  hat  was  L;oin,u' on,  were  not  al  all  disposed  to  siiltji-ct  themselves  to  tlir 
odium  allcudiii;;'  a  imltlic  declar.ition  of  thetrulh.  He  did,  Iiowi'Mi. 
by  the  L'lst,  siic<'eed  ill  procuring  si.\  persons  ready  to  take  liiciidi 
positions  Itefore  the  collector.     The  process  was  completed,  and  thrcul 


Sfiiiiuiirs  aiiparavaiil,  niic  pii'iiiii  re  li'tlir  ii'iilVriiiant  tuicr  ilrtails,  iloiiiiitnt  a  fiitriiihi 
(jiril  .>'ani,s>ait  (if  la  ilfsl  iiialiiiii  ilii  vaisvi-aii.  ijiu,  aiUaiit  ijii'il  rrssorl  dc  ccs  tlmiiiiiiiiiv 
iloivi'iU  aMiir  v\r  cnl iiTitiiicnt  siipiiiiiiii's,  lis  nal  I'li'  |)iililii  s  ilaiin Ics  tli'rniri.s  \mIiiiii<< 
(IfN  (liK'iiiiitMU.s  amii'S<''.-<  a  I'fXjtiiNf  aiiii'i  icaiii.  .Ii'  iic  )iiiis  i'\|ilii|iici'  cfi  {r  niiiissiiiii  i|iii' 
par  la  .sii|ii>(isiiiiMi  i|H(',  ciiiiiiiH'  la  Ifilir  ailif^.Ni  ,•  a  M.  Atlauis  U\  It'inli-iiiaiii  liii  iiiit 
paivcmif  liifiUul  apri's.  il  m  roiirlnl  (|iriiiM'  inrnlimi  <lf  la  ilciiiiiic  \alail  pniir  fiiiii>N 
Wx  dfiix.  Lc  fait  rii  iraliti'  I'.-^l  (cprihiaiif  ijiic  la  |irrnvi'  f.si  (I'mik'  f-.ji,.ci-  diHi  rnilr.  .! 
(|iiiiiipic  iiiiii  il((i>ivc  fii  clli'-iai'iiir,  rill'  t  lait  calciilti'  pom  (iiiviii  la  \  nir  a  ilrs  ncliri- 
(Ik^  iilh  1  ii'iiit  s,  si  on  \onlail  'i-.s  lain-. 

i.a  It  III!'  (Ill  '.t  jiiilli  I  lilt  <ii\o\cr  an  solliriiciir  ilcs  doiiaiii's,  M.  Ilaiiii'l,  '|iii  i'i']iMiii!ii 
dc  la  iiiaiiiirf  nidliiairc,  "piciixcs  iii>iii)i>aiilrs." 

I.f  l.'i  jiiillii,  lis  col  111  II  issa  ills  dcsiloiiaiics  I  ii  i\  uciit  an  rcccvciir  dc  Liverpool  ihiii-  If 
inciiic  liiii,  ct.  Ic  17,  dcs  c\ciiiplaircs  dcs  dociiinciits  rnrcnl  cnvoyi-s  a  la  trcson'iir  imiir 
I'inroi'iiial  ion  dcs  loids  coinniissaiicH, 

Aiiisi  il  paiail  >|iicliois  scinaincs  s'ciaicnl  pa.sscs  dcjiiiis  <|iic' riiijoiiclion  avjiit  •!• 
I'aitc  aii\  aiiltii'ilcs  dcs  diniancs  dc  liivcrpool  dc  .s'assincr  ties  tails,  c|  pas  iinc  sylli^i' 
n'as'ail  cic  rcmiiM'c,  si  cc  \\\'s\  d'liii  caractcrc  ni'jjatil*.  "  Point  dc  prciivc.s  .siiOi^iiiii''^ 
d'iiitciiiioii  ■'  lie  leiir  t't.iiciit  I'oMinics,  »•(,  point  ilc  di.spiisidon  a  cii  t'liciclier  iMis-iiii'iiii^ 
N'oila  Ic  n  siiinr-  dc  Ionic  falVaire. 

Lasse  dill  tciidre  raclion  dii  ;.;oiivcriicinent  dc  sa  Majcsli',  M.  AdaiiiH  ccrix  it.  li- 1' 
Jnillct.ilcs  iiisiniit  ions  a  M.  Dudley  aliii  d'ciiiploycr  iin  "a\  (iiii''' cl  dc  faac  iMiii' il.- 
«li''claial ions  ecriicN  el  aninm  cs  par  scrnicnt  a  porter  dcvaiit  Ic  reccvenr.  Cctnlti'i'i 
avail  en  dcs  raismis  iioinlnciiscs  iionr  ap|nciidic  a  coiiiiait  ic.  dans  Ic  cas  dc  roivi". 
coiiiliicii  il  liii  ctail  dilticilc,  dans  iiiic  villi-  t'oniniillant  dc  ;tcns  .synipatliiijiics  aii  siin'" 
dc  CCS  avcni nrcs.  dc  \roiivcrdcs  pcrsoniics  ipii  ipioii|n'cllcs  pnssciil  sat  oir  claiii'iiiin' 
v.v  ijiii  sc  passait,  I'lisscnt  Ic  iiioins  dii  nioiidc  disposi'cs  a  s'cxposer  a  rodiciiN  ipii  '''H' 
atladie  a  line  dirlaral  ion  piililii|nc  dc  la  veiilc.  II  M'lis.sil  ccpciidaiit,  Ic  "Jl,  :i  sc  pi"- 
curur  SIX  pcranuucs  prcles  a  dcioscr  tlevaiit  le  recovcur.    L'all'airo  I'lit  tcrmiin'e  et  li' 


OPINIONS    (»!'    MR.    A  HAMS. 


(.) 


|,rtor  tiMiisiiiiltcd  tliciii  oil  tlic  L'lM  (u  IIii'  romniissioiKMs  of  nistoiiH, 
wild  liiiii*l*-tl  tliciii  to  the  solicitor,  who  |irniii|)tly  i'«'tiii'iiril  liis  ciistoiiisiry 
,i.|ilv— -no  siillifitiit  cv  idciin'/'     lint  tlic  liiilcd  Stiitrs  iiiithoiit  v  iiii;;lit 

_     .      *..     .    t.tit     fill*     «-iiwCitl      'if      tlliilli     JhVV-ll      IMcl- 


IV  to  >io|»  tlu'  M'.s.sci  iit  their  own  risl 


Il\  [0  Mop  I  n*    \  t'.'iM'i  ill    iiM'irowii  I  iniv. 

lliit  thfic  Wi'iT  two  iiilhU'iKM's  iiowcoiiV('f;;in;;:  Iroiii  (litVcrciit  (|i!iii1t'iH 

wllji'il  Ut'li'   (h'stincd    to    thrciltt'li    thf    slli;;;;ish    ollircis  of  the  cll^tniiis 

Willi  n-spoiisihililii's   niiich  ^rt-ntcr  tliiiii   tiMar  solicitor  li:iil  l;il>oi'i>i|  to 

•  1....II'    Ill    llli>     l*llill>ll     ^^l'.ltlX 


liiKW  iipDii  the  I'liilcd  States 


IhlitW  upon  Hie  y    iiiieii  oi.iies. 

Till' line  proceeded  iVoin  the  rniled  St.ifes  ai;eiils,  who  had  ii^stiiiied 
:lii'  i-iitire  lahor  ot'  pioeiii  in;;'  eii^ht  depositions  to  prove  what  slionid 
liivc  hceii  estahlisheil  iiy  the  ener;4y  of  Her  .Majest_\*s  ;;dverninenl  it- 
.,.!i_tlie  inti-nt  and  desl  ination  of  the  ynidioal.  iJiit  the\  seem  seaicely 
lilv.'lv  to  have  had  an.\  chance  of  Wii;:iht  if  supported  e\cliisi\  dy  l»>  the 
aiilJioiitN  of  their  Jiid;;nieiit  alone.  'I'he  lirst  ssniptuin  now  appeai'ed  of 
till' |iiissihilit>  of  a  doiilit  of  tin*  policy  which  had  heeii  iiiaiked  out  l)V 
till  riisloins  solicitors.  The  papers  had  heeii  siilnnitled  to  the  coiisider- 
itiiiii  of  an  einiiient  uciitleiiian  ol  the  law,  a  C^>iiecii's  coiiiisedor.  Mr.  It. 
I  r. Ciillier,  wiio,  in  reply,  ;;a\e  the  follow  inj;' as  his  tlelilierate  opiiuoii : 

Mi:H<' jx'i >i-<i-<l    till' iiliiiv  I' iilli  l;i\  lis,  anil   I   niii  nC  ii|iiiiii>ii  tiiat    tin   ruili'i'inr  u|'  cus- 

l<Mii«  wiiiilil    lie   jiisl  ilii'il  ill  ili'lainini;  ill)'  M'>^rl.      iuili  nl.  I  -IikmIiI    lliiiikil  i'-liisi|iiiy 

'Hill  I  III  II  lirr.  anil  Ilia  I  il',  al'lrr  llir  a|i|>li('.il  inii  w  liirh  \\;{^  Itci'ii  inaili'  In  liiiii.  '^ii|i|iiii'ti'i| 

I '.\  llir  cv  iilriici' \\  Ii'h'Ii  lias  lici'ii  hiiil  lifl'iiri' mi',  III' alluv,  ^  ilif  vosi'!  IoIi'mm-  I.i\  ii|iiiii|, 

'  L'  »ili  iiiiiir  a  lna\y  ir>|Miiisiliilily,iir  w  liiili  tlir  Imanl  uT  cii-linn*,  iimlir  w  Iimnc  diiiM;- 

I  "ii>  ill' aiipcais  111  III'  acliii'^.  iiiiist  take  tin  if  ^liarr. 

Tlic  last  sent'  "ice  was  the  most  si^iiiilicant  of  all.     It  was  this: 

it  \mH  ili'SrlM'S  ('(ill>i(li  r.lliiill    W  ili'llicr.  if  IIh'   vrssrl    111'  .iljiiuril    III  i'>i'a|ii'.  llic  I'lilc- 

I ,!  iliiMi  iiini'iil  wiiiilil  mil  liaxi'  siiiniis  ^rniiiiils  nf  n'iiiiiii-.|  I  anil'. 
I    Tlic  idea    that,   iiislead   of    a    respoiisiliilily   for  stoppiii;;-  the   \r.->scl 
I'udwii  ii|)on    the  I'liitcd    Slates,  there  was  to  lie  a  respon.siliility  to  l>e 
iiii|iits('(l    upon  the  customs  authorities  and   llieir  superiors  in  ollice,  aje 
I'i'.iis never  to  ha\ c  entered  into  their  conception.    It  w  as  like  a  I  hiinder- 

l.i.  : 1.  ....  ..I. .. 


i"il!  ill  a  clear  skv. 


ruivriir  trmisiiiit  <i's  ilt'iinsithms.  Ic  '2*»,  aiix  cunimissairrH  di'-*  iliiii.iiics,  i|ii!  Ics  mniri'iif 
jar,  Miljiiiiiiir.  i)iii  iii\i'\a  iimiii|ili  iiniil  sa  iipiiiiM'  indiiiain  :  "  iiuini  dr  jnciivrs  sniii. 
I  Millie;  iiiai.s  ijiic  Irs  l!lals-l  iii  ^  |iiiii\  a  iiiil  essay  <'r  d'a' Tclir  !i'  \  aisscaii  a  liiii  s  risinus 
1 1'  |iiiil>." 

MaiN  il  y  av  ill  iliiis  iiillni'iii'i'K  iuMvn;;i','iiif  ainis  ili'  iliiii  iriils  |iiiiiils,  ijiii  I'lairiit 
IdiMiin  IS  a  niriiarrr  li's  |iai(s^iM\  (iriicin-.  ilrs  iliiiiants  iriiiu'  ns|iiiii>.aliijili-  Ih.-iik  niii* 
|l'li'>  :;i;iiiili'  i|iii'  I'i'lli'  i|iii'  li'iir  siillicilriir  a\ail  clii'ii'ln'  a  icJi'Iit  siii'  it's  lllals-l'iii.s. 

i.'iiiii- |iiiiii  il.iii  (li's  a',;i'iils  (l(  >  i;ials-liii.s  i|ui  avaiciil  assiiiii''  Imili'  la  cliaijir  ilii 
|]'!"iiiiri- liiiil  ilriiiisiiiiiiis  |iiiiir  |ir(iu\  t'l'  ('(•  i|iii  aiiiail  ilii  rlri'  I'laliji  par  I'l  iii'iuif  du 
L'<ii\i'niriiii'iii  dr  .sa  Maji'sti'  iiii-iiir'iiir,  Ir  lint  el  la  ili-sl  Jiiatiiiti  <li-  la  laiKMiiiii-ri-, 
jM.iii  ii  M'lnlilc  jiiMi  jii'iilialili'  (lu'cllts  amaiiiil  cii  aiiciiiii'  vali'iir  si  cllr.s  avaifitt  I'ti'- 
|ii;tii.\i'is  I'NcIiisiM'iiiciii  )iar  I'aiiluritc  ilc  li'iir  iirmnc  Jii;^t'iiii'iil  sriil.  Alms  paint  Id 
|j'i<i:iii'i' >i;;n<>  dc  la  piissiliiiiti' d'nn  iliiiili'  siir  la  ciiiiilnili'  i|ni  avail  I'li-  indii|iit'i' par 
ll's  Milliiilinifi  ill's  dniiaiii's.  l,is  diicnnii'iils  avaii'iil  itf  suiiiiiis  :i  rtsanii'ii  il'mi 
[('M.iiii'iil  {iiriM'iiiiMiIti'  ill'  la  I'riiK',  M.  II.  I'.  Cullii'i',  ipii  m  ripmisi'  diniiia  cc  qiii  .suit 
|t'i;iiiiii'  Mill  avis  ri'if'i'lii  : 

•I'lii  I'tiidir  U's  olliihiiih  I  i-dcssns,  tt  ji'  siiis  d',i\is  i|ii('  li'  irci'Vcnr  ill's  iliiuaiics 
ji' i;iii  liii'U  dc  I'ctrnir  w  \aisscan.  I'ln  ilVct,  jr  pi'iisnais  iinc  r'l'sl  son  dcvnir  ilo  In 
JMiMii',  rt  i|Ui',  si  ii)in'H  la  drinaiiili'  ipii  Ini  a  I'li'  failr,  appnyrc  par  Irs  iiii'inrs  (|iii  unt 
1]  '  )"  ^l-,  (levant  mm,  il  iieriiiel  an  xaissean  de  i|nirei'  LiNcipniil.  il  em  oiiria  nm- 
)  '<pmisaliilil>'.  dmit  le  '  Imaiil  nt' ensimns,'  smis  les  diieclimis  (lni|ni'l  il  seinlile 
|iii '..  11.,,    prenile  sa  part." 

'"'  ili'i  xcre  phrase  etait  la  pins  .si;inilic.itive  ile  Imiles.  I,;i  vniei :  ••  II  rmi\  ienl  liien 
I'  "  . -!<!■  fiT  hi,  dans  le  cas  oii  on  laisserait  ei'liaiip^-r  le  vaissean,  le  (iimvcrneinent 
I''    '  ^  'I'.iirail  pas  de  sei'ieiix  nidlil'sdi'  leinmiliaiues." 

•  111.  1-  ipi'.-in  lii'ii  d'nne  lespmisaliilile  pmir  la  saisie  dn  vaissean  rejetre  siw  lis  fllats- 
|<  iii^  il  (liv.'iit  y  aviiir  line  lespmisalnlite   a   iinpii'«iM'  .'in\    antmites  des  dnnanes  et  u 
'11'' Mi|iiiienr.s,  Mi'inlile  alms  lire  eiiliee  piiiir  la  [iri'miere  lois  dans  kia  i.'ipril.     L'e  I'ut 
It'iiiiiia'  nil  coup  (k'  toiiuern'  dans  iiii  cii;l  siirciii. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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1:40 


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om 


s 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WES  I  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  87,-4503 


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ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


P' 


The  assistant  solicitor  of  customs  iuimcdiatoly  sought  to  put  hiinsolf 
luuler  the  protection  of  thi^  law-olticers  of  the  Crown.  INIeanwhilo  tlic 
same  i^ajiers  had  been  transmitted  by  ]\[r.  Adams  to  Lord  liussell,  and 
by  him  likewise  referred  to  the  hiw-olMcers  of  the  Crown. 

These  papers  reached  their  destination  at  different  dates  ;  thoso  sent 
from  the  customs  on  the  2,"m1  July,  in  the  eveniufj,  while  those  from  Mr, 
Adams  got  to  tliem  three  days  later,  though  his  note  appears  to  iiave 
been  dated  on  the  24th.  It  is  obvious  that  this  difference  could  have  no 
elfect  in  delaying  their  decision.  l>ut  one  additional  deiwsition  was 
added,  which  could  scarcely  have  done  more  than  con  firm  tlie  result. 

Five  whole  days  passed  before  a  decision  was  returned.  ]\[eaii\vliile 
the  vessel  was  rapidly  getting  ready  to  depart.  On  the  28th,  Mr.  Dml. 
ley's  solicitor  sent  a  communication  to  the  board  of  customs,  to  theoti'cct 
that  they  had  every  reason  to  believe  tlie  vessel  would  go  on  tlic  L'Otli, 

This  letter  did  not  reaeli  them  until  the  20th.  Tlie  vessel  sailed  on 
the  2i)th.  That  intelligence  liivcwise  was  obtained  from  the  same  stnmv, 
IMeanwhile  what  becomes  of  the  profession,  made  on  the  1st  of  .hilyln 
tlie  commissioners  of  customs,  that  "a  strict  watch  should  be  keiitoii 
the  ves.sel,and  that  any  further  information  that  nught  be  obtained  eon 
eerning  her  would  be  fortliwifh  reported." 

To  be  sure,  on  the  1st  of  xVugust,  ^Ir.  S.  Price  Edwards  addresses  a 
letter  to  the  comnnssioners  of  customs,  in  which  appears  the  followin;; 
siginlicant  linc^,  "The  board  will  see  that  the  vesel  has  left  the  port," 
J  low  they  (;ould  have  seen  through  the  spectacles  i)resented  by  tliatoili- 
cer  renuuns  to  be  explained.  Tlie  surveyor,  however,  is  more  comimuii- 
cative.  On  the  day  before  he  gravely  states  that  he  had  followed  tlif 
collector's  directions  to  keep  a  strict  watch  on  the  vessel.  He  is  eoiiii- 
dent  she  had  no  ammunition  on  board.  He  had  visited  the  tii;i>'  llii- 
cules,  where  he  found  a  considerabh^  portion  of  the  crew,  some  ol  wlidiii 
Avere  on  their  way  in  that  ves.sel  to  join  the  gunboat.  Mv.  Dudley  liad 
given  the  same  information  to  tlu^  collector.  Even  then  the  vessel  emild 
have  been  traced  and  stopi»ed  by  an  energetic  interposition  of  govern 


L'aide-soUiciveur  <les  douaue.s  chercha  iiuuu-diatcnioiit  a  so  uiettre  sous  la  ptotuctiou 
des  oriicici'.s  tic  la  conviiniic. 

I'ciKlaut  I'c  tcinps  Ics  iii(''iii('s  dociinu'nts  avaiciit  t^t('  transnns  par  M.  Adams  a  Lml 
Russell,  (;t  ])ai'  liii  o<;a]ciiu'iit  .soiiiiiis  h  rfxaincii  des  (il'licicrs  <lt!  la  conronnc.  lis 
doL'iiiiu'uts  alt('ij;iiir('iit  Iciir  (li'stiiiation  a  des  dates  dil'lerentcs.  t'eiix  (Miv()y('s  iiailcj 
douaiies.  le  '2\\  Jiiillet  au  soir,  tandis  (|iie  eeiix  de  M.  Adams  It'iir  i)ai'viureiit  tiois  jdiii'^ 
])liis  tard,  (|iu»ii|ue  sa  nott!  seiidde  a\<iir  <•(•'■  datee  dii  *J1.  II  est  elair  (|ii('  iTiir 
ditlerenet^  lie  peat  iivoir  nullemeiit  relar(l(^  leor  (U'eision.  Une  di'|><)sitit)ii  athlitidiiinHf 
tut  ajoutt'e  plus  tai'd  (pii  pounait  avoii'  a  jieiue,  atieelo  uiaterielleiueut  le  i'i'siilt;ii. 
C"iu(i  JDurs  eutiers  se  passereiit  avaut  (|u'uiio  (h'eisioii  Tut  auuoueoe.  Pendaut  ei;  t(iii|i^ 
le  vaisseau  se  pn'iiaralt  au  d('|»ai't  tres-rapidemeiit.  Le  '28  Ic  stdlieiteur  de  M.  Diiilliv 
ouvoya  uiu;  eouimuuioatiou  aux  couiinissaires  des  douaiu's  a  I'etfet :  quMls  aieut  tmiti' 
rai.sou  dc  criiire  ([ue  le  vaisseau  partirait  le  2d.  Cette  lottre  ue  leur  parvint  ([Ue  lei': 
le  vai.sseau  ,s(Utit  le  uieiiie  jour.  Cettc  imuvelle  fut  t'^f^aleuieut  ohteuue  de  la  inriiif 
soiii'ee.  Teudaut  ee  teiups,  (|U0  devieiit  la  deelaratiuu,  faitc  lo  1'''  juillet  par  li'siuiii- 
inissalies  des  douaiu's,  (pruut;  surveillauee  striotc  serait  exereee  siu"  lo  vaisseau  ot  i|ii« 
tuute  intormatiou  ultoiieuro  (pii  poiu'rait  etrc  obteuue  le  coueeniaut  scait  vappoiW 
»»)■  h'  vhumpt 

Sails  doiite,  le  1'''  .avril,  M.  S.  P.  Edwards  adresse  uue  Icttro  aux  comniissaires 
des  douaues,  dans  lai(iielie  se  troiive  la  lijfiic  sigiiili(;ativ(!  suivauto  :  "  Le  /»»(n'(/ vein 
(|ue  le  vai.sseau  a  ((iiitte  le  ]>()rt."'  Comuieut  lis  auraieut  pu  voir  a  travors  les  liiiiette 
]U'eseutees  par  cet  (illieier.  e'est  ce  (pril  reste  a  expliijuer.  L  siirrenoy  cepeiuliiiit  i'<I 
plus  couiuiuiiieatil';  la  veille,  il  expose  frriveuieiit  (jii'il  avait  suivi  Ics  di  net  ions  dii 
receveur,  d'exereer  uiu;  striete  siirveillaiico  sur  le  vaisseau.  II  est  ))ersua(lt''  (|ii'il 
n'avait  i»<>iut  de  munitions  a  bord.  II  avait  visite  le  roinoniueur,  I'Hereule,  <■'.  il  aviiit 
trouve,  daiis  cc  vais.seaii,  uue  partio  considerable  de  IViiuipajje,  dont  (pudciiies  liomims  j 
{"•taieiit  en  route  pour  joiudre  la  canonuiere.  M.  Dudley  avait  doune  le  nieiiie  leu- 
Heijfiieuient  au  reeeveiir.  Meine  alors,  ce  vaiss(,'aii  aurait  pu  f'tre  suivi  et  arietc  pat 
mio   interveutiou  ouergi<£ue  de  I'autorite  du  gouv'erneiueut.     Les  coiumissaiicb  in 


OriNIOXS    OF   MR,    ADAMS. 


177 


)ut  liiinsfif 
nwliilotlif 
nsscll,  iiiiil 

tlioso  sent 
i(^  from  Mr, 
irs  to  liiivf 
lid  have  no 
[)sitioii  was 
0  result. 
^Icainvliili' 
1,  Mr.  Dud. 
to  the  clU'ct 
)ii  the  2!ltli, 
_'l  sailed  m 
aino  s(Mii'ci', 
of  .Filly  by 
be  kefit  on 
)taiiied  con- 
add  rosses  a 
le  followiii:; 
't  the  port." 
bv  tliatotli- 
'o  coinimiui- 
ollowed  tlic 
lie  i.s  eoiili- 
e  tu'^  Hei- 
ne ol'  whom 
Dudley  liiid 
ve.ssel  ('(mid 
of  goveiii- 


lucut  authority.  The  couiniissiouer.s  of  customs  preferred  to  send  hanu- 
les.s  telegraphic  orders  to  Liv^erpool  and  Cork,  to  lieauuiaris  and  Holy- 
li'iul,  which  looked  like  dispatch,  but  could  by  no  reasonable  probability 
iiave  been  of  any  avail.  And  the  collector  could  promise  that,  ^^  should 
flpporUmity  offer,  the  vessel  should  be  seized  in  accordance  with  the 
(liiectious  given."  It  is  presumed  this  must  have  meant  if  the  vessel 
should  voluntarily  present  itself,  and  not  otherwise.  On  a  calm  exam- 
ination of  the  evidence  presented  to  us  respecting  the  measures  taken 
by  the  authorities  charged  with  the  duty  oC  prevention,  it  really  looks 
as  if  they  had  chosen  to  look  any  way  for  it  rather  than  the  right  way. 

LTpon  a  careful  comi)arison  of  the  language  and  the  action  of  Mr.  Ed- 
wards, the  collector,  as  it  has  been  heretofore  explained  in  my  observa- 
tions upon  the  case-of  the  Florida,  with  the  course  taken  by  him  in  this 
case,  it  is  very  difficult  in  uiy  mind  to  resist  the  suspicion  that  he  Avas 
more  or  less  in  direct  sympathy  with  the  designs  of  the  insurgents,  and 
not  unwilling  to  accord  to  them  all  the  indirect  aid  which  could  be 
supplied  by  a  purely  passive  policy  on  his  part.  Very  surely,  if  he  had 
wished  actively  to  promote  their  ends,  he  could  scarcely  have  hit  upon 
more  effective  means  than  those  to  which  he  resorted. 

It  i.s  alleged  that  the  escape  of  this  vessel  was  effected  earlier  than 
orijiiually  contemplated,  by  reason  of  the  reception,  by  the  managers,  of 
intelligence  from  Loudon  of  the  intent  of  the  government  to  detain  her. 
This  statement  appears  in  the  deposition  of  one  of  the  persons  who  served 
as  an  oflicer  on  board  from  the  start  and  during  the  whole  of  her  first 
crui.se.  Certainly  a  delay  of  five  whole  days  in  announcing  a  decision 
luijtht  furnish  ample  opportunity  for  active  sympathisers,  of  whom  there 
was  notoriously  an  abundance  in  that  capital,  to  watch  and  report  every 
.symptom  of  change  that  might  be  gathered  from  sources  of  authority. 
Even  the  fact  of  the  long  delay  itself  might  be  construed  as  ominous. 
Of  tiie  causes  of  that  delay  no  absolute  knowledge  has  ever  yet  been 
completely  obtained.  Xeither  is  it  deemed  expedient  here  to  enter  into 
any  examination  of  it.    It  is  sufficient  to  the  present  purpose  to  say  that 


i  la  ])rotL'ctioa 

Adiiiiis  i\  I/iiil 
mroiiiu'.    CV> 
voyi's  lull'  li- 
lt trois  jllll^ 
ir   i|ii('  ccitf 
Khliriomiclli' 
t   U'.  n-siiltal. 
ant  ci!  tcii:|i> 
e  M.  Diiilloy 
.s  aiciit  tiiiitr 
lit  i|ue  li' '-".': 

(Ic    lil  llll'llli' 

par  Icsciiiii- 
isseaii  ot  qiii' 
lit  rappoitrt 


coimuissiures 
hoavd  vcm 
rs  Ics  luiu'tU'i 
■t'pt'ndiiiif  I'st 
(lin'i'ti'insi)i' 
ior.>ina(l('  i|ii'il 
lie,  ct  il  avail 
ijiio.s  liomnu'S 
o  nit"' I  lie  I* 
}t  unt'tc  par  I 
iiiissiiireh  des  I 


(Innancs  piv  fori  Tent  oiivoyor  (riniioceiits  onlrcH  ii'l('grai)lii(Hies  i\  Liverpool  et  a  Cork, 
h  Bi'uuiiKiris  et  a  Holyhead,  qui  avaieiit  Fair  tic  depi-ciics,  iii-ii.s  qui,  scion  toiito 
prnliiiliilitd,  lie  pureut  otre  d'aucuno  utilite.  Et  le  recevenr  put  promcttro  que,  "si 
i'ucrasion  b'eu  preseiitait,  le  vaissoaii  serait  saisit  conforim''in(',iit  aux  directioa.s  dou- 
uoe.-*.''  On  doit  croiro  (pi'il  voulait  dire,  si  le  vai.s.seau  se  prcMcntait  volontairement,  et 
mm  aiitronient.  A  un  exanien  calnie  de  la  preuve  <|ui  nous  est  sonnii.so  touchant  les 
mcsiires  prises  par  les  autorites  cliarj;t'^es  du  d(<voir  d(}  prevention,  il  semble  rcellemeut 
iiu't'llt's  avaient  eboisi  de  re;j;arder  partout  ailleurs  ([u'au  bon  tnulroit. 
Ell  coinparant  soif^nensenient  le  langa^e  et  la  condnito  de  M.  Edwards,  le  recevenr, 

I  coiniiie  jo  I'ai  expli<iu(''  aui)aravantdans  nies  observations  sur  la  cas  du  Florida,  avee  la 
coiiduito  teuiie  par  lui  dans  ce  cas,  il  ni'est  tres-ditUcilo  de  resister  au  soni)vou  qn'il 

I  <'tait  plus  ou  nioins  eii  syinpathie  ilirecto  avee  les  projets  des  iusnrgos,  et  <iu'il  ii'etait 
pus  tVu'he  do  lour  aceorder  tons  les  .sccours  iiulirects  <iui  pouvaieut  etre  fournis  par  nne 
Cdiiiliiito  jmrcmtMit  passive  «lo  sa  part.  Tres-ciirtainciuent  ,s'il  avait  di^sire  activement 
li's  a]iiniy(ir,  il  n'aurait  f;uero  pu  trouver  des  uioyens  plus  elUcaces  quo  ceux  .iux(iuels 
il  ciir  ri'cours. 

On  alle>;ue  ([ue  I'dvasiou  do  co  vaisscan  s'oxdcuta  plus  tAt  qu'on  n'en  avait  en  d'abord 
niitiiitimi,  en  raison  do  la  reception  par  les  propru'taires  do  nouvelles  do  Loiulres  de 
I'iutiiitiou  du  {Touverueinent  de  I'arreter.  Cetto  alleiration  apparalt  dans  la  dt'^posUion 
d'uiic  (los  personnes  <iui  remp'it  les  fouctions  d'oflicier  i\  bord  des  le  depart  et  pendant 
toiiti'  la  (lurdo  de  sSl  premiere  course.  Triis-ccrtaiuenient  uu  delai  de  cinq  jours  enticrs 
'lulls  raiiuonce  d'uno  di5ci8iou  pouvait  fournir  ample  occasion  aux  partisans  actils,  dont 
il  y  avait  line  abondanco  notoiro  dans  cotte  ville,  d'dpier  et  de  rapi)orter  tout  8yinpt«">mo 
•li3  eliaiijfeuicnt  qui  pouvait  etre  recueilli  des  sources  d'autorite.  Memo  lo  fait  du  lonj^ 
''elui  lui-iueiuo  pouvait  etro  iuterprotd  commo  monavant.  Quant  aux  causes  do  ce  delai , 
iiucuiie  connaissauce  absolue  u'a  pu  eucoro  en  fitro  completement  obtenuc.  II  ne  parait 
Pisuoii  plus  opportuu  d'oa  abordcr  ici  I'exau  „u.    II  sutlit  pour  Ic  but  actuel  de  diro 

12  b 


[■y-n 


■  a 


178 


AKBITRATIOX    AT   GENEVA. 


tlic  omission  to  act  in  season  was  due  to  canses  wholly  within  the  pro. 
vince  of  Her  jMajcsty's  <;'overnnuMit  to  control,  and  that  the  lailnre  isom- 
which  must  entail  the  responsibility  for  the  j^reat  injnries  that  ensued 
not  upon  the  innocent  i)arties  whom  it  was  the  admitted  duty  of  tjiin 
government  to  have  protected,  bnt  upon  those  throngh  whom  the  inju. 
ries  became  possible. 

One  portion  of  this  transaction  having  been,  by  the  means  already  in. 
dicated,  with  diflicnlty  accomplished,  tlie  other  portion  remaininj;'  to 
complete  it  met  with  no  resistance  whatevei'.  The  British  steamer 
Bahama,  laden  with  the  arnmment  i)repared  for  the  vessel  by  Fawcett. 
Preston  &  Co.,  and  having  for  i)assengers  the  insurgent  Americans  aiul 
others  destined  to  comimuid  the  cruiser,  cleared  on  the  13tli  of  August. 
on  the  pretense  of  going  to  Nassau.  The  English  barcpie  Agrippinii 
almost  simultaneously  left  London,  ostensibly  for  Demerara,  laden  Mitli 
coals  and  munitions  of  war. 

Somewhere  about  the  third  Aveek  in  August  the  three  steamers  met  at 
Angra  Bay  in  the  Azores,  and  uiuler  the  sanction  of  the  British  Ha;; 
this  great  fraud  reached  the  point  of  its  full  accomplishment.  The  bo>>- 
pitality  so  freely  extended  to  strangers  of  all  nations  in  that  kingdom, 
at  once  so  enlightened  and  so  energetic,  had  been  basely  abuse<l,  almost 
with  an  intent,  not  merely  to  gain  an  uiulne  advantage  on  the  ocean, 
but  to  sow  the  seeds  of  dissension  between  it  and  a  kindred  nation  with 
which  it  was  under  the  nH)st  solenni  obligations  to  keep  the  peace. 

Thus  it  was  that  the  vessel  which  then  first  received  the  mime  of  the 
Alabama  commenced  her  reckless  career  of  de^itructioa  on  the  ocean. 
Everything  on  board  of  her  was  of  British  oiigin,  excepting  a  few  of 
the  directing  si)irits  bent  on  nmk'ing  use  of  the  means  thus  placed  in 
their  hands  to  do  an  injury  to  their  fellow-('ountrymen  in  America  which 
they  could  have  compassed  in  no  other  i)ossible  maimer. 

I  pass  over  the  minor  details  of  the  mode  in  which  supplies  of  coal 
were  subsequen'ly  obtained  exclusively  from  British  sources  as  matters 
of  relatively  little  con.sequence,  and  come  to  what  appears  to  me  the 
next  essential  point  in  the  narrative. 


quo  lii  iioj;li}i('iici' Ti  agir  an  nuniifiit  converablo  fut  ditc  :\  de.s  ciui.ses  qn'il  <^tait  en 
titTenieiit  tin  rcvsort.  du  yonveriit'iiuMit  do  sii  Miijcstt^  <le  i-oiitrolor,  et  (jiio  la  fiuitoesi 
de  nature  a  iuipo.ser  la  rcsponsaliilito  dcs  jjrandH  doiuiua<><'.s  (lui  H'cnsiiivirent,  noii  jias 
aux  parties  innocente.s,  <iue  le  devoir  reeoiiuu  de  ce  i;ouvi)nnieiueut  etait  do  protrgti. 
niais  a  cenx  par  qui  le.s  donnnages  dcviureut  possibles. 

Uiie  partio  de  eette  affaire  ayant  t5td  accoinplie  avec  difliculte  par  lea  moyens  di'jii 
iudi(iue,s,  I'autre  jtartio  (jiii  resstait  a  acconiplir  ue  rencoutra  uullo  part  de  re.si.staiice. 
Le  steamer  au<>lais  Bahama,  cbar<;o  de  rariuement  jireparc  pour  le  vaisscau  par  Fawcett. 
Preston  (it  C'',  et  ayaut  pour  passayers  les  insuryes  amorieains  et  d'autres  de8tiii(:^s;i 
connnander  le  eroiseur,  s'aeqnitta  le  K?  aoftt,  sons  pr«*texte  d'aller  a  Nassiin.  La  baniiu' 
anglaise  A};rippiua  cpiitta  Londres  i)resqne  simultanomeut,  en  apparence  pour  ie 
Daneniark,  cliar{j;(:^e  de  eliarbou  et  de  uumitions  de  f^nerre. 

Ver,s  la  troisienie  seniaino  d'aoilt,  les  trois  steamers  se  rencontrerent  a.  Angra  Buy. 
aux  Agores,  vt,  sous  la  sanction  dn  pavilion  britanui(|ne,  cettt;  fi;i'''"do  fraude  atti'lfjnit 
le  point  de  son  eutier  atcomplissement.  On  avait  houteusenient  abustS  de  I'hospitaliti'. 
si  liboralemeut  etendue  anx  e'trangers  de  toute  nation,  dans  ce  royaumo  a  la  foissi 
eclaird  et  si  <5ncr}ji(iue,  jirescin'avec  rintention,  non-Henlement  d'obtenir  itn  avaiitap' 
illcgitimo  sur  I'ocean,  niais  de  sinner  des  f^ermes  do  dissensions  entre  lui  et  nne  nation 
parente,  avec  la((uelle  il  otait  dans  I'obligation  la  plus  solennelle  de  garder  la  pai.x. 
Ce  tut  ainsi  que  le  vaissean,  <iui,  alors  jxtur  la  premier<!  fois,  re^'ut  lo  noni  de  I'Alabaiua, 
coninienva  sa  earriere  etVn^iiee  de  destrnction  sur  rocoan.  Tout  il  s')u  bord  etait  (I'mi- 
f^iue  angl  ii,sc,  excejite  (incbpies-uns  des  esprits  dirij^eants,  resolns  a  fairo  nsa;j;e(!i's 
moyens  ainsi  mis  entre  leuis  mains  pour  fiiire  i\  lenrs  compatriotes  en  Ameri(iuo  uu 
douunnge  (lu'ils  n'auiaient  i)U  acconiplir  en  ancune  autre  mani(":'rc. 

Je  passe  sur  les  jn-tits  details  dn  mode  jiar  lequel  d(*  subsides  de  eliarbou  fnivntcii- 
suite  obtenus  cxclnsivement  de  sources  britanni(jnes,  eoniine  ohjet  de  pen  d'niportancc 
relativement,  et  j'en  vieiis  a  ce  qui  me  paralt  etro  lo  point  suivant  essentiel  dausce 
rdcit. 


mi 


OPINIONS    OF   MR.    ADAMS. 


171) 


On  tlie  lltli  of  Jiinnary,  Captain  Semines,  whilst  oil  his  cruise  otl'  the 
I'Oiist  of  the  tTiiited  States,  met  tlie  United  States  gun-boat  Ilatteras, 
and,  after  a  short  enft-agenient,  sent  lier  to  the  bottom.  lie  was  com- 
pelled to  take  the  prisoners  on  board,  and  having  received  six  large 
shotjlioles  at  the  water-line,  t(  navigate  the  ocean  not  without  peril,  in 
qne.st  of  a  i)ort  of  some  sovereign  ])o\\er  o"  other  in  which  he  could  not 
only  land  his  excess  of  numbei's  but  likewise  obtain  tlie  necessary  means 
wherewith  to  renew  his  capacity  of  cruising  ac  all.  The  captain  seems 
to  have  reflected  upon  the  matter  carefully,  and  to  have  made  up  his 
mind  that,  although  at  a  vny  considerable  distance  from  his  actual 
position,  his  best  cliance  of  a  favorable  reception  would  be  in  a  port  of 
the  kingdom  whose  laws  had  been  so  dexterously  dehed.  lie  accordingly 
maue  liis  way,  not  without  great  dilliculty,  to  Port  Koyal,  in  Her  Majesty's 
island  of  Jamaica.  In  his  own  statement  of  this  transaction  will  be 
most  clearly  discovered  the  state  of  his  feelings  on  approaching  this 
crucial  experiment: 

This  was  the  fir,st  English  port  I  hiul  ontored  since  the  Alahani.-i  had  been  coniniis- 
sioncd,  and  no  (juestiou  whatever  as  to  tlie  antecedents  of  my  ship  was  raised.  I  liad, 
ill  fact,  hronj^ht  in  pretty  snhstantial  crerh^ntials  that  I  was  a  ship  of  war,  I'M  of  the 
(ifticers  and  men  of  one  of  the  enemy's  sunken  shiits.  (!reat  Hritaiii  had  the  }!;ood  sens(^ 
not  to  listen  to  the  frantic  a]>peals  either  of  Mr.  Se.ward  or  Minisnfr  Adams,  both  of 
wiioiu  claimed,  as  the  reader  has  seen,  that  it  was  her  duty  to  stnltify  herself  and 
ifiuore  the  connnission  of  my  Hhi().  Nor  <iid  Commodore  Dunlop  say  anything  to  me 
(if  aiy  destruction  of  British  property,  &c. 

From  this  passage  it  appears  very  clearly  that  the  possibility  of  such 
an  obstacle  had  not  been  entirely  out  of  the  line  of  his  ai)prehension. 
If  the  objection  had  been  made,  it  is  altogether  ])robal)le  that  the  career 
of  this  vessel  would  have  been  terminated  in  a  manner  very  different 
from  that  which  subsequently  happened.  But  it  was  not  raised.  Gov- 
ernor E.yre,  who  was  then  the  ruling  authority,  appears  to  have  acted 
with  some  hesitation,  ami  to  have  been  mainly  determined  by  the  ob- 
vious necessity  of  lauding  the  great  number  of  prisoners  as  a  pure  act 


Le  U  Janvier,  le  capitaine  Semmes,  pendant  ((ii'il  croisait  le  long  do  la  cote  dos  fltats- 
Uiiis,  rencoiitra  la  eanonnierci  des  htats-lJnis  le  Ilatteras,  et,  apres  un  court  engage- 
int'iit,  la  coula  a  fond.  II  fiit  oblige  de  i)r<;iidro  les  ])ris()nniers  a  bord,  et,  le  vaisseau 
ayant  six  grand  trous  de  bonlets  a  tieiir  d'ean,  il  dut  naviguer  sur  Toct^an,  non  sans 
jioril,  en  ([Uete  /Van  port  d'line  puissance  sonveraiue  (pu'lcon(iue,  dans  le(iuel  i!  pftt, 
nnn-Heuleineut  mettre  a  terre  le  surcroit  de  ces  personnes,  nuiis  anssi  obtenir  les  moyens 
iK'censaires  jioiir  jse  remettre  en  ^tat  de  croiser,  ce  (pi'il  ne  pouvait  pas  faire  saus  cela. 
Ll'  capitaine  paralt  avoir  rcllechi  soigneusement  sur  ce  snjer.,  et  avoir  decide  que,  qnoi- 
qiie  a  une  distance  tres-consid(5rable  de  sa  position  actuelle,  la  meilleure  chance  pour 
liii  d'niie  recejjtion  favorable  serait  dans  uu  port  dii  royauiuo  doiit  l(>s  lois  avaient  <^te 
fii  liuhilcnient  bravc^ea.  En  coust^ciuence,  il  se  dirigea,  non  saus  grande  difficulte,  vera 
Port  Royal,  dans  I'ile  de  la  JamanpKi,  ai»part(Miant  a  sa  Majeste.  Dans  son  propre  ex- 
jiosd  de  cette  atVaire,  on  decouvrira  tres-uetteuieiit  Tt^tat  de  ses  sentiments  a  I'approche 
(le  ct'tte  (^preuve  supreme  : 

"Ce  fut  le  premier  port  anglais  dans  lequel  j'entrais  depuis  ({ue  I'Alabama  avait  etc 
coiiimissionue,  et  ancune  ((uestion  sur  les  antecedents  de  mon  navire  ne  fut  soulev<^e. 
.I'avais  aiiporto  en  etVet  des  lettres  de  creance  asse/  substautielles,  pronvant  (pie  j'ctais 
mi  viiisseau  dn  guerre;  cent  trente  oHicicrs  et  s(ddats  de  I'un  des  vaisseaux  eiineinis 
coiilf'  a  fond.  La  Grande-Bretagne  avait  eu  le  bon  sens  de  ne  preter  I'oreille  ni  aux 
apjii'ls  fr(^nt''ti(|ucs  de  M.  Seward  ni  a  ceux  du  niiuistre  Adams,  ipii  tons  d(!ux  soute- 
nait'iit,comme  lelecteur  I'a  v'u,  ijiie  cV'tait  son  devoir  de  se  renierclle-UK'nu!  etd'ignorer 
la  coiiiinission  dc;  mon  navire.  Le  commodore  Dunlop  no  me  dit  rieu  non  plus  au  sujet 
•le  la  destruction  jiar  moi  de  propric^'tc's  anglaises,"  etc. 

11  icKsort  trJ's-clairement  (le  ci!  passage  (pie  la  possibilit<^  d'un  tel  (jbstade  n'avait 
pas  etC'  entieremcnt  ('trangf're  a  ses  ai>pr(^hensi()ns.  Si  I'objection  avait  (^te  faite,  il 
est  tivH-probable  (pie  la  cariii'ie  de  cis  vaisseau  anrait  6t6  termim^e  d'uno  manii're  bien 
(litlt'itnte  de  celle  ipii  cut  lieu  dans  la  snit(!,  Mais  elle  ne  fut  pas  8()ulev(^e.  L(^  gou- 
viriieur  Eyre,  (pii  <^tait  alors  raiitoritt'-  n-gnante,  senible  avoir  agi  avec  (luelque  hesi- 
tation et  avoir  ('td  surtout  diHcirmiuc  par  la  U(5ce8sit(5  clairc  de  mettro  a  terre  le  grand 


'P 


180 


ARniTRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


of  Iminaiiity.     Tlie  oidor  sanctioning  the  repairs  does  not  appear  to 
liave  been  expressed  Ity  him  in  terms,  and  he  immediately  addressed  a 
letter  to  the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  the  colonial  secretary  at  houjc,  snbinit 
ting  the  facts,  and  soliciting  his  approbation. 

On  the  14th  of  February,  by  a  letter  from  Mr.  Uammond,  on  bohalt 
of  Earl  Ivussell,  that  approbation  appears  to  have  been  granted,  though 
not  without  reluctance,  for  it  is  followed  by  an  injunction  to  get  rid  of 
the  vessel  as  soon  as  i)ossibIe. 

Nevertheless  the  evil  was  done.  xViid  by  this  proceeding  Her  Majos- 
ty's  government  apj^ear,  at  least  to  my  eyes,  practically  to  have  given 
their  formal  assent  to  the  principle  in  international  law  that  success 
SANCTIFIES  A  FRAUD.  In  the  memoir  Avhich  I  have  heretofore  prepared 
on  the  snbject  of  the  Florida,  I  ha'  .-.  gone  so  much  into  the  examination 
of  that  question  that  there  is  no  necessity  for  my  dwelling  upon  it  tin 
ther.  1  have  always  regretted  that  on  this  occasion  Her  Majesty's  gov- 
ernment failed  to  use  the  occasion  for  establishing  a  law  on  the  ocean 
most  consistent  with  the  i)rinciplea  of  equity  whicli  should  prevail  upon 
men,  and  not  unlikely,  in  the  distant  future,  to  inure  to  the  benetit  of 
her  own  marine  <|uite  as  largely  as  to  thatvf  any  other  nation 

The  next  step  in  the  order  of  events  essential  to  the  purposes  of  tlic 
narrative  was  the  arrival  of  Captain  Semmes  at  Cape  Town.  liut  I  tl» 
not,  at  this  time,  propose  to  i>ursue  the  matter  further,  partly  because 
the  consideration  of  it  is  likely  to  be  renewed  in  examining  the  case  of 
the  Tuscaloosa,  and  partly  because  the  facts  material  to  a  judgnuMit  in 
the  case  seem  to  me  to  have  been  already  collected. 

It  thus  appears  that  this  vessel  was  built  and  fitted  up  with  the  intent 
to  carry  on  war  with  the  United  States,  in  the  kingdom  of  Great  Britain. 
in  violation  of  her  laws,  and  that,  notwithstanding  the  evidence  of  the 
fact  was  established  so  far  in  the  opinion  of  Her  INIajesty's  law-oilioors 
as  to  justify  detention,  by  reason  of  the  absence  of  due  vigilance,  not 
without  suspicion  of  connivance  on  the  part  of  some  of  Her  Majesty's 
officers,  and  of  an  extraordinary  delay  in  issuing  the  necessary  orders  at  the 

nomliro  do  prisouiiiers  coimne  nil  ])ur  acto  (rhuinaiiito.  L'onlrc  sanctionuivut  Ii's  n - 
l)ar.ati()iis  no  panilt  pas  avoir  <5tc  cxpiiiiio  par  lui  foriiu'lleiiitMit,  ct  il  adrt.'s.sa  iiiinuMli- 
atemotit  nno  Icttro  au  due  do  Newcastlo,  s(.'crotairo  des  colouies  en  Anglcterrc,  lui 
sonniettant  Ics  laits  et  soUicitaiit  son  ai)iii'obati()ii. 

Lo  14  Idvricr,  par  nno  lettre  do  M.  Hammond,  snr  I'ordro  dn  Comto  Russell,  iitH' 
approLation  parait  avoir  6t6  accordoe,  quoiquc  nonsaiis  repuffnauco,  car  olio  est  suivii' 
d'nno  injonction  do  fairo  partir  lo  vaisscan  le  plus  vito  possible. 

Nf^anmoius  lo  mal  <5tait  fait,  et  par  eotte  conduito  lo  gouvernement  do  sa  Majcstr 
scmble,  an  moins  a  nies  yeux,  avt)ir  doniKi  pratiquemeiit  sou  assentiment  formel  ;m 
prineipo  do  loi  iuternationale  quo  lo  "  sneces  sanctilio  uue  t'raude."  Dans  le  mcnujiiv  i|ue 
j'ai  prepar<?  dt'^jA,  au  sn.jet  du  Florida,  jo  suis  entrd  si  louffuenient  dans  I'examou  do  cctte 
question  (jn'il  u'y  a  nnllo  m^cessite  do  m'cteudro  davantago  la-dessus.  J'ai  tonj(mi« 
regrctte  »iu'i\  cette  occasion  lo  gouvernemeut  do  sa  Majesto  ait  iuanqu<>  do  saisir  I'di- 
easion  d'dtalilir  une  loi  maritime  tout  il  fait  en  rapport  avec  les  princii)es  d't^quite  (|iu 
dcvraieut  prevaloir  parmi  les  liommos,  et  qui  vraisemblaldemeut  a  I'avenir  coutri- 
bnera  ii  I'avautago  de  sa  propro  mariao  aussi  largemeut  qu'u  cclui  do  toute  au'.re  in- 
tion. 

Lo  pas  snivant  dans  i'ordro  des  dvdnenienta  essentiels  an  but  do  co  r<^eit  fut  I'arrivir 
du  capitaino  Senuiies  il  Capo  Town.  Mais  jo  no  mo  ))ropose  ])as  maintenant  do  pour- 
suivro  CO  sujet  plus  lougtemps,  en  partio  parco  quo  I'examen  doit  en  etro  renonvelo  en 
t'xaniinant  le  cas  du  Tuscaloosa,  et  en  partio  parco  quo  les  faits  qui  doiveut  fouruir  lii 
niatiere  d'un  jngemcnt  dans  co  cas  mo  somblent  avoir  6t6.  deja  nlunis. 

II  somble  air.si:  1°  quo  co  vaisseau  a  dt«S  constrnit  et  dquiptS,  avoc  I'intontion  do  faiie 
la  guerre  aux  Etats-Unis,  dans  lo  royaiime  do  la  Orande-Brotagno,  en  violation  de  st^ 
lois ;  2"  quo,  quoiquo  la  preuve  du  fait  ait  dtd  dtablie  dans  I'opinion  des  otliciers  de  la 
loi  do  sa  Miijestd  assez  pour  justilier  uuo  saisie,  on  I'aison  do  I'absenco  "des  due> 
diligences,"  non  sans  eoupvon  de  connivence  de  la  part  de  quelqnes  ofliciers  do  si 
Majestd  et  d'uu  ddlai  extraordinaire  a  douner  les  ordres  udcessaires  au  moment  le  plus 


OPINIONS    OF    MR.    ADAMS. 


181 


most  criti(!iil  nioment,  the  vessel  Wiis  suffered  to  escape  out  of  the  juris- 
diction. That  lier  Jiriiuiment,  lier  supplies,  and  her  crew  were  all  ])ro- 
vidod  and  transported  from  lier  JNEajesty's  kingdom  without  the  smallest 
effort  to  investigate  their  nature  or  their  purjjoses.  That  thou<^li  orders 
were  freely  ftiveii  for  the  detenfioti  of  the  vessel  at  any  of  the  colonial 
[lorts  at  which  she  mijifht  arrive,  the  first  time  that  she  did  actually  ap- 
pear she  was  received  and  recognized  with  all  the  honors  due  to  the 
marine  of  a  recognized  belligerent  power,  without  the  smallest  mani- 
festation of  dissatisfaction  with  the  gross  violation  of  laws  that  had 
entailed  uj)on  Her  Majesty's  government  a  grave  responsibility  to  a  power 
with  which  she  was  at  peuce. 

Tluis  it  appears  to  me  beyoml  a  doubt  that  in  the  case  of  the  Ala- 
haiiia,  Great  Britain,  by  her  omission  to  exercise  due  diligence  in  pre- 
venting the  fitting  out  of  tills  vessel,  which  it  had  reason  to  believe  in- 
reniU'd  to  cruise  against  a  [Mjwer  with  wliich  it  is  at  peace,  has  failed  to 
fultill  the  duties  set  forth  in  the  first  article  prescribed  to  the  arbitrators 
lis  their  guide  under  the  terms  of  the  treaty  of  Washington. 


Tuscaloosa. 


VI. — THE  TUSCALOOSA. 

In  the  series  of  papers  which  it  has  been  my  duty  to  prepare  upon 
the  vessels  successively  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  tri- 
Imnal,  I  have  proceeded  so  far  as  to  deduce  from  the  evi- 
dence submitted  one  general  rule,  which  I  believe  to  be  sound.  This  is, 
that  the  assumption  of  a  belligerency  on  the  ocean,  founded  exclusively 
upon  violence  and  fraud,  can  at  no  later  period  have  any  issue  difi'erent 
in  its  nature  from  that  of  its  origin. 

This  rule  must  receive  another  illustration  from  the  case  of  the  Tus- 
caloosa now  before  us.  This  was  a  merchant-shii)  belonging  to  the  United 
States,  originally  having  the  name  of  the  Coiu'ad,  which  was  captured 
by  the  Alabama  on  the  2 1st  of  June,  1803,  on  the  coast  of  Brazil.  Of  the 
ease  of  that  vessel,  of  its  fraudulent  origin,  and  of  the  unfortunate  re- 
cognition afterwards  made  of  its  character  as  a  legitimate  vessel  on 


(I'itiqiio,  oil  permit  aii  vaisseau  d'ecbappor  a  sa  Jiiridiction  ;  :?"  (pio  son  aroienicnt,  scs 
-^iibsiik's  it  son  <>(]nipa<fe  furciit  tons  foiirni.s  et  traiiHportc^.s  <lu  royauiiie  de  sa  Majcstc 
saii.s  It;  plus  petit  ett'ort  pour  icchurcher  linir  naturo  on  lours  prqjuts  ;  4"  (lue,  quoitiuo 
lies  ordres  ai(!nt  6t6  librcnuMit  doiinds  pour  la  saisio  da  vaisseau  dans  ([uehpie  port  des 
colonics  (jivil  pftt  arriver,  la  premiere  ibis  <iu'il  y  apparut  reellemont,  il  fiit  rc<;ii  et 
ivconiiu  avec  tons  les  bonneurs  dfts  i\  la  marine  d'line  puissance  belligtiraiito  reconiuio, 
sails  111  ])liis  i>etite  inar(|ue  de  mecontenteineiit  an  sujct  <le  la  violation  tji'<J*^siere  do  ses 
Inis,  ([iii  avait  uttird  uuo  grave  responsabilitc  envers  iine  puissance  avec  laquello  ello 
I'tait  en  ^laix. 

Aiiisi  il  me  paratt  bors  de  doute  que,  dans  le  cas  de  rAlabania,  la  Grande-Breta<^ne, 
(11  iii;iii(|ullnt  d'exercer  les  "dues  diliifenccs"  jiour  empecber  I'dciuipement  de  ce  vaisseau, 
i|uV]l('  avait  des  motifs  raisonnaliles  de  uroire  dispose  a  eroiser  contrii  nne  puissance 
avi'C  liupielle  elle  etait  en  paix,  a  manque  a  I'accoinplisseineiit  <b!s  devoirs  stipules 
dans  la  premiere  reijle  presentee  aiix  arbitres  comine  guide  d'apres  le  texte  du  traito 
de  Wasbingtou, 

LE  TUSCALOOSA. 

Dans  la  sdrie  de  documents  qn'il  a  6t6  do  raou  devoir  do  pi'oparer  sur  bsa  vaisseaux 
luisfiite.s  successivemeut  a  "exameu  de  ce  triltnnal,  ,je  shIh  arriviS  t\  doduire,  des 
I'l  111  vet- qui  nous  out  ct<?  siuimises,  nne  r^gle  gendrale  ([Ue  jo  crois  Atro  juste.  Cetto 
iii;le  est  que, si  I'on  prend  lo  titro  do  belligdrant  sur  roccan,  en  se  fondant  exclnsive- 
iiit-iit  sur  la  violence  et  sur  la  fraude,  on  ne  pent  finir  aiitiement  que  comme  on  a  eom- 
iiiciieo.  Cetto  regie  revolt  une  autre  illustration  du  cas  du  Tuscaloosa,  qui  est  mainte- 
iiaiit  (levant  nous.  C'«>taitun  vaisseau  marcband  appartenant  aux  fitats-Uniset  ayant 
d'atiiiid  le  noni  du  Conrad,  (pii  fnt  pris  par  rAlal)ama,  le  21  juin  18(i:i,  sur  la  eoto  du 
Bivsil.  Quant  an  cas  de  ee  vaisseau,  k  s<ni  origine  frauduleuse  et  k  la  reconnaissance 
luallieureuse  faite  plus  tard  de  son  caractere  couimo  vaisseau  legitime  sur  l'oc(^an  par 


182 


AKIUTIJATION    AT    (;i;XKVA. 


tlie  oiicau  by  tlic  .H'ovormiiont  of  the  iiiitioii  whose  hiws  it  had  so  iiii|iii 
(Ic'iitly  set  at  (U'liaiico,  I  have  already  siibiiiitted  my  jiidf'iiieiit  in  a 
preeediiifjf  ])ai)er,  Tiiat  fiovei'iimeiit  was  now  destined  to  '^o  tiiioii;;!! 
another  crucial  experiinent,  the  necessary  and  h  jiitiniate  conseciuenci'oi 
its  [>riinal  error. 

It  should  here  he  observed  thai,  in  tlie  order  of  events  naturally  I'ol- 
lowinj;'  what  has  ever  st^eined  to  nie  the  .ureal  orij;inal  mistake  of  the 
recognition  of  this  false  nniritime  bellijicrent,  si)ran,i;'  up  a  necessity  of 
immediately  considerinji'  the  question  of  the  I'ecoynitiou  of  any  prizi's 
which  it  miftht  take  and  send  in  under  the  establislied  law  of  nations  to 
any  of  the  ports  of  Her  Majesty's  kin<4(lom,  there  to  await  a  lejiiilnr 
condemnation  in  the  courts  at  home.  Unless  some  ac^tioji  were  at  oikt 
taken  to  prevent  it,  the  practical  result  would  clearly  be  that  the  whole 
commerce  of  the  United  States  would  be  in  ihins'er  of  sacritice  to  one 
belliji'erent  in  British  ports  without  a  single  chance  of  correspondiii;' 
advantage  to  the  other.  For  the  fact  that  the  insurgents  had  no  com- 
merce of  their  own  whatever  had  become  (piite  notorious. 

In  order  to  guard  against  this  danger  Her  jNIaJesty's  govern iiicnt 
promptly  resorted  to  a  precautionary  measure  entirely  within  its  imwir 
to  take,  under  the  law^  of  nations,  the  prohibition  of  the  use  of  its  ports 
to  either  party  for  the  admission  of  i)riv;es.  The  same  policy  haviiij: 
been  adopted  by  all  other  naval  powers,  it  became  evident  to  the  liilse 
belligerent  that  nothing  positive  was  to  be  gained  to  itself  from  its  as- 
sumption of  a  place  on  the  ocean.  The  only  motive  left  for  trying  to 
keep  it  was  the  possibility  of  injuring  its  opi)oiuMit.  Hence,  a  resort  to 
the  barbarous  practice  of  destroying  the  property  it  could  not  convoit 
ir.to  plunder. 

But  this  practice  seems  at  times  to  have  become  unpleasant  aiKJ 
wearisome  to  its  peri)etrators.  Hence,  it  was  natural  that  their  attei.- 
tiou  should  be  drawn  to  some  manner  of  evading  it.  The  commaiuUi 
of  the  Alabama  having  made  it  the  occupation  of  some  of  his  leisure 
hours  to  study  the  best  known  treatises  on  the  law  of  nations,  seems  to 
have  hit  upon  a  passage  which  he  considered  exactly  to  lit  his  purpose. 


lo  jj;""vci'ncm(;nt  (Ic  la  nation  dont  Ics  loi.s  avaioiit  <5tc  si  iinpndemnient  bravo<'S,j'iii 
d<^ji\  souinis  nion  jii<;eniout  dans  un  piccodent  niemoirc.  Co  j^ouveineiuent  <^tiiit  dr-^ 
lors  destine  h  passer  par  une  antie  dpieuve  decisive,  consequence  uecessaire  i;t  legitime 
do  sa  premiere  erreur. 

11  faut  reuiarquer  ici  qne  dans  I'ordre  des  (1v(5nenients  qui  suivirent  naturellonieiit 
ce  qui  ni'a  sembld  toujonrs  la  grande  erreur  ori};inelle  de  la  reconnaissance  de  ce  faux 
bell  if"  tyrant,  s'oleva  la  necessite  de  considt^rer  inunediatenient  la  question  de  la  recoii- 
jiaissance  de  toute  prise  qu'il  aurait  pu  faire  et  envoyer  dans  (juelqu'un  des  ports  dii 
royaunio  de  sa  Majeste  d'apres  le  droit  des  ji;eu8,  pour  y  attendre  un  jnjjeuient  regulirt' 
devant  les  cours  dn  royannie.  Anioins  de  quelque  mesure  prise  imuiediateiiient  pom 
I'enipeelier,  le  resultat  pratique  aurait  <^te  clairenient  que  tout  le  connnerce  des  f.tats- 
Unis  se  serait  trouv6  exi)os6  i\  jitre  sacriti(5  a  I'un  des  bellij>(^rents  dans  des  ports  anglais, 
sans  une  seule  chance  d'avautage  correspoudant  pour  I'autre.  Car,  le  I'ait  (]nc  It's  iii- 
8urg<^s  n'avaieiit  en  propre  aucnn  commerce  du  tout  devait  etre  parfaitement  notoiii'. 

AHn  do  se  garder  de  ce  danger,  le  gouveriiement  de  sa  Majeste  recourut  pronipteuieiil 
i\  une  uiesure  de  precaution  qu'il  dtait  entierement  en  son  pouvoir  de  prendre  d'apii* 
lo  droit  des  gens,  la  d«5fense  anx  deux  j)arties  de  so  servir  de  ses  ports  pour  l'adniis.si(m 
des  prises.  La  memo  coujluite  ayant  ctd  adopt<5e  par  tontes  les  puissances  maritinies, 
il  devint  dvideut  pour  le  faux  belligdrant  qu'il  n'avait  rieu  a  gagner  en  s'arrogeaiit  If 
litre  de  puissance  uavale  sur  I'ocdan.  Le  seal  motif  qui  restAt  \)o\\v  tilcber  de  le  ganlii 
etait  la  possibilitc  de  uuire  a  son  adversaire.  De  lil,  le  recours  a  la  pratique  barbaie 
do  dctruire  la  propridtd  dont  il  ne  pouvait  i>as  faire  du  1)utin. 

Mais  cetto  pratique  semble  paifois  etre  devenue  ddsagrdablo  et  onnuyeuse  pour  ceux 
qui  s'y  livraient.  II  dtait  d(^s-l<  rs  naturel  que  leur  attention  se  portitt  sur  quelniio 
moyen  de  I'dviter.  Lo  commandant  de  1' Alabama,  en  ayant  fait  I'occupatiou  (L' 
(luehpies-uns  de  ses  moments  de  loisir  pour  etudier  les  ouvrages  les  i)lu8  conmis  tin 
droit  des  geus,  semble  etre  tombd  sur  uu  piissage  qu'il  considdrait  comme  tout  a  fait 


OriNlONS    OF    .All.'.    ADAMS. 


183 


This  was  an  oxtract  from  Wlioaton's  wellkiiowii  work,  to  t'le  cll'tH't  that 
ii  l('j;itiniato  authority  inij'iit  convert  a  captnri'd  nuMchantvcsscl,  with- 
oiit  (M)ii(h'ninatioii,  into  a  shi[)  of  war,  to  sni.'h  an  extent  at  h'ast  as  to 
secure  tlie  reeoj-nition  of  it  by  nentral  nations. 

It  was  i)robal)ly  from  tliis  sonrci!  tiiat  Captain  Seinmes  contrived  his 
du'Uie  of  tnrninj4'  the  United  States  merchantman  Conrad,  laiU-n  with 
iicaryo  of  wool  from  a  distant  market,  into  the  ('onfedin'ate  States  shi]) 
Tiis(!ah)osa,  temh-r  to  the  Ahibama,  havinj;-  two  li'-ponnd  ritle  f^'uns,  and 
ten  men;  and  brin<;in;;'  her  into  Her  ]\IaJesty's  port  of  Simon's  Jiay, 
Cape  of  (lood  lIoi)e,  to  test  tlie  disposition  of  the  h)cal  authorities  to 
ivcofjiiize  the  proceedinji'. 

As  usually  hai)pened  in  the  course  of  these  transactions,  tho  naval 
otlicer  in  commaml  in  the  harbor  at  once  penetrated  the  fraud.  Kear- 
Adiniral  Sir  ]>.  Walker,  on  the  8th  Auf^ust,  addressed  a  letter  to  Sir  l*. 
Wodehouse,  in  whiish  he  used  this  language  : 

Tlie  ailiiiissiou  of  this  veHHi;!  into  port  will,  I  fear,  open  tho  door  for  iminbers  of  vos- 
M'ls  ciiiitiired  uiidt'r  sliiiihir  (iircuiiiHtaiices,  hciiij;  dttiioniiiiatod  teiuhirs,  with  a  view  to 
iivoid  the  ])rohil>itioii  contained  in  the  Queen's  instrnctions  ;  and  I  would  oliserve,  that 
lliB  vessel  Sea  Jiridt!,  (iaptnred  l)y  the  Alahaina  oil'  TaVde  May  a  few  days  since,  or  all 
(itlier  prizes,  mij;ht  i»e  in  like  manner  styled  tenders,  niakinj;  the  prohiljitit)n  entirely 
mill  and  void. 

I  ajipridieiid  that  to  hrinji  ^  captured  vessel  under  tho  donomination  of  a  vosstd  of 
war  she  must  he  litted  for  warlike  i»uritoses,  and  not  merely  have  a  few  men  and  two 
tiiiall  <;uiis  put  on  hoard  her  (in  fact,  nothing  hut  a  prize  crew)  in  order  to  dis<;uisc. 
liiT  real  character  as  a  prize. 

Now,  this  vessel  has  her  original  cargo  of  wool  still  on  hoard,  which  cannot  bo  re- 
(|iiiied  for  wailike  pnrpo.sos;  and  her  armament,  and  tho  number  of  her  crew,  are  quite 
iiisullicieiit  for  any  services  other  than  those  of  slight  defense. 

But  this  sound  judgment  of  the  gallant  raval  olhcer  met  with  little 
response  from  the  higher  authorities  of  the  Cape. 

As  usual,  the  governor  had  consulted  his  attoriu\v-gcneral,  and,  as 
usual,  the  attorney-ger  .M>a1  gave  an  opinion,  giving  live  reasons  why 


'!  i 


'! 


convenahle  a  sou  dessein.  C'etait  nn  extrait  du  volume  bien  conuu  do  Wheaton,  dout 
le  sens  etait  (pi'une  autorite  h^gitime  ponvait  convertir  uu  vaisseau  marchand  capture, 
saus  jugement,  eu  vaisseau  do  guerre,  as8ez,du  moins,  pour  assurer  sa  reeonnaissanco 
imrdes  nations  neutres. 

Ce  fut  prol>ablement  a  cause  do  cela  quo  le  capitaine  Semnies  coufut  son  projet  do 
changer  le  vaisseau  marchand  des  Ctats-Unis,  lo  Conrad,  charge  d'uno  cargaison  de  laino 
(I'lin  uiarche  eloigne,  eu  vaisseau  des  ctats-confederes,  le  Tuscaloosa,  iciider  do  I'Ala- 
bama,  ayaiit  deux  canons  rayes  do  (h)uze,  et  dix  homines,  et  do  leconduire  dans  le  i>ort 
(1«  sa  Majesty  <lc  Simon's  Bay,  Cap  ile  IJoune-Espdrance,  pour  6prouver  la  disposition 
des  iiutorites  locales  a  recounaitro  la  fraiulo. 

Coiiuue  il  arrivait  d'ordiuairo  dans  le  coiirs  de  cos  transactions,  I'oflicier  do  marine 
iini  coinmambiit  dans  le  port  penetra  imnuldiatemeut  la  fraude.  Rear-Adnural  Sir  B. 
Walker  adressa,  le  8  aoflt,  uuo  lettro  a  Sir  P.  Wodehouso,  dans  laiinello  il  tenait  co 
iiingage : 

"L'admission  de  co  vaisseau  dans  le  port  ouvrira,  jo  le  crains,  la  porte  i\  uombri!  de 
vaisseaux  captures  dans  des  circonstances  semhlables  et  quo  I'on  uommera  tenders,  eu 
vue  d'echapper  h  la  defense  conteuue  dans  les  instructions  de  la  Reiue;  et  je  ferai  re- 
niarquer  que  le  vaisseau  Sea  Bride,  capture  par  1' Alabama  pr(\s  do  Table  Bay,  il  y  a  pen 
<le  jours,  on  toute  autre  prise,  pourrait,  do  la  memo  mani^re,  ctre  uommd  tender,  rendasit 
aiusi  la  d(^tense  enti^rement  nulle  et  uou  avenue. 

"Jo  crois  que,  pour  placer  uu  vaisseau  capturt5  sous  la  d^'uomiuation  do  vaisseau  do 
guerre,  il  faiit  qu'il  soit  propre  A.  des  projets  de  guerre  et  qn'il  n'ait  pas  senlenient 
iliiekpies  homnies  et  deux  petits  canons  it  son  bord  (en  fait,  pas  autre  chose  qii'uu 
equipage  de  prise)  afin  de  ddguiser  son  vrai  caractcro  de  prise. 

"Midntenant  ce  vaisseau  a  encore  i\  bord  sa  cargaison  primitive  do  laiue,  ce  qui  est 
assez  inutile  pour  des  projets  do  guerre;  etson  armament  et  le  uombre  de  son  eijuipage 
8ont  tout  i\  fait  insuflflsauts  pour  aucun  service  autre  (lue  celui  d'uue  legfiro  d6fenst^'' 

Mais  ce  jugement  sain  de  ce  brave  offlcier  de  marine  trouva  pen  d'echo  chez  les  auto- 
rit<i8  supdrieures  du  Cap. 

Comme  de  coutume,  le  gouverueur  avait  consults  son  attorney-general  et  corame  de 
coutunie  I'atioruey-geueral  douua  uu  avis  renfermaut  ciuq  raisous  pour  lesquollea  ce 


¥. 


184 


AUIUTUATION   AT    GENEVA. 


W/ 


m  ' 


what  was  a  ('ai)tinT(l  iiiorcliantinan  to  tlio  eye  of  everybody  else  slioiiM 
be  i'e<;ar(le(l  by  the  f-overnnient  as  a  le<;itiiiiate  ship  of  war  of  a  rcco;'- 
iii/.ed  bellij^ereiit.  lie  also  relied  on  tlie  extract  from  the  work  of  W']^. 
ton,  havinj;'  reference  to  a  very  dillerent  state  of  things.  This  was  on 
the  7th  Ansust,  1S0;J. 

The  governor  sent  these  papers  in  the  regidar  channel  to  the  antlioii- 
tii's  at  home,  and  in  dno  conrse  of  time  tliey  fonnd  their  way  to  Kml 
IJnssell.  Jle  ai)pears  to  have  been  so  little  satisfied  with  the  siiifiuhir 
result  that  had  l>een  reached  at  Cape  Town  as  to  desire  a  reconsidciii. 
tion  of  the  question  by  the  law-otlieers  of  tlie  Crown.  This  was  diitiil 
on  the  3()th  September. 

The  consequence  was  an  opinion,  not  delivered  until  nineteen  davs 
aiterward  and  bearing  marks  of  careful  consideration,  signed  by  all 
three  of  the  legal  otiicers,  the  purport  of  Avhich  was  a  disavowal  of  tin- 
fiction  of  law  based  upon  a  misconception  of  the  doctrine  of  Wheatoii: 
and  a  distinct  expression  of  a  proposition  so  important  in  conuoctioii 
with  all  the  events  submitted  to  our  consideration  that  1  deem  it  necis- 
sary  to  quote  the  very  language : 

"We  tliinlc  it  rijjlit  to  observe  tlmt  tfic  third  reason  alfof^etl  l»y  tlie  coloiiinl  attoriifv- 
•riiicral  for  liis  opinion  assniiies  (tlioujj;li  tlie  fact  liad  not  ^K-en  made  the  snhjcet  of  any 
in(|iiiry)  that  "  no  means existe<l  for  determininji-  whetlier  the  ship  had  or  had  not  l)ciii 
JiHlieially  condemned  in  a  court  competent  of  jniisdietion  ;  and  the  proposition  that, 
iuliiiittinfj  her  to  have  beencaptnred  l)y  ashijtof  war  of  the  Confederate  States,  slie  was 
entitled  to  refer  Her  Majesty's  j;overnment,  in  case  of  dispute,  to  the  conrt  of  her  Statis 
in  order  to  satisfy  it  as  to  lier  real  character,"  appears  to  us  to  be  at  variance  with  Hii 
Majesty's  undoubted  rijiht  to  determine,  within  her  own  territory,  whether  her  orders, 
made  in  vindication  of  Jier  own  neiitralitj',  have  been  violated  or  not. 

The  opinion  then  went  on  to  declare  what  the  proper  course  should 
have  been.  The  allegations  of  the  United  States  consul  should  at  once 
have  been  brought  to  the  knowledge  of  Captain  Semmes,  while  the  Tus- 
caloosa was  there ;  and  he  should  have  been  obliged  to  admit  or  tleuy 
their  truth.    If  the  result  were,  in  that  case,  the  proof  that  the  Tusca- 


m  '''"'^- '  i 

|i"- 

MMm 

<[\\\  etait  iin  vaisseau  marehand  capture,  i)our  tout  lo  mjinde  ailleurs,  devait  ("tn? 
re;iai'de  par  le  jfonveruement  eonime  un  vaisseau  loj>itim(»  do  ffiierre  d'un  bellijjdrant 
retoimn.  If  s'ajipuyait  aussi  sur  I'extrait  de  Touvrai^e  de  Wheaton,  se rapportaut  a  une 
(luestion  toutc  dillerente.     Ceci  se  passait  lo  7  aoftt  1803. 

Le  {:rouverneur  eiivoya  ces  documents,  par  lo  canal  ordinaire,  aux  autoritf^s  du 
royaume,  et  avec  le  temps  ils  parvinrent  au  Comte  Russell.  II  senible  avoir  etd  si  pen 
satisfait  du  singulier  rdsultat  obteiin  il  Cape  Town  qn'il  dosira  nn  nouvel  exauieu  de 
la  ([iiestion  par  les  "law-oilieers"  de  la  couronno. 

Ceei  <^tait  dat<;  du  'M  septenibre. 

l^e  rdsultat  fut  un  avis,  (lui  ne  fut  livrc  que  dix-neuf  jonrs  jdus  tard,  rcnrermaiit  de< 
marques  d'un  examen  sernpulenx,  signc  par  les  trois  otliciers  lej^aux,  dont  le  resume 
etait  nil  desaveude  la  iiction  do  loi,basd  sur  nn  malenteiidu  de  la  doctrine  de  Wheaton. 
et  nne  expression  claire  d'nne  proposition  si  iini>ortante  a  Tejiiard  do  tons  les  eveiie- 
meiits  souuiis  a  notrc  exanieu  que  jo  crois  in5ces8aire  d'eu  trauscrire  les  jn'opres 
termes : 

"  Nous  crnyons  qu'il  est  bon  de  faire  remarquer  que  hi  troisienie  raison  alld<fu(^c  par 
I'attorney -general  de  la  colonic  pour  son  avis  aftirnie  (quoique  ce  fait  n'ait  uullenieiit 
etc  soumis  a  aucune  enquete)"  qu'il  n'existait  aucun  inoyen  de  determiner  si  le  vaisseau 
avait  et(5  on  non  jugd  formellement  par  nne  cour  compctente  de  jnridiction;  et  la  pro- 
l>osition  qu'en  admettant  (pi'il  a  ^td  pris  par  uu  vaisseau  de  guerre  des  (^tats-confcdeies, 
il  ('•tait  ivutorisd  j\  renvoyer  le  gouvernement  de  sa  Majestd,  en  cas  de  dispute,  a  la  cour 
de  ses  etats,  afin  de  douner  satisfaction  i\  celui-cl  sur  son  vrai  caract^re,  nous  parait  eii 
dosaccord  avec  le  droit  indubitable  de  sa  Majesty  de  ddtermiuer,  dans  les  liiiiitesde 
son  territoire,  si  ses  ordres,  donncs  pour  le  maintieu  de  sa  neutralite,  ont  eto  violesou 
uon. 

"L'avis  en  vient  i\  d(^clarer  quelle  anrait  dft  etre  la  conduite  convenable.  Les  alle- 
gations du  consul  des  l^tats-Uuis  auraieut  dft  etre  port(5s  imniddiatemeut  il  la  connais- 
sance  du  capitaine  Semmes  pendant  (pie  le  Tuscaloosa  etait  la.  P]t  il  anrait  <5t6  obligi5 
d'eu  adm(!ttre  ou  d'en  nier  la  vdrit<5.    Si  co  resultat  dtait,  dans  ce  cas,  la  preuve  que  le 


Ol'INIONS    OF    MU.    ADAMS. 


185 


se  slioiiM 
r  a  IVCO;;'. 
of  ^\\m■ 

lis  AVUSOll 

e  autliori- 
ly  to  Kiirl 
L^  -siiiKuIiir 
[!onsi(l('in- 
ras  (latfd 

toon  (lays 
10(1  by  nil 
ival  of  till' 
^Vlieatoii : 

lonnoctiuii 
11  it  iioccs- 


ill  attoriifv- 
bjcct  of  any 
liul  not  Ix'i'ii 
osition  that, 
itoH,  siic  was 
)f  her  States 
ic(!  with  Hit 
r  her  orders, 

se  should 
lid  at  onoe 
e  tho  Tns- 
it  or  deny 
he  Tiisca- 


l(uisa  was  an  unc^ondoninod  jirize  bion<;ht  intoUritisli  waters  in  violation 
(if ilei' Majesty's  ordc's  for  maintain};  her  neutrality,  it  would  deserve 
Miions  consideration  whether  tne  most  proper  eourse  consistent  with 
IffiMajesty's  dignity  would  not  be  to  tala^froni  the  cajitors,  at  once,  all 
tiirtlier  control  over  tho  Tuscaloosa,  and  retain  it  until  properly  reclaimed 
liylior  original  owners. 

Tliif^  opip.ioii,  so  far  as  I  have  had  occasion  to  observe,  contains  the 
very  first  indication  of  a  disposition  nianifosted  on  tho  part  of  Her  ^la- 
jostv's  advisers  to  resent  the  frauds  and  insults  which  had  been  so  con- 
limially  practiced  ui>on  her  from  the  outset  of  this  stru}:fsle  bv  these 
iiisarft'ent  agents.  Had  it  boon  duly  manifested  from  tho  l)eoini  in};,  it 
can  hardly  be  doubted  that  she  would  have  been  materially  relieved 
ironi  the  responsibility  subso(piontly  incurred. 

Oil  the  4th  of  November  tho  Duke  of  Newcastle  addressed  a  note  to 
the  };'overnor  of  Capo  Town,  communicatiu};  the  decision  ot  the  law  ofli- 
KMs  as  to  what  ou};ht  to  have  been  done. 

On  the  lOth  of  December  the  governor  addressed  a  note  to  the  Duke 
(if  Newcastle,  defending'  himself  in  regard  to  the  action  which  had  boon 
disapproved,  and  praying  for  further  directions  what  to  do.  The  Tus- 
irtloosa  had  meantime  left  Simon's  IJay  on  a  cruise,  from  which  she  did 
not  return  until  the  2Gtli  Do^jember,  when  she  put  in  for  supjdios.  But 
(111  the  oth  of  January  Hoar- Admiral  Sir  li.  "Walker  addressed  a  note  to 
the  secretary  of  the  admiralty,  announcing  that,  by  the  request  of  tho 
jiovcriior,  he  had  taken  tho  necesj?ary  stei)s  to  ascertain  from  the  insur- 
jiciit  otlicer  then  in  command  the  fact  that  she  was  an  uncondemncd 
I  prize  captured  by  the  Alabama,  and  thereupon  ho  had  taken  possession 
of  her  for  violation  of  Her  Majesty's  orders,  to  be  hel  ^  until  reclaimed 
liy  her  proper  owners. 

It  was  in  vain  that  the  insurgent  entered  a  i>rotost  against  this  de- 
I  cideil  proceeding.  The  governor  contented  himself  with  a  brief  answer 
to  the  effect  that  he  was  {\cting  by  orders. 


(Icvait  ("tve 

belli<;<irant 

irtiuit  a  uui' 

iitorit(''S  (In 

|r  otd  si  ptMi 

■xauK-'U  de 


M'inaiit  (li's 

1«  r(}suiiie 

|e  Wheatoii. 

les  ovt'iie- 
les  proprcs 

|l(^ifn<^o  par 
1  uulleineiit 
lie  vaisseau 
g,  Ht  la  pro- 
KoiilcJt-'rcs, 
|),  a  la  com- 
parait  en 
liniitosde 
i6  violcs  oil 

Les  all<!- 

la  counais- 

1  dt<S  oblis:^ 

ive  (iiie  le 


Tuscaloosa  otait  uiio  priHO,  iioii  ,jn<j;oo,  ainenoo  dans  les  oaiix  anjjlaises  en  violation  des 

luiiliesdc  .sa  Majosto  ponr  lo  mainticii  do  sa  nciitralito,  il  faiidrait  examinor  scrionse- 

liinit  si  la  conciuite  la  plus  convenahlo  i\  I'tjj^ard  do  la  dij^nito  do  sa  Majostd  n;;  scrait 

|li;is(le  priver  I'auteur  do  la  prise  do  tout  controlo  ultorieiir  sur  lo  Tuscaloosa  et  do  lo 

I'tciiir  jusqu'a  ce  (lu'il  fi"it  proiireniont  roelainc  jtar  sos  propriotairea  pviniitifs." 

Cutte  opinion,  pour  autant  (pie  j'ai  eu  I'oecasion  de  lo  roinarqiier,  contient  la  tonto 
Ijiniiiiiie  indication d'nned"spositionnianitest(Hi  de  la  part  desconseillers  de  saMajesti^ 
uivtnger  les  fraudes  et  les  insultes  qui  avaient  cto  si  continuelhiinont  conunist^s  onvers 
I  tile,  (lepuis  le  coiuinenceinent  de  ce  eonlUt  par  ces  a<;ents  insnrjii^.  Si  cetto  disposition 
Jayait  eto  sonvent  nianifestee  des  le  coinmenctMuent,  on  iient  dithcileinent  donter  qn'ello 
jiHiitoti?  iiiatoriellement  decharjrdo  d'une  j^rando  partie  de  la  responsabilito  qui  lui  fut 
jiuilHisoe  dans  la  suite. 

Le  4  noveiubre,  le  duo  do  Newcastle  tidrcissa  nne  note  an  ffouvcrnonr  do  Capo 
|Ti>\vn,  lui  comuiuniquant  la  dcScisiou  des  "  law-ollicyrs  "  a  r(5^ard  do  co  qui  aurait  dil 
litre  fait. 

I'  Ul  docombre,  lo  gouvernour  adrossa  nne  note  an  due  do  Newcastle,  se  defendant 
111  li jjfiinl  do  la  conduito  qui  avait  dto  ddsapprouvco  et  demandant  des  directions 
|iilti  rieuros  sur  ce  (ju'll  y  sivait  a  fairo.  Le  Tuscaloosa  avait  pendant  co  temps  qnitt*^ 
jSiiiKm's  Bay  pour  nne  cause  dont  il  no  revint  lo  2(5  ddcembre.lorsqu'il  entra  dans  le 
|l'"rt  pour  prendre  des  subsides.  Mais  le  5  Janvier,  Kear-Adiniral  Sir  B.  Walker  adrossa 
liiiie  note  au  secrdtairo  de  I'aniirautd  annongant  qu'a  la  requite  du  gouverueur  il  avait 
jl'iis  les  mesures  ndcessaires  pour  s'assnrer,  anpres  de  I'officier  insured  qui  commandait 
luliirs.  du  fait  que  c'dtait  une  prise  nou  jugde,  capturdo  par  I'Alabama,  et  qu'eu  consd- 
I'lUeiice  il  eutivait  pris  possession  pour  violation  des  ordrc  do  sa  Majostd,  et  pour  fitro 
Ittteiiiie  jns(pi'i\  ce  qu'elle  fftt  rdclamdo  par  ses  propridtaires. 

(efut  en  vain  que  I'insnrgd  protesta  contre  cette  mesi're  f(!rme,  Le  gouvernemont 
|f'  miiteiita  d'une  courte  reponse,  disaut  qn'il  agissait  par  ordre. 


180 


AltinTli'A.'IOV    AT    OnXKVA. 


w 


Tlu'ic  were  at  tlie  inoiiiont  no  MyciitH  tor  tlic  i»n>|)i'r  owiici's  to  wlium 
llui  v<;.ss('l  (ronhl  l)(^  tniiislcrri'd,  so  tliiit  it  iciiiiiiiKMl  in  tlio  iiands  of  the 
liritisli  antlioi'ities,  nntil  a  new  h'tli'i- was  rt'(!('i\tMl  from  the  Dnkcii 
^Jinvcastlc,  dated  tlio  JOtli  ."March,  icsciiidinj;  tlic-  instructions  j;iv<'ii  ia 
the  iirccodin^^onc,  ami  <lii'c(^tinj;  th(^  vessel  to  l)e  han(h'd  over  once  inoiv 
to  some  person  liavin^'  anthority  from  ('aptain  Semmes,  of  tiie  Alal)iuiia, 
or  from  the  government  of  tiie  Conledeiate  States. 

Thns  it  appears  to  niu  that  Her  JMa.jesty's  ^■overnment,  from  an  over 
sensibility  to  tiie  pecnliar  cir(!un!stan«'es  of  tlu'  ri'tnrn  of  the  vessel  attn 
once  h'aviiif?  her  port,  htst  all  tlu^  advantages  to  which  it  had  eiititlcil 
itself  for  niaintainin'^  the  dignity  of  the  Crown  against  an  uiiwoitliy 
experiment  npon  lier  i)atience.  The  fact  was  that  it  was  only  niuliiii;; 
th(!  port  of  Simon's  l>ay  u  base  of  oi»erations,  an  additional  insnlt. 

The  time  had  gone  by,  however,  when  this  \essel  could  bis  nindc  ui 
any  further  use  by  the  insurftent  comman<ler  of  the  Alabama.  Ih^  liml 
.succeeded  in  executing  a  fraudulent  sale  of  the  cargo  (►f  that  as  well  ih 
of  another  pri7-e,  the  Sea  liride,  and  was  bound  on  another  cruise,  which 
proved  to  be  his  last  on  the  ocean. 

Taking  into  consideration  all  the  circumstances  attending  this  mffi 
lar  narrative,  I  have  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  as  a  prize  (•ai)tim'.l 
by  the  Alabama,  and  turned  into  a  tender,  she  comes  tlistinctly  witliiii 
the  scope  of  damages  awarded  by  the  judgment  passed  upon  the  coiiisi' 
of  Her  Majesty's  government  respecting  that  vessel.  And  if  in  her  own 
brief  career  it  should  ai)pear  that  she  has  herself  committed  any  iiijiin 
to  the  i)eople  of  the  United  States,  1  am  clearly  of  opinion  that  Ilir 
Majesty's  governmont  ha",  made  itself  distinctly  responsible  for  the  iic;' 
lect  to  i)revent  it  under  the  rules.  It  is  alleged  in  the  argument  on  be 
half  of  the  United  States  that  she  had  captured  and  released  one  vessel 
ou  a  ransom  bond,  before  reaching  Cape  Town;  and  on  the  LUlmt 
September,  after  her  visit,  she  captured  and  destroyed  one  more.  Biii 
I  have  failed  to  discover  the  presence  of  any  distinct  (;laim  in  damagis, 
Should  such  be  made  visible,  I  hold  the  claim  to  bo  valid. 

Alois  la  question  ctait  claire :  c'citait  uuo  prise  aiiieudo  dans  nil  port  do  sa  MtijiJi' 
contrc  la  loi. 

Mais  il  n'y  avait  ancnn  a<;cnt  des  ))ropiiotaiios  antinel  le  vaisseau  jtftt  ("tie  it'iiiis, ea 
sorte  (lu'il  resta  anx  mains  des  uutoiitds  an<;laises  jnsqu'a  ranivco  d'nne  iioiiviHe 
lettre  dn  dnc  de  Newcastle,  datde  du  10  mars,  idvoquaut  les  instruetions  doniides  ilaii< 
la  prdcddento,  et  ordonnant  qno  le  vaisseau  fftt  livre  de  noiiveaii  a  (inohiu'uu  iiyaiii 
antoritd  de  la  part  du  capitaine  Semmes,  do  I'Alabama,  ou  du  youveruemeut  dc  ctatj- 
confdddrds. 

Ainsi  il  mo  seinblo  que  le  gouvornemeut  de  sa  Majestd,  i\  I'ombre  dea  circonstancps 
particulieres  do  ce  cas,  i>ei'dit  tout  l'avanta<?e  qii'il  s'dtait  ac(iui8  eu  mainteuautla 
di{?»it<S  de  la  couronue  contre  la  perpetration  d'uno  fraude  indif];ne. 

(Jei)endant  le  temps  s'etait  passe  lorsque  le  vaisseau  put  de  nouveau  fitro  eniiiloyoi 
quelque  service  par  le  commandant  insurj^d  de  I'Alabama.  II  avait  rdnssi  a  opcienine 
veute  fraudulouse  do  la  cargaison  do  co  vaisseau  aussi  bion  que  d'une  autre  prise,  le 
Sea  Bride,  et  il  faisait  une  autre  course,  qui  fut  h'i  deruii^ro  sur  I'ocdan. 

Prenant  en  consideration  toutes  Ics  circonstancos  ([ui  so  rapportenfc  h  co  singnliw 
r<Scit,  je  suis  arrivd  ii  la  conclusion  que,  couinio  prise  capturce  par  I'Alabama,  il  toiube 
distinctement  dans  le  domaiue  des  donimases  accordds  par  lejiigeraent  portdsiirla 
conduite  du  gouvernoment  do  sa  Majostd  ii  I'dgard  do  co  vaisseau.  Et  si,  dans  sa  coiirti' 
carricre,  il  paraissait  qu'il  a  cominis  lui-m6me  quelque  dominage  envers  le  peuple  te 
Etats-Uuis,  je  suis  nettement  d'avis  que  le  gouverneiuent  do  sa  Majer*^^6  s'est  remto 
clairenient  responsable  pour  sa  ndgligonce  il  I'empecher,  selon  les  regies.  On  allog"* 
dans  l'ex])osd  des  fitats-Unis  (ju'll  avait  captui-d  et  relacbd  nn  vaisseau  sous  piouiessi 
■de  raiifon  avant  d'atteindre  Capo  Town,  et  que,  to  13  septembre,  apn>s  sa  visite,  ilf» 
captura  et  ddtruisit  encore  un.  Mais  je  n'ai  pu  decouvrir  la  iirdsence  d'aucnne  demanil* 
•distincte  en  douiiuages.  Si  Ton  en  luoutrait  une,  j'envisagerais  la  reclamation  couiiii<  | 
valide. 


Ol'lNlnNS    OF    Ml{,    .\I».\MS. 


18- 


VII. — TIIK   (iKoliOlA. 

This  vcsst'l  wiis  Itiiill  iit  l)iiuil)iirt()ii  on  tlic  Clydt'  diuiii;;-  tlic  winter 
iif  ISliL*-'(»."».     Sill'  WIIS  ('(Mistnictod  in  a  niiinnci'  lo  cxcito  vt'vy 
little  siispirion  of  the  purpose  for  wliicli  slic  Wiis  intcniU'd. 
Iiiilccd,  her  friinic  proved  no  wrnk  alltT  n  few  njontlis'  trial  as  to  render 
lit'iiMisafe  with  an  arnianient,  and  she  was  laid  aside. 

Wlicn  she  was  launched,  on  the  lOtii  of  .lanuary,  a  person  known  to 
1m' ill  the  insurjicnt  service,  by  the  name  of  North,  was  reported  in  the 
|iiil»li('  journals  to  have  been  present  with  hisdauj-hter,  and  she- was  sain 
toliiive  f;iven  to  tiie  vessel  the  niune  of  the  N'irjuinia. 

it  was,  liowevei',  known,  by  the  means  of  an  intercepted  letter  received 
!iv  Mr.  Adams  from  his  ^ovtM-nment,  that  this  oflicer  had   incurred  the 
I  (viisine  of  his  employers  at  Jvichmond  to  sucii  an  extent  as  to  promi)t 
lijsn'call.    The  nan c  thus  j;iven  was  not  adhered  to. 

On  tlu!  17th  of  .January,  that  is,  the  day  alter  her  launch,  she  was  re- 
poitcd  by  the  measurinj;'  surveyor  as  the  steanu>r  .lapan,  and  intended 
Itdiceiinnercial  i)urposes,  her  framework  and  plating-  beiny  of  the  ordi- 
nary sizes  for  vessels  of  her  class. 

(ill  the  -0th  of  ]\[ar(!h  she  was  re{>istcred  in  the  nni>ie  ot  Thomas  IJold, 
II  liiitish  subject  resident  in  Liverpool,  as  the  owner. 

OiitlioliTth  of  March  she  left  for  Greenock  without  exciting' observa- 
Itidiis,  and  without  <;learancp. 

On  the  .'{(Ith  of  March  a  larp^o  number  of  men  'v  lo  had  been  shipped 
lit  Liver[)ool  by  Jones  andCompany,  a  firm  of  wiiich  3Ir.  l>old  was  ,i 
I iiicinber,  for  a  \  oyage  to  Sinyiq)oro  and  IIon<;-Kon<?,  and  after  arrival 
tlicrc  to  be  employed  in  tradinj;'  to  and  from  ports  in  the  China  an<l  In- 
dian -as,  the  voyaj^e  to  be  completed  within  two  years  by  arrival  at 
some  port  of  discbarfje  in  the  United  Kingdom,  left  Liverpool  to  get  on 
Ibonnl  the  vessel  at  Greenock. 

Oil  the  3d  of  x\i)ril  she  left  the  Britisli  waters. 

Oil  the  (ith,  the  collector  of  customs  at  Xewhaven  addressed  a  letter  to 
|tli(>  commissioners  of  customs  in  the  following  terms : 


I-E  GKOKGIA. 

IV  Vfiissoiiii  flit  constniit  a  DniuVtiirton,  siu'  la  Clyde,  pniidaiit  I'liivor  de  lf?()'^-'(i;i.     II 
ll'ut  coiiHtniit  do  niiiiiiore  a  oxciter  t.n's-])tMi  do  soiipvoiis  a  I'efjard  dii  but  aui|iu'l  il  I'tait 
(k'stinn.  ■  En  etlt!t,  ses  couples  so  nioiitrorent  si  failihis,  apros  (^uelques  moi.'j  il'essai,  <in'il 
[(leviiit  (laiifjercux  avec  son  ariueiiient,  et  il  fiit  mis  do  eoto. 

Qnaiid  il  t'lit  laiico,  le  1(5  jauvior,  les  jouniaux  ivpportt'rent  qu'iine  ixM-soinie  dii  nom 
Idi'Xoitii,  coiiimo  ponr  otre  an  service  dos  iiiHurfj;i^s,  se  trouvti  pieseiite  avcc  sa  iillc,  et 
[qui!  wile- ci  donna  an  vaissean  le  nom  de  Virjiinia. 

On  Hiivait  cependant,  par  uuo  lettre  interceptoe,  rcviit!  par  M.  Adams  de  son  Gonverne- 
limiit,  qut;  cetotticier  avait  refu  la  censure  de  ses  siipt^rieiirs  a  Kiclimuud  au  iioint  do 
uiotivtTson  rappel.    Le  nom  ainsi  donnc  no  fnt  ]>as  conserve^. 

J  Le  17  Janvier — c'est-a-dire,  le  lendomain  do  son  lanccment — lo  nioHureur  fit  nn  rai)port 
I  dans  k'unel  il  I'iudiqnait  comme  steamer  le  Japan  et  destind  X  des  entreprisos  conimer- 
IcialcH,  HI'S  couples  et  ses  pliKpies  extant  des  dimensions  ordinaires  pour  des  vaisseaux  do 
1 6a  ehiHse. 

l-<"»*0  mars,  il  fnt  enregistrd  au  nom  de  Thonms  Bold,  sujet  anjrlais,  rcsidaut  i\  Liver- 
|ponl,  conune  propHetaire. 

U-  tJ7  mars,  il  partit  pour  Greenock,  sans  provoquer  d'observations  et  sans  papiers. 

Ij«  ;iO  mars,  un  grand  nombre  d'liommes  quitterent  Liverpool  pour  s*^  reudre  a  bord 
jilu  vaisst'-au  a  Greenock.  lis  avaiont  «^t<J  enr61es  tl  liiverpoot  par  Jones  et  C'",  maisoii 
jdecoimiierce  dont  M.  Bold  faisait  partie,  j>our  un  voyage  a  Singapore  et  i\  Hong-Kong, 
jet  ai)r(>8  leur  arrivo'e  li\-ba8  pour  6tre  employes  au  commerce  d.  is  les  jiorts  des  niers  de 
jla  Chine  et  des  Indes;  le  voyage  devait  se  faire  en  deux  ans,  et  le  retoiir  avoir  lieu 
j«an8  un  port  de  d^barqnement  du  Royaume-Uui. 
[   Le !}  avril  il  qnitta  les  eaux  auglaises. 

Le  6,  le  collectenr  des  douanes  au  port  de  New  Haven  adressa  une  lettre  aiix  com- 
jmissaires  des  douanes,  coufuo  dans  les  termes  suivauts: 


^  I 


'■  :■ 


mm^ 


188 


ARBITRATION    AT   GENEVA. 


U^Mi 


The  steniiisliip  Alar,  of  London,  85  tons,  owned  by  II.  P.  Maples,  sailed  on  Sundav 
niorninK,  otli  instant,  at  2  a.  in.,  bonnd,  according  to  the  ship's  papers,  for  Aldcrricy  anil 
St.  Malo.  On  Satnrday,  at  midnight,  thirty  men,  twenty  of  whom  appeared  to  1.. 
Ihitish  sailors,  ten  mechanics,  arrived  by  train.  Three  {gentlemen  accompanied  tlnn. 
Mr.  Lewis,  of  Alderney,  Mr.  Ward,  and  Mr.  Jones.  The  men  appeared  to  he  igiiDriini 
of  their  precise  destination  ;  some  said  they  Avere  to  get  20/.  each  for  their  trij).  A  inun, 
rather  lame,  snperintended  tliem.  Shortly  after  raidnij^ht,  a  man  arrived  trdni 
])rijj;liton,  on  horse'iaek,  with  a  tcle{j;ram,  which,  for  purposes  of  secrecy,  had  been  mv. 
tiiere  and  not  to  l".<nvhaven,  it  is  snspected.  Mr.  Staniforth,  tlie  ajjent,  rejilied  toiiiv 
impiiries  this  nmrninff,  that  tlio  Alar  had  munitions  of  war  on  board,  and  flmt  Hkv 

were  consigned  by to  ii  Mr.  Lewis,  of  Alderney.    His  answer  wjis  liriif 

and  with  reserve,  leaving  no  doubt  on  my  mind  nor  on  tlu;  minds  of  any  here  tliat  tli'  i 
thirty  men  and  munitions  of  war  are  destined  for  transfer  at  sea  to  some  second  Ala- 
bama.   The  telegram  to  Ihighton  intimated,  very  probiibly,  hiiving  been  rtservtd inr 
the  last  honr,  where  that  vessel  would  be  found.     Whether  the  shipment  of  tlit;  men,  who  | 
all  appeared  to  be  Ihitish  subjects,  can,  if  it  should  be  hereafter  found  that  tlieyliav.- 
been  transferred  to  a  Federal  or  confederate  vessel,  be  li(>ld  an  infringement  df  tlif  | 
foreign-enlistnu'ut  act,  and  Avhether  the  clearance  of  t\w  Alar,  if  hereafter  found  tol- 
untrue,  can  render  the  mast(>r  amenable  under  the  customs-consolidation  aet,  i.sl'w 


your  consideration  respectfully  submitted. 


R.  .7.  DOLAX,  Cnlh 


Oil  coiitrastin.£?  the  sub.stance  of  this  letter  with  any  or  all  of  tlmst 
comrauiiicated  from  a  similar  source  at  Liverpool,  iu  the  cases  of  tlie 
Oreto  or  the  Alabama,  the  difference  cannot  fail  to  be  apparent  to  the 
most  ordinary  api>rehension.  There  is  no  equivocation  or  reservation  j 
to  be  snspected  here.  The  officer  seems  to  me  to  have  faithfully  per 
formed  his  duty,  and  completely  relieved  himself  from  responsibility. 

This  letter  appears  to  have  been  received  by  the  commissioners  ofciis 
toms  on  the  7th  April,  and  they  on  that  same  day  made  a  report  to  tlie  | 
home  office  in  the  following  terms : 

I   am   desired  to  transmit,  for  the  information  of  the  lords  connnissioners  of  liet  | 
Majesty's  treasury,  and  for  any  directions  their  lordshi^js  nuiy  see  tit  to  give  thercoii, 


*■      i-c 


"Lc  vapeur  Alar,  de  Londres,  jaugeant  85  tonneanx,  (propridtaire,  H.  P.  Maples.)  a  | 
fait  voile  dimanehe,  le  5,  a  deux  lieures  dn  matin,  destin^,  du  moins  selon  les  i)aiiiir> 
de  bord,  ci-apres,  i)our  Alderney  et  St.-Malo.    II  est  arrivd  samedi  a  minnit,  piir  le  I 
chemin  de  fer,  trente  liommes,  dont  viugt  paraissaient  etre  des  m.arins  anglais  et  ilis  | 
mecaniciens.    Trois  messieurs  les  accomi)agnaient,  Monsieur  Lewis,  d'Alderiiey,  Mr, 
Ward  et  I\Ir.  Jones.    Les  hommes  semblaient  ne  pas  savoir  au  juste  le  lieu  de  leunkv  I 
tination.     Quehines-uns  d'entre  enx  disaient  qu'ils  devaient  avoir  £20  par  tete  poiirle 
voyage.    Un  hommo  qui  boitait  un  pen  avait  la  direction  de  la  troupe.     Pen  aiiris 
minnit,  un  cavalier  est  arriv(5  do  Brighton,  porteur  d'un  t^-legrannne  (lue  I'on  iioiip- 
Vonne  avoir  6t6  envoy<^  dans  cette  ville  au  lieu  de  New  Haven  pour  n'en  pas  laissereeliap- 1 
per  le  secret.     luterrogd  par  moi,  le  courtier,  M.  StanifortJi,  m'a  rt^poudu,  co  matin, 
(jue  I'Alar  avait,  a  bord  des  nuinitions  de  guerre  eonsigndes  par    .     .    .a   M.  Lewi!, 
d'Alderiiey.     Ses  rf^jtonses  (5taient  breves  et  r(^serv<'es ;  elles  \ut  nous  ont  laisne  anciiii  I 
doute  dans  I'esjirit,  ni  a  moi  ni  it  pensonne  d'entre  nous,  que  les  trente  homiiie.s  et  Id  | 
munitions  de  jjuerre  ne  fussent  destines  a  etre  transbordt^.s  en  mer  sur  un  secoud  .\l;i- 
baiiia.     Le  telegramme  priv(^,  exiiedie  i\  Brighton  il  la  derniere  heure,  indiqiiait  triJ- 
juobablement  le  lieu  de  leunion.     L'embarquement  des  homines,  qui  tons  paraissaii'iit 
etre  des  snjets  anglais,  peutil  etre  cousidc^re  comme   une  infraction  au  foreifin-eM- 
mint  flt7,  dans  lo  cas  on  it  sera  it  prouvd  plus  tard  qu'ils  out  dt<?  tran8i)ord(^,s  sur  un 
vaisseaii  federal  ou  coufederef    Les  ])apiers  de  I'Alar,  s'ils  sent  reconnus  faux  dans  la 
suite,  ]>euveiit-ils  exposer  lo  patron  h  dtvs  poursnites  en  vertu  du  cuHloms-connolhldm 
(let  '!    Ce  sont  la  des  questions  (^ue  j'oso  vous  aouinettre  respectueusement. 

"K.  J.  DOLAN,  Co»(r/(Hf," 

En  compar.ant  la  substance  de  cette  lettre  avec  toiites  cclles  cointnuui(iaeesd'iiiie 
source  semblable  a  Liverpool,  dans  les  cas  do  I'Oreto  ou  do  1' Alabama,  la  dirtereiiceiic 
pent  manquor  de  sauter  aiix  yenx  de  I'intelligenee  la  plus  ordinaire.  On  no  jieiit  soup- 
vonner  ici  ni  dquivoque  ni  reserve.  L'oflicitsr  me  seinblo  avoir  rcinpli  fideleuieiit  son  | 
devoir  et  s'etre  ddchargd  de  toute  reapousabilitd. 

Cette  lettre  iiarait  avoir  dtd  refue  par  les  coiumissaires  des  donaues  le  7  avril,etle 
meme  jour  ils  firent  rapport  au  /(oiiie  oQicc  dans  les  ternies  suivaiits  : 

"  Ou  me  requiert  do  trausmettre,  pour  riuformation  des  lords-commisbaires  de  li 
trdsorerie  de  sa  Majestd,  et  pour  les  directions  que  leiirs   soigueuries  poiirrout  juiJf' 


OPINIONS    OF   MK.    ADAMS. 


181) 


Itniiv  of  a  report  of  the  collector  of  tills  ro venue  at  Nowhaveu,  rcLntive  to  the  clear- 
laute  of  the  vessel  Alar,  haviii;^  on  hoard  a  nnniher  of  sailors  and  numitions  of  war, 
Icsteiisibly  for  Ahlen.ey  and  Saint  Malo,  hut  sns])ccted  hy  the  collector  to  he  intendeil 
■for  transfer  to  some  other  vessel  hclonfjinjr  to  one  of  the  hellif;ereiit8  in  America  :  and 
11  am  to  state  that  the  hoanl  haviiif^  conferred  with  their  solicitor  on  the  subject,  that. 
Ictiiier  is  of  opinion  that  there  is  no  evidence  to  call  for  any  interference  on  the  part 
Iciltiif  Crown. 

It  thus  appears  very  clearly  that  whatever  may  have  been  the  oi)iii- 
lionsof  the  law  expressed  in  this  letter,  the  fact  is  certain  that  at  that 
Uiite  none  of  the  otlicers  of  the  government  had  received  any  informa- 
Lu  of  the  direction  to  which  it  could  truly  look  for  the  destination  of 
jtliese  vessels.  The  wliole  operation  had  been  conducted,  it  must  be 
lailinitted,  with  great  skill  and  address.  Nobody  had  ever  guessed  at 
jtk'  n'snlt  down  to  the  time  in  which  it  was  in  process  of  execution  within 
jthe  .jurisdiction  of  another  power. 

jicanwhile,  let  ns  now  turn  onr  attention  to  the  position  in  which  the 
trepreseiitatives  and  agents  of  the  United  States,  the  party  the  most 
Wei'ply  iuterested  in  preventing  this  nndertakiug  if  possible,  were  occu- 
nyiiij;. 
This  may  most  readily  be  gathered  from  the  testimony  of  the  most 
feilaut  officer  they  had  in  that  kingdom,  a  man  who  spared  no  pains 
pluo  expense  to  secure  all  the  information  that  could  be  had,  not 
jiuipiy  within  his  own  district,  bul  everywhere  in  the  kingdom  where 
ca-going  vessels  w^ere  in  process  of  construction  outside  of  the  capital. 
On  the  3d  of  April  Mr.  Dudley  writes  the  following  letter  to  3Ir. 
Reward  at  Washington  : 

Mr.  Underwood,  our  consul  at  Glasgow,  has  no  donht  informed  you  ahout  the  steamer 
hnw  tailed  the  Jajian,  fornn-rly  the  Virj;inia,  wliicli  is  ahout  to  clear  from  that  i)ort  to 
llie  Kiist  Indies.  Some  seventy  or  eif^hty  men,  twice  the  number  that  would  bo  re- 
Biiired  for  any  legitimate  voyaj^e,  were  shipped  at  Liverpool  for  this  vessel,  and  sent 
wiirccnock  on  Monday  evening.  Thoy  are  shii)pe.d  for  a  voyage  of  three  years.  My 
kliit' is  tliat  she  belongs  to  the  confederates,  and  is  to  bo  convojted  into  a  privateer  ; 
Biiitu  likely  to  cruise  in  the  East  Indies,  as  Mr.  Young,  the  paymaster  of  the  Alabanta 

oiiv'Miublo  de  donner  a  ce  sujet,  copie  d'uu  rapport  du  collecteur  dos  douaucs  i\  New 
lavi'n  ri'liitif  aux  papiera  du  vaisseau  Alar,  ayant  a  bonl  une  (juantite  de  matelots  et 
ft  munitions  de  guerre,  ostensiblement  pour  Aldorney  ('t  St.-Malo,  mais  soupvtMincs 
M  If  eollecteur  connne  devant  etro  transbordes  sur  (piehjue  autre  vaisseau  appar- 
«imnf  ii  I'lm  des  belligdrants  en  Amcri([ue;  et  je  dois  dire  ([uo  lo  board  ayant  confere 
Ivec  liMU' solliciteur  sur  co  aujet,  cet  ollieier  est  d'avis  (piMl  n'y  a  pas  do  preuves  ijui 
Kij;t.'nt  nue  iuterventiou  do  la  part  do  la  couronue." 

Ilpariut  ainsi  trcs-clairement  ([ue,  (luelles  ipr'aieut  pu  etro  les  opiuious  de  la  lol  ex- 
ffimiii's  dans  cetto  lettre,  lo  fait  est  certain  (pfa  cette  date  aucuu  des  otUeiers  du  gou- 
trueuicnt  n'avait  re^'U  do  reseiguements  sur  la  direction  ofi  il  devait  regarder  pour 
piiver  cti.s  vaisseaux.  Touto  I'operatiou  avait  ete  conduiti^,  il  faut  railmettre,  avee 
rumle  babilitd  et  adres.se.  I'ersonne  n'avait  memo  (hn'iue  lo  n^sultat,  jusnu'aii  mo- 
^tut  oil  il  etait  en  voie  d'executiou  dans  lajuridiction  d'uue  autre  puissance. 
-Maiutunaiit,  tournons  notre  attention  vers  la  position  (lu'oecupaient  les  reprosentants 
t  lis  ai,'L'Uts  des  fitats-Unis,  la  partie  la  plus  interesst^o  a  en<pecher  cette  entrepx'ise,  si 
ossibic 

•'n  pi'uts'en  faire  une  idde  plusfacilement  jiar  le  tdmoignago  de  rotliccr  Ic  plus  vigilant 
Iji  ils  tMiHSfcnt  dans  CO  royaui.:e,  homme  (jui  n'(5p!irgnait  ni  peine  ni  argent  pour  se  pro- 
picrtous  les  renseignements  que  I'ou  ponvait  avoir,  nou-s(Miloment  dans  sou  propre 
f strict,  niais  partout  dans  h-  royaume  ou  des  vaisseaux  destines  a  la  haute  mer  ^talent 
pvoju  (Ic  construction,  hors  aelsx  capitalo. 

j  J^i'  li  <avril,  M.  Dudley  dcrit  la  lettve  suivanto  i\  M.  Seward,  i\  Washington : 
I" M.  Underwood,  notre consul  a  jtlasgo\v,vou8  a  sans  douto  I'-crit  au  sujet  du  steamer 
tl"'le  niaintenant  lo  Japan,  auparavant  le  Virginia,  ijui  est  sur  lo  point  de  s'acciuitter 
fc«'  poite  pour  les  Indes  orientales.  Environ  soixante-dix  ou  rpiatro-vingts  hommes, 
fciix  tills  le  nombro  neeessairo  pour  un  voyage  Ic^gi time,  out  iHd  enrOlds  tl  Liverpool 
*iir  ct)  vaisseau  et  euvoyds  a  Greenock  lundi  soir.  lis  sont  engages  pour  uu  voyage  de 
•"Wans.  Ma  con^'iction  est  (ju'il  appartieut  aux  confederes,  et  (lu'il  doit  etro  convert! 
'lorsaire,  tr^s-probablement  pour  croisor  dans  les  Indes  orientales,  comme  M.  Youug, 


if 


190 


ARBITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


tells  me  it  has  always  licoii  a  favorite  idea  of  Mr.  Mallory,  the  secretary  of  tlio  odiiiViI. 
erate  navy,  to  send  a  privateer  in  these  waters.     I  soiit  a  man  from  luu-e  to  Gliis;^o\vto| 
accomiiauy  thi.'se  men,  to  endeavor  to  find  ont  the  destination  of  the   vesstd,  itc    [[,. 
lias  not  been  snecessfnl  as  yet  in  his  er.'orts.     He  has  biieii  on   board,  anil  writes  tliat 
she  has  no  armament,  and  he  is  still  there  watching  her,  »fcc. 

At  the  date  of  this  letter  the  Japan  was  actually  goiie  to  sea ;  and  tin. 
vigilant  consul  had  not  even  then  obtained  any  testimony  w'hatevcr  i 
upon  which  to  establish  the  truth  of  his  very  just  conclusion  as  to  tlitl 
purpo.se,  though  not  Just  as  to  the  destination  of  the  vessel. 

Let  nie  now  observe  what  the  case  was  with  Mr.  Adams,  the  niinister  | 
of  the  United  States  at  London.    It  appears,  by  a  letter  of  his  ad 
dressed  to  Mr.  Seward  on  the  Dili  of  April,  that  "he  had  been  long  in  I 
the  possession  of  information  about  the  construction  an<l  ontfit  of  this 
vessel  on  the  Clyde;"  and  upon  this  part  of  the  paragraph  of  his  letter, 
singularly  enough,  1  perceive  in  the  counter  case  presented  to  us  on  the  I 
part  of  Her  ^lajesty's  governnient,  an  attempt  made  to  throw  upon  him 
the  responsibility  for  tiie  escape  of  the  vessel.    The  language  is  this: 

"  If  reconrse  had  been  had  to  the  navy,  it  is  probable,"  the  arbitrators  are  told, 
"  that  the  complaints  of  the  lJnit(Ml  States  mij;ht  not  have  been  necessary.  They 
might  not  have  been  necessary  if  Mr.  Adams  had  communicated  in  good  time  sncli  in- 1 
formation  as  he  possessed,  instead  of  kee))ing  it  undisclosed  until  six  days  after  the 
sailing  of  the  G<'orgia,  and  more  than  three  »lays  after  the  departure  of  the  Alar,  mi  \ 
if  that  inforniatiou  had  intended  to  form  un  actual  or  contemplated  violation  of  the 
law." 

Xow,  it  should  be  observed  that  this  passage  begins  by  assuming  th 
the  information  to  whicii  Mr.  Adams  alludes  in  his  letter  of  the'Jthot'i 
April,  a-s"  having  long  been  in  his  possession,  was  the  same  whicli  lie  | 
communicated  to  Earl  IJussell  in  his  note  addressed  to  him  on  the  Sth, 
If  such  had  really  been  the  case,  the  insinuation  might  have  appearei'l 
Avith  some  shadow  of  justice.     But  if  the  context  of  the  passage  qiioteil 
had  been  given  entire,  it  would  show  that  at  the  period  to  which  he  re 
ferred,  "nothing  had  ever  been  furnished  him  of  a  nature  to  base  pro- 
ceedings upon;"  whereas,  on  the  reception  of  what  appeared  more  I 


8  i.  f-"A 


;  ri 


le  niaitre  payeur  de  I'Alabama  me  dit  que  va  atoujonrs  etd  uue  idee  favorite  de  M,  M.il- 
lory,  le  secretaire  de  la  marine  confedi^roe,  d'envoyer  nn  corsaire  dans  ces  eaux.  J'lii  I 
envoye  un  homnie  d'ici  a  Glasgow  pour  les  accompagner,  pour  essayer  de  decouvrir  la  | 
destination  de  ce  vaisseau.  Jus(|u'ici  il  n'a  pas  n^nssi  dans  ses  etforts.   I!  a  etc  a  borJ, 
et  jl  ecrit  (lue  le  vaisseau  n'a  point  d'armement,  et  qu'il  lo  surveille  toujoars,"  etr. 

A  la  date  de  cette  lettre,  le  Japan  avait  pris  la  mer,  et  le  vigilant  cou.sul  ii'iivait. 
meme  alors,  obtenu  ancun  renseignement  <iuelcon(iue  sur  lequel  (^c.iblir  la  v^ritediM  | 
conclusion  tres-juste  cpiant  au  but,  (pioique  erronnde  ([uant  il  la  destination,  du  vaisseai 

Permettez-moi  do  faire  observer  maintenant  la  position  de  M.  Adams,  niinistre  ile*  I 
Etat.s-Unis  il  Londres.  II  semble  par  line  lettre  qu'il  iidressa  h  M.  Seward  le  9  avril. 
"  ([u'il  avait  616  longtemps  en  pos.session  de  reuseignements  ear  la  construction  ctsiir  1 
les  prdparatifs  de  co  vaisseau  dans  la  Clyde,"  et  (luant  h  cette  partie  du  i)aragi'!iphe 
de  sa  lette,  je  remarque  assez  singulierement,  dans  le  "  Counter-case,"  qui  uon'*  f^' 
prt58entd  de  la  part  du  gouvernement  de  sa  iliijest(1,  line  tentative  faite  pour  rejeter 
sur  lui  la  responsabilitd  de  I'cviision  du  vaisseau.   Voici  les  ternies : 

"  Si  on  avait  eu  recours  !\  la  marine,  il  est  probable,"  c'est  ce  qu'on  assure  aux  arW 
trca,  "que  les  I^tats-lJnis  n'auraient  piis  eu  de  plaintes  i\  adresser  relativeirieiit  :i  n 
vaisseau.  lis  n'en  auraient  pas  en,  si  M.  Adams  avait  communi(iu(5  en  temps  iitikle* 
reuseignements  qu'il  pouvait  i)osseder,  an  lieu  des  les  garder  pour  lui,  jus<pi'ii  sixjmir*  I 
apres  le  ddpart  du  Georgia,  plus  de  trois  Jours  ajues  celui  de  I'Alar,  et  si  ces  reiiw'i|;iir- 
nients  eussent  «^tP  de  nature  ii  prouver  une  violation  iictutdle  ou  pro,jet<^o  de  la  li»i-' 

Maintemint,  il  fViut  reniarqner  que  ce  psissage  commence  par  poser  (|uo  les  reiisi'i|;ii'^ 
nicnts,  aiix([uels  M.  Adams  lait  allusion  dans  sa  lettre  du  9  .avril  comme  ayiuit  it< 
longtemps  en  po,  .cssion,  •''taient  les  memes  qu'il  avait  eonnnuni(iu<^s  au  Comte  RiismU 
dans  la  note  qu'il  lui  aviiit  adre.ssde  le  8.  Si  tel  avait  6t6  r<^ellement  le  ciis,  rinHiuiwtii'ii 
afirait  pu  avoir  ciuelque  ombre  dt?  justice,  niiiis  si  le  contexte  du  passiige  triuiscrit  wait  1 
^Jto  doniK^  entiennient.  on  verniit  (iii'iiu  moment  auquel  il  renvoie,  "  iln'avait  re\'iH* 
core  lien  qui  flit  de  nature  i\  se;  vir  de  l)ase  ii  des  poursuites,"tandis(iu'i\  la  reception  I'lii- 
tard  de  ee  «iui  lui  parut  uue  preuve  plus  uette  de  faits  <iui  se  pasHaieut  justeuieut  iil"f* 


OriNION8    OF    MK.    ADAMS. 


191 


distinct  evidence  of  facts  just  then  taking  ])lace,  lie  lost  not  a  moment  in 
I  submitting  them  to  the  consideration  of  Iler  ]\[ajesty's  government,  in 
1 1)1^  note  to  Earl  Jlnssell  of  ihe  Sth  of  April.    For  the  rest,  it  is  i)robable 
!,Mr.  Adams  had  had  too  long  an  experience  of  the  result  attending  the 
transmission  of  iiisuflicient  evidence  to  be  particularly  desirous  of  draw- 
iu^upon  himself  the  customary  vei)lies.     If  JFer  3Iajesty's  government 
is  to  be  justified  at  all  in  the  course  of  the  transactions  now  under  con- 
sideration, it  must  be  done  by  assuming  the  entire  responsibility  for  her 
action,  or  failure  to  act,  rather  than  by  attempting  to  share  it  with  other 
parties,  in  whom  it  could  not  possibly  suspect  any  motive  foi'  indilfer- 
I  (uee  or  neglect. 

It  thus  ai)pear8  that  it  was  not  until  the  eighth  of  April,  that  is,  si.v 
(lays  after  the  escape  of  tlie  Japan,  and  three  days  a'ter  the  evasion  of  the 
Alar,  that  Mr.  Adams  api)ears  to  have  had  within  his  control  the  recpii- 
site  means  for  making  a  remonstrance.  lie  then  addressed  to  Earl  lius- 
sell  the  following  note: 

From  iiiforniation  received  at  tliis  le;iiitioii,  whieli  appears  entitled  to  oredit,  I 
mil  i(mi])elled  to  the  paiufiil  coiichiNion  tliut  a  steain-vessi!!  has  Just  departed  from  the 
Clyde  with  the  intent  to  depredate  on  the  commerce  of  the  people  of  the  United  States. 
She  passed  tliere  under  the  name  of  the  Japan,  hut  is  since  believed  to  have  assumed 
tbe  name  of  the  Virginia.  l[(!r  inunediatedestination  is  the  island  of  Alderney,  where  it 
is.«ni>posed  she  may  yet  he  at  this  moment. 

A  small  steamer  called  the  Alar,  belonging  to  Newhaven,  and  commanded  l»y  Henry 
P.  Maples,  has  been  loaded  with  a  supply  of  guns,  shells,  shot,  powder,  &.v.,  intended 
fur  the  ef|nipnient  of  the  Virgniia,  and  is  either  on  the  way  or  has  arrived  there.  It  is 
luither  alleged  that  a  considerable  number  of  British  subjects  have  been  enlisted  at 
Liverpool  and  sent  to  serve  on  board  this  cruiser. 

Should  it  yet  be  in  the  power  of  Her  Majesty's  government  to  institute  some  inriniry 
into  the  nature  of  these  proceedings  in  season  to  establish  their  character  if  innocent, 
nr  to  put  a  stop  to  them  if  criminal,  I  feel  sure  that  it  would  be  removing  a  heavy 
Ijuiileii  of  anxiety  from  the  minds  of  my  countrymen  in  the  United  States. 

The  ditticulty  of  the   situation  in   writing  so    long  after  the  ex- 
I  icution  of  the  chief  portions  of  the  operation  objected  to  is  here  frankly 


*5 


il  lie  perdit  pas  un  moment  pour  les  sonniettre  a  I'examen  du  gouvernement  de  sa 
Majestd,  dans  sa  note  au  Comte  Kussell  le  «  avril.  An  reste  il  est  probable  cpie  M. 
Adams  avait  eu  une  trop  longue  exp<^rienco  du  resultat  <pii  atteiulait  la  comnninication 
depreuves  insiittisantes,  pour  ("-tro  particulierement  desireux  de  s'attirer  les  n^ponses 
(iidinaires.  Si  entin  le  gouvernement  de  sa  Majes'te  doit  etro  justiti<^.  dans  le  coiirs  des 
traii8a(ti(»ns  cpii  sont  maintenant  soumises  i\  notre  examen,  il  taut  (pie  ce  soit  eu  assu- 
iiiaut  la  responsabilitc^  entiere  de  sa  eonduite  on  de  sa  negligence  a  agir,  plutot  <iu'eu 
Msayant  de  la  partager  avec  d'autres  parties  chez  lescjuelles  on  ue   pent  suspecter 

j  iiiicuu  motif  d'indiltdrence  on  de  n<5gligence. 

llsemhle  ainsi  cpie  ce  ne  fut  ([ue  le  8  avril — c'est-a-dire,  six  Jours  apres  I'dvasion  du 

I  Japau,et  trois  Jours  aprv's  celle  (lo  I'Alar — que  M.  Adams  parait  avoir  eu  a  sa  disposition 
lis  moyeiis  n<^cessaires  pour  faire  uue  remontrance.     11  adressa  alors  au  Comte  KuijseU 
lanotesuivante  : 
"D'apresdes  renseiguemeuts  rc^us ilia  l<^gation  qui  semblent  nuhitertouto  croyanco, 

I  je  suis  ainen6  i\  la  conclusion  pr^niblo  qu'un  steamer  vient  de  sortir  de  la  (Jly<le  avec 
lintpiitiou  do  commettre  des  dei)redations  contre  hi  commerce  des  Clats-Unis.  II  por- 
tait  ici  le  noni  du  Japan,  mais  on  croit,  des  lors,  qu'il  apris  lo  uom  de  Virginia.  Sa«le- 
stiiiation  iimuddiate  est  I'ilo  d'Alderuey,  oil  Ton  suppose  qu'il  pout  etro  encore  dans  co 

lUoilU'llt. 

"I'll  petit  steamer  uomnif^  I'Alar,  do  New  Haven,  et  commaud(^  par  HiMiryP.  Maples, 
'i^tecluugd  d'une  grando  provision  de  canons,  d'obus,  do  boulets,  de  poudre,  etc., . 
I  destines  i\  l'(5(|uipement  du  Virginia,  et  il  est  en  route  pour  s'y  reudre  on  il  y  est  arriv^. 
•Jn  alK'giie  en  outre  qu'un  nombre  considerable  de  sujets  anglais  out  C't6  eurules  a  Li- 
verpool et  euvoyes  pour  servir  il  bord  do  co  croiseur. 

"  *iH  <^tait  encore  au  pouvoir  du  gouvernomont  do  sa  Majestd  do  fairn  uuo  enquete  sur 
la  nature  de  ces  transactions,  si  temps  pour  etablirleur  caracterosiellessout  innocentes, 
[ «»  pour  losenqieeher  si  elles  sont  criininelles,  je  suis  certain  quo  co  serait  6ter  uu  pesaut 
tardean  d'anxietd  de  I'esprit  de  nies  compatriotes  aux  fitats-Unis."         • 

On  rt'connalt  franehement  combien  il  est  dilticile  d'ecriro  si  h)ngtemps  aprf-s  I'exc^cn- 
itiou  des  fails  priucipaux  de  I'opdratioa  dont  il  s'agit.    Kieu  do  co  qui  itiit  counu 


]f 


Wm 


192 


ARBITRATION   AT   GENEVA. 


rw 


conceded.  Everytbiug  kiiowu  thus  far  gave  no  clear  indication  towaiM 
the  unknown,  and  the  only  important  atiirmatiou  of  fact  made  in  tho 
letter  turned  out  not  to  be  correct. 

On  the  same  day  tLis  letter  was  written  and  sent,  Earl  Russell  made 
his  reply.  After  repeating  the  substance  of  the  complaint,  it  proceeds 
as  follows : 

I  have  to  state  to  you  that  copies  of  your  letter  were  sent  without  loss  of  tiiiio  to  tli  • 
homo  clopartmeut  and  to  the  board  of  treasury,  with  arcMiuest  that  an  iminediato  iinitiiiv 
might  he  made  into  tile  circumstances  stated  in  it,  and  that  if  the  result  shonhl  ]iri)vi; 
your  suspicions  to  bo  well  founded,  the  most  effectual  measures  might  Lt  taken  wiiioh 
the  law  admits  of  for  defeating  any  such  attempts  to  lit  out  a  belligereu,^  vessel  t'loui 
British  ports. 

It  is  due  to  the  government  of  Her  Majesty  to  add  that  all  it  conkl  do 
under  the  peculiar  circumstances  it  tried  to  do.  Mr.  Adams  had  pointed 
out  the  island  of  Alderney  as  the  destination  for  the  meeting  of  tlie 
Japan  and  the  Altar.  This  had  been  to  a  certain  extent  confirmed  by 
the  report  of  the  collector  of  customs  at  Newhaven,  the  only  correct  in- 
twraation  which  seems  to  have  been  at  first  obtained.  Alderney  ami  iSt, 
Malo  was;  the  destination  specified  in  the  ship's  papers. 

Misled  by  this  information.  Lord  Russell  took  a  step  extraordinary. 
and  thus  far  exceptional,  in  the  prosecution  of  preventive  measnres, 
He  caused  a  ship  of  war  to  be  ordered  from  Guernsey  to  Alderney  witli 
{I  view  to  prevent  any  attempt  that  might  be  made  to  execute  the  pro- 
ject of  armament  within  that  British  jurisdiction.  Unfortunately  the 
l)ractical  consequence  of  having  been  put  on  this  false  scent  was  to  fur- 
nish the  time  lost  there  as  a  means  of  more  completely  carrying  into 
effect  the  projected  scheme  elsewhere.  Even  had  Iler  Majesty's  gov- 
ernment attempted  to  go  further,  it  could  have  been  no  use.  The  object 
had  been  completely  gained  within  the  jurisdiction  of  another  sov- 
ereignty— the  empire  of  France. 

In  the  case  presented  on  the  part  of  the  United  States  it  is  mged 
that  Her  Majesty's  government  might  have  gone  so  far  as  to  seize  the 
vessel  within  the  French  jurisdiction,  and  the  case  of  the  Terceira  expe 

jusqu'alors  no  fournissait  uue  indication  claire  i\  I'egard  do  I'inconuu.  Et  la  seule 
athrmation  iniportaute  faitedans  cette  lettro  setrouvait  n'etro  pas  exacto. 

Le  mrnne  jour  ou  cette  lettre  fut  ecrite  et  euvoy<^,e  lo  Comto  Russell  rtSpondit.  Apri^ 
avoir  rcp6t6  la  substance  de  la  plainte,  il  contiuui   :omme  suit : 

"  J'jii  il  vous  exposer  <iuo  de/s  copies  de  votre  lettro  out  6t6  envoydes  sans  perdrc  de 
temps  au  departement  do  l'iut«5rieur  et  au  couseil  de  la  trdsororie,  avoc  priero  qn'tiue 
enq note  immediate  fftt  faite  dans  les  circonstanccs  qui  y  sont  indiqudes,  et  (luo,  si  lo 
resultat  prouvait  que  vos  soup^ous  sont  bieu  fondds,  les  mesures  les  plus  effieiices  i|"'' 
la  loi  autorise  fussent  prises  pour  emjiecher  toute  tentative  d'dquiper  iiu  vais^joau  kl- 
ligdrant  pour  sortir  des  i)orts  anglais." 

D  couvieut  d'ajouter  eu  favour  du  gouverncment  do  sa  Majestd  que  tout  ce  qii'il 
pouvait  fairo  dans  cos  circonstancos  particul lores,  il  a  essayd  de  le  faire.  M.  Ailauis 
avait  indi([ud  I'lle d' Alderney  comme  le  lieu  oii  le  Japan  et  I'Alar  devaient  so  ren^nitrtr. 
Ceci  avait  dtd  contirmd,  jusqu'i\  un  certain  point,  par  lo  rapport  du  collectour  lU^ 
douanes  de  New  Haven,  le  seul  reuseignement  exact  qui  semblo  avoir  <5td  obteiiii 
d'abord.  Alderney  et  Bt.-Malo  dtaient  la  destination  spdcifide  dans  les  papiers  du  vais- 
seau. 

Induit  eu  erreur  par  ce  reuseignement,  Lord  Russell  fit  uno  demarche  oxtraonlinain', 
et  jusqu'ici  exceptionnelle,  dans  la  poursnite  des  mesures  prdveutivos.  II  lit  qii'im 
vaisseau  fftt  envoyd  de  Guernesy  h  Alderney,  en  vue  d'erap«;cher  touto  tentative  iiin 
aurait  pu  fitre  faite  d'exdcuter  le  projet  d'armement  dans  la  juridictiou  anglaise.  Mai- 
heureusement  la  consequence  pratique  d'avoir  dtd  mis  sur  cette  fausse  piste  fut  do  dounet 
le  temps  qui  y  avait  dtd  perdu  pour  eftectuer  plus  conqildtement  ailleurs  le  plau  pro- 
jotd.  M6mo  si  le  gonveruement  do  sa  Majestd  avait  essayd  d'allor  plus  loin,  cola  u'auiait 
servi  ;\  rien.  LS  but  avait  dtd  entieremeut  atteiutdans  la  juridictiou  d'uno  autre  puis- 
sance souveraine,  I'empire  des  Fran^ais. 

Dans  I'exposd  prdsentd  de  la  part  des  fitats-Unis,  on  avance  que  le  gouverncment  ilf 
sa  Majestd  aurait  pu  aller  jusqu'a  saisir  les  vaisseaux  daua  la  juridictiou  frau^aiiie,  ct  Ix 


oriMONs  OF  mi.  adams. 


193 


liition  is  cited  as  a  procedoiit.  But  it  socnisto  me  that  the  (jovornmont 
of  the  United  States  would  scarcely  be  ready  to  concede  the  right  of  a 
forei^'n  power  to  settle  qnestionsof  justice  within  its  Jurisdiction  with- 
out: its  kno\vledjj;'e  or  consent. 

It  may  be  urfjed  that  the  o})inions  of  the  ollicers  of  customs  that  no 
violation  of  law  had  been  comniitted  in  the  expi'dition  of  the  Alar,  was 
fijuivalent  to  a  ne;^lect  of  due  dili"?ence. 

Upon  whicii  it  may  be  remarked,  that  ^\h',^t]ler  riii'ht  or  wron<?  at  the 
(late  it  was  given,  and  with  the  iuforniatiou  then  in  possession  of  tiio 
j;overniuent,  there  is  no  reasonable  probability  that  tlie  Alar  coidd 
iiave  been  seized  excepting  i)erhaps  in  the  waters  of  France. 

On  the  15th  of  April,  JMr.  Adams  addressed  a  note  to  Earl  llussell 
covering  certain  i)apers  wliich  went  to  i)rove  tlie  manner  in  which  men 
liad  been  enlisted  in  violation  of  the  laws  of  the  kingdom  by  parties  iu 
Liverpool  in  co-operation  with  the  insurgent  agents. 

Iu  consequence  of  these  and  other  i)apers  which  followed  them,  Her 
3[ajesty's  government  were  enabled  to  take  the  re(iuisite  steps  to  l)ring 
the  chief  offender  at  Liverpool  into  the  courts  of  Justice.  Tlie  reports 
of  tbe  trials  carried  on  in  the  court  over  which  our  distinguished  col- 
league presides,  are  among  the  pai)ors  before  us,  aiul  they  satisfy  my 
mind  entirely  in  regard  to  the  justice  and  impartiality  with  which  the 
proceedings  were  conducted.  The  i)arties  were  all  convicted,  and 
rhoiigli  the  penalties  intlicted  were  much  too  light,  they  appear  to  have 
been  thought  suflicient  to  establish  tlie  elliciency  of  the  law. 

It  was  in  connection  with  such  proceedings  as  these  that  Mr.  Dudley, 
ill  one  of  his  letters  to  Mr.  Seward,  wrote  that  "  the  ])rosecution  of  these 
parties,  if  conducted  vigorously  witii  tiie  view  of  convicting  them,  will 
do  more  to  break  np  these  expeditions  and  littingout  of  vessels  in  this 
country  than  anything  else." 

Upon  a  careful  review  of  these  facts  as  tliey  ai)i)ear  1  <fore  me,  I  can- 
not iiorceive  that  Her  Majesty's  government  has  nnide  it'^elf  in  any  way 


a';  (le  I't'xpi^ilition  do  T(^rc(Mi'(^  ost  c\\6  cotiinio  iiii  iiri'ciMlciit.  M;iis  il  mo  somblo  que  lo 
lidiivi'iiciiKiiit  (le,s  lOtiits-Unis  iit>  .si'ruit  j;iicr<'  disijosr.  ii  i'c<'()iin;iilr()  li-  droit  d'luu!  piiLs- 
^;iiice<'trMiij;fTO  a  roller  dcs  (jui'stiDiis  de  jiisticis  d;i!is  s;i  Juridiclio:!  sans  sa  conuaiH- 
>aric(;  iii  son  conscnttMiicnt. 

On  pent,  .'ivanccr  ([IK?  I'avis  dcs  onii'icrs  dos  douim's,  ipi'll  Ti'y  ivvait  on  ani'iino.  vio- 
iatiim  (le  la  loi  dans  l'cxi)iMlitioii  de  I'Alar,  f'qnivalait:  a  nni'  iit'^lig.'nco  "d  's  duos  dil- 

A  ([iKii  on  ])out,  fairo  roninniuer.  (lu'a  tort  f)U  ;"i  droit,  a  la  date  oil  il  fnf  donn(^.  (it  avoc 
il"*  i''nsi'iirni'mi'nts  (jni  <'tai(Mit  alors  t!u  pn.ssrs.sion  du  lioiivcrnrmcnt,  il  n'y  a  imlle 
iir(iliiiliilit6  raisouiialilc  (pio  I'Alar  cilt  i)n  I'tn'  saisi,  si  va'  n'l-st  pi-ut-rtrc,  dans  lo.s  oaux 
lie  1"  Franco. 

Le  Ifi  avi'il,  M.  Adams  adrr-s.sa  an  Conito  Ivusscll  uiio  not<'  I'l'nfiM'mant  certains  docu- 
iiii'iitH  (pii  tcndaiont  a  iironvcr  comment  <les  liommi's  avaient  i-ti'i  (iuiAli^s  en  violation 
ili's  lois  du  royaume  par  des  piM'sonncs  de  Liverpool  (mi  cooperation  avec  les  agentH 
iiisnrj;.'  , 

Ell  lonseiiueiice  de  ces  documents  et  d'autres  (pii  les  snivirent,  le  f^ouverne.mout  do 
"il  M.ijeste  etait  mis  a  menie  de  prendre  des  mesures  necessaires  ]iour  livrer  les  |U'iuoi- 
paux  coup  ihles  de,  Liverpool  a  la  justice.  I^es  comi)ti!s-roiidus  des  ]»roces  Juj^i^.s  devant 
■a  conr  (|ue  preside  notre  colle.iriu'  distinjiue  so  tionvent  parmi  les  documents  i)lac(^s 
'li'vant  nous,  ct  ils  satislbnt  eutiereiiKiut  mon  esprit  sous  le  rajtport  de  la  Justice  et  do 
liinpartinlit^  avee  leMjuelles  ces  atlaires  fiirent  conduites.  Les  parties  fureiit  toutos 
('iMiilainnees,  *it  (juoique  les  peines  iiillisf^es  fusseiit  beaucou])  trop  lei^ereSjClles  somhlont 
•iviiir  f.to  jujf(^es  siifflsautes  pour  »'tal)lir  I'etilicacitc^.  de  la  loi.  Cost  a  i)ro|K)s  do  proc6d6s 
ti'ls  (|ii(>  enux-ci  (]ue  M.  Dudley,  dans  uno  de  ses  lettres  a  M.  Seward,  t'crivait  cos  mots: 
"IjH  lioursuitu  de  cos  porsounes,  si  elle  est  iiionric  vijj;oureusemeut  en  vuo  do  los  oon- 
ilaiiiiicr,  fera  plus  que  toute  autre  chose  pour  faire  avorter  (ses  expeditions  et  I'oquipe- 
'Dtfiit  (le  vaiB8eaux  dans  c«  pays." 

Piins  une  revuo  soij^uouse  do  ces  faits,  tels  qii'lla  apparaisHont  devant  nioi,  je  ne  puis 
wouverque  le  gouvorriemeut  de  sa  Maj(38t^  8e  soit  rendu  rosponsable  titi  aucune  tnani^re 

13  b 


h 


:  ( 


w 

iC.' 


Iff 


194 


ARIilTKATION   AT    GENEVA. 


I'r 


liable  for  the  failure  to  use  diligjence  iu  this  case,  under  the  first  rule 
proscribed  in  the  treaty  of  Washiuffton. 

The  Jiipan  had  now  chanj^ed  lier  name  and  become  the  Georgin.  The 
fraud  had  been  most  successfully  perpetrated.  An  insur<?ent  olliccr,  by 
the  name  of  IManry,  liad  taken  the  command  of  iier,  and  the  next  tlijn;- 
we  learn  is  of  her  (U^predations  on  the  connnerco  of  the  United  Stiitos, 

It  is  not  essential  to  the  ])resent  purpose  to  go  into  any  details  ot'lici 
cruise  outside  of  the  possible  liiuitsof  liability  on  the  part  of  Her  M:i;. 
esty's  goverrunent. 

In  a  rejwrt  made  by  llear-Admiral  Sir  Ualdwin  Walker  to  the  socrc- 
tary  of  the  admiralty,  dated  KHh  August,  18(J.'),  appears  the  tbUowin; 
paragraph : 

On  tlu)  1(!tli  i)ist;iiit,  111''  (iiiift'dciato  Statos  stcaiiior  fJoornia,  (.'oiriniaiulcr  .M;ni;\, 
anchored  in  tliis  (8iniou'>)  l)ay.     Slic,  ri'([uir('S  coals,  priivisioiis,  ;iii(l  calking. 

In  a  letter  addressed  by  the  governor  at  (Jape  Town  to  the  dukooi 
Newcastle,  beaiiiig  the  same  date,  is  the  following  piiragra[)li : 

On  llic  Kith  at  ik)())i,  tlii'  (i<-oi';j;i.'i,  anntlicr  conrcdevato  v.'av-stcuiiHT.  aiiird;.; 
Si!iu)ii"s  li:;y  in  iic'il  of  re  jiairs,  and  is  still  tlnTc. 

It  may  jx-rliaps  be  itiy  fault,  but  alter  a  careful  seai'<;h  I  have  bom 
unable  to  discover  any  olUcial  report  other  than  these  as  to  the  aniviil. 
the  time  of  stay,  and  the  treatment  of  the  (leorgiai  during  this  visit, 
Inasmuch  as  this  event  was  <'Otemi)oran(.'ons  with  the  arrival,  of  tli. 
Alabama  and  her  tender  the  Tuscaloosa,  both  of  which  were  ciiuross 
ing  the  attention  of  the  authorities  of  the  jdace,  it  is  possible  that  tin' 
customary  detailed  report  in  regard  to  her  may  have  been  omitted. 

The  fact  is  at' any  rate;  certain  that,  notwithstanding  her  fraudulcn: 
escape  in  deliance  of  the  laws  of  Great  Britain,  this  vessel  was  duly 
recognized  at  Capetovrn  as  a  legitiiuate  vessel  belonging  to  a  reeogiiizn! 
belligerent. 

In  the  cases  of  tlie  Florida  and  of  tbe  Alabama  1  have  already  ex- 
pressed my  deep  regret  that  this  mode  of  proceeding  should  have  bi'(:i 


Wi     I 


de  nonjlifvoiKio  :\  ox(irc(n'  (lilig(Mico,  dans  I'c  cas,  selou  la  pretnii-io  ivglc  proscriti;  pnrli' 
trait<!  *le  Wasliinjfton. 

Lo  Japan  avait  (dianj^i'  do  nom  ct  dtait  d(>v('nn  Ic  Gt'orftia.  La  frando  avait  I'ti'  ac- 
coniplic  avi'c  1<<  i)liis  <frand  niK'ces.  IJn  ollicicr  insnr;;'(s  dn  noni  d<5  Manry,  en  avnir 
priH  lo  conniKindcMiciit,  of  la  ^H-cniioro  chose  (ino  nous  en  ai^irenons,  co  sont  scs  dt'pi'- 
dations  Hiir  lo  conuui'ico  dcs  Ktats-lJnis. 

11  ii'cst  pas  e.sscntiel  ponr  le  but  jirc'seiit  d'ontrer  dans  l(i.s  d<^tails  do  sa  oroisii'iiMi'. 
dohors  des  liniites  possibles  do  la  responsabiliU-  do  la  part  dn  gouverneincnt  ilc  si 
Majesto. 

Dans  nn  rapjtort  fait  par  le  vico-amiral,  Sir  Baldwin  Walker,  an  socrotaii'c  d(j  r.ii'i'- 
rauto,  date  du  11)  aofit  ISlio,  so  tronvc  bs  ])arajiiapho  .snivant : 

"Lo  U)  courant,  le  steamer  des  <^-tats-coMfe(leres,  lo  Georjiia,  eoniinandant  Maiu y, :'. 
jet6  I'anero  dans  cetto  bale,  (Simon's  Bay.)  11  denumdo  du  chaibon,  des  provisions  it 
do  ponvoir  etro  call'ate." 

Dans  niio  lettro  adresseo  par  lo  ffonverueur  do  Capo  To  .yuan  due  de  Xcwcastli'. 
portant  la  nu'smi^  date,  so  tronve.  lo  para;^ra])li(!  snivant: 

"Lo  U),  il  midi,  lo  (ieor<;'ia,  autre  vais.seau  do  jriK^rro  confedt^re,  est  arrive  a  Simoir-i 
Bay,  ayant  besoin  do  i«'paiations,  et  il  est  cncoro  iei." 

G'est  pent-otre  ma  t'ante.  mais  apres  uno  recherche  Hoisnense  je  n'ai  i)n  dei'oiivri; 
aucun  autre  rapjiort  orliciel  britannl(ine  qnc  conx-ci  snr  I'arrivde,  lo  temps  de  sc'loiu'it 
lo  traitonuMit  dn  Georiria  jiendant  cetto  visito.  En  taut  que  co  fait  so  passait  en  ini'iiie 
tonips  (jno  rarriveo  de  I'Alabama  ot  do  sou  Umdcr,  lo  Tuscaloosa,  qui  tons  deux  ;\hm- 
l)6rent  I'attontion  des  antoritds  do  I'ondroit,  il  est  possible  que  le  rapport  detailli' 
accoutnnu'^  ait  pn  otn;  omis  -X  son  Offard. 

Lo  I'ait  est  on  tout  cas  certain  (]ne  maljjre  son  <)vasion  fraudulouso,  en  depit  deslnis 
de  laUrande-Bretagno.  co  vaisseau  tnt  dftuient  reconuu  a  Capo  Town  conwne  viiisseaii 
Idgitlnieapparteinint  i\  nu  belli};  rant  reconnn. 

Dans  les  cas  <lu  Florida  ot  (lo  I'Alabannr,  j'ai  d<^ji\  exprimd  mon  profond  reoret  ip'f 
ette  ligue  de  oonduite  eftt  dte  adoptee  a  I'egard  de  vaisseanx  (pii  s'dtaient  rwulu' 


OPINIO^JS    OF   MF.    ADAMP. 


lOf) 


adopted  in  regard  to  vessels  wlilcli  liad  been  guilty  oi"  a  llagraiit  viola- 
tion of  the  laws  of  the  kingdom.  The  right  to  exclude  them  is  dis- 
tinctly recognized  by  Sir  Iloundell  Palmer  in  a  speecli  made  by  him  in 
the  lionse  of  Commons  on  the  13th  of  ]May,  1S(!1,'  while  he  assigned  as 
ai'liiof  reason  for  not  exercising  it  the  danger  that  such  a  decisi(ui 
iiii;flit  have  an  effect  of  appearing  to  favor  too  strongly  one  side  in  the 
oontost.  Tlie  fear  of  doing  a  thing  demanded  by  wiiat  appears  to  be  a 
paramount  <luty  of  upholding  the  mnjesty  of  their  laws  because  it 
miirlit  possibly  ajipear  to  lean  too  much  against  one  paity  iind  in  favor 
(if  tlic other,  seems  to  have  been  the  guiding  motive  to  the  j)oli('y  actu- 
ally iulopted.  r>ut  the  (pu'Stion  imnu'diiitely  arises  wlietlier  that  ])arty 
liiiil,  ill  its  extraordinary  course  of  couduct  within  Jler  .Miijesty's  do- 
iiiinioiis,  earned  any  riglit  to  such  consideration. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  Her  Majesty's  government  decided  otluM  wise,  and 
iiduiittcd  the  Georgia  into  th(^  port  of  Simon's  I5;iy,  where  siie  ap[)ears 
to  liiive  rcmaiiH'd  ii  tortnight,  repairing  her  decks  and  receiving  sup- 
plies and  provisions  on  the  footing  of  a  recognized  belligerent.  It  has 
been  iU'uued  that  in  tlius  deciding,  Her  .^l!lJesty"s  government  made 
itself  liable  under  tlie  sc(;ond  rule,  as  permitting  o:u'  of  its  jiorts  to  be 
made  a  base  of  oj^erations  against  the  I'nited  States  by  a  vessel  which 
had  issued  i'roin  th(»  kingdom  in  deliaiice  of  its  laws  as  a  hostile  cruiser. 

1  have  given  to  this  view  of  the  matter  the  most  careful  considera- 
tion; but  J  regret  that  I  cannot  biiu";  niyself  to  concur  in  it.  The  ves- 
sel es('ai)ed  from  tlu^  kingdom  under  circuuistiinces  which  have  already 
been  detailed  in  this  paper,  involving  no  neglect  or  failure  of  duty  on 
behalf  of  the  government.  U\  on  arriving  at  an  l^nglisli  jxu't  furnished 
^vitl'  a  regular  commission  as  a  vessel  of  a  recognized  belligerent,  Her 
Majesty's  government  determines  to  recognize  her  in  that  character, 
however  nnudi  L  nmy  regret  it,  I  cannot  call  in  question  her  riglit  to  do 
so 01  her  n?sponsibility  as  a  sovereign  po^'cr.  This  is  a  right  I  should 
not  eousent  to  have  drawn  into  question   in  any  case  so  decided   by 


cimpablos  (rniic  violation  (la^riiiitii  dcs  lois  tin  royannir.  Le  droit,  do  Ics  oxclnro  <\st 
iicttciiu'iit  nic(Miini  par  Sir  Konndcll  I'alincr  dans  iin  discoiirs  qu'il  lit  a  la  Chainbro 
(Ics  ccmnnuiu's  le,  ll{  mat  IHtil,  tandis  (|ii'il  indi([iiait:  connuc  nn  motif  principal  pour  no 
pas  ri'Xiiri'or  Ic  danijcr  qu'uno  dtieiisioii  .si'mblablo  put  avoir  ])onr  ellbt  dt*  puraitrt* 
iiworiscr  trop  tbrtemcnt  niio  dt-.s  parties  en  liUte.  La  ])(Mir  do  fair(<  nno  chose  exigee 
par  IV.  qui  semlde  etre  lo  supiemo  devoir  do  mainteuir  la  nuijesto  lU^  ses  lois,  parco 
c|trelle  pouvait  piiraitro  iucliiicr  trop  cmitre  uiie  ties  ))artie:,  ot  en  favour  de  I'autrt!, 
»i'iiil)l(uivtiir  i'tt'i  lo  nu)l)ilo  diri<]jeant  dti  sa  coiidnite  etlectivcmciit  atltiptt'e.  ^lais  la 
i|iu'sti(iii  s't'lt'vo  immtitliateinent  do  savoir  si  ee  jjarti  avait  par  sa  ligno  do  coiuluito 
t'xtraonlinairo  dans  les  litats  do  sa  Majestt;  nu'ritt^  aucuu  droit  a  une  semblaldo  con- 
"idi'iation.  Quoi  tpi'll  en  st)it,  lo  i>'t)uvernemeut  tie  sa  Majestc-  dt'iMda  autrement  ot 
aiiinit  1(5  (Georgia  dans  lo  port  tlo  Simt)n's  iiay,  on  il  .s(Mnl)le  t^'tro  restt;  uius  tiuinzaine, 
reparaiit  ses  pouts  et  recevant  dcs  subsitlo.s  et  des  provisions  sur  lo  pied  d'uu  bellige- 
raiit  ift'omui. 

Oil  a  avauct"  qu'eu  prenaut  cetto  dt'cisitm  le  gouvornemeut  tie  sa  Majosti'  s't'tait  rendu 
vcsiionsable,  d'apres  la  secoiulo  regie,  en  j)erm(!ttant  qu'un  tlo  ses  ports  fflt  tMiiplt>yf'* 
coiuiiie  biiso  d'opi^rations  ct)utro  lea  fUats-Unis  par  uu  vaissi.'un  t^ui  ctait  sorti  du 
royaiiiiit!  on  bravant  ses  lois  ctmimo  croiseur  euuenii. 

J'lii  cou8acrt5 1'examen  le  plus  soigneux  a  cetto  nianierc  tVonvisager  la  question,  mais 
je  reiriette  do  no  pouvoir  ni'y  rattacher.  Lo  vaisseau  s't^cbappa  du  rt)yauuio  dans  des 
circonstauces  tiui  out  6t6  dejil  dt^velttppf^es  dans  co  m^nioire,  no  renfernuiut  ui  n<5- 
KliKt'iice  ui  omission  de  devoir  do  la  part  du  giuivernement.  Si,  a  son  arrivt^e  dans  uu 
port  anglais,  pourvii  d'une,  coninussion  n^guliero  cotnine  vais,  eau  d'uu  belligthant 
rfcoiiiiu,  lo  gt)nvcrnement  do  sa  Majestti  decida  de  lui  recouunltre  ce  caractere,  quels 
•liie  pdissont  t'^trc  uies  regrets,  je  no  puis  niettre  en  question  son  drt)it  d'en  Jigir  ainsi 
MiiiHsa  responsabiliKj  conitue  i>uissaiico  sonvcraine.  Ceci  est  un  droit  tjue  jo  no  oon- 
W-'utirais  pas  a  laisser  uiettro  en  question  dans  aucun  des  cas  ou  les  l^tats-Uuis  auraient 

'American  Ajipendlx,  \  o)   T)  p.  563. 


(iF.; 


m 


^r 


19G 


ARniTKATION    AT   GRNEVA. 


f1    -i^.. 


i-f 


tlio  ITiiitod  Statos.  ,  It  ai»i)onrs  to  mo  on  the  same  footinj;-  witli  tlie 
orijiiiial  loooi^iiitioii  of  b('lli}>c'nMi('y,  tlio  iniiiial  cause  of  all  tlu'sc,  un- 
plcaisaiit  qiiostious — a  st('i)wlii(;h  lalwayH  rcyrcttod  to  have  bcon  tiikcii. 
but  wliicli  1  iiovcr  doubted  tlie  right  of  iler  i\laj(\st.v'«  governinciit  to 
take  whenever  it  should  think  pioper. 

The  (Jeorgia,  after  leavino-  Simon's  JJay,  had  but  a  short  career.  cSlio 
proved  utterly  unsuitable  to  the  servient  into  which  she  had  been  forced. 
and  fiindly  retuined  to  liiveijiool,  where  she  was  sold,  and  turiu'd  nito 
a  nH'r(;hant-ship.  A  question  has  been  raised  as  to  tlie  (!ourse  ot  Uoi 
Majesty's  government  in  juMinitting  this  to  be  done  within  her  hiu'rnis. 
1  cannot  myself  ])erceive  the  importance  ot  the  (pu'stion,  i)rovi(hMl  hat 
she  recognized  the  right  of  the  belligerent  to  dispute  the  validit;,- of 
such  oi)erations.  That  she  did  so  is  certain;  for  the  (Jeorgia,  after  lii-r 
transfer  into  ])rivate  hands,  was  taken  on  the  high  seas  by  tlie  United 
States  steamer  Niagara,  and  sent  to  America  as  a  i»rize,  to  be  disposed 
of  in  regular  course  of  law.  A  redanuition  aVtemptetl  by  the  owner,  in 
a  note  addressed  to  l'2arl  Kussell,  was  jiu't  by  a  reply  decisive  of  the 
merits  of  the  <'ase. 

Jn  view  of  all  the  facts  attending  this  case,  and  of  the  considerations 
attending  them,  1  am  brought  to  tlie  conclusion  that  it  <loes  not  show 
any  su(di  course  on  the  part  of  ]Ier  ^Majesty's  government  as  will  suf 
tice  to  impose  any  responsibility  for  damages  under  the  terms  of  the 
three  rules  prescribed  by  the  treaty  of  Washington. 

Vlll. — THE  SIIENA^^DOAII. 

We  have  now  reaidied  the  last  vessel,  in  the  order  of  events,  which  is 
Hnn,„„i,.i,i,.  presented  to  this  tribunal  for  its  consideration. 

It  ai)pears  clearly,  from  tlu*  i)apers  before  us,  that  the  steadily  grow- 
ing energy  manifeste<l  by  Her  Majesty's  government  in  preventing  the 
departiue  of  vess(?ls  obviously  intemled  to  carry  on  w'ar  had  ;!')t  l)eeii 
Avitliout  its  effect  upon  the  parties  engaged  in  procuring  them.     The  sei/- 


«l(^ciilf' do  im'mo.  II  mo  piirnlt  qu'il  on  ost  flo  memo  do  la  promiore  rcconiiaissancfi  de 
l)olli;!;oraiico,  la  eausc  priniiiiro  d(^  toiitcs  cos  (idostioiis  iiiallRMiroiisos,  dtMuarcluMiiii' 
j'ai  tonjonr.s  rcjiictti'  quo,  Ton  out  i)iiso,  iiiais  (pio  lo  ;:;()Mvoriiouu'iil:  do  sa  Majo.st6  iivait 
lo  droit  do  prondro,  Jc  u'on  ai  jamais  douto,  (|naMd  it  lo  Ji\j;;oait  oonvtMiahlo.. 

Ijo  (>o(trgia,  aiiivs  avoii'  (|Mitt('  Siuiuu'.s  l>ay  n'oul  qu'uuo  couito  carriore.  II  se 
nioutra  tout  a  fait  iniproiiro  au  sorvioo  ((u'll  avait  <'l>i  forcio  do  fairo,  ot  roviut  oiiiin  a 
Livovpoid,  oh  il  t'at  \oii(l\i  ot  t ransforuu'^  ou  \ai.'>si>au  inaroliaiid.  On  a  houIovo  uiie 
quostiou  a  foj-ard  do  hi  oouduito  du  <>()uvoriioiiiout  do  ,sa  Majo.sto,  eu  periiiottaiit  (|ue 
oooi  f'fit  i'ait  daiis  hos  jioitM.  Jo  no  puis  ootiiproudio  riniportauco  do  la  question. 
l)ourvu  qu'il  rt!oonni')t  lo  droit  du  l)olli<>;orant  do  contosttu"  la  validitd  d'opoiatious 
wMiildahlos.  II  ost  ('oriain  qu'il  lo  (it,  car  lo  (Jeor^ia,  apros  hou  transtbrt  on  mains  par- 
ticulioros,  fut  pris  on  hauto  inor  par  lo  .stoamor  tlo.n  Etats-Uuis  lo  Niagara,  ot  on voyo 
on  Amoridjuo  comnio  priso  pour  tni  disposer siiivant  la  loi.  Uiio  /oclainatiou  tiMiteo  par 
lo  propi-iotairo  dans  uuo  note  adressoo  au  Comto  Itusisoll  rof  ut  uno  rcpouso  qui  tnuicba 
la  question. 

En  considorant  tons;  les  faif-s  (pii  so  vapportont  i\  co  oas  et  tout  co  qui  s'y  rattaclie,  jc 
suis  ameno  a  la  oonolnsion  qu'il  no  tonu)igno  ])as  do  la  part  du  gouvernonioiit  de  sa 
Majest*^  il'uuo  oouduito  qui  sutliso  pour  iuiposor  anouiio  ros|)()nsabilit<5  on  donunages 
d'apros  los  tormo.s  dos  troi.s  regies  prosurites  par  lo  traito  do  Washiiigtou. 

LE  SHENANDOAH. 

Nous  aommes  maiutonant  arrives  an  dernier  vaisseaii,  dans  I'orclre  des  <5v(^nonieiits, 
pr6.sont6  a  I'oxamon  de  co  tribunal. 

II  ressort  clairemeut  dos  documents  plac(?s  devant  nons  qne  r<5nergio  toiijonre 
croissanto  raauifostt^o  par  le  gouvornoineut  do  sa  Majostd,  pour  einpecber  le  ddpai'tde 
vaisseaux  dvidomment  destinies  i\  faire  la  guerre,  u'avait  pas  6t6  eaus  effot  sur  lesper- 
Huuues  (\\n  s'<5taieut  ongagdes  '^  les  fournir.    La  saisio  dcs  bdliors  k  vapour  bliud^ 


OPINIONS    OF    MK.    ADAMS. 


197 


iireot'tlMi  iron  clad  stoiiin  riuns,l>uilt  by  Messis,  Ijiiinl.  seems  to  have  tlis- 
[K'llcd  all  fiirtkcr  idea  of  attempt iiij*' open  operations  of  that  (U'scriptiiMi. 

Ktforts  were  now  directed  to  t\n'  prosecution  of  s(tiiemes  that  woidd 
elude  observation.  In  tho  execution  of  this  policy,  swift  vessels,  con- 
structed for  commercial  purposes,  were  looked  up.  And  when  foun«l 
reasonably  adapted  for  conversion  into  privateers,  measures  were  taken 
to  procure  tiie  control  of  thcin  so  suddenly  as  to  effect  their  escape  from 
the  Ih'itish  Jurisdiction  before  any  means  of  preventicui  could  be  put 
into  operation. 

A  skillful  combination  of  the  means  of  supplying;  an  armament  and  a 
ciew  at  some  pre-arran<jfed  point  on  the  hijth  seas  far  beyond  the  Mrit- 
jsli  jurisdiction,  in  a  vessel  so  (piickly  and  secretly  pushed  out  of  a 
British  port  as  to  baflle  pursuit,  completed  the  adventure. 

This  i)lan  had  been  attend(Ml  with  (!oini)lete  success  in  the  (;ase  of  the 
(ieorfjia.  It  was  now  resorted  to  with  a  few  variations  in  the  case  of 
the  kSlienandoah. 

The  Ibiti.sh  steamer  Hea-King  had  been  built  for  a  merchant-vessel 
and  enii)loyed  in  the  ('hina  trade,  durinj;-  which  period  she  had  f>ained 
much  rei)utation  for  her  speed  and  her  sailiu<^  qualities.  In  the  year 
18('4  she  appears  to  have  attracted  the  attention  of  the  insurj^ent  aj>ents 
i»  Eiifiland,  and  they  proceeded  through  their  customary  British  aflilia 
tions  to  get  her  into  their  hands.  On  the  L'Oth  of  September  the 
purchase  atid  transfer  were  etfe(!ted  in  the  port  of  London.  A  ])er- 
sou  by  the  name  of  Wiight,  a  British  subject,  appeared  as  the  owner. 
Outhe  8th  of  October  this  vessel  cleared  from  that  port  in  the  usual 
way  for  Bombay,  without  exciting  observation.  The  crew  had  been 
hired  for  that  voyage. 

Simultaneously  with  this  movement,  a  screw-steamer,  called  the  Laurel, 
issued  from  the  port  of  Liverpool,  having  a  considerable  number  of 
passengers  on  board,  and  a  cargo  composed  of  an  armament  and  ammu- 
nition suitable  for  a  vessel  of  war.  ller  nominal  destination  was  Mata- 
moras,  via  Nassau. 


iv<^iionient9, 


con8triiits  par  MM.  Laird  semble  avoir  lUit  i-vaiiouir  tmite  iddu  ult^ri.  nre  do  uouvoUo 
tentative  d'oporatioiiH  de  cotte  nature. 

Di'3  loiH,  oil  sVtt'orva  do  ponrsnivrodes  plans  ([ui  pormiHSont  d't-cliapper  atix  obsorva- 
tious.  iJaiiH  la  roali-sation  do  co  dossoiii,  on  clusr(ilia  dos  vaisscanx  rapidt's  constniits 
pour  ties  entroprises  coiiniiorcialos.  Et  cpiand  on  Ics  trouvait  asscz  l>iou  a<laptos  pour 
iitrecoiivertis  en  eor.saircs,  on  ])ronait  dt!s  inoHurcs  ponr  Ics  obtciiir  asse/,  HninttMuent 
pour  eti'ectuer  lour  evasion  do  la  juridictioii  britauuinue  avaut  (lu'aueuno  niosuro 
preventive  pfttetro  tniso  a  execution. 

Une  habile  c()ud)iuaison  des  nioyons  ilc  pourvoii-  a  I'ariiuMnent  et  a  rr'(iiiii)enienfc,  sur 
quelqiio  point  lixe  <ravaiu'e  on  liauto  nier,  bien  loin  de  la  jiiridiction  aiij;lais(>,  jiar  uu 
vaisseau  mis  bors  d'un  j»ort  an'^lais  assez  rapidiMut'iit  et  secri-tenu'Ut  pour  dejouer 
toute  poursuite,  (M)inpb''tait  I'aventure. 

Ceplan  avait,  reussi  ooiuplotouuMit  dans  lo  cas  du  (icorj^ia.  On  y  cut  recours,  avcc 
qiieltpics  variations,  dans  lo  cas  du  Sbonandoab. 

Lo  stcaiiier  an<rlais  Si^a  Kinj^  avait  etc  constrnit  pour  etre  nil  vaisseau  luarcband,  ot 
employe  au  counuerco  do  la  Cliine,  epocpio  ofi  il  avait  accpiis  uuo  ^rande  reputation 
ponr  sii  vitosso  ot  pour  ses  (pialites  cotunio  voilicr.  Dans  Tanin'o  Ir*t>4,  il  parait  avoir 
attire  I'atteutiou  des  ay;onts  insnr<;es  on  An<^let<!rre,  et  ils  clierclierent,  par  lours  adilia- 
ti()U8  anglaises  ordinairoK,  a  I'acquerir.  Lo  20  sopt»u\bro,  Taeliat  et  b*  transfert  furcnt 
ett'ectues  dans  lo  port  de  Londros.  Uno  personuo  du  noin  do  Wriglit,  sujet  anglais, 
iippanilt  couune  le  i)ropri«Haire.  Lo  8  octobro,  co  vaisseau  s'aetinitta  do  co  port  en  la 
maiiiOre  ordinaire  pour  Bombay,  saus  piovoijuer  d'observations.  L'eciuipage  avait  cttS 
enRasjd  ponr  ce  voyage. 

Sinniltaiidmont  avec  co  mouveraent,  un  steamer  h  belice,  nomme  lo  Laurel,  sortit  du 
portde  Liverpool,  ayaiit  un  nombro  considerable  de  passagers  a  bord  ot  une  cargaison 
comiK)s«^e  d'un  armement  et  de  munitions  propros  a  un  vaisseau  de  guerre.  Sa  desti- 
nation etait  Matamoras,  via  Nassau. 


"I|!*;|l|,|*l     I"     II" 


Hi' 


198 


ARBITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


The  tnio  (l('stiiiiitii)U  of  both  .ships  \vas  the  vi(Miiit,v  of  tht>  i^l;iIl(l(,t' 
Mjulcira.  Tliore  thoy  ncti'iilly  iiuU,  on  or  iilfout  the  L'lst  of  OcIoIkt; 
and  there  the  ])i'ocess  of  Liausfer  of  the  ai'inameiit  and  the  inoii  was 
effected  on  the  hi^h  nea. 

This  oi»eration  had  been  <'ondueted  with  a  (h»;4ree  of  success  exceed 
in;;'  that  of  the  (leoigia.  I'^ven  the  vij;ilance  oi'  the  consul  of  the  I'liitfil 
States  at  Liverpool  had  resulted  only  in  the  formation  of  conjcctiuvs. 
reasonable  in  themselves,  aid  partially  well  founded  in  fact,  but  uiisus 
tained  by  any  ]>ositive  evidence.  That  was  not  obtained  until  t'lo 
return  of  many  of  tlie  crew  of  the  SeaKiiift",  who  had  refnst'(l  to  tiiki' 
the  new  dei)arture,  wlieu  it  was  discl()se<l  to  them  by  the  true  com 
maiider  of  the  vessel,  iu)W  called  the  Shenandoah. 

Thus  iar  I  have  only  to  reju-at  the  observations  I  nuide  in  the  cascot 
the  (ieori;ia.  Placiajj;'  myself  in  the  i)osition  of  any  neutral  jiowci'iios 
se.ssin.!4'  an  e\a'nsive  comnu'rcial  marine  and  a  lar;;e  number  of  parts, 
it  seems  to  nu^  that  no  ordinary  decree  of  <lili;;-ence  could  be  likely  to 
avail  to  i)revent  the  execution  of  such  skill fidly-contrived  enterprises, 

Iler  3IaJesty's  consul  at  the  jiort  of  Tenerilfe  api)ears  to  have  done  ;ill 
that  it  was  in  his  i)ower  to  do  in  the  i)rennses.  On  the  ari'ival  of  tlic 
Laurel  at  that  place,  and  learning  the  state  of  the  fads  as  ^iveu  toiiim 
by  the  parties  on  board,  he  i)repared  a  careful  rei)ort  of  the  saiiu",  iiml 
addressed  it  to  ICarl  llussell.  Jle  also  assunu'd  the  responsibility  ol 
seizin;:''  the  master  of  the  Sea- King',  P.  .J.Corbett,  and  sendinj;-  him  Iidiho 
for  trial  as  having",  even  though  at  sea,  violated  the  provisions  of  tln' 
foreignenlistment  a(;t. 

On  the  20th  of  January,  ISO."),  ComnuHKhu-  King,  of  Her  ^lajcsty's 
ship  J>oml)ay,  writes  to  Counnodore  Sir  AV.  Wiseman. 

1  copy  the  essential  parts  of  his  letter  : 

1.  1  conceive  it  to  be  my  duty  to  rej)ort  to  you  that  a  vessel  of  war 
of  the  Confederate  States  of  America  arrived  and  anchored  in  nobsoii's 
Uay  yesterday,  the  L*5th  instant. 

li.  Her  name  is  the  Shenandoah,  a  screw-vessel,  «5cc. 


La  vriii(>  (l(!stiiiation  des  donx  iinvires  (^tattles  parages  do  I'ili!  do  Madrrc.  Ussy 
roiicoiitioi'tMit  cH'octivt'iiKnit  vorslo  '21  oftol)io,  ot  its  prooodoront  an  transfcrt  di'  I'aniit- 
luoiit  ot  dos  lioiiiiiios  on  liauto  nior. 

Cottoopi'iation  avait  oto  condiiito  avec  nn  dofrjo  do  siuh'os  qui  doi)asHait  nioinc  elm 
dii  Goor^ia.  Moiiio  la  vijfilanco  dii  consul  dos  I'icats-Unis  a  Livorpool  u'aviiit  ;ilj(nui 
qu'a  dos  conjoctnres,  raisonualdos  on  ollos-uionios,  ot  on  ]»artio  bion  fondoes  on  fiiit. 
inais  non  ajipuy^^os  d'aucnne  prouvo  positive,  lino  ]»rouvo  do  cotte  iiaturo  no  I'm 
obtouno,  qn'aii  rotour  do  plusionrs  dos  lionmios  do  I'eqnipage  du  Soa  Kin<ir,  qui  avaii'iit 
rel'usC^  do  signor  lo  nonvol  ongag(^nnMit  quaud  oelni-oi  lour  avait  oto  n^volo  iiar  le  vra: 
coniinanilant  du  vaissoau  nonini<^  dos  lois  lo  yiionaudoali. 

Jusqu'ici,  ,jo  n'ai  (pi'il  roi)<!tor  los  obsorvatious  quo  j'ai  faites  dans  lo  oas  dii  Georgia. 
En  nu)  ]>laoant  dans  la  position  d'uno  pnissanoo  uoutro,  ])ossodunt  uuo  niaiiiie  cuni- 
mercialo  otonduo  ot  un  grand  nonil)ro  do  ))orts,  il  mo  soniblo  <iu'ancane  diligoiuo  on'.i- 
iiairo  n'auiait  probablouiout  suHi  iiour  oninoclior  rexc-cntiou  d'ontroprisos  si  liabilemciit 
conduitoH. 

Le  consul  do  sa  Majost(^  du  port  do  Ton('^rifl\\  somblo  avoir  fait  tout  ce  qu'il  otaitoii 
sou  pbnvoir  do  iairo  d.ins  cos  ciroonstancos,  A  I'arrivoo  du  Laund  dans  co  lion,  etfn 
appronant  I'otat  dos  fails,  conimo  los  Ini  diront  los  personnes  a  bord,  non-soulenieiiti! 
eu  i)n'i)ara  un  rai>pi.rt  soigin^ux  adress6  au  Conite  Russoll ;  11  ussunia  aussi  la  rospou- 
sabilitc  do  saisir  lo  capitaino  dii  Soa  King,  1'.  I.  Corbott,  ot  do  I'onvoyor  on  Anglstcrre 
pour  y  otro  ,jng6  coninio  ayaut  violo,  quoiqne  cu  ploiuo  nior,  lofoiriifii-vnlistmciit  act. 

Le  2t!  Janvier  18(55,10  couiniandant  King,  du  vaissoau  cle  sa  Majesto  le  Honibay,  s 
llobson's  Bay,  (Sent  au  comuiandaut  Hir  W.  Wisouiaa.  Jo  copio  los  parties  esseii- 
tielJes  do  sa  lettro: 

"  1.  Je  crois  qn'il  est  de  mon  devoir  do  vous  rapporter  qu'un  vaissoau  de  guerrodes 
dtats-conftlddriSs  d'Anidri(|ue  arriv^a  ot  jeta  I'ancre  a  Hobson's  Bay  bier,  lo  25  courant. 

"  3.  Sou  nom  est  le  Shenandoah,  vaisseau  a  b«^lice,  etc. 


OPiyiONS    OF    MR.    ADAMS. 


199 


t.  H(>r  iiririainout  consists  of  oij^ltt  ftuus,  vi/,,  four  8-incl>,  (Euj^lish,) 
two  ;52  poumltn'H,  (NVhitwoi'th,)  and  two  lli-pouiulors,  intondod  more 
I'Siieciiiliy  for  l)oat  service. 

').  Tiic  crew  Jit  i>rcsont  consists  only  of  seventy  men,  thou<xh  her 
in'opcr  i'onipkMncnt  is  oiu'  liun<lrcd  and  forty;  tlie  men  jilinost  entirely 
iire  stated  to  be  either  l']u;^lish  or  liisli. 

S.  Tii«^  ship  appears  to  be  in  jH'ood  order,  her  oflieors  a  soiitlemanly 
si'tof  men,  in  a  uniform  of  s^ray  and  j;'old;  but,  from  tin;  ]»aucity  of  lior 
(lew  at  ])rcsent,  she  cannot  be  very  (itlicient  for  fi;»htin^  purposes. 

!».  Leave  had  been  asked  by  the  commander  lor  pi>rmissiou  to  coal 
and  ri'pair  machinery,  iki:. 

It  is  to  be  noted  here  that,  from  the  statements  inaih'  l)y  this  oflicjer, 
'X  appears  he  had  an  opinion  clearly  formed  that,  in  the  condition 
;lii.s  vessel  was  in  at  the  time  she  arrived  in  port,  and  with  such  a  limited 
(lew,  she  could  iu)t  be  ellicient  as  a  li,uhtin<;'  ship. 

Tlu'  application  mad"  by  the  master  of  the  Shenandoah  to  tUc  gov- 
ii'iior  of  the  colony,  Sir  C.  11.  Darling,  was  in  these  words: 

1  huvo  tlic  lioiiDT  ti)  iiiUHmiii'd  to  yimr  oxci^llfiicy  thi"  nrri val  of  tin'  CDiifiMlcriito  Slivtoa 
utiaiiur  !Sli('iiaii(liiiili,  under  my  ciniiiiiiiiid,  in  I'oit  riiilip  tldn  lU't.crnooii,  ami  also  to 
tiiimiiunkate  tliat  tlio  st,('a"'fi'a  uiuLhiiiory  roiiiiires  ripiiirs,  and  that  1  aai  in  want  of 
itials. 

Idcsiri!  yonr  fxccllem-y  In  j!,rant  permission  tliat  I  may  inakL'  llu;  nccosHary  repairs 
lUiil  sii]i|ily  of  foals,  to  (fnahlc  mu  to  j^et  to  .sua  as  ([uickly  as  possible. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  object  here  mentioned  was  to  get  to  sea, 
witliout  the  specification  of  any  i)ort  of  destination. 

On  the  -()th  of  January,  Mr,  Francis,  commissioner  of  trade  and  cus- 
toms, by  direction  of  the  governor,  Sir  Charles  Darling,  addressed  a  letter 
lotlie  comnuindei',  Waddell,  of  which  the  essential  part  is  as  follows: 

III  loply,  I  have  nsceivod  tlic  instructions  of  Sir  Charlies  l)arlin;i  to  stato  that  ho  ia 
ffiliiii<^  to  allow  till?  lu^Ci'ssary  rcjiairs  to  tho  .SluMian(h):ili,  and  tlu!  coaling  of  tlio  V08 


'•  1.  S'.)u  armomont  consists  en  linit  canons,  savoir,  iiuatrc  dc  liuit  i)oucc,s  anglais 
ilmix  dc  trcntc-dcnx  Whitworth,  ct  deux  do  don/c,  dcsUuds  i>Iu.s  spcuialouiont  au  sor- 
vic'i'  lies  cniliarcations. 

"5.  L'f'(iuipa;;e  u'cst  niaintcnant  quo  do  soixanto-dix  liomiuos,  quoi(i[uo  son  total 
(luive  ("tro  dc  cent  quarautc  ;  Ics  lutiuinos  sont  prcsquc  tons,  dit-on,  auglaia  ou 
irlaiidais. 

"i  Lo  vaissoau  hon  jiarait  en  etrc  etat;  his  oflicicrs  sont  un  corps  do  lucssiours 
cniiimcil  taut,  en  nniformc  }>ris  ct  or ;  niais  a  cause  du  petit  n()nit)re  dc  ses  liommos 
(lV(|uii)ajfo  cu  c(i  nuimcut,  il  ne  pent  pas  ctre  bicn  cai)ablc  do  so  battre. 

''D.  Permission  a  etc  dcnuin(h''o  par  lo  comuuiudant  do  faire  du  char:  ■  ct  dc  r^paror 
.-■a  machine,"  etc. 

II  taut  roniar<|iicr  ici  que,  d'aprcs  les  rcnseiKUPments  dontuSs  par  cot  otlicier,  il  paralt; 
que  son  opinion  dtait  nettcnucnt  foruu'e  ((uc,  daui-  I'etat  ou  etait  ce  vaissoau  i\  IVipoquo 
I'll  il  arriva  dans  lo  port,  ct  avec  uu  equipage  si  pen  nonil)r(Uix,  il  u'ctait  i>as  capable 
(If  joiuT  lo  role  d'uu  vaissoau  do  combat. 

La  (h'luande  faito  par  le  capitaine  du  Shenandoah  au  gouvorucur  do  la  colonic,  Sir 
C.  H,  Darling,  dtait  convu*"  dans  cos  tcrnies  : 

''  J'ai  I'honiKiur  d'annoucer  a  votrc  excellence  Varri  vee  du  steamer  dos  <>tats-coiif6d6r6a 
leSbenaudoali,  sous  luon  commandcmcut,  a  I'ort  I'hilip,  cettc  apres-niidi,  ct  aussi  de 
coniiuuni(picr  (juc  sa  machine  cxigc  de.s  ix'parations  ct  que  j'ai  hcsoin  do  charbon. 

"Jo  desire  (pio  votro  cxcclloiuio  m'accorde  la  permission  dc  faire  los  reparations 
iii'cessaircs  et  les  provisions  dc  charbou  pour  quo  jo  puisso  prendre  la  mer  le  plus  tflt 
l)ossi!)le." 

II  faut  remarriucr  que  lo  but  ici  raentionnd  <5tait  do  prendre  la  mer,  sans  iudiqaer 
auciiu  port  de  destination. 

Le2()  Janvier  M.  Francis,  commissaire  du  commerce  et  dcs  douanes,  snr  I'ordre  du 
Souverueur,  Sir  Charles  Darling,  adressa  une  lettre  au  commandant  WaddoU,  doutla 
partio  essentielle  est  comme  il  suit : 

"Eu  rdpouse,  j'ai  re^u  pour  instructions,  do  Sir  Charles  Darling,  de  vous  dire  qu'il 
est  dispos6  a  accordor  les  r«5paratious  ndcossaires  au  Shouandoah,  et  I'approvisionne- 


',  ,  1- 


\ 

1 

t 

8  •■     ' 

i 

WW 


200 


ARBITKATION    AT   GKNHVA. 


Bill  Immii^  at  otirn  [)i'(ii'0('(I<!(l  witli.  mill  tliiit  flm  imccHKiiry  (liroctioii'i  liavo  lircn  ;riv,,, 
8C('.(ir(liii;i;ly. 

At  tiic  siiiiKi  tiiiM'  Mr.  Frimcis  «'omtiiuni«'iit«'«l  to  this  olliccr  a  copv m 
the  ^jnicral  orders  of  tlie  Diikc  of  N»'\v<riistl(',  in  n'j;ai'«l  to  what  is  ciilliii 
tU«  t\v<'iity-foiir  hoius  niU',  and  lilccwisc.  thosii  t'liihraci'd  iti  a  letter 
of  I'jarl  Itiisscll  to  tlu-  Duke,  of  NcwcMsth',  of  tin^  .">lst,  .laiiiiar.v,  Lst;.'. 
covoviii;;'  iTji'idations  applicalde  to  all  <|iu'stioiis  ordinarily  arising'  out  ot 
tlui  arrival  ol"  similar  vi-sscls. 

Oil  tUo  lilJth,  the  liTth,  and  2.Stli  of  January,  Mv.  lllaiichard,  tliti  coiisiil 
of  the  United  States  at  McilWoiinie,  addressed  to  Sir  (!harles  Dailiii;' 
throe  siieeessive  hitters,  protestin;:;  a^-aiiist  the  re(M);,'iiitioii  of  this  vcsmI 
aa  beloii^in;;'  to  a  helli^icieiit,  on  tlu^  ground  of  her  origin,  her  cuiivc;- 
sion  at  sea,  and  her  a(;tiial  eondilion. 

Oil  the  .'»l)th  of  ilanuary,  his  excellency  states  to  the  (HUineil  of  tin 
colony : 

Tliat  ho  liiwl  roplicil  to  tlm  lliiitod  States  cdhmmI  to  tlic,  iMl'cet  that,  liaviiii;-  nivm  mi 
atteiitivt)  coiihiileratioii  to  liis  It'ttcr,  and  lia\'iiiu;  ronsiillt'd  willi  tlii^  law-ol'licrr.s  iil'tiii 
Crown,  he  liad  <'oiii('  to  thi'  decision;! hat  the  ^jovciiinifiit  of  this  eniony  wdi;  lioiiinl  !,i 
treat  the  Siu^naii<h)aii  as  a  s1m|)  <d' war  hehmfiini^  to  a  hcllijrert'iit  power. 

His  cxetdUincy  then  coiisiilts  tlie  eoiiiiidi  on  the  only  poiid.  upon  whicii  he  ili(iii;;iii 
any  (h)iiht  coidd  aiise,  viz,  wiiether  it  would  be  ex]tedieut  to  eall  upon  the  lieutenant 
ooiiuiiiindin^j;  the  Sheinunloah  to  show  his  eoniinission  lVi)ni  the  irovernintint  of  the  ('mi. 
federate  Slates,  aiitiiori/in;.;  him  to  take,  eoniinand  of  that  vessel  for  warlike*  pni|Misf(. 

After  a  brief  consultation,  a>  majority  of  his  advi.sers  tiMider  their  o[»inion  tliiit  it 
would  not  be  e.\)»edient  to  do  so. 

I  do  not  find,  on  the  ])art  oC  Her  JNIaJesty's  government,  any  notice  (»; 
this  decision  among. the  papiu's  bi'fore  us.  Thus,  it  appears  tiiat 
once  more  it  had  been  determined  to  sunetion  a  proceeding  knowa  to 
liave  been  executed  in  d(!tiance  of  the  hiws  of  (rreat  liritain,  and  of  the 
pledges  of  the  government  to  maintain  a  strict  neutrality  in  tin;  (!oiite.st, 
The  principle  that  success  sanctions  a  fraud  had  again  be»ui  ratilicil 
uader  circumstances  which  could  not  fail,  and  did  not  fail,  to  entail  n\tm 
its  supporters  the  heaviest  kind  of  responsibilities. 


ment  d«  charbon  du  vaisscan,  auqncd  on  pout  iiiocdder  de  suite,  ot  (lue  IcH  ordres  iieeii- 
saircB  out  (',t6  (h)unes  en  eousefiuence." 

En  memo  teini)s,  M.  Francis  eonnnuni((iuiit  a  eet  odieior  un  exeniplairc  des  orilrrs 
g6n6raux  du  due  do  Newcastle  .sur  co  ((u'on  apjU'lh^  la  re;fh(  des  vinjj;t-(inatre  heures,  ct 
aussi  ccux  contonns  «Ians  une  hittre  du  Conite  linsstdl  au  due  tie  Newcastle,  du  ;il  jaii- 
vier  18{)2,  reuferinant  thss  relics  applieables  a  toutes  le.s  questions  <iuo  soulcvait  <>rtli- 
naircnient  I'arrivee  de  vaisseanx  seuddables. 

Le  2(i,  le  27  et  Ic  28  Janvier,  M.  IJlanchard,  consul  des  l'!tatH-lJnis  A,  MelhiMirin', 
adrcssa  i\  Sir  Charles  Darliu};'  trois  lettrijs  sueccssives,  protestaut  eontro  la  recoiiiiaiv 
Bauco  do  CO  vaiss(!au  connne  api)artenaut  a  un  belligeiant,  a  cause  de  son  origine.  ih"!! 
transformation  en  nier  et  de  sa  condition  actuclle. 

Le  ;?0  Janvier,  son  excellence  expose  au  eouseil  de  la  colonie: 

"Qu'il  avait  nqiondu  au  consul  des  t'Uats-lJnis  en  substance,  (prayant  donm' iiih' 
attention  sc-rieuso  a  ees  hittres,  et  ayant  consnlte  h's  '  law-ollicers' do  la  couroiiiu',  il 
avait  d<!cidii  (jue  le  {{ouveruenicnt  de  cette  coloniis  etait  obli;ie  de  trailer  le  Shenaiuloali 
comnio  vaisseau  de  jfuerre  api)artenant  a  un  ponvoir  belli}i;<^i'ant. 

"Son  excellence  considto  alors  le  eonseil  sur  le  seul  point  sur  letpud  il  pensait  iin'n" 
douto  pftt  s'clever,  h  savoir,  s'il  .serait  conveuable  d'iuvitor  lo  lieutenant  commandant 
le  Shenandoah  a  n\ontrer  sa  commission  du  gouveruisnient  des  etats-confederes  I'aii- 
torisant  h  prendre  le  commandemeut  de  sou  vaisseau  pour  des  i)rojets  guerriers. 

"Apros  une  breve  deliberation,  uno  niajoritd  de  son  eonseil  donna  sou  avis  qu'il  ne 
serait  pas  h,  propos  do  le  faire." 

II  ne  so  trouvo  de  la  part  du  gouvernement  do  sa  Majeste  ancuuo  trace  do  cett« 
decision  dans  les  documents  qui  sontdovant  nous.  Alnsi  il  paralt  qu'une  fois  de  pins  on 
d<Scida  de  sanctionner  nn  acto  connu  pour  avoir  dte  exdcutd  en  ddti  des  lois  do  la  Graude- 
Bretagne,  et  des  promesses  du  gouvernement  do  maintenir  une  stricte  neutralite  dans  le 
conflit.  Le  principo  quo  le  succfts  sauctionno  une  fraudo  avait  etd  de  nouveau  ralitid,  da"* 
des  circonstances  qui  ne  pouvaient  pas  nian<juer  et  qui  no  niauqutsrent  pas  d'attirer 
Bur  ses  partisans  la  reHponsabilitd.  la  plus  lourde. 


of'iMONs  OF  mi;.   ai»ams. 


201 


For,  ill  tlin  scries  of  (•o!is<»(iiumi(H's  tliat  liiipiu'iicd  at  McllKHinu',  it 
ffiis  lu)  iiion*  tliuii  niitiu'iil  to  expect  tliiit  the  piu-tics  jLjnilt.v  of  the  llrst 
otl'ciisc  should  he  likely  to  resort  to  others  of  tlie  saiiu^  nature  whciievci 
there  shoiihl  appeiii'  that  any  a<lvantaj;'es  were  to  l>e  ;;aiiie(l  by  it.  The 
authorities  at  Mellioiinie  seem  at  llrst  to  hav»»  acted  as  if  the  baptism 
of  the  vessel  into  a  lU'W  name  had,  in  their  eyes,  washed  it  white  of  all 
its  piist  sins.  They  Were  destined  to  learn  a  dilferent  lesson,  but  nobody 
swMiis  to  have  repented,  with  the  exception,  perhaps,  of  the  governor 
Iiiiiiscir,  whose  lati'st  sijjjniticant  d»M;laration  on  that  siiltjcct  I  sliall  have 
(K'ciisioii  to  iiotiire  hereafter.' 

The  application  of  the  insurju'eiit  officer  \\'add«'ll  for  leave  to  make 
repairs  and  ^^I't  supplies  was  nuide  on  the  L'.'ith  of  January.  Five 
(lays  passed,  and  he  liad  just  discovei'cd,  from  an  examination  mad(^  by 
iiiiiver,  that  repairs  were  ne(!essary  under  tlu^  water-line,  which  would 
require  that  the  v<'ssel  should  be  jilacetl  on  tlu^  yoveinment  slip,  there 
to  continue  not  inon^  than  ten  days.  Meanwhih^  he  had  not  yet  be- 
thought himself  to  jiive  to  the  authorities,  who  had  recpu'sted  it,  any 
report  as  to  the  (puintity  and  the  nature  of  tlu^  supplies  which  he 
desired. 

Thus  delays  were  interposed,  for  one  reason  or  other,  until  tlie  18tli  of 
February,  when  the  vessel  sailed. 

The  commatuU'r  had  in  this  way  manai^cd  to  secure  a  period  of  twenty 
three  days,  dnrin;;"  which  time  he  could  set  in  oj)erat ion  the  means  of 
atiirtin;;' on  his  i)rojected  expedition  in  an  elfeetive  manner. 

It  should  here  be  observed  that,  in  all  his  movements,  he  was  much 
favored  by  the  ahnost  universal  sympathy  of  the  residi'iits  at  M(!lbourne 
and  the  etdony.  Whatever  he  could  ask  thet  was  permissible  they 
would  enthusiastically  furnish.  Whatever  he  v  ured  to  do  that  was  not, 
they  were  indisposed  to  i)erceive  or  to  disclose. 

Under  these  circumstances,  there  cannot  bo  ii  doubt  that,  durinj^  all 


irdres  lu^t'cs- 


Cur,  (liius  la  sdrio  (los  crt'cts  qui  so  produisaiciit  a  M<Ub()iuiio,  il  nVtait  quo  natiirol 
(I'atteiidro  (|iu)  Ics  ix'r.soiincs  c<>iii>al)lt!s  do  cotto  oll'i'iiso  \i  I'orif^iiio  locoiinaioiit  prDbablo- 
ment  a  d'autrcs  iiioytMis  do  la  iiioiiio  iiatiiro  toiitcs  los  I'ois  <|u'il  paraitrait  (iii'iiii  but 
utile  jiourrait  oti'o  aUoiut  do  cot  to  iiiaiiioro.  Los  aiitoritos  do  Molboiirno  soinblout 
(I'iilionl  avoir  a<ii  ooiiuno  si  lo  baptonio  dt)o(!  vaisaoau  d'lin  nouvt^au  iioiii  I'avait  jtiirilio 
tic  tons  80S  poolu'S  ])assi's  a  Iciii's  yoiix.  I^o  dostiii  avait  iiiio  aiitiii  lo(;()u  a  IcMir  ajiprcn- 
(Iro,  niiiis  ])ors(>niio  no  sciiildo  s'otro  roponti,  a  I'oxot^iitioii  [loiit-otro  ilii  fjouvoruoiir  lui- 
iiUMiio,  dout  j'auiai  occasion  do  uieiitioiuior  ci-apris  la  doniioro  declaration  siynili- 
cativo. 

Liidomando  do  I'oHioior  insiiry;o,  Wa(ldoll,qii'il  lui  Cut  ]it'iinis  d(!  fairo  dos  roparations 
etd'obtoidr  dos  provisions,  I'nt  faito  lo  "J.")  jativicr.  Ciiiqjoni.s  so  pasworont,  ot  il  vonait 
(It!  rtecouvrir,  par  nn  oxanion  fait  jiar  '10  plonnciir,  (|uo  dcs  rt'parations  tUaii^nt  iidcos- 
saires  sons  la  liJrlu^  do  tlottaison,  co  ((oi  cxif^orait  (pio  lo  vaissoaii  iVitplaco  snr  lo  berdii 
{jouvtirneuient  i»i)ur  n'y  roster  ^\\u-.  dix  joins.  Kn  attendant,  il  n'avait  jia.s  (Micoro  son^*) 
lidoimeranx  antoritt's,  (pii  favaiont  dcniaiido,  nil  rai>port  snr  la  ([uaiititii  ct  la  nature 
des  subsides  qii'il  dcsirait. 

Aiiisi  dcs  dolais  inter vinront,  pour  uno  raison  on  pour  niie  autre,  ju.stju'aii  18  lovri;  r, 
oiile  vaisseau  part  it. 

Lo  comniandant  avait  niaim^nvro  do  c(  tto  fa(,'oii  ])onr  s'assurer  niic  perioibi  do  vii.ul- 
trois  jours,  pendant  hupiello  il  put  inottri!  il  ox(''CUtioii  les  uioyens  do  partir  pour  sojI 
t'xp(<(lition  projetdo  d'uiio  inanit-ro  ett'octive. 

II  t'iuit  remarquor  ici  (pio  dans  tons  cea  niouvemonts  il  fut  oxtremeiuent  favovisd  par 
lasynipathio  prosquo  universcllo  dos  babitants  do  JLdbouruo  et  do  la  colonic.  Quoi 
qu'il  deniandilt  de  choses  poruiises,  lis  voulaientbieii  Ics  lui  fouruir  avec  onthousiasme. 
(iuoi  qu'il  osiXt  faire  d'injusto,  il  i  n'dtaient  pas  disposes  a  lo  voir  ni  i\  le  docouvrir. 

Dans  cea  circonstances,  on  uo     nit  doubter  que,  peudaut  tout  cet  iutervalle  dc  temps, 

'  Bri'  .^h  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  722. 


202 


ARBITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


this  interval  ot  time,  he  was  constantly  busy  in  secretly  obtaining  addi. 
tions  to  his  crew.    This  was  indispensable  to  his  ulterior  operations. 

Had  the  matter  depended  on  the  enerj?y  of  the  authorities  and  popu. 
latiou  of  Melbourne  alone  to  i)revent  this,  ho  would  have  had  all  l^. 
wanted  without  a  word  of  notice.  Unluckily  for  him,  he  loiiiid  the 
consul  of  the  Unit'^d  States,  jMr.  Ulanchard,  on  the  watch  to  check  ami 
expose  his  proceedings  by  all  the  means  in  his  power.  On  tiie  lOtli  of 
February,  that  ofUcer  addressed  a  letter  to  tlie  governor  inclosing  the 
deposition  of  John  AVillianis.  In  it,  this  witness  alllrmed  that,  on  the 
Monday  previous,  there  had  been  lifteen  or  twenty  men  concealed  in 
ditlereut  i)arts  of  the  ship,  who  had  gone  on  board  siiu-e  her  aiTival 
.sixteen  days  before. 

This  statement  it  is  material  to  connect  with  a  part  oi  the  rei)i>rt  iiiiuK' 
by  Captain  I'ayne  ;:o  the  authorities  on  that  same  day.  He  liad  been 
instructed  to  make  a  careful  examination  of  the  vessel,  la  his  ivport 
he  has  this  i)assage  : 

Tliori!  aiii)oai\s  to  l)c  u  mystery  <il)ont  lier  forcliold,  tor  tlio  foi'uiiiaii  of  tlie  itaiciit  >li|i, 
^vheii  asslvL-d  to  j;o  ilowu  to  tliat  .sjtot  to  iiieasiu'o  her  for  the  cradle,  was  iiifoniUMl  hi' 
could  not  ;j;ct  to  tin- skin  at  tliat  ])lac('.  Tlii^  hatclii's  were  always  lvi-i)t  on,  aad  tlir 
foreman  states  tliat  he  was  informed  tliey  had  all  tlioir  sliilf  there.' 

Another  witness,  obtaiiuMl  by  ISlr.  IJlanchard,  named  \\'alter  J.  ^ilad- 
den,  testified  that,  wlien  he  left  the  vessel  on  the  7th  of  Februaiy, 
•'there  were  men  hid  in  the  forecastle  of  the  ship  aiul  two  workinjjin 
the  galley,  all  of  whom  came  on  board  of  said  vessel  since  her  arrival 
in  that  i)ort ;  that  the  oflicers  pretend  they  do  not  know  that  said  men 
are  so  hid." 

On  tlie  14th  of  February  Mr.  IJlanchard  sent  another  deposition,  of  a 
man  named  Herman  AVicke,  specitically  uaming  one  person  as  having 
come  on  boiird.     These  are  his  words : 

The  rations  in  llolison's  Hay  arc  sent  out  l)y  tlu;  iin\.stt:r-at-arms,  who  '.nvos  tlieiiitu 
fiMiarterinaster  Mckings,  and  this  hitter   liriugs  them  to  the  galley  to  be  "ooked,  by 


iL< . 


il  no  fftt  eonstauimont  a  I'o'uvre  pour  ohtenirsecretenicnt  nn»^  augmentation  consiili^ra- 
hie  de  son  r'([uii)age.     feci  ^tait  iudisjiensable  pour  ses  operations  nlterienrcs. 

S'il  cut  di'^pendii  de  I'eiiergio  des  autorites  et  de  la  ])oiiulation  do  Melbourne  souk', 
intjnt  de  l'emi>eeher,  il  aurait  eu  tout  ce  dont  il  avait  besoiu  sans  nn  mot  d(>  eritii|ue- 
^lalheureiisement  jxiur  lui,  il  trouva  le  consul  des  ICtats-Unis,  M.  IJlanchard,  aiis 
agnets,  ])our  rcprimer  et  i)()ur  dthoiler.  par  tons  les  nioyeus  en  son  pouvoir,  ses  i)rn- 
ft^dds  illegaux.  Le  10  fdvrier,  il  adressa  une  lettre  au  gouverneur,  renfer  iiaiit  la 
disposition  de  John  \Villianis.  Dans  celle-ei,  ce  tt-moiu  atlirmait  que.  le  lundi  prccf- 
dent  il  y  avait  eu  (|uinze  on  vingt  hommes  cacht's  dans  ditferentes  parties  du  vaisseaii. 
qui  etaicnt  alloes  a  bord  depuis  son  arrivt^e,  seize  Jours  an))aravant. 

II  est  essentiel  de  rajiproeher  cette  aHirmation  <l'un  ])aragrai)he  d'un  rapport  faitw 
nieme  jour  par  le  capitaine  I'aynt^  aux  autorites.  II  avait  rei.'u  I'ordre  d'examincr 
.soigneus(;ment  le  vaissean.     Dans  son  rai)port  se  tronve  ce  passage  :  * 

'•  II  sendile  qu'il  y  a  un  mystere  a  I'egard  de  sa  cale  d'avant,  car  le  contre-mnilrodii 
bcr  patente,  lors(|n'on  lui  (h-inaiida  d'y  deseendre  i)0ur  le  mesurer  en  viie  de  h^  iiicttn" 
sur  le  berceau,  fnt  informe  rpi'il  no  pouvait  pas  arriverjusipfa  la  cocjuo  en  cet  endrnit. 
Lcs  panueaux  de  roeoutillo  ctaient  toujinirs  fermes,  et  lo  contre-maitre  depose  (HU'U 
lui  a  dit  rpi'ils  y  avai<Mit  tontes  leurs  affaires."' 

Un  autre  tenn)in,  trouvd  par  M.  Blanchanl,  nomme  Walter  0.  Madden,  dt'^posa  qne 
loraciu'il  (piitta  le  vaissean,  le  7  fevrier,  il  y  avait  des  honunos  cachets  da?is  le  gailliinl 
d'avant  du  vaissean,  et  deux  (pii  travaillaient  dans  la  cuisine  ;  tons  ils  dtaient  veiiusa 
bord  dn  dit  vaissean  depuis  sou  arrivee  dans  ce  port;  quo  les  oflieiers  prdtendentne 
pas  savoir  (pio  cos  dits  honunes  soient  uinsi  caches. 

Lo  14  fevrier,  M.  lilanchardenvoyauno  autre  d6position  d'uu  hommo  nommd  Herman 
Wicko,  indiquaut,  parson  nom  Hjtdcialemeut,  uue  porsoauo  comuio  dtant  vouue  ii  bord. 
Void  8C8  paroles : 

"  Les  ratiouH  h  llobson's  Bay  sont  sorvics  par  lo  capitaine  d'armes  qui  les  donueaB 
<|Uartior-multi'e  Vicking,  et  co  dernier  les  portetl  la  cuisine  pour  y  6trc  cuites  parim 

'  British  Appendix,  vol.  1,  p.  557. 


OriNIONS    OF    MR.    ADAMS. 


203 


cook  known  l>y  the  nanio  of  Charley ;  that  said  cook  Cliarlcy  was  not  onboard  tho 
.Sheiiandoali  on  hi;r  arrival  in  the  l)ay ;  ho  went  on  board  since  her  arrival,  and  ho 
told  me  he  would  join  the  ship  as  cook  ;  that  he  dared  not  to  do  it  in  port,  but  that  he 
would  do  it  wlujn  ])roceedinii  outwards;  that  I  also  saw  said  cook  tak(!  rations  to  a 
immber  of  men  concealed  in  the  forecastle,  who  went  on  board  since  her  arrival  iu 
Hobsou's  Bay. 

This  testimony  was  laid  before  tlie  law-ollicers,  who  deemed  tlie  ttrst 
deposition  by  itself  sutticienr  evidence  to  lay  informations  aj^^ainst  the 
mau  enlisted,  and  this  a])pears  to  have  prompted  the  conned,  not  to 
take  any  proceedings  ajiainst  tbe  commander,  but  to  direct  an  inquiry 
to  1)0  made  when  he  would  be  ready  to  jjjo  away.^ 

It  was  the  tempted  on  whi(!h  indignation  was  to  be  expended.  The 
true  cause  of  the  violation  of  law  was  to  go  his  way  iu  peace. 

On  the  heels  of  this  infoi-ination  came  a  report  from  tho  police  depart- 
ment that  twenty  men  had  been  <lischarged  from  the  vessel  since  her 
arrival  in  port. 

If  this  rei>ort  was  correct,  then  her  <M'ew,  according  to  the  report  of 
Captain  Payne,  must  have  been  reduced  to  lifty  nuMi. 

On  such  a  basis  she  could  scarcely  ha^'e  ventured  on  any  hostile 
cruise.  It  seems  tolerably  plain  that  the  object  of  supplying  this  dcft- 
eiciicy  Avas  kept  in  view  from  the  hrst. 

The  detective  proceeded  to  state  that  the  captain  intended  to  sliip 
forty  hands,  to  be  taken  on  during  the  night,  and  to  sign  articles  wlten 
outside  the  Heads.  He  wanted  foreign  seamen  only;  but,  if  English 
were  to  be  taken,  they  must  assume  a  foreign  name. 

Further  information  from  other  sources  given  on  the  same  day  raised 
the  number  of  men  actually  engaged  to  sixty. 

It  thus  appears  that  the  autliorities  at  Melbourne  were,  as  early  as 
the  I'Jth,  fully  apprised  of  what  was  tho  mo\  ement  of  the  commander, 
and  in  a  situation  to  adopt  energetic  measures  of  i)reventi()n,  if  they 
should  think  proper. 


ciiisinior  connn  sous  le  noni  de  '  Charley' ;  le  dit  cuisinier  'Charley'  n'etait  pas  h 
bor'i  du  Shenaiuh)ah  a  son  arrivee  dans  la  bale  ;  il  vint  a  bord  d(>i)nis  son  arrivi-.c  et  mo 
(lit(|iril  Aoulait  prendre  du  service  sur  le  vaisseau  conune  cuisinier  ;  <|u'il  n'osait  i)a3  lo 
t'liirc!  dans  lo  port,  nuiis  qu'il  h^  ferait  li)rs(]ue  le  vaissi'au  sortiraJt.  .I'ai  vu  aussi  lo  dit 
luisiiiier  porter  des  rations  a  d(>s  homines  caches  dans  le  gaillard  d'avant,  <iui  viureut 
a  bord  de]Miis  son  arrivi5e  a  Hobson's  liay." 

Co  tonioiji;na;j,'o  fill  sounds  dux  "law-othcers,"  ijei  Jurjerent  la  ])reniierc  di^positiou 
pri'iivo  snlHsante  par  elle-nifine  jiour  <le(U'rner  un  luandat  d'arret  coutre  les  hoinmes 
oiiiolos,  et  ceci  parait  avoir  <-iifj;a;;e  leconseil,  noii  ])as  a  ])rendre  aucuue  niosure  coutro 
li' commandant,  mais  a  ordon«.r  (ju'une  empiete  fut  laite  ])our  savoir  (juand  il  sorait 
l)i('t  a  partir. 

Ce  fut  sur  ceux  (|ui  avaient  I'te  seduifs  i]ne  rindii^nation  devait  se  deverser ;  le  v6ri- 
tiiblo  iuitciir  de  la  violation  dc  la  loi  devail  s'en  alli'r  en  \rdix. 

Iiiunediatemeut  ai'res  ce  maiidat  d'arret,  vint  un  rapitort  du  di'partenuMit  de  police, 
iiuo,  viii<i;t  homnies  avaient  (juitte  Ic  vaisseau  de])uis  son  arrivee  dans  le  port. 

Si  ce  rapport  titait  exact,  son  ('^()uii>a,!^e  alors,  d'ajires  le  rapport  du  capitaine  Payne, 
doit  avoir  etc  rednit  a  citujuantc  lionmies. 

Sur  une  telle  base,  il  ])ouvait  a  peine  s'aventurer  dans  aucune  croisiero  hostile. 

L'ageiit  de  police  dit  ensiute  que  le  capitaine  so  proposa  de  recruter  cpiarante 
lioiinues,  (jui  devaient  monter  a  bordile  nuit  et  si;;fner  les  enjuageuionts  (piand  ils  serai- 
tnt  liorsdes  "  Heads."  II  no  voulait  que  des  niarins  ^tranjjers,  mais,  s'ii  fallait  prendre 
lies  Anjrlais,  ceux-ci  devaient  adopter  un  nom  ctran^er. 

Des  ren8ei<fnements  ulterieurs,  d'autres  sources,  donnds  le  inenie  jour,  61ovaiout  lo 
iiombre  des  liommes  offectivement  en^ast^s  a  soixante. 

II  parait  ainsi  que  les  autoritds  de  Melbourne  dtaient,  des  lo  1:1,  ploinoinont  informdos 
<le  ce  (pie  faisait  lo  comnuiudant,  et  eu  i^tat  d'adopter  des  mosuros  do  prevention,  si  olles 
Ipjngeaieut  convenable. 

'  British  Appeddix,  vol.  1,  p.  521. 


S  : 


204 


ARBITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


Tho  only  ino.isure  which  appears  actually  to  have  been  taken  was  to 
issue  a  warrant  against  the  man  Charley. 

The  oflicer  charged  with  the  warrant  proceeded  to  the  steainor  in 
which  the  man  was  sui>posed  to  be.  The  commander  was  not  on  boiml, 
The  oflicer  next  in  charge  at  once  refused  to  give  him  any  assistanco, 
and  forbid  his  going  over  the  ship. 

The  next  day  he  returned,  and  aj)plied  to  the  commander  himssclf, 
That  oflicer  is  reported  to  have  used  these  words :  "  I  pledge  you  „' , 
word  of  honor,  as  an  othcer  and  a  gentleman,  that  I  have  not  any  one 
on  board,  nor  have  1  engaged  any  one,  nor  will  1  while  1  am  here." 

How  is  this  evidence  to  be  recou(!iled  to  all  the  previous  testimony, 
and  the  suspicious  circumstance  mentioned  by  Captain  Payne  J 

The  rest  of  the  evidence  of  the  boarding-otlicer  is  quite  important, 
though  not  essential  to  transfer  to  this  paper.  The  whole  is  acces.siltle 
in  the  first  volume  of  the  Appendix  to  the  JJritish  Case.  The  issue  of 
the  application  was,  that  the  commander  absolutely  refused  to  let  the 
oflicer  look  over  the  ship  for  himself.  On  a  second  demand  of  a  more 
pressing  kind,  he  again  refused,  and  added  that  "  he  would  fight  his 
ship  rather  than  allow  it" — a  threat  as  absurd  in  his  then  situation  as 
it  was  oft'ensive  to  the  authorities  of  the  colony. 

The  governor  in  council,  on  receiving  the  news  of  this  open  defiance  of 
all  recognized  authority,  at  once  took  notice  of  it  by  i.ssuing  a  problbi 
tion  to  all  the  subjects  of  the  colony  of  gi'ing  further  aid  or  assistance 
to  the  vessel  then  on  the  slip,  which  practically  exemplified  in  an  instant 
the  folly  of  the  insurgent  oflicer's  proceeding. 

Had  the  authorities  persevered  in  this  course,  it  is  altogether  likely 
that  the  commander,  Waddell,  would  have  ultimately  been  compelled  to 
abandon  all  his  schemes  of  illegal  outfit,  and  with  it  perhaps  the  enter- 
prise he  was  meditating. 

Unfortunately,  they  listened  to  weaker  counsels.  Tlu;y  appealed 
to  the  oflicer  to  reconsider  his  determination.  The  letter  containing 
this  appeal  was  delivered  to  him  on  the  evening  of  the  14th.    Ilean- 


La  sonle  mosurc  (jni  seinble  avoir  oto  priso  effectiveinout  fiit  do  docerner  vn  niaiitlat 
d'arrrt  coiitn^  "C'harloy." 

L'olificior  char<;<>  dii  mandiit  sc.  rcntlit  an  sttuiiiior  ofi  I'hoiimic  ctait  si'ipposo  i'tn-.  Le 
coinniatidaiit  iiVtait  pas  a  lionl.  L'olliciicr  en  charf;n  aii-dessoiis  do  lui  n-l'iisa  de  suite 
do  lui  uidor  en  ancuue  nianiiTi',  ot  Ini  dofondit  do  nionter  Mnr  lo  vaissean. 

Lo  loiidi-niain,  il  icvint  ct  s'adrcHsa  an  couiinaihlant  Ini-mAuio.  On  rapi>ort('  (|iit'  wt 
oflQcior  dit  ces  mots  :  "Jo  vons  donni^  I'la  jtaroli^  (TIionniMir  d'olHcior  ot  dn  j^tMitilhonimt 
quo  jc  n'ai  personnc  a  bord,  <[nii  je  n'ai  en^agi'  personne  ct  <ine  jo  n'enga;;tM-ai  persouiie 
pendant  qne  jo  serai  ii;!."' 

Conmient  ai'c'order  e<'tte  prcnvc  jivoc  tontle  ti'nwiiijfna,;;'*'  prrct'dent,  et  avee  les  cireou- 
Ktances  suspectes  nientioinnM's  par  1<»  (!a.i»itaii.('  I'ayins  {  ' 

Lo  reslo  dn  tonu»i;;na^o  do  I'ollicier  (|ni  alia  a  bord  est  trc-s-iniportant  ipinicpi'll  nc  soit 
pas  essentiel  do  I'introdniro  iei.  On  pent  tron  vcr  lo  tont  dans  lo  premier  volnnie  de  lap- 
pendico  dn  "IJritisli  ease."  Le  resnltat  do  la  deniando  l"nt,  (pie  le  eonnnandant  ivfima 
abHolniU(Mit  do  pernicttre  a  I'aj^-ent  do  ehereiier  snr  le  valNseau  jiar  lui-nietne.  A  nm" 
Hccondo  deinande,  d'nno  nature  pins  instante,  il  refiisa  do  nouve.iu  et  ajontii:  "Qu'il 
livrerait  bataillo  plutot  (pu'  do  b*  jternietti'o  ;"'  menace  missi  absnrdc,  dans  sa  sitiiutiun, 
qu'cflcnsanto  onvcrs  les  antorites  tie.  la  e>>lonie. 

Le  ji;ouvornenr,  ( ii  eonseil,  en  reeovaiit  la  nonvello  do  ce  deli  ouvort  do  toute  antorito 
reconnue,  en  prit  nolo  do  snito,  on  enuHtant  nne  <letenso  a  tons  b^s  snjets  do  la  colonio 
de  donuer  anenno  aide  ou  assistaneo  nlterieuro  an  vai,sseau.  alors  snr  lo  ber,  co  qui 
moutrad'nno  nniniore  praticpui,  en  un  instant,  latoliodolaeonduite  dol'oflieier  insiirgo. 

Si  les  autorit(>s  avaient  pcrsovoro  dans  e«^tto  inani«)ro  d'ajfir,  il  est  prolmblo  que  le 
•conuiKvndaut  Waddoll  aurait  et»^  enlin  foroe  <rabandonnor  tous  sos  plans  d'dquipeiuent 
illegal,  ot  aveo  cola,  pent  etre,  I'entrepriso  qn'il  moditnit. 

Malhoureusement,  ils  preterent  I'oroillo  a  dos  eonseils  plus  faiblos.  lis  en  appeU'rent 
h  I'oflleier  pour  (pi'il  rdll<^cliH,  snr  sa  d<!terniination.  La  lettro  conteuant  cotte  iuvitii- 
tiou  lui  I'ut  remise  lo  soir  dn  14.    II  y  repoudit  en  protestant  contre  los  obstacks  mii' 


OPINIONS    or    MR.    ADAMS. 


205 


swererl  it,  protesting  ajrainst  tlio  ol)struetiou  thus  jMit  in  his  way.    The 
first  vseiitence  is  all  that  is  material  in  this  connection,     it  is  in  these 

words : 

•I  liavt'  to  inform  liis  oxcolleiioy  the  <?overnor  that  the  oxcrntion  of  Iho  waiTiiTit  was 
not  refused,  as  no  mucIi  person  ii:j  the  one  therein  specified  was  on  hoard." 

There  were  two  falsehoods  in  this  sentence.  The  reason  assif^ned 
(OiiUl  not  explain  the  fact  of  the  refusal.  Scarcely  was  the  letter 
pliiced  in  the  hanils  of  the  messenger,  wiien  the  attention  of  the  water- 
police  was  attracted  to  the  fact  that  four  men  were  leaving  the  Shenan- 
(loiili  in  a  boat  puUeil  by  two  watermen.  They  v.ere  headed  oil"  and 
iiripstcd.  And  then  it  was  discovered  that  the  man  Charley,  so'posi- 
tivi'ly  alleged  not  to  have  been  on  board,  Avas  one  of  the  four. 

Yet,  strange  as  it  may  seem,  the  fact  of  this  discovery  of  a  clear  vio- 
liitioii  of  the  foreign-enlistment  act  was  communicated  to  the  perpe- 
trator in  a  letter  wliich,  by  way  of  <M»mpensation,  announced  to  him  that 
the  injunction  upon  IJritish  subjects  to  withhold  all  aid  to  his  vessel  was 
tbeiiceforth  taken  ott'. 

Tiie  reason  assigned  for  this  change  of  policy  was  that,  in  the  situation 
nfthe  vessel  on  the  slip,  a  sudden  storm  might  endanger  its  safety,  and 
ill  that  event  the  authorities  would  be  made  responsible  for  the  conse- 
iliieuces  of  their  order. 

It  was  a  suggestion  skillfully  made  to  attain  its  i)urpose,  and  it 
alarmed  the  governor  enough  to  induce  himto  withdrjiw  his])rohibitiou. 

The  reply  of  the  commander  is  at  oiu'e  fawning,  insolent,  and  untruth 
fill.  He  thanks  the  governor  for  his  observance  of  the  rights  of  bellig- 
erents, to  which  lie  had  done  everthing  to  forfeit  a  claim,  lie  disavows 
a  knowledge  of  the  fact  that  the  uumj  were  there,  though  it  is  clearly  to 
my  mind  the  true  reason  accounting  for  his  absurd  threat  to  tight 
latiier  than  to  show  the  int<'rior  of  the  shi[) ;  and,  lastly,  he  vapors  about 
the  disrespectful  and  insulting  tone  used  towards  him,  wliicli  he  shonld 
take  an  early  oj)i»ortunity  of  bringing  to  the  notice  of  the  ]\ichmond 
soverninent. 


;[ 


^r  i>n  iiiandat 


_'(!  los  uircou- 


liiisi  sur  son  ch(Mnin.  Le  preuiior  paragrapho  est  tout  <(■  (pii  esi  utile  sdus  ec  rapport. 
li  t\<t  convn  en  ees  ti>rn»es : 

"J'lii  a  informer  son  cxcellonce  lo  <;onvernonr  (pio  IVxi'cntion  du  niandat  tVarret  n'B 
pas  Otis  refusoe,  jiarce  <iu'iiueune  personue  senddabh-  ;'i  ceih'  iini  y  ('taiL  specilioe  u'»jtait 
.1  lionl." 

II  y  aviiit  deux  mensonges  dans  cntto  pliraso.  La  raisou  indiqu(^o  no  ponvait  pas 
fxtiliqiu'r  le  fait  du  refns.  A  pi'ine  la  lettrt^  otait-elle  remise  en  mains  dii  m(issay;er  que 
iattoiition  d(^  la  ))olice  des  eaiix  6tait  attireo  snr  le  fait  (ine  (]natre  liommes  (inittaionfc 
'e.Slu'uandoah  dans  uu  havean  conduit  i)ar  deux  hateliers.  lis  fnrent  de,vanc6.i  ot 
nil  ti's,  ]iuis  on  deconvrit  <iue  "  Charley,"  si  positiveuu'ut  declare  n'avoir  pas  6t6  a  herd, 
H.iit  uu  lies  quatre. 

Mais,  fpif'kju'etranKc  quo  (uda  puisso  paraitre,  le  fait  de  cotto  deeouvorto  d'uno  viola- 
tion nuinifestc  du /oct'i,7«-t'H/i.s<mt'/U  art  tut  commuui((u(>  au  eoupable  dans  uno  lettro 
'l"i,  rouune  compensation,  lui  annon^^a  quo  rinjoneiiou  faite  aux  siijets  anj^lais  do 
i-abstonir  do  donner  aide  i1  son  vaisseau  otait  desormais  retiri^e.  La  raison  in(li(]ui5e 
pniirct!  chan^ement  de  politique  6tait  <]ne,  dans  la  situation  du  vaisseau  sur  lo  bor- 
"f"U,  uu  oranesnhit  ponrrait  le  niettrcen  danjjer.  Kt  dans  ce  cas,  los  antorit6s  soraiont 
iindiics  rcsponsables  des  consi^quoneos  do  lour  ordro. 

CVUiiit  nne  snuj^estiou  habileniont  iirosonteo  pour  atteiudre  son  bat,  ct  olio  alarma 
Ic  siouvenieur  assez  pour  I'onifa^jei  h  retiror  sa  dtSfenso. 

La  roiKtnso  du  coniiiiandant  ust  i\  la  fois  basse,  insolento  et  mcnsousoro.  II  rcmorcio 
iPftoHverneur  do  sou  observation  des  droits  des  belligerants,  apres  avoir  tout  fait  pour 
ptrdro  le  droit  d'y  protcndrc.  II  ddsavoiio  toulo  counaissaneo  uu  fait  quo  los  iiouunos 
y  fiisHunt,  quoiqu'il  soit  clair  pour  nioi  quo  c'cst  la  vraio  raison  qui  pout  oxpliquor  soa 
alisiirrtii  nienaco  do  livror  bataillo  i»lut6t  quo  do  montror  l'int<?rienr  du  vaisseau,  ot  on- 
"u  il  fait  lo  fanfaroii  sur  le  tou  irrospMtueux  et  insultant  employ^  j\  sou  ^jjard,  qu'il 
siwira  la  promit^ro  occasion  de  porter  k  la  counaissaneo  du  gouvernemi  ut  de  Uinhu'.ond 


206 


ARBITRATION    AT   GP:NEVA. 


'<"n 


Wi 


rh^i 


Simnltaneonsly  with  tiie  'lispatch  of  this  letter,  this  oilieer  addresses 
to  the  attorney-general  of  tbe  colony  the  following  inquiry : 

"  Ho  jdcascd  to  iiifoini  mo  if  the  Crown  cliiiins  tlio  sou  to  be  Ikitish  waters  tlirocmilcii 
froin  the  I'ort  riiilip  Heiul-lights,  or  from  a  .struight  Une  lU'iiwu  from  Poiut  Lousdal,. 
and  Schaucli." 

The  audacity  of  this  application  to  that  particular  officer  is  its  most 
marked  characteristic.  The  i)ur[)ose  of  it  could  scarcely  fail  to  liavt 
been  itenetrated.  It  could  only  have  had  reference  to  the  possibility  ot 
taking  on  board  of  his  ship  at  the  nearest  point  outside  of.British  Wiitws 
such  men  as  he  had  already  engaged  to  enlist  with  him.  Yet  the  attw 
ney-general  seems  not  to  have  t)cen  stimulated  by  it  to  take  any  new 
precautious.  lie  contented  himself  with  sending  an  evasive  aiiswii 
t'jat  yet  clearly  betrays  his  own  sense  of  the  nature  of  the  inquiry. 

At  this  moment  the  captain  of  the  Shenandoah  had  ibrfeited  all  pos- 
sible right  to  respect  from  the  authorities,  whether  as  an  oHiccr  or  as;i 
man.  They  were  fully  inronned  of  the  fraud  which  had  entered  iiitu 
the  origin  of  his  undertaking.  They  were  enlightened  in  regard  to  his 
continuous  eJlbrts  to  violate  Her  31ajesi,v's  laws  in  their  port,  and  tlicy 
were  warned  that  detection  in  one  instance  had  not  availed  to  (letci 
him  from  meditating  more.  Yet,  so  far  as  the  papers  before  us  arc  con 
cerned,  these  considerations  do  not  seem  to  have  produced  any  other 
effect  than  a  desire  to  get  rid  of  him  as  soon  as  possible  by  su])i)lyiiii; 
him  with  all  he  asked. 

The  consefjuences  were  no  other  than  could  have  naturally  been  t'.\ 
pected.  Xo  vijiilauce  had  been  exercised  in  ]ireventingthe  conunandoi's 
operations,  and  the  boats  wliicli  took  out  the  ])eo[)!e  who  had  lu'di 
enlisted  Uelbrehand  had  it  all  their  own  way.  There  is  not  a  nMsonalilr 
doubt  that  he  carried  away  from  JMelbourjie  at  least  twenty-eij^lu  ii 
these  men. 

An  attempt  has  been  made  to  draw  ai)arallel  between  thisenlisrmen; 
and  that  stipposed  to  have  been  nnidc  by  the  connnander  of  the  Koiii 
sarge  at  Cork.    JUit  it  ji[»P'ears  to  fail  in  many  respects,  the  most  iniiior 


SimiiltanonicTifc  iiv<'("  rcxpt'ditioii  do  cottc  lottrn,  cot  otticier  adrcsso  a  rattnrnn- 
general  do,  la  colonic  I.'i  iincstion  snivante: 

"A,ye/,  la  liontt'  do  nrinfoniicr  si  la  coiironiic  ei!visa.<z;e  ([uo  la  nicr  soit  eanx  aiij;lai«i's 
i\  trois  niilles  dn  jiliarc  dc  Port  I'hilip  Head,  on  d'nnc  liync  droito  tin'o  do  Poiiit  1.um>- 
dale  et  dc  Scliaiu.li." 

L'andace  de  ci'tto  deniaiido,  a  cet  oilicicr  en  particnlicr,  est  son  trait  caractcristiqin' 
lo  pins  niar(iiic.  I.o  lint  ponvait  a  \w\M'.  nianipu'r  d'cn  etro  conipris.  Ello  ne  pouvaii 
Ko  rai  |i(iitcr  (in"a  la  jidssiliilite  do  prendre,  a  bord  de  son  vaissean,  an  point  le  plus 
proclie,  liois  den  eaux  an};laiscs,  antant  d'lioninies  ([n'il  en  avait  engajj;«i  a  s'enrok'ravec 
Ini,  VA  cependant,  rattorncy-j;cneral  no  .soluble  pas  avoir  etc  ponsso  par  cola  a  pren- 
dre ancnno  nonvelle  precaution.  II  sc  c(Mitcnta  d'onvoyer  nno  reiionso  evasive  qui 
trnliit  iiinirtant  clairenient  son  jiropro  sontinient  siir  la  nature  do  la  doniaude. 

A  CO  nioiiient,  le  capitaiiio  du  iSlieiiaiidoah  avait  ]>erdii  tout  droit  possible  an  rrspod 
de8  anloriiOs,  soit  coninio  otlicler,  soit  eoninio  honinio.  Ellos  otaient  plciiR'iiii'ni 
infornii'es  do  bi  I'rando  <ini  sYtait  introdnite  dans  rori<i;ine  dc  son  ontreprise.  Ellc* 
<^taient  <'c]air<^es  snr  ses  t  tlorts  continns  jioiir  violer  Ics  lois  de  sa  Miijesto  dans  It'iir 
port,  et  elloH  etaicnt  aveitics  <|ne,  snijjris  nno  ibis,  il  ne  s'dtait  pas  absteiiu  dVu 
ni^-diter  davantiif^e.  Mais,  antant  ipic  les  documents  i)lacos  dcvant  nous  s'y  rapporteiit, 
cts  tonsido'ratioiis  no  seniblent  pas  avoir  produit  d'autro  ettbt  qu'nii  desir  dVtri' 
ddbarrasi-^  de  Ini  lo  plus  tot  possible,  en  lui  fonrnissant  tout  co  qu'il  doniandait.  Ln 
coiifcYqueiices  ne  lurent  pas  autres  que  cellos  (juo  I'on  aurait  p>i  natrrellenientatteutlre. 
Aucune  vigilance  u'avait  <5te  exerci^o  pour  enipeclier  les  opdratious  du  comniautlaiit,  il 
les  bateaux  qui  enimenereiit  les  bonimeseurAlesanpnravant  eurent  le  cheniin  iilue.  11 
n'y  a  pas  de  doute  raisounablc  qn'ils  eninieuerent  de  Melbourne  au  nioins  vingt-buif 
de  ces  boninies. 

On  a  eBsaj-6  de  titer  nn  pnrallMe  entre  cet  enrftlemcnt  et  cehii  que  I'on  suppose  avoir 
6t6  fuit  par  le  couiniandant  du  Keursarge  il  Cork.    Mais  il  senible  pdcber  aur  plusieiii* 


OPINIONS    OF   MR.    ADAMS. 


207 


wnt  of  which  is  this,  that  Captain  Wiiislow,  aftor  he  jj:ot  out  of  British 
waters,  discovered  the  men,  and  took  the  trouble  to  brinj?  them  back 
to  Cork.    The  other  never  thought  of  reparation  for  his  offense. 

His  vessel  was  one  of  the  swiftest  in  sailinj^  known  in  the  records  of 
soiiMianship,  and  therefore  stood  in  little  need  of  coal.  The  supply  she 
had  brouftiit  unexhausted  to  the  port  was  larfije.  Yet  she  obtaiued  as 
mnch  more  as  she  could  carry.  Xo  questions  seem  to  have  been  asked 
as  to  the  nearest  port  of  destination.  So  far  as  1  can  pjather  from  the 
evidence,  it  appears  that  this  vessel  was  com])letely  suj)plied  at  ]Mel- 
bniinio  with  all  she  wanted  for  a  cruise  of  depredation  continued  for 
niiliiy  months.  And,  worst  of  all,  she  obtained  at  this  port  a  coniple- 
iiioiit  of  her  crew,  Avitliout  which  she  could  have  done  nothing'. 

An  nttenipt  has  boon  made  to  weaken  the  force  of  the  testimony  jj^iveu 
bvToinple  on  this  matter.  It  does  not  seem  to  have  materially  shaken 
the  belief  in  it  of  Sir  C.  IF.  Darling',  the  g'overnor,  whose  oidy  fault,  so 
farasi  have  been  able  to  observe,  was  tliat  of  listening'  too  inuch  to 
tlipweak  counsels  of  parties  symiiathizing'  more  than  was  bo<'oming' 
with  tlie  cause  of  these  malefactors.  AVlien  the  deposition  was  sub- 
mitted by  Her  ]MaJesty's  government  to  his  consideration  in  ISOO,  lie 
explained  some  of  tlie  incidents  referred  to,  without  contesting'  the  truth 
of  any.  Ibit  his  most  sig'uilicant  comment  was  the  last,  which  is  in 
these  words : 

''Haviiir;  expi'rssod  fo  yon  in  my  tlispatchcM.  fo  wliicti  you  rofcr.  my  hrlicC  lliat  C.'i])- 
taiiiW.KliIcll  bad,  notwiilistaiidinjj;  Iiis  lionoralilo  iJiotcstatioiis,  lla^rantly  violated  tlic 
neutrality  iu' wiis  liduud  to  ohsfivc  iu  vcsiKct  ti)  tiie  shipmcnl  of  IJrilish  rili/iuis  to 
M'lvo  on  hoard  Ijis  vessel,  I  have  read  witlioiit  snipiise,  tiio!!n'li  with  dee|)  icjiret,  tlie 
iwiUlisrof  names  fu!-ni.-.iied  by  Mr.  Temple,  wliieh  eo!ii]ilet(  ly  pfoves  that  this  l)eliet 
was  justly  i'onnded." 

The  dispatches  referred  to  in  this  extract  I  have  not  been  able  to 
(lisc'ovor  amoiig'  the  papei's  presented  to  us  on  the  part  of  (Jreat  Britain. 
They  are  not  necessary,  however,  to  prove  how  utterly  Irnitless  were 
the  attempts,  steadily  persevered  in  to  the   last,  to   bolster  up   the 


pnints,  (lont  lo  pins  important  est  qno  lo  capitairm  Winslow,  apres  etro  sorti  dos  oanx 
aii);laisrs,  dc-couvrit  les  lionimes  et  prit  Ja,  ]>ciiie  de  Ics  recouduiro  a  Corlc.  L'autrc  no 
peiisd  jamais  ;\  fairi'  reparation  ponr  son  od'enso. 

Soil  vaissoan  (^tait  nn  de's  plus  rapides  voilier.s  connns  dans  lea  animlos  do  la  marine, 
ft  par  ('()iise(in<!nt  n'avait  besoin  (jno  do  jien  dc  eharlion.  T-a  provisit,  \  (pi'll  avait 
apportir,  iiiepniseo  dans  lo  port  ctait  t^rande,  et  cejuMnlant  ii  on  ol)tint  antant  (jiiMI 
poiivait  en  ])orter.  Nnllo  ([uestion  no,  seinblo  lui  avoir  etii  faito  snr  lo  pins  prochaiu 
piirt  ill'  destination.  Antant  qn<>.  jo  j)nis  en  Juj^er  par  les  i)renves,  il  paralt  (pio  ec  vais- 
seaii  tilt  completeineiit  ai»provisionne  :\  Melhonrno  do  tout  ec  dont  il  avait  bcsoiii  ponr 
iiiK!  croisiere  do  deprotlations  continneo  jjendant  plusioius  niois.     Et,  lo  pire  dc;  tout,  il 

;  obtint  do  ee  port  nn  eomiiloinLMit  do  son  0(iiiii)a<^e,  sans  lecpiel  il  n'aiii'ait  ricn  jni  *airo. 
Oil  a  fait  nno  tentative  ponr  afl'ail)lir  la  I'orco  de,  co  temoi;ina;fe.  EUe  ne  paratt  pas 
avoir  licaacoup  ebranle  la  confianc  ■  qn'y  ajcnitait  Sir  Charles  II.  Darling,  le  <?(»nvernenr, 
tlntit  111  senle  fanto,  antant  ([ll(^  J'ai  (•te  a  meine  do  lo  roinaniner,  fiit  do  preter  trop 
I'orcil'c  aiix  faibles  conscMls  do  persoiines  symjiathisant  pins  qn'il  n'otait  convcnablo 
avec  l;i  causo  do  ces  nialfaitenrs.  Lorsqne  la  deposition  do  Temple  fnt  soiunise  a  son 
oxaineii,t'n  IfiM],  il  ex])li<ina  (jnehines-uns  des  incidents  qui  s'y  rapportaient,  s.ans  con- 
tt'ster  la  verito  d'ancnn  d'enx.  Mais  sa  reniarquo  la  jjIus  siguiiicutivo  Itit  la  deruiere, 
'I'li  est  coiivue  en  cea  tonnes : 

"Vous  ayant  exprinu^,  dans  les  depeclies  anxqnelles  vons  faitos  allnsion,  ma  convic- 
tion quo  le  capitaiuo  Waddell  avaif,  nial<;re  ses  lionorables  protestations,  viold  d'uno 
niaiiii'io  (lafj;i'ante  la  nentralitc  qu'il  t^tait  tenu  <l'observcr,  par  ronrolomcnt  de  eitoyens 
aii(jlais  ponr  servir  a  liorA  do  son  vaissean.J'ai  In  sans  surprise,  niais  avee  nn  profond 
rpgret,  la  longne  liste  de  iioms  fonrnie  par  M.  Temple,  qui  prouvo  pleinemeut  fiue  cetle 
conviction  ctait  bien  fondee." 

Je  n'lvi  pas  pu  ddeouvrir,  parnii  les  docnments  qui  nous  aont  pre.scnti^s  do  la  part  de 
»  Gratule-Bretajtno,  les  d<^ptV!he,s  aiixquolles  il  est  fait  allnsion  dans  co  pasaajje.     Elles 

;  nc  8out  cependaut  pas  uecessaires  pour  prouver  couibieu  lea  teutativos  faitos  avec  uuo 


k  ttissl 


h^ 


i:r'i . 


208 


ARIUTRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


eliarnc'tor  of  tlio  insiir;;oiit  (;(iMiniin(l('r  for  venicity.  On  the  otlicr  hand, 
till',  ollort  WHS  iL^roiit,  iiiiil  successful  at  tlie  tiino,  to  destroy  tlie  crodit 
of  Teini>le's  deposition.  V<'t,  on  a  calm  conjparison  of  the  evidence  of 
the  two,  with  testimony  received  from  without,  1  am  convinced  tiiat 
Temi)U^  was  far  tiie  most  worthy  of  belief. 

In  trutli,  Iler  Majesty's  .yovernment  iiad  en'  d  upon  a  \vron.i«' path 
at  the  outset,  in  reco,iini/,in;j;  the  original  fr..iu,  and  tlieir  adhereiuu!  to 
it  only  compli(;aled  tlu!  ()l)stacles  to  extrication.  For  the  dei»reilatii)ih 
on  the  hardy  aiid  innocent  seamen  earninj;'  an  honest  livinj;-  in  the 
most  hazardous  of  all  enterprises  on  the  ocean  cDULinned  lon^'  after  tlu' 
last  spark  of  l)elli^(>rent  i)retensions  had  been  extinguished  in  Anieiici, 

rt  seems  to  me  that  Her  Majesty's  f,'overnment  and  their  autliorilifs 
of  Melbourne  are  clearly  to  be  held  responsible.  No  such  cruise  could 
liavc  been  made  without  tlu^  assistancui  derived  from  JNIelbourne  as  a 
base  of  operations.  Instead  of  att(Mni)tin^  to  <;ouiitei'act  the  stron.2;  cur 
rent  of  poi)ular  .symi)athy  i)revailiny  in  all  <!lasses  in  that  settleiiiont. 
the  authorities  either  weakly  yielded  to  it,  or  thc'mselves  cooperated 
with  it,  at  least  so  far  as  <!Ould  be  done  by  slu;jf;j;ish  indillerence. 

Hence,  it  is  my  conclusion  that,  fron>  the  time  of  the  departure  oftlic 
Shenandoah  from  IMelbourne,  the  jiovernment  of  (Jreat  ]>ritain.  having' 
failed  to  fullill  the  obli^^ations  of  the  second  rule  si)eeilied  for  tiio  ^'ov- 
veriiment  of  the  arbitrattn-s  under  the  provisions  of  the  VI  th  article  of  the 
treaty  of  A\^ashin,Liton,  has  rendeivd  itself  liable  lor  all  the  damaj^esto 
the  United  States  subsequently  incurred  thereby. 

IX. — THE  «UMTEi;. 

In  the  second  part  of  the  volume  called  the  Case,  submitted  to  us  on 
the  i)art  of  Her  Majesty's  uovernment,  on  the  seventh  pajje 
1  lind  a  para^rai)h  in  the  following  words: 

"  In  and  soon  after  tlic  uiontli  of  May,  ISul,  a  inuuber  ol"  anncd  wliips,  mostly  of  .small 


pors(5v<5rancc  coni,inn(;lli^  jnsqn'a  la  (In,  d'appnyor  Ic  earactiTn  dn  cnnnnandanf;  insurjo 
qnant  a  la  Y(M-aci(('',  ^'^taicnt  tont  a  I'ait  sans  snciM!s.  De  I'aiitro  eot<1,  rcli'ort  pour 
di^trniro  lo  rr(5dit.  do  la  deposition  do  Toniplo  i'nt  jurand,  ct  rcnssifc  ponr  lo  nKinii'iit. 
Ccpcndant  nno  coniparaisoii  calnio  dcs  prcnvcs  fonrnii's  ]):ir  cos  dotix  lioiniucs  avi'c  la 
ti'inoiyniijxo  re(.'u  dn  di'liors  ine  oonvainc  (j^ne  Temple  etait  di;  Iteaneonp  le.  ])lu.-j  digue  dc 
foi. 

En  v^rlt^,  lo  p;onvornoinent  do  sa  Majest<^  avait  i)ris  Tin  nianvais  oli(^inin  a  foriftine 
on  roeonnaissant  la  IVando  ])roniiero,  ot  I'adh^^sion  (|n'il  y  donii:.  n"  lit  (jno  coni|>lii|ner 
I08  ol)Htacle.s  (jn'il  reneontra  ponr  o.n  sortir.  i'oui'  les  depredations  coininises  a  l'ei;;iril 
des  liardis  ot  innocents  niariiis,  ,i;a;fnant  Iionneteinent  leiir  vie  dans  la  jilns  hasardi'iise 
do  tontes  le.s  onti'ejji'ises  Knr  roeean,et  eontinnees  loni,tenii>s  apres  qne  la  (lei'iiiiTe 
(^tincelle  dn  droit  di>  Ixdlij^erant  avait  oto  otidnte  on  Anieriijae,  il  mo  senible  qmsli' 
gouverncment  dc^sa  Majestc  et  sos  antorites  de  Midbonrno  did  vent  etro  tenns  nettciiirat 
responsables.  Nnllo  conrso  sen.blable  n'eflt  pii  otre  I'aite  sans  le  soconrs  tire  de  Mi'l- 
bourne  coinmo  base  d'op('>rations.  An  lien  d'e.ssayor  do  rea,i;ir  eontre  le  fort  eoniantile 
sympatliie  popnlairo  dominant  dans  tontes  los  (dasse.s  de  cette  colonie,  le.s  antorites,  on 
Ition  y  c^-ilerent  faiblonuMit,  on  ))ien  y  coopororeut,  an  inoins  antant  qn'on  poavait  le 
fairo,  par  nno  niollo  indilterence, 

Des  lor.s,  ma  conohision  est  (jno,  dopnis  lYpoquo  dn  dispart  dn  Shenandnali  de  Mel- 
bonrne,  le  gonvornement  de  la  (irande-Breta^ne,  ayant  no;^lif^6  <le  remplir  I'obli^ation 
do  la  secondo  ro^le  spdeiliee  ponr  la  condnlto  de.s  arl>itre.s  selon  I'artiele  6  dn  ti'aito'de 
Washington,  s'ost  rendu  ro.sponsal)lo  de  ton.s  les  dommages  euconrus  Hnb.S(5queinmi!iitu 
cause  do  cctto  ndgligence  par  lo  commerce  des  fituts-Unis.      , 

liB   SUMTER. 

Dans  la  aecondo  partie  dn  volarao  appol6  lo  "Case,"  qui  nous  est  soumis  de  la  part 
du  gouvernement  do  sa  Majest(5,  a  la  page  7,  je  trouve  uu  paragra^)!  e  confu  dans  1m 
termes  suivants :  ' 

"  Pendaut  et  pau  de  tomns  apr&s  le  raoia  de  raai  1881,  plusiours  b&timouts  araic«, 


Mmml 


'      OI'IXIONS    OF    .Mi;.    ADA.MS. 


200 


i,iiiii;ijji'.  well'.  litLetl  out  ill  aiid  sciit  to  si;a  iVoiii  poit.-s  in  tlic  Coiili'dfralf  States,  anil  a 
iiiiisidc'iaiili!  iiiiiubfi' of  (;ai>tiin'.s  wi'H!  iiiatlc  liy  tlu'iii.  Souk?  ot"  tliosd  woro  ('i)niiiii.~>- 
-ioiii'il  ii'^  i»ul)li('  ships  of  war  of  tlie  C'onfi.'dcratc  Statt'«,  and  coimnandod  by  otlii'cis  in  tlm 
iiiiviil  si'ivicc  of  tho  confudfiacy  ;  others  as  pr'.  ..in  sliips  of  war  or  piivatcers.  Ainonj; 
lilt'  urmcd  vessels  which  wen'  so  littcd  out  and  made  ]iri/,('s  weri!  the  «Jalhoun,  a  steamer 
„l'  1,(1(10  tons,  sent  to  sea  in  ^lay,  L"<iil,  the  Jet)'.  Davis,  Savannah,  Saint  Niciiolas,  Wins- 
;ii\Y,  mid  Vork.  ^lort;  than  twenty  prizes  wen?  made,  liy  these  vessels.  I'he  Suuitei' 
lowiiii'li  lefeieneo  will  he  made  liereafter)  went  to  sea  in  .(line,  Iritil  ;  the  Sallie  and 
Niisliville  in  (.)ut(d»er,  lH(il ;  tin?  Keho  in  If^li'i  :  the  Retiihiition  and  IJoston  in  \f*iY.\;  thi; 
rliiciiiiniau^ia,  Olnstee,  and  'Tallahassee  in  l?^()l.  These  vessels  are  stated  to  ha\e 
iiiiicn  from  sixty  to  seventy  ]ni/es." 

Ifby  this  f^ravc  voi»(>rt  it,  was  iiitt'iideil  to  cstablisli  that  the  insurgent 
Americaiis  were  in  18(51  entitled  in  any  way  to  be  considered  as  a  bel- 
ii;fercMit  on  the  ocean,  the  niotive  can  oniy  he  exphiined  by  ])resnininj;- 
citlior  an  absence  of  all  a(M|uaintance  with  the  actual  condition  of  the 
iiisurj;ent  States  at  that  time  or  deliberate  misrepresentation.  1  pre- 
ilrto  adopt  the  earlier  construction. 

In  point  of  fact,  it,  is  clearly  shown  in  these  pa[»ei's.  as  well  as 
iVoiu  the  i)ast  condition  of  that  region  of  coast  ever  since  the  time 
(ifitslirst  settlement,  that  it  has  never  possessed  any  commerceor  navi- 
gation of  its  own.  AViiatever  might  have  been  the  list  presented,  it 
(oiiltl  contain  only  such  vessels  as  might  accidentally  have  been  found 
111  its  ports  at  the  moment  of  the  insurrection,  belonging  to  owners 
(iiitside  of  the  jurisdiction.  That  all  such  vessels  were  at  once  seized, 
and  made  for  a  short  ptaiod  to  play  a  part  for  which  they  "ere  utterly 
mititted,  is  strictly  true.  Yet,  so  far  from  presenting  an,  just  ground 
lor  recognizing  these  peoi)le  as  a  maritime  belligerent,  all  the  facts  tend 
ilio  more  toconvin(!(^  me  that  to  all  intents  and  purposes  Her  Majesty's 
;;uvi'rninent  nnght,  with  (juitt^  as  much. justice,  recognize  in  any  similar 
emergency  these  cantons  of  Switzerland  as  such.  JJe  this  as  it  may,  1 
am  ready  to  adnut  there  was  for  a  short  time  a  slight  apj»earance  of  a 
naval  force  that  might  deei'ive  strangers.     Out  ()f  the  number  of  vessels 


i^iml. 


limit  la  plnpart  etaient  de  faihle  tonna,ne.  fiirent  ('(inipes  et  mis  hors  des  ports  sitni's 
ihiiis  It's  <'-tats-eonfederes  ;  ils  lirent  iin  nombre  eoiisideral)le  ile  eaptnres.  l)e.  ces  bati- 
iiieiitK,  les  nns,  eommandt's  \mv  des  ollieiers  an  service-  naval  de  la  eonfcMleration. 
ivriireiit  la  commission  de  vaisseanx  de  ;;nerre  des  I'tats-eonfedi'i-es,  les  antros  eelle  de 
vaissi'iiiix  de  jj;u(?rre  prives  on  (h'  eorsaires.  An  nombre  des  vaisseanx  aiines  en  jrnerre 
'liii  fincnte(inipes  de  la  sorte  et  <|ni  lirent  di.-s  pri^^es,  se  tronvaient  le  Calhoun,  steamer 
juiiijeuiit  i»lu8  de  nuUo  tonneanx,  (|ui  prit  la  mer  au  niois  de  niai  ISlil,  le  .lellersoi; 
Davis,  it!  Savannah,  le  Saint  Nicholas,  le  Winsiow  et  le  V(uk.  I'liis  de  viu;;t  prises 
'clmrent  a  ces  navires.  JiC  Sumter  (dont  il  sera  t'.iit  mention  plus  loin)  prit  la  nn.r  en 
jiiiii  It^tii;  le  Sallie  et  le  Xasliville,  en  oelobre  isiil  ;  rKcho.  en  Irfli-J;  la  Ketribiitum  et 
.iliost()ii,f;n  lS(i4;  le  C'hiekainau};:i,  roinstee  et  le  Tallahassee,  en  l-'lH.  Ces  vaisseanx 
auiaieiit  fait,  dit-on,  de  soixante  ii  soixante-<lix  luises." 
i^i  jiar  ee  rapi)ort  jiravc  on  avait  riuteiition  d'etablir  i\\w.  les  insiirnes  auK^ricaiiis 
ivaiiMit  droit  en  IHbl,  en  ancune  luaniere,  a  etre  eonsideic'-s  e(i;uiu;!  bidli;;(''rants  sur 
iiiteaii,  la  raison  n'eii  i)eut  etre  expliqni'e  (lu'eii  suppo.sant  it'cUe  iiue  abseiiet?  de  t  )Ute 
I 'Minaissaiice  de  la  condition  actiieili?  des  elitts  iiisui'nes  a  eette  eiio(|ne,  soit  un  faux 
liipport  lelh'chi.  .le  pretere  adopter  la  iiremii-re  iiileipri'tatiou.  Ku  ell'et.  il  est  claire- 
iiK'iit  (le'iiontii'  dans  ces  doeiiineiits,  aiissi  l)ien  «in(?  jiar  la  comlitiini  anterieure  de  eette 
I'jjiiiii  maritime,  qn'elle  n'a  .jamais  ]i()ss('d(''.  depuis  rei.oiine  de  sa  premii're  eolonisation. 
•iiKMii  coimnerce  ni  ancune  navigation  propre.  (iind  (ju'ait  pii  etre  le  n'de  des  navire.- 
invsciite.s.  il  lie  ])ouvait  contenir  ipie  des  vaisseanx  (pie  I'tui  pouvait  avoir  trouv<''s  aeei- 
ilt'iitfllciuent  <lans  h;s  ports  an  momi'iit  de  rinsiirrection,  appartenaiit  a  des  proprn- 
'aiii'.s  en  dehors  do  sa  Juridietioii.  (^iie  tons  ces  vaisseanx  fiii'ent  saisis  en  meme 
I'liiiLset  Mi'oii  leiir  lit  pendant  nue  eonrti'  jxTiode  jouer  nn  role  pour  le(|uelils  etaient 
'"iit-a-l'ai,  impropres,  est  un  fait  stiietemeiit  vrai.  Mais  loin  (In  fonrnir  ancuu  niotii' 
laisKiiiialile  jionr  rec<Mimritre  ces  ;fens  eonime  belli;;ei'auts  nniritiuies,  ces  faits  tendeiit 
"iiitiiiit  11  me  eouvaincn!  tprii  toiLs  (■j;aids  le  <;(niveriiemeiit  tie  s.i  Ma.jesK' aurait  pii. 
'^t'f  tiMit  autaiit  de, justice,  recMiniiaiIre  ciniime  tels,  dans  <les  circonstaneiis  aualo;;ue>. 
^^  I'aiitdiis  de  la  Suisse,  (/uoi  i|u'il  en  suit,  je  siiis  pret  a  admettre  (pril  y  cut 
l"'iiiiaiit  (iiiel(|Ue  temps  line  I'-yi-re  appaience  «rnne  force?  navaie  (jni  ponvait  troiuiiei 
'!'■->  itiaiurers  mal  infiirmr-s.     Au  nnmiHe  di  s  vai.sseaix  indi(|ue.s  dans  le  passive  (|nr 

14  11 


.;         1 

V 

'    ;>■'  : 

^  ■  ■  i;r' 

hXr--    ' 

tMUi. 


210 


AKBITKATIOX    AT    fJF.XKVA. 


arrayed  in  the  pns.sajie  I  have  (|Uote(l  is  the  steainei"  Smntor,  a  ease  now 
presented  to  onr  eonsideration  as  fonndinj";  a  ehiini  for  danin^fjcs  tiom 
Her  Miijesty's  government  by  that  of  ti  ?,  United  States. 

This  was  a  steamer  built  in  no  sense  for  a  war-vessel.  She  had  hei'ii 
employed  as  a  packet  between  Xew  Orleans  and  the  Havana,  and  thou^'li 
most  likely  to  have  belonfjed  to  j)rivato  proprietors  in  Xew  York,  may 
])ossibly  have  had  some  in  New  Orleans.  I  am  Avillin^'  to  concede  tb 
i)enelit  of  the  donbt.  At  all  events,  she  was  s«'i/ed  by  the  iiisuijicnt 
{•overnment,  fitted  nj*  in  haste  Avith  the  few  }»nns  that  she  could  Iumi. 
an<l  i)usiied  throiij>'h  the  blockade,  at  the  month  of  the  ^Mississippi  to  tlic 
hifi'h  sea.  This  was  on  the  oOth  of  dnne,  18(il.  Alter  niakiiij;' sonic 
jiri/.es,  and  tonchinjj;  at  various  ))orts  belonji'inj;'  to  other  i)owers,  she  at 
last  luade  her  a]>i)earaiice  in  a  liarbor  of  Her  ^lajesty's  island  ol'  Tiin 
idad.  Tills  was  on  the  .'lOth  of  .luiy.  Here  she  was  recojiiiized  in  dn, 
form,  was  sn}»i)lied  with  a  new  main-yard,  j)rovisions,  and  eim'iity  toih 
of  coal.  SIm'  next  ajjpeared  at  Pa.amaribo,  in  Dutch  (iuiana,  iiiiK'tccii 
days  after  saiiingfrom  Trinidad,  and  there  reccive<lan  additional  siipiijy 
of  coals.  From  thence  she  proceeded  to  various  ])()rts  of  otlicr  sov 
ereiji'u  ]>owers,  until  at  last  she  found  her  way  to  Her  ^lajesty's  ixutni 
(Jibraltar. 

This  e.\])erience  had  C()m]»letely  established  the  fact  that  in  licr  tlni, 
condition  she  was  utterly  unlitted  for  her  undertaking;'.  The  ctlnits t. 
.uet  her  relittcd  had  failed  ;  and  altiiou^h  there  was  a  lonji' delay  jici 
niitted  at  (Jibraltar — much  lon<;er.  indeed,  tliau  seems  altoji'etlier  jiisi: 
liable — the  end  of  it  was  that  slie  was  disarmed,  dismantied,  sent  h< 
Liveri)ool,  and  never  afterward  tried  as  a  cruiser.  The  tintii  ])rol»iili!y 
was  timtit  was  found  cheaper  to  build  etlicient  vessels  in  (Ireat  Ihitaiii. 
which  this  one  never  could  have  been. 

It  a])pears  that  eleven  of  her  prizes  were  made  before  reachiiiii;  Triii 
idad,  where  she  coaled.  Xoiie  were  made  between  Trinidad  and  Piini 
maribo,  and  oidy  live  afterward. 

Jf  Her  Majesty's  government  had  been  called  to  exercise  due  vijiiliiin" 


j'ai  traiisciit,  le  steamer  Sniutor  est  iiii  cas  jneseiitt'  actiiellcniciit  a  notii'  cxmii':; 
coiiinie,  servant  (li^  base  h  niio  reclamation  en  doiuniages  anpres  <la  fjouvernt'iut'iit  ik 
sa  Majestt'r  i>ar  eelui  (l«'s  fitats-I'nis. 

Le  Sninter  n't'tait  en  auenn  sens  un  steiuni'r  eonstrnit  i)(>nr  etro  vaissean  de  kihtp. 
II  avait  6t6  employe  eonime  jiaqnebotentre  la  Nonvelle-(  )rl('-!i:is  et  la  1  la  vane,  et  qiuiii|ii':' 
alt  apparteiui  tres-vraisemblableincnt  a  des  pniprietaires  privt's  a  New  York,  il  est  im- 
sible  (jn'il  en  ait  eu  a  la  Nonvelle-OrJeans.     .hi  suis  disposi-  a  aeeorder  h'  lniii'tin'il; 
donte.     Qnoi  (|u'il  (Ml  soit,  il  fiit  saisi  par  le  soi-disant  <;()uvernement  insurfji',  oiiuiin:: 
la  bate  du  pen  dts  eanons  (pi'il  i)oiivait  ])orter  et  I'oi^'a  le  bloens  a  remljoiicliiiredi: 
Mississippi  jionr  se  rendro  en  bante  mer.     C'etait  le  ;ii(  Juin   18(il.     Apres  avoir  f;r;  j 
quel([nes  piises  et  tonelie  divers  ports  appartenant  a  d'autres  ])nissanees,  il  lit  eiitinsi'i: 
apparition  dans  nn  port  do  Tile  de  sa  Majeste  la  Trinite.     C'etait  le  ;!()  jnillef.    II  yfiK  | 
reconnn  ei'  dfie  forme,  i'nt  pourvn  d'lme  nonvelle  yrando  vergiie,  de  provisions  it  il' 
qnatre-vinf;ts  toinies  de  ebarboii.     It  api)arnt  ensnite  a  Paramaribo,  dans  la  (iiiyaii' 
bollandaise,  dix-nenf  jonrs  apres  avoir  (|nitte  la  Trinite,  et  la  il  revnt  nn  nouvcaii  siii 
side  de  charbon.     D'ici  il  so  rendit  a  dill'erents  jKtrts  d'autres  piiissanees  si)iivcr;iiiii' 
jns(|n'i\  ec  iin'entin  il  arriva  a  Gibraltar,  jMirt  de  sa  Majeste. 

Cette  experience  avait  conipletement  etabli  W  fait  que  dans  sa  condition  (VnliU;*  ^ 
<^tait  entierenu'nt  improj)re  a  son  entrei»rise.  l-es  edorts  i)onr  le  radonber  avaieii; 
I'ehone,  et  qnoique  nn  lon<f  delai  Ini  eftt  ete  acconb^  a  Gibraltar,  beaneon|)  iilns  lo"::  j 
en  elfeli  (pi'il  ne  sumblat  neeessaire,  il  fat  onlin  de'sarnie,  doniantele,  eiivoye  a  Liverpool. 
«t  lie  flit  pas  emi)loje  jiliis  tard  eomi' ■'  eroisenr.  La  verite  ^^tait  probableinont  qiif 
I'on  troiiva  ineilleiir  marebe  de  constrniro  des  vaisseanx  plus  ettieaees  en  Anjileterre, 

11  semble  (iiie  onze  de  ses  prises  fnrent  faites  avant  d'atteindre  la  Trinite,  oil  il  titiin 
charbon.     II  n'en  lit  auenne  entre  la  Trinite  et  l*aramarib<»,  et  senlement  einq  P'i''| 
tard. 

Si  le  gouveruement  de  sa  Maj«!ste  avait  et«'  appele  a  exeicei'  due  vigilance  piuiifii- 


OPINIONS    OV    MR.    ADAMS. 


211 


II  case  now 
iias'cs  from 

I)  had  liei'ii 
uhI  thou^'li 
York,  may 
;oiu'0(k'  till' 
s  insiir<;eiit 
could  hear. 
iippi  to  tile 
akin,;;'  sonic 
rcrs,  she  at 
ud  of  Trill 
i/cd  ill  (liic 
L'i<i,iity  ton- 
a,  iiiiH'tfcii 
oiial  supiilv 
f  other  SDv- 
^ty's  i)(irt  III 

in  her  tlii'i, 
iic  cl'lhrts  t'. 
<X  (h'lay  pi'i- 
fcflicr  jiisr. 
icd,  scut  III 
fh  ]>rol)iili!\ 
eat  r»rit;i!ii. 

ichiii.u'  Trill 
I  and  Tiir:! 

U'  viiiilillKT 


otri'  cxaiii':: 
ifriionieut  lit 

111  do  JJIKW.  ] 

cct  i|iuiii|r 

)rl<,  il  est  I'll- 

liciK'tici'il': 

ui'ot',  oiiiiilii'' 

Ijducluireiln 

irf's  avoir  t'rt  | 

1  lit  vul\n>'' 

Met.    Ilytii: 

jvisiiiiis  ft  il'' 

us  l;i  (iii,v;iii> 

IIOIIVI'IUI  sill- 
S   SOllYt'l'llillv  I 


timi  (Viiliirs  r 
libel'  avait'ii: 

oiil)  iiliis  loii:: 
;  ji  LiverpoC" 
ablcinont  qw 
Anjil.'terri'. 
r.oiiilfitd" 

LMit  I'iii'i  r'"' 


nice  \mn 


cm- 


to  i»r(!vciit  the  fittiiift-out,  .inning,  or  (Minipping  tliis  vcss(d,  it  might 
iitM'liiips  have  been  liiil)h',  but  it  is  clear  it  had  no  oi>i»oitunity.  Such 
as  it  was,  the  fact  is  well  established  that  the  entire  work  was  done  at 
Xcw  Orleans. 

Neither  was  it  in  a  way  to  i>erinit  this  vessel  to  make  use  of  its  porta 
(ir  waters  as  the  base  of  naval  operations,  for  the  plain  reason,  if  there 
were  no  other,  that  its  career  so  soon  terminated  in  the  second  of  the 
only  two  ports  she  visited. 

Tiieonly  resemblance  to  sucli  a  thin-  was  the  supply  of  coals  received 
at  Trinidad.  Hut  that  'vas  exhausted,  without  an  oi)portunity  of  doing 
ijainaj;'!',  Ixd'ore  reaching  the])ort  of  another  sovereign,  and  nothingwas 
ever  received  from  Ijritish  sources  afterwanls  All  the  supplies  ob- 
taiiieil  with  that  exception  ciune  from  ports  belonging  to  otluu'  imwers. 

[fail,  therefore,  to  si'e  wherein  ller.^iaJesty's  government  has  omitted 
to  fiillill  any  duty  ju'esented  in  this  case,  for  I  cannot  discover  what  duty 
■;lie  was  called  to  I'ulfdl. 

It  is  veiy  triu'-  that,  at  the  moment,  this  proceeding  of  the  recogni- 
lioii  of  the  Sumter  at  Trinidad  was  regarded  by  the  (Jovei'ument  of  the 
I'liitcd  States  as  an  unfriendly  act,  and  muidi  remonstrance  was  made 
a;;ainst  it.  Whether  this  was  made  with  or  without  Just  Ibundation,  it 
(Iocs  not  seem  necessary  here  to  consider.  The  question  now  is  solely 
of  damages  incurred  by  failure  to  fulfdl  certain  specified  duties.  I  can 
discover  no  damages,  and  very  trifling  duty. 

lint  there  is  one  more  (piestion  in  connection  with  tin;  history  of  this 
vessel  that  demands  consideration.  It  is  alleged  that  she  was  suffered 
toreinain  an  undue  length  of  time  in  the  port  of  Gilu'altar,  and  that  a 
fnnidnlent  sale  was  recognized  which  enabled  the  insurgents  to  trans- 
lor  tlie  vessel  to  Liverpool,  and  use  iuu'  again,  niuler  a  l>ritish  register,  as 
a  transport  for  their  cause. 

The  answer  to  this  is,  that  her  detention  at  Gibraltar,  however  it  may 
he  considered,  was  certainly  productive  of  no  damage,  while  her  pres- 
ence on  the  ocean  might  have  been.    And  as  to  the  fraudulent  sale, 


linlicr  farraiif^eincnt,  I'armeiiient  on  I'oiiuiponiont  de  cu  vaisseau,  if  ))onrraif,  i)cut-("tr<i 
;i\nii'('to  ivsponsablf,  iiiais  il  (^st  (!]air  ([ifil  ii'en  eat  pas  Toccasioii.  Tel  fpril  t'lit,  il  est 
liiiMi  (■tal)li  ([ijo  l'((iiviaj;'e  eiitier  fat  lait  i"i  la  Noiivelle-Oileaiis. 

II  ut;  t'ut  pas  uoii  phis  en  i)ositii)ii  dc!  periiiettre  a  ce  vaisseau  de  faire  usaj^e  do  sos 
|iiirtsoiide  ses  eanx  eoinnu'  base  d'operations  iiiivafes,  i)ar  la  raisou  evidently,  s'il  n'y 
111  I'lit  pas  d'luUres,  (jiie  sa  carriiie  se  toruuna  si  tot  dans  le  second  des  deiix  seals  ports 
iin'il  visita. 

Losi'iilfait  (|iu  ressenible  i\  une  seniblable  poriiiission  fat  le  subside  do  charbon 
rii.'ii  il  la  Tiinite.  JIais  celiii-ei  fut  ('puisi;  sans  (pi'll  ait  eii  une  oecasion  dt*  nuire  avant 
irattciiidre  le  pint  d'lin  autre  soiiverain,  et  eiisiiit<!  il  ne  rec^'iit  plus  Jamais  rion  de 
soiiiiL's  an;:;laises.  Tons  les  iiutres  subsides  ([u'il  obtint,  a  Texception  de  celiii-lu,  i)ro- 
vinaiiMit  de  ports  appartenant  h  d'autres  puissances. 

■Il' III'  puis  done  voir  en  (inoilegouverneinentdesaMajestea  ne<jlijj;i' de  reiai»liraucuu 
ili'Vdii'picscrit  dans  co  cas,  car  jo  ne  ])uis  decoiivrir  <(a('l  devoir  il  etait  apiiele  a  renii)lir. 

II  t'-it  liien  \  rai  ((u'au  moment  nieme  ce  i)ro('(^de  de  la  reconuaissanco  du  Sumter  a  la 
liiiiitc  flit  ve>;anl('  par  le  Gouviirnement  (les  J^tats-Unis  comme  un  a'te  jieii  amical,  et 
itiiils  y  tirent  beaucou))  de  reinontrances.  Si  ceci  a  etti  fait  avec  de  justcs  raisons  ou 
mill,  il  lie  inc  senilile  pas  n<^ees8aire  de  rcxaininer  ici.  La  (piestion  actnelle  est  unicpie- 
iiiciit  (le  dmiimajfes  encoiirns  jiar  la  n(><i;li}rence  h  reniplir  certains  devoirs  8p(3cili(5.s.  Jo 
iii'imis  ilt'couvrir  auciiu  dommaf^e  et  ipi'im  tres-lt'^jfer  devoir. 

Mais  il  y  a  une  autre  (juestion  en  rapport  uvec  I'liistoire  de  ce  vaisseau,  qui  demaude 
iK'trecxainini^e.  On  alK'guo  (lu'on  Ini  permit  do  doineurer  dans  le  p(Ht  de  Gibraltar 
ail  (lelii  (111  tem)»s  l('<;al  et  (iii'une  veute  fr.auduleuse  fat  reconuue  (jui  permit  aux  in- 
siii^os  de  tvrinsferer  le  vaisseau  a  Liverpool  et  de  I'employer  de  nouveau  sous  rcgistro 
iiiij;lais  comme  transport  pour  la  cause  des  i«surp;(?s.  • 

l.a  ivponso  a  ceci  est  (juo  son  s('.jour  h  Gibraltar,  de  quelque  fa^on  que  Ton  puisso  lo 

I'liiisidcR'r,  lie  fut  certain(^nient  la  cause  d'aucun  doinmage,  tandis  (pie  sa  prt>sence  sur 

imaii  aiuait  pu  I'tHro.    Et  quant  t\  la  ventfi  frauduleuse,  le  vaisseau  (itait  expo8(5  ii 


:  f 


AlMSn'h'ATION    AT    CKNKNA. 


mi 


'!>    '  i 


the  vosiscl  was  opi'ii'to  (japtiirc  in  licr  (lofi'iiccloss  stale,  and  it  was  con 
(jlhUmI  tliat  no  reclamation  couhl  have  been  made  tor  it.  Ho  likcwisi 
she  was  «)pon  to  capture  in  her  latest  capacity  as  a  transport.  Ii 
neither  case  does  Her  ^[ajesty's  {government  appear  to  me  to  have  in 
curred  any  l•(^sl•()nsil)ility  under  tin;  three  rules  (»f  the  treaty  wliicli  ciin 
he  estimated  in  damages. 

or. just  such  a  chara(!ter  as  this  one  are  other  vessels  jtresented  sd 
j^aavely  in  the  extract  which  1  ha\e  made  from  the  llritish  ciise  at  tin 
outset.  These  are  the  wretched  ra;;s  ov«'r  which  J [er  .Majesty's  iiiiiii> 
tcrs  condeycemled  to  throw  the  nnmtle  of  a  bellijj;ereid.  Tliis  they  Jimi 
an  niKinestionable  rij-ht  to  do.  llavin;;'  dom^  so,  it  is  mit  ])ossil)le  joi 
me  to  reach  any  other  tlecision  in  the  ])resent  case.  At  the  same  time,  it 
nn«y  be  remarked  that  it  is  made  clear  from  these  papers  that  at  no  tinn 
did  this  belli;,ferent  ever  send  to  sea  durinjj  the  stru<;j>le  a  sinjilo  wai 
vessel  bull;   within  the  limits  of  the  territory  it  temporarily  coutrollcil, 

X. — THH  nashvii.m:. 


t^% 


This  apjtears  to  be  another  instance  of  a  seizure  of  a  steatncr  ton 

structed  for  a  packet  to  run  between  Xew  York  and  ( .'harlcston, 

in  South  Carolinr..   uid  an  attempt  to  turn  her  into  a  vessi'; 

of  war  by  i)uttin<;  two  light  gnus  ni)on  her,  and  the  necessary  aininiini 

tion  to  frighten  nmirmed  merchant-ships. 

In  this  state  she  received  the  requisite  ollicers,  and  on  the  2Gth  of  An 
gust,  having  inn  the  blockade  of  Charleston,  made  her  way  to  the  poi! 
of  Saint  (Jeorge,  in  the  island  of  Uermuda,  on  tiie  .')Oth,  in  the  guise ni 
a  war- vessel.  In  order  to  get  salely  out  of  Charleston  Harbor,  sho  lunl 
been  constrained  to  go  light,  in  (jonsecpience  of  whi(!h  she  stood  in  ntrii 
of  considerable  snpplies  of  coal  at  Saint  (ieoige,  to  enable  her  to  elloct 
her  contemi)lated  passage  to  Southaini>toii.  She  obtained  between  lii» 
and  500  tons  from  ]n'ivate  sources. 

Ller  stay  at  this  phice  must  have  been  from  the  .">Oth  of  August  to  tin 
4th  of  ZS'ovember,  when  she  started  tor  Southampton.     A  stay  of  sixty 


rtro  |>ris,  dans  I'iinpoHsildlilf'  oh  il  ("tait  dc  sc.  dolcndrt',  (!t  I'oii  recoiiiiiit  <iu'il  n\v  avail 
])oiiit  di'  rrclaiiiatioii  u  tains  a  ceti  oj^ard.  II  ('tait  I'^alciiioiit  cxixwo  a  rti'd  ]»ri.s  (laiiss 
dcniii-rc!  L'uiiditiou  do  transport.  Ni  dans  un  ras  ni  dans  I'antrc,  io  jionvcrncniciil  (Iim 
Majfsto  no  uw  sonil)lo  avoir  onconru  ancnno  rosponsabilito,  snivaut  los  trois  ri'i,di'.s iln 
traito,  <ini  puisso  otre  ostinioo  en  donunaf^os. 

t»n  ni»''ine  caractoro  (jnc  oelni-ei  sont  Ics  antros  vaissoaux  prrsonrc's  si  siTicusciiiiii: 
dans  IVxtrait  ([no  J'ai  fait  du  "  JJritisli  tsaso  "  au  connuoncoinont.  Co  sont  los  mi.spraWf 
haillous  snr  tosiiuels  los  niinistros  do  sa  Majost*-  ont  bien  vonln  jotor  lo  niantoim  »<■ 
1)ollif{orant.  lis  avaiont  nn  droit  ino()ntostal)le  alo  fain;,  t.'ayant  fait,  il  no  mVstiiib 
l)ossil)lo  do  dooidor  antroniont  dans  1<!  oas  prosont.  Eu  nionio  toiiips,  on  jtourrait  bin 
r>;niai«|U(!r  ([n'il  rossort  claironiont  do  cos  docuiuonts  i|n'a  aucnno  oi)0(]no  oe I)olliK'iaii' 
no  niit  on  nior  iKMidant  le  conllit  nn  aonl  vaissean  de  guoiro  oonstrnit  dans  iosliinil- 
dn  torritoins  snrloqnol  il  oxor<;a  pour  lo  coup  son  controlo. 

I-K   NASUVII.I.K. 

C'ooi  i).arait  otro  nn  antro  oxtMiiplo  d'uno  saisio  d'nn  steaiiior  oonstrnit  jtour  seivii 
oonuno  patinobot  entrc  Now  York  ot  Cliarlostoii  dans  la  Caroline  du  Hud,  et  iiiieiiiitiv 
tontative  <le  lo  trausfornior  eu  vaissoau  do  gnoi  re,  eu  y  uiottant  deux  loj^t.-rs  canons  ti 
los  Hiuuitions  ut^oessaires  poTir  cpouvauter  los  vaissoaux  niarohanUs  nou-arnit^s. 

Dans  oct  o'tat  il  rovut  los  ofticors  rctiuis,  et  le  20  avril,  ayaut  force  le  blocus  do  C'liurli- 
ton,  so  rendit  au  i>ort  de  St.-Georges,  dans  I'ile  de  JJormude,  le  :50,  eonune  vaissean  li' 
j;ueiTe.  Atiu  do  sortir  on  sdcurite  du  port  «le  Charleston,  il  avait  «'te  oblige  d'ailci  saH' 
cbarge,  et  en  consoquouce  il  out  bosoiu  do  subsides  considerables  de  eharbou  aSt- 
(leorge  p<nir  otro  en  otat  d'ellectuer  sou  passage  projctd  ii  Southanii)ton.  II  on  olitin' 
outre  (juatre  et  cinq  cents  tonnes. 

Son  sejont  «lans  ce  j)oit  doit  avoii'  cti'  du  MO  aofit  an  4  uovenibre,  on  il  partit  \>"W 
Soutlnmipton.     I'n  st'jonr  de  soixaisto-si^  Jours  aceordc'  a  cot  endroit.  a.jonto  a  cc  jri""'' 


(H'lXioNs  OF  mi;,  akams. 


•2\:\ 


,!<;  (lays  iKTiniltiMl  iit  this  iiIikh',  in  ..'oiiiiccttion  with  tho  hu'ixv  supply  (»l" 
,()iil,  imliciito  iiii  j'XtreiiK'ly  iil)t'i'al  (•(iiistructiou  of  the;  civility  (Inc.  to 
.iicliii  vessel  at;  th(!  outset  ofii  stnis^h'  like  that  in  America. 

At  the  sanie  time  it  slioiihl  bo  observed  that  Jlei'  ^lajesty's  fiovern- 
iiciit  hiidiiot  yet  Ibnml  time  to  mature  the  iie(M\ssary  re^^ulatioiis  to  be 
,i1)S('1V(mI  in  lu'i'  remoter  dominions,  in  re^anl  to  the  stay  of,  and  the  sup- 
;iliest()  he  furnished  to,  the  vessels  of  the  eontendiuiL;' parties  when  toiicli- 
iiijf  at  lier  ports. 

hi  lier  trip  across  the  ocean  the  Nashvilh^  met  and  destroyed  one 
lU'rcliiHit-vessel  of  the  Tnited  states — the  Ilarvey  Uircli.  After  leav- 
ing Southami)ton,  she  stoi)ped  af^aiu  at  Bermuda,  where  she  received  lob 
Kiiis  of  coal,  which  enabled  her  to  r(^turn  home.  On  her  way  she  seems 
toliiive  destroyed  one  schooner.  It  is  to  be  inferred  that  her  utter  un- 
:jtii('ss  for  the  business  to  which  she  had  been  put  had  been  clearly 
:irovc'(l,  and  sh(i  was  laid  aside. 

it  is  contended  that  tln^  recei)tion  which  this  vessel  met  with  at  vari- 
(iiis])orts  of  Her  ^fajesty's  kingdom,  and  the  abundant  supplies  of  coal 
icrcived  by  her,  are  sulliciently  j)roved  to  briny  her  within  the  i)urview 
4  the  sec'ond  rule  specalied  in  the  treaty  of  \\'ashin;;ton  for  tlie  j;uid- 
iiicd  of  the  arbitrators. 

I!iit,  in  order  to  establish  this  claim,  it  seems  to  me  necessary  to  coii- 
M(lor  tlie  ijuestiou  of  intent  on  the  \yM\  of  th<'  authorities,  as  well  as 
;li;it  of  neyli/^'cnce. 

From  the  evidence  furnished  in  the  pa])ers  before  us  in  regard  to  these 
two  points,  1  confess  that  I  cannot  jiather  snllicient  materials  to  enable 
iiKito  decide  a.n'ainst  Her  Majesty's  (lovei-nment  on  either  of  them.  At 
the  outset  of  the  struy.nle,  and  before  the  receipt  of  clear  directions  to 
loiiilate  tlu'ir  conduct,  it  mi,!;ht  very  well  happen  that  the  authorities 
ill  tlio  remote  dependencies  would  make  mistakes  of  judf;'ment  in  per- 
mitting; sni)plies,  without  nu^aniny  to  be  partial  to  one  side  nu)ro  than 
;o another.  I  have  no  reason  to  suspect  that  just  the  sanie  measure 
vouhl  not  then  have  been  .^ranted  to  any  vessel  of  the  United  States. 
A  tew  tons  more  or  less  of  coal  (,'an  scarcely  be  called  convincing-  proof 


viljsido  do  cliarboi),  iii(li<(no  \uw  iiit('rpr<^tation  cxtrriuompiit  liln'ralc  <tp  la  ci vilito  dfto  a 
:i!itflvaisseaii,aii  coiiniiciu'eiiioiitd'uiicoiitUt  tcl  (luo  cclni  ([iii  avait  rclat(^  cu  Aiiu'riquo. 
Km  iiK'ini!  toinjis,  il  iaut  rciiiaiviucr  ([iic  lo  <j;mivoiii('irii"it  di-,  kh  Majcsti'  ii'avait  jias 
more  tnniv(''  Ic  temps dc  ini"iiir  It'ii  it'^lt's  lu'ccssairc^s  a  oliservor  dans  ccs  ('tats  oloij^iios, 
,ii:iiit  an  si'joiir  ct  auK  subsides  a  aci'ordfr  aux.  vaisseaux  dcs  deiiK  jiarties  en  contlit 
•,!ii  toueheiaieiit  leurs  jiorts. 

Daii.s  sii  course  a  tra\'ers  I'oeeau,  le  Xasliville  rencoufra  et  drtruisit  uii  vaisseau 
iNiiri'liaiid  des  Ktats-Uuis,  le  llurvey  Hircli.  Ai)i'<'s  avoir  i|Mitt('  Soutliauiiitni),  11  touclui 
'ii'iiDuveau  a  Heriuude,  ofi  11  reeut  ecnt  eiii(]uaiit(!  tonnes  de  eliarliou,  ee  ([ui  Ini  iierniit 
lii  ivtonniei' eluv,  lui.     J^ans  sa  route,  11  senible  avoir  d(-truit  un  scliooner.     On  pent 

ruire  ([iie  sou  ineapaciti-  conii)l('te,  pour  le  rule  (|u'on  lui  avait  (ait  Joui'r,  avait  ('tt- 

iMiriMiiciit  prouvee,  et  il  fut  mis  d(!  eute. 

"ii  idlt'i^iK^  (jue  I'aeeueil  quo  rei;ut  ee  vaisseau  dans  diilVrents  ports  iln  loyaume  dc  sa. 

M;ijesti'' et  les  subsides  ahondants  dc,  eliarhon  i|u'il  olitint  soiit  drnionUc's  sutlisants 

:""a'  li'  jdacer  sous   la    seeonde  r(';j;le  s[>('rirK'e  dans  letraiti'   dt^  Wasliinnton  coinnus 

.'niilc  pour  les. arliiti'es. 

Mais  alin  d'l'tahlir  eelte  pi'i'tention    il  mo  sendile  in'eessaire  d'exauiiner  la  <iuestion 

''  uiiuivaise  intention  de  la  ])art  des  !  utoriti's  aussi  bien  ((uo  cello  de  m'^li^enet!. 
I'av  les  preuves  iburnies  dans   les  locunients  plaees  deviint  nous  (jnant  a  ces  deux 
i"'iiits.  J'uvoueqi'o  je  lU'  ])uis  rassei  ihler  des  inateriaux  sullisants  jiour  nie  perniettro 

!'•  (li'ciiler  contro  le  fj;ouvernenient  d  ,»  sa  MaJ<!ste  sur  aucun  des  deux.  An  conuncnce- 
'lii'Mt  (la  eoiillit,  et  avant  la  r('=eeptio  i  de  direetions  elaires  pour  n'jrler  leur  eouduite,  il 
i"|iiviiit  tres-l)i(!n  arriver  que  dans  l(>s  possessions  ('loi.^iKMis  les  autorites  lissonfc  des 

iioius  de  jusenuuit,  en  aecordant  des  subsides  sans  iienstn*  a  (''tre  partiales  pour  uu 
I'liiti  ])liit(')t  ((lu'  pour  I'antre.  Jo  n'ai  inillo  raison  do  soup(;oinn'r  (|u'on  iiNsftt  pas  alors 
"I'cordij  exaeteinent  la  mr'ni(>-  nicsure  a  un  vaisseau  des  fitats-Unis.  (^uebiues  tonnes 
"'  cliarbou  d(!  ]dns  on  de  inoins  peuvent  a  peine  ("(re  appeh'es  des  preuves  convaiu- 


2\[ 


aIv'IMii.'a;  ION   AT  (ii;M:\A. 


of  iiiiilicioiis  intent.  Vvnm  my  ohscrviitioii  ol'  (lie  ;;i'nijriil  (-(niisi'  ui 
(iovi'rnor  Old,  I  fail  to  juatlMT  any  clear  traces  of  a  dispositiuii  Id  In 
otlu'i'wise  tliaii  iini)arlial  in  liiat  ollieer. 

With  respeel  to  the  stay  of  tln^  XashxiMe  at  Southampton,  and  Im 
supplies  reeeived  tliere,  I  <lo  not  tlnd  tiiat  the  ease  was  essentially  dil 
ferent  from  that  of  the  Cnited  States  steamer  thi^  Tuscarora,  wliicii  wn- 
at  that  port  at  the  same  time. 

Last  of  all,  I  entertain  \ovy  serious  doubts  whether  this  vessel  wa^ 
(.'ver  intenih'd,  by  those  who  lilted  lier  out,  for  the  i)urpose  of  eniisjii; 
as  a  (h'predator  on  the  ocean.  Certainly,  her  Ion;;'  period  of  utter  iiinc 
tion  at  the  oidy  ])ort  where  she  stopped,  and  her  straij;ht  conrsc  ti^ 
Southampton  and  back,  do  iu)t  at  all  indiiiatc^  it.  l*iV(>n  the  two  cnii 
tures  which  she  actually  made  seem  to  have  been  vessels  she  cliancii! 
to  meet  on  her  track,  which  she;  eoidil  destroy  without  the  sli<;hlcst  dc 
viation.  The  ^^ovej-nor  of  St.  (leor^e's  seems  to  have  been  conviiiccii 
that  the  object  of  th(5  voyage  was  connected  with  the  establishnit'iitfii 
diplomatic  relations  in  luirope,  ami  jtrocurin;;'  naval  supplies  and  stores. 
At  one  tinu'  it  was  intended  to  brin;;'  out  Messrs.  Mason  and  HIidcll. 
and  it  actually  did  have  on  board  Colonel  Peyton,  supjtosed  to  be  cliari^cd 
Avith  u  mission  of  the  sanu^  kind. 

However  this  may  be,  I  fail  to  find  solid  ;;round  ui)on  which  to  Ijiisi. 
ill  this  case,  any  chai'/^e  either  of  intention  or  ne;4li.t;en<!e  against  llci 
Majesty's  (lovernment  under  the  terms  of  the  treaty  of  Washin^^toii. 

XI.— THE    CIIICKAMAUGA. 

On  or  about  the  lirst  week  in  ^lareh,  lS(5t,  a  steamer  called  the  Kilitli. 

which  had  been  liuilt  within  the  kin;j;"doui  of  (treat  Jhitaiii 

foi-  the  purpose  of  running  the  blockade  of  the  insurjioii! 

ports  in  the  United  States,  sailed  from  London.     She  appears  to  liaw 

been  one  of  a  number  constructed  nnder  a  joint  ownership  of  the  iiisui 

aent  authorities  in  the  United  States  and  certain  commercial  houses  in 


cantos  (Vintciiliou  inalieioiisc.  Dans  ninn  cxanicn  dc  la  eondnito  fjji'm'ralo  <lii  lioiiwi 
nciir  Ord,  Ji' lie  puis  r('cni.'illii'  antninn  trace  claiic  d'uno  disposition  ([ui  ait  ('li' iiuti' 
clioso  (jne  (rctic  ini])ai'tial  clic':  cet  ofticici'. 

Quant  an  sijoui-  dii  Nashvillo  a  S()ntliani])ti)n  ot  aux  snhsidcs  (pi'il  y  ronit,  ji"'> 
trouTc  pas  (pu!  Ic  cas  iVit  osscntiellcnuMif  dil'l'cront  dc  ccliii  du  steamer  dcs  Ktats-L'Ui- 
Tnscavova.  <pic  I'tait  <lans  cc  \)int  a  la  niciiic  I'^poipio. 

Knlin,  ,i"ai  <lc  tics-j;rands  dontos  si  cc  vaisscaii  fut  .jamais  destine  par  ccnx  'in 
]"e(pui)iTen(.  a  croiscr  comme  ('orsairc  snr  I'ocean.  C'ertaincMuent,  sa  lon<jjue  perioduil 
com])l('te  inaction  dans  Ic  sent  port  oil  i)  s'arreta  ct  sa  course  directe  aller  ct  rc'toiirii 
rin(li<|Ment  pas  du  tout.  Memo  le.i  >l'!ux  prises  <pi'il  fit  etrcctivemont  scmblent  avoii 
•■te  dcs  vaisseaux  (pi'il  re.nconlra  pav  li  isa-'d  snr  sa  ront(>,  ct  (ju'il  put  detruire  saiisln 
])luH  le;4(rc  deviation.  Le  j^oiivenuMn  do  8t.-Gcorfj;o  st^nilde  avoir  (;te  convaincu  iiuel' 
l)nt  Cm  voyage,  otait  en  rai)port  ,'(.vjc  I'ctablisseincmt  do  relations  diplomatiipies  ci: 
Europ(!  ct  de  jirocurer  dcs  sn!>-;Klr.-  navals  ct  dea  fournitnrcs  niilitaires.  I'ciKliiutin. 
moment  on  cut  rintcntion  dc  condnire  MM.  Mason  ct  Slidcll  en  Europe,  et,  ctUictivi- 
nient,  il  y  avait  a  bord  Ic  colonel  I'eytoii,  tiuc  I'on  supposait  ctre  cbari^c  d'une  uiission 
dc  la  meme  nature. 

(Juoi  (pi'll  en  Moit,,t(Mic  ])nis  trnuvcr  do  rai sons  .sol ides  snr  les(pie.llcs  liaser  dansi 
cas  aucunc   accusation  d'intention  on  do  ni^y,li;^cncc  coutrc  lo  youvcrncuicut  dt:  >- 
Mnjcstc,  d'apres  les  termes  du  traite  de  Wasbingtou. 

LK    CIIICKAMAUriA, 

La  premiere  seniiiinc  de  mars  ]8()4,  on  !\  ]>eu  iirc.s,  nn  steamer  appelc  TEdif!'.. 'i'" 
avait  dtc  construit  dans  lo  royaume  do  la  Grandc-Bretagno  dans  lo  but  do  forcer  i' 
blocus  dcs  ports  iusurgds  aux  Etats-l.'iiis,  partit  de  Londres.  II  semblc  avoir  ot**"" 
des  vaisseaux  construits  cominc  propri(^te  communo  dos  antorit^s  insurgt^es  aux  Ktatv 
Uuis  et  de  quelques  niaisons  dc  conmicrcc  de  la  Grande-Bretagnc.    Conniic  tcl  il 


OPINIONS    o|'     Mi;.    ADAMS. 


L>1 


(iiwil  IWitiiiii.  As  siicli,  slu'  niinlc  licr  Wiiv  siicct'ssriilly  iiit(>  llir  port: 
,inViliiiiii;;t<>ii,  in  Xoiili  Ciiroliiiii.  It  l»i'iiij;ii.s('('itiiiiu'(l  by  cxpLTiiiicnt 
that  sill'  \\iis  ii  liisl  and  stancli  \r.s.st'l,  it  Wiis  (hen  (li'lcnnined  b.v  the 

iiisiir 

ri|Uil 


jiMit  iuiilioritits  to  pnt  tliriM' ;inns  upon   lici",  willi  llic  iiciu'ssary 
iiiicnt,  ainl   transrorni   licr  into  a   rci^iilar  ci  nisei-.     As  sncli    slio 


iiit'd  }o  !»('  i'»'('o;;ni/cd  at  IJcrnnnla  on  the  Ttli  November.  Ilei-e  lun* 
iiiiiimiiiider  appMed  for  leave  to  coal  and  repair  inachiiM'ry,  wliieli  was 
^'niiitcd.  Shi'  was  sni»plied  hy  tlieantliorities  with  twenty-live  tons,  and 
Jieriiiitted  to  remain  lor  icpairs  ei^ht  days.  11'  it  was  propt'r  to  reeog- 
iii/,0  her  at  all,  in  no  instance  have  I  jtereeived  a  liiiner  tone  in  dealing 
witli  a  vessel  of  the  kind,  oi'  a  clearer  execution  of  the  orders  j^iveu  by 
Hit  ."Majesty's  j;()\ernment.  If  it  happein'd  that  the  commander  snc- 
irodt'd  in  .ucttinjj:  a  laiji'er  supply  from  private-  sources,  it  must  have 
hct'ii  (li)iK' surreptitiously  and  in  (leliance of  their  will.  On  her  outward 
tiip  from  Wilminji'ton,  she  seems  to  have  destroyed  some  merchunt- 
vi'ssils.  I'.ut  when  she  ,i;ot  back,  the  experiment  api)ears  to  liave  been 
I'ltiisidered  unsatisfactory,  for  it  Mas  not  eontinue«l.  Shi;  was  aj,'aiii  re- 
(liici'd  to  u  transpiM't.  Not  hMi;,'  afterward  Wilinin};tou  was  taken  l)y 
ilic  United  States,  and  the  last  traces  of  spurious  belliy;eren('y  on  the 
Aini'i'ii'an  coast  were  expun;;ed. 

Here  1  fail  to  see  any  reason  tor  char;j;in;;'  Ifer  ^lajesty's  f^overnment 
with  any  detault  under  eith-.'r  of  the  thri'C  ruh's  prescribed  for  the  yuid- 
iiu'c  of  the  arbitrators  by  the  terms  of  the  treaty  of  Washin<j^ton. 

Ml. — TIIK    TALI,AlIAS.Si;i;. 

This  is  one  of  t';i;  nund)er  of  vessels  constructed  in  (Ireat  llritain,  ot 
whicli  the  Chickamaujj;a,  whose  case  has  been  already  con- 
sidered, is  another  exain))lc.  About  the  first  week  of  April, 
ISdt,  she  left  London,  under  the  name  of  the  Atlanta.  On  tluil'Oth  she 
iinivcd  in  ilermuda.  Here  she  seems  to  haviwennnned  until  thel'lth 
(if  May,  when  she  started  to  run  the  blockade  at  WiImin,ut(Mi,  in  whicli 
slicappi'ars  to  have  succeeded.  For  the  next  numth  she  was  running  in 
ilie  same  business  between  Bermuda,  and  Wilmin.uton. 


ivnssit  11  ciitrcr  dans  Ic  ]Mvi  dc  Wilniiimtnn,  diins  la  Caioliiii'  dii  Xord.  L'oxpi^iipiicn 
iiyaiit  (li'iiKiuti't^  line  c'l'tait  iiii  viiissi'aii  raiiidc  ct  I'ort,  Ics  aiitoi'iti's  iii.siirjj;t't',s  docidiTt'iit 
li'y  iiictlic  trois  canou.'s  avcc  )'('i|iii|>('iiit'iit  lu'i'cssaiic.  I't.  dis  In  tiaiisrornicr  I'li  croi.siMir 
ivjjiilicr.  II  pii'ti'iidit  ('■trt'  reconmi  (onimctt'l  a  licDmidii  Ic  7  kovdiiiIuc.  Sun  coiii- 
iiiaiulaiit  y  dcnianda  la  jicrniission  t]i'  t'aii'(>  dii  cliaihon  rt  dt-  n'paicr  sa  nia<;liint',  ci'  <\\i\ 
liii  flit  accordi'.  II  rcrnt  di's  autoiiti's  vinjit-iini(  loyncs  ct  la  jierniission  dt»  rcstcr 
liiiit  jiim-s  i)()Mr  ii'parations.  S'il  rlail  lonvcnahlc^  do  Ic  rcx-nniiaitrc.  dn  font,  jo  n"ai 
troincon  aiicun  cas  nn  ton  ](lus  f'crnu^  fu  traitaut  avoc,  iin  A'aisscaii  do  cctto  smto,  ni 
'.iiii>  I'xi'cution  ])his  ncttodcs  oi'dri's  donui's  par  Ic,  j^ouvonicnicut  do  sa  Majcsl"'.  S'il 
:irrivn  (iiu;  If  (.'onuntindant  riMissit  a  ohtonir  nn  plus  ^^rand  snhsidc  do  soiirtvs  privc'os, 
itin  (liiit  axoir  oto  fait  siil)ro]iti('oniont  ot  on  liravant  sa  volonti'.  ]>aiis  sa  conrso  ajiri-s 
itiL'Sditi  do  Wilnun;;ton,  il  sonddo  avoir  di'truit  ipnitro  vaissoaiix  inaridiauds.  JIais 
i|iuniil  il  lovint,  roxpt'iionoo  sonildi>-  avoir  oto  on\  isayiu;  oomnn'  pon  satislaisanto,  oar 
illc  no  flit  i>as  contiiHiof.  II  fut  do  non\-oaii  ri'dnit  a  I'otat  do  Iraiispmt.  I'oii  do  tomps 
iipii's,  Wiliiiin<);ti)n  fiit  }iris  par  los  Ktats-l'iiis,  ot  los  doriiioros  traces  do  giieiro  iiiari- 
tiinc  snr  la  cote  aniorieaino  fnront  t'tointos. 

Jft  lie  puis  voir  ici  aiuiiiie  raison  d'aeciisor  le  ;ii>uvorneineiit  do  sa  Majosto  d(>  faiito, 
ilajiiis  aiienne  des  trois  i'o<;los  ]iroscritos  ponr  j;iii(lor  los  ahitros  siiivaiit  los  tormos  dii 
tniite  (lu  Washinj^ton. 

i.K  TAi.r.AHAssr.i;. 

C'est  nil  vaissoan  dn  noinliro  do  eeiix  (i|ni  out  eti' cinistrnits  on  An;;letene,  doiit  lo 
Cliickaiiiaiiga  (eo  cas  a  dc'jri  oto  oxaniino)  ('•tait;  nn  aiitn;  <.'x«!inplo.  La  promiore  seinaino 
il'avril  l.'^()4,  a  ])eu  ])ros,  il  qiiittJi  Londres  sons  lo  nom  do  TAtlanta.  Lo  '20  il  arriva  h 
lieiniiula.  II  sonildo  y  otro  resto  jnsiiii'aii  2i  niai,  oil  il  partit  pour  forcer  1«}  Itlocns  do 
^\  iliniiirjton,  CO  a  (pioi  il  paruit  avoir  roiissi,  car  lo  niois  siiivant  il  seinblo  avoir  <Jte 
tmployo  do  la  niomo  nmuiero  ontro  Herinnda  ot.  Wiliningtoii. 


!*i 


S'i 


216 


ARHITli'ATloN    \T    (iENKVA. 


r>oing  louiul  switt  mid  stroii*;',  it  iippcnrs  to  have  Ix'cii  docidod  iii 
Wilmiiifitoii  to  iiiiikc  sm  ('xi)eiiineiit  ortiiniiiifj  this  vcssi'l  into  a  cniisci. 
The,  o(iiii|»in('iit  and  iiiiiiiniii;j:  were  all  done  there,  and  on  the  (ith  m 
Anji'ust,  thecominaiider,  Wood,  sneceeded  in  iiiKiiinji,"  the  hloekade,  ami 
entered  njjon  his  career  of  <le])rediltion. 

In  this  ease  it  is  foitnnate  that  \\v  have  before  u->  tlie  whole  story  n; 
this  short  cruise  naii'ated  by  the  eoiiiinander  himself,  under  circiim 
stances  which  render  the  truth  of  it  inobable.  Coniinander  Wood,  in  n 
letter  puiportinj^to  beollicial,  rei)orts  these  tacts:  1.  That  ho  sailed  live 
days  to  tin^  northward  without  findiii*;'  any  vessels  not  l'airo]ieaii.  i', 
That  on  the  1 1th,  havinj;'  ai)i)roached  ]Ne\v  Vork,  as  he  pursued  the  lim 
of  the  coast  northward,  until  the  L'Oth,  he  captured  tidrty-three  acsscIs. 
twenty-six  of  which  lu^  destroyed.  3Iost  ol"  them  were  of  small  mi: 
Wy  this  tiniiMie  had  reached  the  British  i>rovinces,  and  had  consuincd 
nearly  all  his  coal  Ho  he  decided  to  ))nt  into  Halifax  on  the  IStli.  nini 
try  his  luck  lor  new  sujjplies. 

It  api)eais  very  clearly  from  his  confession  that  Sir  dames  lloitc,  tlii' 
admiral  then  in  command  at  the  station,  lik(^  most  of  the  otiicers  in  Her 
-Majesty's  naval  service,  had  no  fancy  for  this  fraudulent  spe(;ies  of  ki 
lij-erency,  and  no  disposition  to  be  blind  to  the  tricks  by  which  it  was 
carried  on.  Tlie  iieutenant-j:»(tvernor  also  j^ave  no  hopes  of  any  relaxa 
tiou  of  the  rules  laid  down  by  the  j>overnment,  whether  in  regard  to  liis 
stay  or  his  sui)pl'\'s.  Alter  all,  he  boasts  that  he  did  succeed  in  clicat 
inji'  him  a  little,  but  it  was  not  enou.iih  to  do  any  i;oo(l:  so  he  was  coni 
pelled  to  abandon  his  cruise  for  tlu^  want  of  coals,  and  make  the  best  of 
his  way  back  to  his  startin.^-point.  lie  suc<'eeded  in  forcinf:^  thi'  bloclv 
ade  at  ^VilminJ•■ton  on  the  LMIth.      This  made  a  cruise  (»f  twenty  days. 

There  is  somi^  evidenci;  to  show  that  tins  vessel  issued  forth  once  inoiv 
as  ;i  cruiser  from  Wilmin.!ilon.  in  the  early  part  of  Xovend)er.  and  made 
a  lew  captures.  If  so,  it  was  under  another  name,  that  of  the  Oliistoc. 
Like  other  rojjiies,  aftia  havinj;()n(!e  more  exhausted  her  reputation,  she 
ehans'ed  her  nanu'  a  third  time.  laid  down  liei'  arnunnent,  and  preseiittil 


i't'     •  ':<^ 


C'oimiio  on  le  troiivait  rapidf  ct  (tut  il  parait  ijiic  I'oii  ili'cida  a  Wiliiiiiit;t(>ii  (rcss.iw, 
il(!  traiistbiiiicr  cc  vaisscaii  t'li  croi.st'iir.  l/('(|iiii>oiiiciit  ft,  Ic  rccnitfini'iit  (Ic  l\'i|iii]i;i;,'i' 
sfiiiblciit  y  avoir  (•!(■  faits  cntiiTcint  \\t,  vt,  Ic  (>  aoiit,  1<>  coiiuiiaiHlatil  Wond  inissit  :. 
I'oix'cr  Ic  lilociis  ct  ('(liimit'iirii  sa  cai'iit'it!  dc  d(-|ir<'dati()ns. 

Jianscocas  il  est  liciiriMix  quo  nous  ayous  di'vant  nous  loiifc  l'Iii.stoii(>  dc  cctti' (.•oiirt'^ 
(•I'oi.sji-rc,  I'aconti'C  jiar  Ic  t'(unniandant  du  vaisscan  lui-un-nn',  dans  dcs  ciii/onstaiu'i's  qiii 
'•n  rcndi'Ul  la  V4^i'it<''  iiroliabli'.  Cc  monsieur  Wood,  dans  uiu;  Icttn^  <|u'on  pcut  ciivisii 
yiL'i' (■..niiuc  orilcicllc,  rapiicllt;  ( I's  I'aits:  I.  (j)u"il  lit  voilo  cimi  jonrs  vim's  lo  nonl  snii^ 
U'tiuver  aucun  vaisscau  ([ui  nc  Cut  curoin'cii.  '2.  Qui'  ic  II,  s"rtant  aiipioi-lH''  dc  Now 
Vorli,  ot  conouc  il  suivait  la  liji'iiiMlcs  cotes  Ics  jours  suivauts  jns([u'au  'JO,  il  iMjitiii:; 
trcntc-ti'ois  vaisscanx.  dont  il  di'truisit  vinj;t-six.  La  plupiO't  ctait  dc  pctits  iiavircv 
I'ciulant  cc  (cnijis  11  avait  attcint  Ics  jiroviuccs  anjilaiscs,  ct  avait  cousnuic  a  jicu  \ny- 
lout  son  diarhon,  II  dc<ida  done  d'cutrer  a  Halifax  )c  18,  ct  de  tenter  la  Ibrtunc  [mw. 
oWtcnir  dc  nouvcaux  suttsidcs. 

II  rcs.sort  tics-claircuicnt  {]i-  sa  conrcs-iion  i|i,ic  .sir  .lames  llojic,  Tamiral  ([ui  coin- 
mandait  alors  dans  la  station.  c(tnMiu»  la  |)ln|iart  dcs  ol'lieiers  an  service  nax'il  di' s:i 
.M.'ijcsti'.  n'avail  aiunn  fiout  iioiucette  cspeee  dc  l)ellij;i  lmiI  IVaudulcux  ct  nulie  (lisim- 
sition  a  I'crnu'i'  Ics  yciix  snr  les  ruses  dont  il  se  servait.  I  .c  lieutenant  ^ouverniiu' ii' 
donna  non  i)lus  auciui  csjioir  de  se  relaelier  d<'s  relics  ctal)lics  jcir  Ic  j;'ouveriiria(iil. 
soit  a  I'eeard  (\v  son  sejiuir  soit  pcuo'  scs  subsides.  Ajires  tout  ccpendant  il  se  vaiit' 
d'avoir  rt'Us  -i  a  le  triclicr  nn  pen.  mais  ce  n'l'lait  pas  asse/,  jkmo'  ricn  I'airi'  dc  Imim.  Ii 
Tut  done  oldiue  d'aliaudonncr  sa  course  i'aiilc  de  chaibon  el  de  I'airc  de  siui  niienx  poin 
rcvcni  •  a  son  jutiut  t\v  de|iart.  II  H'nssil  a  tbicer  le  Idoeus  dc  Wilmington  Ic  'Jti.  VA.: 
i'aisait  nnc*  convsc  dc  viiiet  jcuirs. 

11  y  a  dcs  pienvcs  (|nc  co  vaisscau  sort  it  dc  nouvcau  I'onnne  croiscur  <le  WiliiiinjjUiii 
tout  an  coinnwuci'mcnt  dc  novemlu'c  ct  lit  i|ucl(|iics  prises.  Si  ccla  est,  iio.  I'ut  soiisiin 
autre  noin.  celni  dt^  roiuslcc.  Comnu'  (Tautrcs  tonrbes,  apri's  avoir  encore  niu'  t(iiHii.<i 
."•a  n'liutalion.  il  cbanf;(':i  de  nom  unc  troisii  inc  (bis.  d(''i)os;i  son  arnu'incnt  ct  sc  jiresi'iitii 


(U'lXIOXS    OF    MK.    ADAMS. 


217 


1)11    (1  CSS.lVl'i 


iid'selt'  ill  Jjeniuula  iis  a  mercliantinan,  with  a  carfto  of  cotton,  whicli 
>lio  had  rim  out  of  Wilmington.  8lie  was  now  called,  not  inai)proi)ri- 
itely,  tlie  Chameleon.  ]>nt  when,  on  the  0th  April,  18()5,  all  American 
., oris  lu'in;;' linally  closed,  s1h>  reached  Liverpool,  she  was  reported  at 
tliiit  place  as  the  Amelia,  consigned  to  ^lessrs.  ]''raser,  Trenholm  «S:  Co., 
the  sole  remaining  re[)resentatives  of  an  extinguished  fraudulent  bellig- 

clOllt. 

Tlie  conclusion  to  which  I  have  come  is,  that  there  is  no  evidence  ad- 
iliK'cd  in  this  case  to  show  that  llov  ^fiijesty's  government  has  failed  to 
observe  the  rules  laid  down  for  the  regulation  of  neutrals,  as  prescribed 
!iy  tlic  treaty  of  NVashington. 

\lli. — Tin:    IIKTHIIU  TI(t-\. 

Ot'  all  the  spots  ma<le  memorable  in  Her  ]\rajesty's  dominions  by  the 
ixtPiit  of  fraudulent  transactions  ol'  every  description  con- 
uected  with  navigation,  during  the  struggle  in  the  United 
States,  the  little  island  of  Nassau  a]i]iears,  Irom  the  ])apers  before  us,  to 
iiiiveoanu'd  a  right  to  bear  away  the  palm. 

Tlio  iimst  flagrant  instance  seems  to  be  now  ])resented  to  our  consid- 
'vatioii  in  the  case  of  this  vessel,  the  lletributiou.  So  thoroughly  is  the 
'ruth  interwoven  with  and  covenHl  u]>  in  a  web  as  well  of  simulation  as 
it'dissiinulation,  that  1  confess  it  to  be  a  lalior  of  extreme  difli(Mdty  even 
'D  roach  any  statement  of  the.  facts  which  I  can  rely  upon  as  abso- 
lutely coi'rect. 

It  may,  however,  be  assunu'd  as  true  that,  in  the  year  isr»(t,  a  steain- 
jiropeiler  was  constructe(l  at  i'ulValo,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  whi<'h 
'.vas  taken  to  New  York,  and  employed  for  several  yc^ars  as  a  tug  in  that 
jiort. 

la  tlie  nu)nth  of  April,  ISOl,  being  the  pi'ecise  i>eriod  of  the  breaking 
'lilt  of  the  contlict  in  Anun'ica,  this  tug  appears  to  have  been  sent  by 
the  jaoprietors  to  the  southern  coast.  No  reason  for  this  ])ro('eeding  is 
;;iveii,  and  no  port  of  <lestination   is  mentioned.     Perhaps  the  object 


I  Bi'mmdii  I'oimno  >-iii.ss(>;ui  iiiarcliaiid  (•lii>i'<;'i'  (rune  rarjrnisoii  (Ic,  coton  avoc  laqiiollo  il 
■  tait  snrti  (If  Wilmiiintoii.  II  s"ai>p('lait  alors  (I'liuc  luaiiicrt!  (•(iiivciiahlc  lo  Caiiu'U'on. 
Mais  l(iisi[iic,  ]('  ;)  iivril  ISt!."!,  tons  Ics  [lorts  aiiK'iicaiiis  I'liicMit  I'liliii  (oi'iiu's,  il  att<'ij;tiit: 
i.ivcipool,  flit  ('iiic;;i.strt'  cii  cet  ciulruit  sous  In  lutiii  dc.  rAiUclia.  coiisi^iit'  ;.  MM.  Fra/.er. 
i'rt'uliolm  ct  C'"',  It's  houIs  rcim'sciitants  rostaiits  d'uii  1>t'lli.u(  rant  lVaii<liiltnix  ('tcint:. 

I-a  coiiflnsioii  a  laqiu'llc  Jc  siiis  arrivr  dans  cc  cas  t'st,  ijiTil  n'y  a  pas  dc  proiivos  prn- 
liiiitos  iMiur  di'inoiitriM'  t(ii('  Ic  jioiivcrnrnifiit  dc  sa  Majcsti-  a  ni'ijlini'  (Tohsorvfr  Ics 
ii;'les  ('talincs  )itiur  la  cuiidnitc  dcs  iicutrcs  iircsciifc's  par  Ii'  trait''  dc  \\'asluii'^ti)n. 

I. A  i:i;i  i;i;u HON. 


iMn.iii  ('(urccr. 

Oil  [M'lit  ccjicndant  ailnicttrc  cnrniin'  \  rai  qiic,  dans  Tannine  I".'!!'!,  nil  steamer  a  Iii'licc 
:'it  (oiishiiit  a  liiitialo,  dans  I'ctat  <\i-  New  ^'iirk.anu'nt'  a  New  \'()ik  ct  cniidoyt'  pcndaiH 
i'liisiour.s  annci's  connnc  rcnn)r<|ncni'  dans  en  iinrt. 

All  luois  d'avril  lS(il,  I'l'jKxinc  jnc'cisc  ni'i  ccJata  In  conliit  on  Ani<'ii(|iu\  cc  rcinonincnr 
■I'lnliic  jivoir  cti'  cnvoyc  i>ar  Ics  i)r>)|)ri('taii'cs  snr  la  <'<">("  snd.  Nnllc  I'aisoii  dc  <•>'  jird- 
"l<'  n'i'st  dininrc.  c(    ancnn   jiint  dc  dcstiiiaf iim   n'cst   iiic;i(iuniic'.     rcnt-ctrc   Ic   hul 


•2  IS 


AlilUTKATIOX    AT    GENEVA. 


inijilit  I'.iM'  l)t'('ii  to  iiiida  mnrkot.  If  so,  the  owiiois  iimst  liavc  Ikti, 
<li>sn)>i)oint('d.  The  tii';'  avji.s  driven  hy  stress  of^veatlier  intoCaix-lVin 
Ki'-'er,  where  it  was  seized,  after  tlie  fashion  of  that  <hiy  in  that  \v<^m. 
V,  ithoiit  the  trouble  of  i)ayinj;'  anythiuji;',  and  lier  erew  were  made  ])iis 
oners. 

Her  niaehinery  seems  to  have  been  transferred  to  some  other  purjHisc. 
lor  the  next  tliin;L;"  we  loarn  is  tliat  she  liad  beeome  a  sailinj^-vesscl,  ami 
licr  name  was  the  iietribntion. 

3[('an\vhile  one  year  and  a  lialf  liad  elajjsed.  On  the  21st  of  Xovem 
ber,  1801.',  only,  she  r(^ai)i>ears  at  Charleston,  in  tSonth  Carolina,  and  i- 
there  i'e,i;istered  as  the  private  i)roi»erty  of  one  Thomas  J>.  I'owor,  ;■ 
eitiz(Mi  of  that  [)laee.  1  lere  it  is  recorded  that  a  man  named  John  rarkd 
is  the  master,  lie  was  neither  a  citizen  of  South  Carolina,  iior  of  any 
of  the  insurgent  States. 

It  is  thus  made  <inite  ])lain  that  this  3Ir.  Parker,  whom  we  shall  soon 
find  under  several  other  names,  was  at  that  time  known  only  as  the 
master  of  a  private  vess<'l  belon<;inj;'  to  a  citizen  of  Charleston.  Tliorc 
was  no  i)retense  of  a  public  (•ommission  either  of  the  vessel  or  of  it> 
commaiuler.  I  can  nowhere  discover  that  anything;'  of  the  sort  was  evci 
produced  throujjhoul,  all  the  subse<iuent  i)roceedin{;;s. 

Xevertheless,  it  is  reasonable  to  believe  that  this  vessel  was  ariiicil. 
e<iuipped,  and  manned  at  Charleston  for  the  purpose  of  carryinj'-  on  ii 
system  of  depredation.  Tier  iirst  appearance  in  this  cai)acity  on  tin 
hij^h  sea  was  on  the  liSth  of  January,  l.S(5o,  when  she  i)ounced  upon  lln 
schooner  Hanover,  belonf-inj-'  to  I'rovincetown,  a  small  tishing  tow.  • 
the  coast  of  ^Massachusetts,  and  well  on  its  way  to  its  destination  of  xi,  . 
Cayes,  in  the  island  of  San  Domingo. 

The  captain  of  the  Itetribution  now  laid  down  his  name  of  Parkui. 
On  reaching  the  Hanover,  he  at  once  recognized  the  nuister,  Wasiiiiii; 
ton  Case,  as  a  person  he  had  seen  at  L'rovincetown,  when  he  was  tlii'iv 
engaged  in  a  fishing  voyage  from  that  port,  a  few  years  before.  He  nm 
announce«l  himself  as  Vernon  IiO<;ke,  belonging  to  the  British  [jroviiKv 
of  Nova  Scotia. 


lioniTiiit  avoir  t'ti'  do  trouvm'  uu  u!!'.rcli('.  Si  c't'st  la  ]e  ca.s,  k's  jiiopriotaires  doivciu 
iivoir  niaiii|ii<'  Iciir  iittriitc.  Lc.  iciiioitiiu'iii-  fiit  ]k)Ussc'  ]»iir  If  iiiiiiivaiH  temps  dans  !• 
Ciijto  Fear  Kiver,  <>fi  il  i'lit  siii.^i,  (l.'pres  la  mode  d'alors  daii«  et^  I'l'.V''^;  sans  H'iii(|iii('tri 
<le  ricii  ])ayfr,  ct  rei|iii])ajie  tut  fait  jirisomiier. 

Sa  niachiiui  seiiilde  avoir  ('ti-  eousacree  a  uii  autre  usa^je,  car  eo  ijiie  iions  apprein)!!- 
'iisuite,  c'est  <|iril  etait  deveiiii  tin  voilier  et  que  son  noni  (Uait  la  Ki,'tri))iiti()n. 

Pendant  ce  ti  nips,  nn  an  et  denii  s'etait  <'couli'.  Li'.  '^1  novendiro  IHi'ivi,  senleiiioiit,  ii 
re])araU  a  Charl<>ston.  dans  la  Caroline  dn  Snil,  et  il  y  est  enrejfistre  eoninn;  iin)]iiiiti 
]iartienliere  d'un  Tlionias  Jl.  Power,  eitoyen  di'  eette  ville.  lei  les  lei^istres  imitciii 
qu'nn  lionmn^  noninii'  ,John  Parker  en  est  U'  capitaine. 

II  est  iiarCaitenn'iit  elair  tpie  eo  M.  Parker.  (]ne  nous  trouverons  Identot  sous  pin- 
sionr.s  antres  nonis,  n'etait  a  cetto  ('pixjue  connii  (pni  coinnnt  oaiiitaine  d'nn  vaisscas; 
l);irticnlier  api>artenant  a  nn  <itoy<"i  de  Charleston  ;  il  ii'tHait  pas  eitoycu  do  la  ('ai"- 
Hue  dn  Snd.  ni  d'ani'un  t'tal  insnrj^i'.  11  n'y  eiit  i)as  de  jirefexte  d'nnis  eonnni.ssioi 
pnV)lique,  ni  dn  ^aissean  ni  <le  son  ecnnnnindant.  .le  ni>  ))nis  deeouvrir  nnlle  par; 
qu'anenn<'  pieee  de  eette  nature  ait  jamais  •■ti'  jiroduiti!  jtt.'ndant  toutes  h's  transaction- 
t)nbse(|Ut>ntes. 

Neannioins  il  est  raisonna1)le  de  eroire  (jue  co  vaisseau  t'lit  arnie,  e((nii)('  et  rernit"'" 
Cliarleston  dans  le  l>ut  de  se  livrer  ,i  nn  systeme  de  d('iM'edati(nis.  Sa  premiere  a|i|'!i''' 
tion  dans  ee  role  en  haute  nn;r  eut  lien  le  "jd  Janvier  IHI)'.!,  cm  il  ])inv  '  lt»  schoonei' Han- 
over, de  Pr(»vineeto\vn,  petite  ville  de  jieeheurs  sur  la  eot(!  dn  Massachusetts,  et  surlc 
point  d'arriver  a  sa  destination,  Au\  Cayes,  dans  Tile  do  .St.-Doiuin;juc. 

L(<  (Nipitaino  de  la  Retrihution  di'posa  alors  son  iM)n)  do  Parktir.     En  arrivant  h  bi'i' 


du  Hanover  il  reeoi  tnit  imnu'diatoinent  le  i  i|.>itaiiM^  Wasliington  Case  (iomme  une  ] 
Sonne  <in"il  avait  vuo  h  I'rovineetown,  lorsqn'il  y  avait  ete,  (]nel([iu's  ann<^es  ai']>aravii 
iccnpe  d'un  voyajjo  de  jieeho  de  ce  port.     II  s'annoiiva  alors  comnu?  Vernon  liock'',"!' 


Id- 
lint. 


la  pr 


ovinec  ani;hiiso  la  Nouv(dlo-Eeosse.     Si  Ton  admet  eeci,  il  s'ensu'^  qr'iin  citoyi'i 


OI'IMONS    OF    Ml,'.    ADAMS. 


219 


tioiiofii, . 


ll'tliis  be  admittetl,  it  follows  that  a  citi/en  of  one  of  Her  3IaJesty'.s 
(|o|K'ii(UMicies,  acting  as  an  ollicer  of  a  vessel  i»reten(linj;'  to  a  bellifieient 
{•oiniiiission,  took  ]iossession  of  the  Hanover  as  his  lawful  pri/.e,  turned 
.idritt  (lie  true  cajitain  and  his  crew  in  an  open  boat  to  make  their  way 
to  the  nearest  land  as  they  best  could,  and  then  bore  otV  with  his  prey 
lowiu'd  the  island  of  Lonff  (Jay. 

A<|ue.stion  naturally  arises  lu-re,  whether  this  Nova  Seotia  nuin  Lo<'ke, 
ill  ('oiiiin.n'  to  this  region,  had  been  nioNcd  to  it  by  any  ])ievions  faniiliarity 
with  its  lUeilities  for  sueh  enterprises  as  lui  was  about.  The  evidence  on 
this  point  is  not  conclusive.  Tliounis  Saini)son,  a  i»erson  sent  out  as  a 
ik'tcctive  by  the  United  States  (lovernnient  to  watch  what  was  ji'oin.^' 
(Ill  !it  Xassau,  affirms  that  he  knew  by  .li'ood  report  that  Locke  lia<l  been 
clerk  lor  Addcrly  «S^  Co.,  which  fact,  if  it  were  true,  wonld  y,o  far  to  ex- 
plain the  cause  of  the  success  of  all  his  o])erations.  Hut  it  will  not  cx- 
plaiu  how  he,  a  Xova  Scotia  man,  should  have  been  reco,n'ni/ed  as  a 
k'S'itimate  connnander  of  a  bellijicrent  vessel  of  the  insurj>'ent  States  by 
the  authorities  of  Nassau.    ]>ut  of  this  I  shall  have  moi'c  to  say  i)resently. 

On  the  5th  of  J"\'bruary,  l.St};;,  that  is,  eij;ht  days  after  the  capture  ol* 
the  Hanover,  this  vessel  arrived  at  J^onj;"  Oay.  J>ut  there  came  at  the 
same  tinu^  another  vessel  in  (!om])any,  called  tlu;  Two  Brothers,  which 
Captain  Locke  had  suctUH'ded  in  the  intej''':>l  i'l  hunting  uj),  as  well  as 
her  owner,  a  ]>erson  of  the  name  of  Farrington,  apparently  not  unaccus 
toiiicd  to  the  business  of  buying  up  shipwrecked  property.  l>ut  it  was 
i;ot  as  Locke  that  the  cai)tain  now  api)eared.  This  time  he  had  the  as- 
surance to  personate;  Washington  Case,  the  true  master  of  the  Hanover, 
whom  he  had  sent  off  with  his  crew  several  days  before.  He  told  a 
story  that  the  vessel  had  been  ashore  and  consiMiueidly  si)rang  a  leak, 
which  would  nndvc  transshiinnent  necessary.  Tlui  end  of  it  all  was,  that 
he  desired  to  sell  more  or  less  ol  the  cargo,  l-'arringtoii  doubted  the 
truth  ol"  this  account  from  the  lirst,  but  he  did  not  see  why  that  should 
prevent  his  buying  the  cargo.  So  the  two  i)i'oceeded  to  tlie  oCiicci  of  the 
collector,  in  ord<'r  to  get  the  lu'cessary  permit  to  land.     That  ollicer  ex- 


(F line  lies  iioswssioiis  (Ic  sii  MiiJi'sU',  ii;j;issanl  coimiic.  ol'licifr  (rmi  vaissoati  iiivi,('iuliiiif 
avoii'  niic  toiiiiiiissiou  tie  bcllij;;!  rant,  .N'oiqiara  dii  1  laiiDVcr  coiiimc  jn'iso  l('j;ali',  jt'tii  Ic 
\r;ii  ca|iilaiiii!  el;  son  ('(iiiiitani'  dan.s  nil  ]K'tit   liatcan,  jxnir  (|u'il.s  /^iiiiiiassi'iit  la  tiM'ro  la 


I " "  •  •"■  •  I -■■I'".-' 1  •  ■  ■■   '  1 1 '  "  r — 

plus  indclic  coninu,'  ils  Ic  jionnaicnt,  i>nis  (inula  avcc  sa  iiris(!  vers  Tile  dc  l-mij^  V'^y- 
lei  .s'l'U"  ('  natnri'IlfiiR'iit  la  (lucstion  dc  ><av(>ir  »i  cct  honuiH^  <1(!  la  NDiivcllc-lIt.'ossc, 
■■'■■  '■iiaiit  dans  ci's  parafics,  y  avail  co'  jxnissi'  ii;,r  nnc  ccrtainc  I'aniiliaiili'  hwa: 

'I'l'il  y  aviiit  lroiiV('cs  aniiai'i'vant,  pour  d^s  cntcrinisi  s  <N.ninit!  ci'll(Miu'il 
i^  pri'iivcs  SIM  ('('  poiiil  n('  sont  point  conclnanlcs.  Tliomas  Sampson, 
r\(0  (ijjcnt  dc  police  par  Ic  (ioiniincnu-nt  drs  Iltais-I 'nis,  itonr  survoillt-?' co 
'.  ;•  iS'assaii,  atii''iii(!  (pi'il  savait  de  iKninc  soihim!  (jim  Locko  avait  ('t(' 
.  AvI-'aTlcy  ct  C'",  ia'.t  (iiii,  :•  il  ('fait  \  i ai,  tciidrait  i'ortcntcnt  a  (■xpli(pu'r  la 
•-  ■  H  '■■!  toiitcs  scs  o]ii'rations.  Maisccla  n't'xpli(|ii('iait  pas  comini'ii)  liii,  un 
■;.  'lUvi'llt^-rA'ossc.  anrait  t'li'  irconnn  (.'oinino  com  nandant  lr;j;iliin(!  d'lin 
viiisscaii  lu'l'.i^c  rant  dcs  f'tats  iiisnr.!^t''s  par  h  s  aiilorili's  d(?  Nasnui.  Mais  j'aiirai  a  en 
ilirc  (lavanta.uo  tont  a  riicnic. 
I.I'  ■")  tV-vritT  l^i;;')— (•■('sl-a-dirc,  licit  joins  apiv..  'a  caiitiUi'  di,  llanoxfr— co  vaisscan 

tcirns  nil  aiitro  vaisscan  appch'   Ics 


Locke, 
]{•:;  fiii'i' 

l.wj.f: 
(■li»  Vi 
||1U     i;    , 

I'miiiui-; 

I'llUSCl'l 
illlMlflK 


il  y  aniv,:  en  lucnu^ 
lans 


is  1("  caitilainc. 
O     ^'  '  "iipilaiiit!  dn  iianovcr,  <|n 
'  '.i'..(  iiiiijamviint.     11  lit  iinc 


I  iicL'oiivrir. 
riiahi- 
pparnl 


'i  iV-vritT 
;iiiiv!i  a  lion-r  Ci;..    jMai 

Iwi)  iirollici..,,    (pu;    h)   caiiitaiiiL'  IiOcl<.',  dans  riiitcr\  ..!'a  ,  avait  n'ussi  ,,  ,.>  i,, 
■■iiis-i  liifii  (jilt!  s(ni  proprii'tairc,  dn  iioni  ilc  t'aninL'.ton,  ijiii  avail   ap))arcinini'nt 
liK'iiMraclictcr  dcs  ]iropii('|('s  nanria,ii('.'S.     Mais  cc  nc  I'lit  jias  coininc  Liickc  (|n"ai 
Minis  1("  caiiilMliii'.     Ccltc  fo'-:  il  cut  raiidair  dc  joiicr  ic  role  d(!  Wasliini^ton  Case,  h 

1  avait  envoy,'  )ironiener  avcc  son  (^(piipaijc  (inchjiitis 
il  lit  iiiK^  liis(oii'c.  disani  ipic  le  \aissean  avail  lonclic'  terrc  et  <[u'en 
•If-,  .|,n  ••,•>  il  a\ait  niic  voie  d'ean,  cc  (|ni  rendrail  nn  translioi'dejncnt  ni'ccssjiire.  lia 
•''"'•  '.  •  .  ::.'i.i  «'tait  ipril  dcsiiail  vendrc  pins  on  nioins  d<(  la  car^jaison.  l-'ariin;?t<)ii 
"liMitii  (i  la  v('i'ite,  dc  cello  liistoire  dcs  raliord,  inais  il  in;  vit  pas  poiii'(|iioi  c(da  faiirail 
t'liipcclu'  d'aclictcr  la  ^arnaision.  Jls  sis  rcndiicnt  done  tons  Ics  d"iix  ait  bureau  dn 
I'i'ccvcur  pour  olitciiir  la  perniiissioii  do  di'Iianpier.     Cct  ollicicr  cxainina  Ics  ]>a])icrs 


220 


AKMUTIIATJO.N    AT    (ii:\i:\'A. 


ainincd  tli<'  iiapois  otllercd  in  the  usikjI  inniiiior,  asked  the  ciisioinan, 
questions,  funl,  bciiij^;  satislied,  f;iive  tlio.  requisites  authority. 

Thus  every  ])art  of  Locke's  selu'inc^  liad  eomj^letely  suc(!ee(h'(l.  II,. 
reoeiv(?d  his  money.  ]''arrin,aton  sold  tlie  ;;oods,  doubtk^ss  at  a  uooil 
profit.  The.  ca])tured  vessel  was  sent  to  Nassau,  there  h)aded  with  sal, 
and  provisions  to  .li'o  to  one  of  the  iiisui-.i^ent  ports,  after  wliieli  tliciv  is 
no  furtlicr  tvwco.  of  her. 

It  shouhl,  however,  be  i>artieuhirly  noted  that  the  manifests  ol'  tin 
cari^'o  presented  to  the  cKileetor,  upon  whicli  the  transfer  of  theitropcitv 
was  authorize*!,  were  two.     They  boie  (hites  on  different  days,  tlie  ."itii 
and  Gth  ]''ebriiary,  ami  botli  purported  to  liave   been  signed   by  tiic 
true  captain,  AVasIiin^ton  Case.     Hut  iimsmuch  as  ho  had  been  sent  (m 
his  way  over  th<;  sea  on  the  iMth  of  .lauuary,  it  is  cleai-  that  the  dates 
were  appended  by  Locke.     .Moreover,  the  two  manifests  were  not  i(UMi 
tical  eitiier  in  rej^ard  to  the  artick's  of  the  t  <u',i>o  nor  to  the  <iuaiititios(ii 
each.    I'^u'thernion',  the  siyiiatures  were  by  no  means  in  the  same  hiiu! 
writinji;.     It  is  not  unlikely  that  one  of  them  nniy  have  been  fivimiiic, 
and  found  on  board  of  the  vessel  after  it  was  taken.     Uut  the  other  was 
so  signed  that  uo  one  at  si.niit  of  it  couhl  avoid  seeing  it  was  not  by  the 
same  liand. 

]\rr.  John  ]>ur'  si(l(>,  the  I'esident  magistrate  of  Jnagua,  subsequently 
reported  to  the  g  .  :"  f  the  facts  which  he  happeiu^tl  to  wilr.ess.  lie 
aflirms  tlnd  l)oth  J"  !,ton  and  he  doubted  the  truth  of  liOcke's  story 

at  the  tinu\  A  day  0(  vo  afterward,  by  reason  of  some  words  droppi'd 
Irom  an  intoxicated  sailor  in  the  Hanover,  the  collector  was  led  to  .sus- 
pect some  falsehood,  which  induced  them  all  to  examines  the  i)ivpei's 
auire  closely.  The  truth  became  appai-ent,  on  inspection,  that  a  palpaltlc 
forgery  had  been  coinmittiMl,  and  an  indiviibial  falsely  personated. 

Here  were  the  (;ollector,  the  resident  magistrate  of  the  district,  iiml 
one  other  person,  all  of  them  convinced  that  a  grave  olfense  had  lu'in 
committed  against  the  law — an  oll'ense,  too,  involving  a  cpu'stioii  of 
j^roperty,  which  it  would  seem  to  ha\e  been  tlu>  duty  ot'  the  otlicers  ar 


i  'Jill 


iiui  lui  ('■taiiMit,  prisi'iit  's,  dans  la_l"itn;i:'  oiiliii;iiic,  IK  Ics  (in'siions  iisiiolles,  ct,  salist'ai;. 
lioiiiiii;  raiUt)iis;iti(iii  (i('iii;in(l('i'. 

Aiiiisi  lo  jilaii  di'  Lockif  :ivai(  rriis.'^i  (•umiili'tiincnt  dans  touti'.s  si'S  i)ai'ti('S.  11  n^nit 
son  ;vr<^tMit.  I'^inniifton  vcndit  la  i'<criliandi.si',  sans  doiitc  ascc  jrrjind  jnDlii.  liC  viiis- 
s(>!iu  ca|)tni'('-  i'lit  cnvoyi'  -X  Xassai;  :  Ifi,  cliiirj;!''  do  scd  ct  <lo  i»i'ovisiiins  jionr  sc  ii'iidro  ;i 
Tnu  di's  ports  insiii';;<'s.  apivs  (|noi  on  lie  tiouvc  i)lns  dc  Ini  ancnni'.  trace. 

II  fant  ci'iKMidanl  rcniar(|ni'r  iiarticiiiirriMncnt  iinc  Ics '' niafiifcsts"  do  la  carjialsim 
pri'senti's  an  rocevcnr,  snr  Icsinuds  Ic  transfi'rt  do  l;i  i)ri)])ri(>t('  fnt  jintorisc,  otaifut  an 
nonibre  do  doux.  lis  iiortaicnt;  di's  dates  di'  Jonrs  diir.'rents,  h^  oot  \o  (i  ft'-vrier,  et  tiiii> 
li's  d<'u\.  pn'ti-ndaiiMit  iivoir  i't(^  si.niK's  par  li'  vi'ai  ca|)itain('.  Wasliintifton  Case.  Mai^ 
I  onitni'  il  avait  ('h'  cnvoV''  snr  mer  lo  '27>  jaMvicr,  il  est  clair  (jno  Ics  dates  avaiciitoti' 
ajonti'es  ])ar  Locke.  D.-  jdns,  Ics  dciix  •■manifests"  n'itai(^nt  identii|n<^s,  ni  (piMUt  anx 
artieles  df  la  cariiaison.  ni  -plant  a  la  ipmntiti'  ili-  cliacnn  d'cnx.  l^ii  outre,  les  si;i'n;i- 
inros  n'l^taicnt  |ias  Ic  nioins  du  monde  ilc  la  incn\i!  lU'ritnre.  II  u'est  ])as  invraiscnd)!:'. 
Itle  (|no  I'linc  d'cllcs  ait  pii  clrc  autlienti(pio  ct  tronv('c  ;'i  liord  .aprcs  sa  capture.  .Mai-- 
I'auin' ('tait  ccrite  d(!  tello  worto  cpu'  jicrsonne,  on  la  voyant,  iic  ponvait  nianiiucr  cl' 
rci'onnaitre  (pi'dlc  r.'c'tait  pas  dc  la.  ihi'muo  main. 

M.  .lolni  liurnsidc,  ma!;istrat  d'lnagua,  rapporta  i>lns  tar. I  !iu  ;;'oiivonieiu"  les  i'aiK 
dont  il  lui  clait  iirrivi- d'etre  tt'moin.  11  allirino  <pic  tons  les  deux,  Farriuijitou  et  liii. 
'■nrent  dcs  doi  'e.s  snr  la  vi'rite  do  Tliistoire  d(^  Locke  a  cett(^  epo(pie.  I'n  jour  ou  deiu 
plus  tank  en  .lit:-  dc  <|ncltpics  inuts  ('I'liajipi'S  :i  un  matclot  i\  re  <lu  llainiver.  le  n'- 
ecveur  I'ut  amom''  a  sonpcouner  quclipic  UK^nsonnc,  ci".  <pii  les  condnisit  a  cxuiiiiier 
Ions  dcnx  les  jiauicrs  i\r  plus  ores.  La.  veriti-  dcvint  mauilcsto  a  rcx;i»ucn  :  ipi'uu  t'an\ 
[lalpalde  avait  I'-U'-  cmnniis,  cl  ipi'im  aviiit  lausscnii'nt  ju'is  li?  titr(!  d'un  autre  indiviil". 

\'()ila  tliinc  le  ii'ccvcur.  k-  ma^istrat  dn  district  ef  nue.  .-intrc  ])crsouno  conv  aiiun- 
ions  tri)is  (pi'nnc  ji'rave  olii'use  avail  c'lc'  connnisc  eoiitrc  ki  loi,  oll'cnso  ciuraiiiaiit  hi' 
plus  one  (piesi  inn  de  jinipi  ii'te  ipfil  aur.iil   I'li'.  seniklc-t-il,  du  devoir  d<'S  oHicicrs  d' 


oriMONS    OF    MIJ.    ADAMS. 


2lM 


\ 


'iist()iiiai\ 
m1«m1.    III. 

ill    !l  IXiWl] 

witli  siili 
li  tlicic  is 

sts  (>r  the 
e  property 
•s,  the  .".til 
!cl  l»y  the 
Ml  sent  (111 

the  dates 
!  not  iileii 
aiititiosoi 
!ime  liiiiil 
1  fi'ouniiit', 

olhcr  was 
not  by  till' 

•.scquoiitly 
r.c'ss.  lie 
'ke's  story 
,sdrop])('(! 
lod  to  siis- 
ho  jiiipcrs 
ii  p;ili»iilili' 
iUod. 
strict,  iiiiil 
had  bt'('!i 
lU'stiou  oi' 
ollU'ci's  ar 


ct,  sMlisIni;. 

•s.     II  m.-iir 

t .     ]>('  vais- 

sc  icuilre  .1 

(•iiViiaisnii 
(■tiiii'iit  an 
icr,  ct  tdih 
Case.  Ma'> 
iviiifiit  ('h- 
(|iiaiir  aiix 

Ics  siiiiia- 

i';iisi'iiii)l;i- 

tiu'O.    .Mai'' 

iiaiKiiicnl!' 

Ill'  U's  r.iitv 

<;-toll  ct  llli, 

HI'  oil  '1''"^ 

OVIT,  li'  I'l'' 

a  cxamiiH'r 
in'mi  t'a"'^ 
iiidiviilu. 
coiiviiiiK'ii- 
rriiiniint  nf 
oflicifi'sdii 


least  to  ineiitioii  ollicially  lothe  authoritk'sat  Xa.ssaii.  It  was  lor  them 
10  lead  the  way,  ill  warniiif^- them  in  season  of  an  ubiise  which  might 
possibly,  and  even  probably,  come  to  their  notice  in  connection  with 
both  these  vessels  at  Nassau.  In  ixiiiit  of  fact,  both  of  them,  as  well  as 
a  part  of  the  cargo,  went  to  Nassau  and  remained  some  time. 

Three  weeks  elapsed,  and,  so  far  as  appears  by  the  papers,  not  a  whis 
per  lejiarding  this  cxtitiordinary  tiansactioii  seems  to  have  been  com- 
municated to  the  governor  or  anybody  in  authority  at  Nassau.  The 
Ketribntion  was  there  and  the  JIanover  was  there.  Nassau  is  a  very 
small  place,  where  every  event  of  this  kind  naturally  would  attract  some 
attention.  The  othcers  of  the  IJetribution,  including  Locke  himself,  had 
come  there.  A  single  line  from  the  collector  would  have  served  to  point 
attention  to  the  subject,  and  to  lix  tluj  eyes  of  the  authorities  on  the 
vessels  at  least,  if  not  on  the  men.  It  is  not  unreasonable  to  infer  from 
i!ie  character  of  tiie  i»lace  that  the  substantial  facts  attending  the  cap- 
iiue  were  more  or  less  known  to  many  persons,  from  the  moment  of  the 
aiiivalof  the  vessels  and  the  men.  The  collector  was  dumb.  The  resi- 
dent luagistrate  was  dumb.  As  to  I'arrington,  nothing  could  be  ex- 
peeted  from  him,  as  he  had  become  more  or  less  u  party  in  interest  in 
i.iiiccaling  the  fraud  which  he  could  not  doubt  had  been  committed. 

Neither  is  it  at  all  likiily  that  anything  more  would  have  ever  been 
(lisi'.jsed  by  these  i)arties,  had  it  not  been  that  the  agent  of  the  under- 
wiiters  of  the  vessel,  having  learned  something  of  the  case,  on  the  20th 
(if  April  addressed  to  the  governor  a  remonstrance  against  the  unlawful 
proceeding,  and  a  desire  for  an  iii\ cstigation.  The  allegations  wered  ■- 
tinctly  made — 

That  tilt' AiiU'i'icini  sflKMinci'  lliUKUcr  \Mt.s  taUcii  Id  I'ortiine  rsliuid  liy  a  iicrsoii  call- 
iiii;  liiiiuself  tiic  inasti'i,  wlio  (•(iiiiimiiiicati'il  to  K.  W.  Farriii^ton,  ol'  tlie  alnnc  island. 
Iiisdcsiro  to  (lis]i().se  (if  till'  carj^o  of  said  sclioorier,  and  to  ])iirc'liawi'  a  cai'ifo  of  salt  : 

That  tlie  earj^oof  till.  Hanover  was  tiaiisfened  to  tlie  IJiot  hers,  owned  liy  tlie  said  J''ai- 
liii^tiiii,  and  ail,  or  a  jiart  thereof,  eonv<-yed  to  the  jiort  of  Nassau,  ami  thert'  placi'd  in 
i!iai';;e  of  .lames  1.  Fairiii^^'ton,  also  one  ol"  tlie  ma!j,ist  rates  of  Fortune  Island  : 


'iKiiiis  dc  nientionner  ollicielleiiient  aiix  aiitoiiles  de  Nassau,  ("efail  a  enx  de  prendre 
li's  (levants  en  les  avertissant  a  temps  trim  ahns<|iii  i>onva''  jient-clre.  et  nicme  pro- 
liahlciiient,  veiiir  a  leiir  eonnaissanee  en  rapport  a\ee  cesdeir  vaisseaiix  a  .Nassau,  l-^i 
t'ait,  tens  les  denx,  anssi  hieii  (in'iine  pailie  ile  la  ear^ii'son,  .'illcrent  a  Nassau  et  y  lestc- 
iviit  i|llel(pie  temps. 

Ti'dis  .seinaines  s'eeoiili'reiit.  et,aiitaiit  (pi'll  ressoit  drs  doeiimeiits,  pas  nil  mot  eon- 
leniaiit  cettc  transaction  extraordinaire  lus  senilde  avoir  I'ti'  eommiiiii<|iir'  an  jj;onver- 
uciir  in  a  pcrsonne  en  aiitoriti'  a  Nassau.  La  lietrilintion  y  etait  et  le  JIanover  y  I'tait. 
Nassau  est  un  eiidroit  (res-ju-tit,  ofi  tout  evciieineiit  de  eette  nature  iittirerait  natnrelle- 
iiii'iit  (piclipie  jitteiition.  Les  olliciers  de  la  lietiilmtion,  y  eoinpris  Lo(;k(?  Ini-ineiiie, 
y  otaiciit  veiius.  lliu!  seiile  lij;iie  du  rccevenr  anrait  scr\  i  a  attirer  rattcntion  sur  ce 
siijt't  et  a  lixer  les  y»!U.\  de.s  aiitorite.s  snr  les  vaisseaiix  an  nioins,  sinon  snr  les  homines. 
11 11  est  ])as  derais(»niial»le  (rinferer  du  earaeti'ie  de  I'endroit  <|iie  les  faits  siil.stantiels 
luneoriiant  hi  capture  etaieiit  plus ou  moins  conniis  (U;  licaiieoup  dc  inoiule,  depiiis  le  mo- 
iiii'iit  (le  I'arrivt'c  des  vaisseaiix  et  des  homines.  Le  rccevenr  fiit  iiiiict.  JiC  ina^istrat 
lilt  iiiiiet.  Quiiut  ii  Farriuf'toii,  on  lie  jiouvait  rien  attemlic  (h;  lui,  iiiiis(|n'il  (Halt 
lU'v  am  plus  ou  uutiiis  [tartic  intiM'essiM!  a  eacher  la  fraude,  <pi'il  ne  poiivait  donti^r  (|u'on 
lilt  I'oiniuise. 

II  ii'est  pas  lion  plus  vniisciiildahlo  <lu  tout  ipi(>  rien  de  jdus  eiit  Jamais  et('  dinoih' 
jiaices  personues,  ni  I'ageiit  des  assnnMirs  du  vaisseaii,  ayant  appris  (|nel(|iu3  chose  de 
'iiciis,  n'avait  pas  mU'ess<\  le  '20  avril,  an  nonverneur,  uiu!  remontraueo  contre  hi  jiro- 
nili'  illo'oal,  ct  uue  (U-niaude  d'iuvcstijjatimi.     Ses  alh'jjjatioiis  <'taient  iietteiiient  faites  : 

"(^10  Ic  Hcliooiier  aiinuleaiu,  lo  Hanover,  avait  et('  [iris  a  Fortune  Island  par  nn  indi- 
vidii  sVii  disant  Ic  capitaine,  (pii  coiiuiiiuii(|ua  a  K'.  \V.  Farriuf^ttui,  de  I'lh;  ei-dessns, 
"iiii  (h'.sir  de  disposer  de  la  carffai.sou  dn  dit  schooner  el  d'aeheter  uue  earyaison  (h;  sel. 
"<iiie  la  cargaisoii  du  Hanover  avait  <H(^  trausbonh'c  sur  le  'J'wo  Hrothers.  proi»ri(^l(' 
'hi  (ht  Fairiiifjton.  et  <|ue  tout  ou  jiartie  eu  avait  i-t*-  transporte  an  poit  de  Nassau,  et 
'■!•  livK'  a  JaiU!s  I.  Farriiij;tiin,  anssi  nii  des  niajfisir.Us  de  i'oituiie  Inland. 


•  4 


;!i:i 


B.f 


, 

m 

1 

l_ 

:-^  >  1 

t 

■i  • 

1 

Tf-'-ti 


22: 


ARHITIIATION    AT    (iENKVA. 


Tliat  tilt!  iiii.iovcr  ■as  loaded  with  salt,  aiul  sailed  for  oiio  of  tlio  .soutlKnn  ports  m 
llic  L'liitfd  States; 

That  tlin  jtarty  who  rcpicsoiitcd  himself  as  \VMshiii;;toii  Case,  inasttnof  the  llaiiuvti. 
provtMl  to  l)e  the.  lirst  ollie-r  of  the  armi-d  schooner  IJotribntion  ; 

That  the  Ketriltutiou  was  then  at  Nassau,  as  wert;  also  the  oillcers. 

The  Ivotriliiition  was  thoii  at  Nassau,  and  had  Ijihmi  tliore  recH'ivcd  ;i>: 
a  vessel  of  war  of  the  insurueiit  States,  without  a  won!  of  reiuonstiaiitc 
or  even  of  uotiee  by  the  autliorities. 

r>nt  ;)ii  the  .'>lst  of  January,  l.S(J2,  the;  Dulce  of  Newcastle  had  dis- 
]iatche(l  to  the  o'overnor  of  Nassau  a  ]iai)er  of  instnufthms  to  j^iiiilc 
ills  eouise  in  regard  to  such  vessels,  one  of  which  was  to  this  eltect: 

During;  the  eoiitiimauce  of  (he  ])!'(  sent  hostilities  between  the  (Jovei'nniont  of  tlii' 
I'niled  States  anil  tli(^  States  eallini';  tlienisi'iv(>s  the,  (, 'on federate  States  .;f  Ainerir:i,  m 
nntil  Her  Majesty  slnili  otliei'wise  order,  no  slu]t  of  war  or  ]iri\ateer  helon^in;,'  t,i 
either  of  the  lielii;j;erents  siiall  lie  peindtted  to  enter  or  remain  in  tlie  port  of  \:is>;iii, 
or  in  any  other  jiort.  or  roadstead,  or  water  of  the  liahama  Jslands.  exeeivt  hy  spiM  i;il 
h'a\  e  ol'tlw!  lientenant-.noyernor  of  tlics  Jiahama  Islands,  or  incase  of  stress  of  weiitini. 

On  the  1 1th  of  March,  followino-,  (Jovernor  lltiyley  appears  to  have 
issued  a  proclamati(Ui  to  the  ]>eopl(^  of  tins  JJahania  Islaiuls,  comimim 
catino'  these  instructions,  and  directinji;  obedience  to  this  provision. 

The  o()V(n'nor  of  Nassau  had  not  taken  any  at^tion  whatever,  so  fm 
as  it  ai>i)ears,  in  jirohibitinji'  the  entrtince  or  reniainino-  of  the  lictribu 
tion  in  the  ]>ort  of  Nassau,  though  he  must  liave  known  she  was  tliore 

()u  receivin;i"  (he  letter  of  .Air.  .lacks-ju,  he  ('outented  himself  with  a 
reference  to  the  attorney-'icneral  in  these  words,  '' I  wish  to  know 
what  steps  ouo'ht  to  be  taken.  It  is  snooested  thatti  eonlederateollicci 
has  made  I'ortune  Island  a  de|)ot  for  i)rizes.'' 

Siu'h  was  the  oidy  point  of  view  in  whi(;h  the  o'overnor  thought  lit  to 
consider  the  stiiteinent  of  Mr.  dackson,  communicatino"  to  him  otlici 
facts  of  which  it  mioht  have  been  su[)i)os(Mlit  was  his  duty  to  take  notice. 


"  Qne  h-  Hanover  avait  ete  eliarij;e  de,  sel,  et  i|n'il  ('-tait  parti  pom'  I'nn  tU^^'  iM)rtsilii 
sud  des  I'ltats-l'nis. 

"(;n"il  avait  ete  jtronve  (|ne  Tindividn  se  doiinant  i)onr  AVashinj^ton  Case,  eaiiitiii;ii' 
dii  llanover,  etait  h'  prenuer  ollicier  dn  s(;liooner  arme  la  IJetribntion. 

'•  Qn(5  la  IJetrilintion  t'-tait  alors  a  >iassan,  anssi  bien  i|ne  les  olUeiors." 

I^a  Ki'trilmtion  <Uai*  alors  a  Xassan,  e(,  y  avait  •'■te  n^^no  conuiK^  vaissean  (V 
jiiierre  des  t'ta.ts  insnrj;<-s,  sans  nn  mot  de  remontranco  ni  uni;  rrmanin.o  di;  la  pint  (lt'> 
antoriti's. 

Mais  le  :>1  Jan\  ier  Ir^tri,  le  duf  de  \eweastle  avait  expt-ilie  an  yonvernenr  de  Xiissiiii 
des  instruetions  ponr  ^uider  sa  eondnite  a  feiiard  de,  vai.vseanx  semblables.  doiit  I'lim 
etait  eon<;ne  eomme  snit: 

"I'endant  la  dnn'-e  des  hostilitt's  jtrrsentes  entre  le  Oonvernenient  des  fitats-Uiiisin 
les  .soi-disants  et;its-e(Mdedt''n's  tVAmeritiue,  on  .jiisijn'a  ce  (|Ue  sa  Majestd  en  oriloum 
antrenient,  il  ne  sera  pernns  a  i;nenn  vaisseau  de  j^nerro  ni  a  anenn  corsairc  aiipiU- 
t«!naiit  a  I'nn  on  a  I'antn*  dtvs  l»ellij;t''rants  d'entrer  on  de  roster  dans  lo  port  de  Xassiu. 
on  dans  (inelqiu'  antre  jiort.  on  rade  on  dans  h>s  eanx  des  iles  JSahamas,  a  moiiis  (ruin 
permission  speeiale  dn  lientenant  ^onvernenr  des  iles  Bahamas,  on  (mi  eas  de  iiiuiiv; 
temps." 

Le  11  mars  snivant.  le  i^onverneiir  Hayley  ji.arait  avoir  pnhlie  nne  ]»ro(!lamat;on  aux 
habitants  des  ili's  Ihdiamas,  lenr  eonunnni(|nant  ees  instrnetions  et  lenr  ordoiuiaiit  di' 
les  snivre. 

Le  ^-onvernenr  de  Xassan  n'avait  )n'is  ain-nno  mesnre,  antant  (pi'il  lo  senible.  poi;! 
onipeeher  fentroe  on  le  sejonr  de  la  JJetribiUion  <lans  hi  port  de  Xassan,  ((iioiciuil  in- 
dh  savoir  (jn'olle  y  (-tait. 

Kn  reeevant  la  lettr(^  de  M.  .Tacdcson,  il  se,  contenta  de  I'envoyer  a  rattorney-jfi-iiii.ii 
iive'e  ees  mots :  ".levondrais  savoir  (pielles  mesnres  il  fant  prendre.  On  div  qii'iHi 
«)tl[ici«;r  eonftHli'n''  a  fait  de  Fortune  Island  nu  dc'-pot  de  prises,' 

Tel  etait  h;  seul  i)oint  de  vnt;  autpud  le  <;onvernenr  crht  eonvtinablt!  de  eonsiilmi 
I'expose  d«!  -M.  .Jackson,  (|ni  Ini  avait  fait  connaltre  d'antres  faits  dont  on  ponvaii  >iir- 
poser  ipi'il  t'tait  de  son  devoir  de  prendre  cornniissance. 


OPINIONS    OF    yill.    ADAMS. 


'flic  Koti'ibutioii  hiul  been  received  in  Nassau  as  u  coutedei-ate  vessel 
iifwnr,  contraiy  to  the  terms  of  his  own  prochtniation. 

Tlic-  Hanover  had  been  received  in  Nassau  as  a  jirize,  and  Iiad  been 
litteil  out  from  there  to  ij;o  to  the  Southern  States  of  America. 

The  oflicers  of  the  vessel  were  at  tlu^  time  stoppinjj^  at  Nassau,  enJo\ - 
iiiff  tlie  fruits  of  their  violation  of  the  waters  of  the  l>ahamas. 

yohody  residing;'  in  so  small  a  phuje,  wliere  events  of  this  jicculiar 
kind  were  passing  before  tlieir  eyes,  (jouhl  h>n,n' remain  ignorant  of  these 

tiiets. 

Yet  til e  governor  confines  Iiis  in(|uiry  of  the  attorney-general  to  tin* 
iiicio  fact  that  Fortune  Island  liad  heen  nu.de  a  dei)ot  ft»r  i)rizes  by  a 
confederate  oilicer. 

The  attorney-general  was  ]Mr.  (I.  C  Anderson,  with  whom  wci  have 
iilroiidy  l)een  made  accpiainted  in  the  transactions  conniuited  with  the 
vfciinicr  Oreto,  (iHkh  th(^  Florida,  wliich  took  place  in  Nassau  Just  one 
viMi'  before.  This  gentleman  does  not  ap])ear  to  '<ave  been  roused  into 
iiKiic  iietivity  in  the  interval.  Tlui  oi)inion  which  he  gave  in  answer  to 
ilic  jioveinor  is  in  these  words  : 

I  li.'ivi' ,ui\t'ii  iiiy  Im'sI  (•{)Hsi<lcrjitioii  to  tlic  lurdinpiiiiyiiij;'  Icttci' (if  Air.  .Tiiil<son,  in 
ilii>  lidpc  111'  liciii};' alilt!  t(»  iulvisit  liis  excellency  to  some  course  of  iirocerdinij;  wliich 
uciiild  Iciiil  to  a  jndieiiil  investi<i,iiti()n  into  tlu!  cireniiistanccs  ('ouii>laine(l  ol',  lint  I  re- 
^ivt  (0  say  that  I  liavo  lieen  iinalilo  to  aiTivtt  at  any  otliei'  conclusion  tending  to  such 
I  result. 

Tilt'  ciinvcyiii;::  of  the  Hanover  into  the  pint  ol'  \a)U>x  ('ay,  anil  thete  traiisshijipiiiix 
;!ii' t':uj;<i,  assuuiiuji'  Inu'  to  have  heen  a  ]tii/i.'  of  war.  was  a  violation  of  Ilei'  M.-iJesty's 
iiitcnlift  oil  the  Hiilijeet  of  prizes,  and  the  coUecior  of  revenue,  if  he  had  any  cause  to 
viispcct  the  character  of  the  vessid  and  earj^o.  should  .'it  once  have  arrested  liotli  ;  but 
,w this  was  not  doiu-,  and  the  vessel  has  left  the  colony,  and  tlu;  cargo  lieeii  disposed 
III.  III!  priiceediiif];  in  rtm  can  now  be  instituted. 

Till' next  (iiiestion  is,  whether  any  parties  eonneeted  with  the  transaction  have  reii- 
ili'ivil  ilieiiiselves  c-riininally  liable ;  and  on  tiiis  point  1  am  ch^arly  of  tipiiiion  in  the 
iii''';iti\e. 


it  y  avait  etc  enuipt^  pour  se 


^^      l.n  Retribution  avait  I'te  reciie  a  Xassan  couiiiie  vaisscaii   de   <;uerre  conl'odorf^  cou- 
asc,  caiiitiu;ii'    ^|    Iriiii'ciiient  aiix  termes  de  sa  jirojire  jiroclaination. 

Li'  Hanover  aviiit  eti'  ri'vn   a  Nassau  eoinine   prise 
ii'iiilii!  mix  ('tats  (111  Slid  dt;  rAnu'riiine. 

lifs  (itiiciers  (h)  ce  vaisseau  dtMueiiraiiMit  alors  a  Nassau,  joiiissiint  des  fruits  de  leur 
viiiliitioii  des  eaiix  des  ISahanias. 

rLi'soiuK^  rt'sidant  dans  uii  si  jietit  endroit,  oil  des  faits  do  cetfo  iiaturo  particuliero 
-I'liassuieiit  sous  les  yeiix  de  tons,  lie  jioiivait  le.s  ijfiiorer  loii<fteiiips. 

Kt  ci'peiidant  le  <;-onvern('ur  liorne  sa  (|uestioii  a  rattoriiey-freneral  an  simple  fait 
ilMuii  oflicier  coiift'df'ri'  a  fait  tin  (h'lK'it  de  prises  de  I'ortunc  Island. 

L'littoruey-jreiieral  ottut  M.  (i.  (J.  Anderson,  doiit  nous  avoirs  di'Ja  fait  la  connais- 
>MiK'iMtaiis  les  transactions  ([iii  st^  rattachout  an  steamer  I'Oi'eti.,  antreiiient  h;  Florida, 
i|iu  ciucnt  lieu  a  Nassau  juste  uik;  aniK'e  .'inparavant.  Ce  nionsieiir  lie,  jiarait  pas  ('-tro 
ili'Vfini  plus  actif  dans  rintervalle.  L'avis  (pril  donna  en  n'ponse  an  gonverueur  est 
1  iMli;ii  en  ces  teliucs  : 

".I'ui  cxamiiH'  de  nion  mieiix  lii  lettn^  iiiclust'  de  M.  .Taekson,  dans  respnlr  do 
lioiiVdir  iudiiiiter  a  son  excelk'iicc  (|nel(|iie  ligue  de  condnite  (pii  put  iiUMier  a  iino 
|||i|ii('ti'  jmlieiaire.  dans  les  circoiistaiices  doiit  on  se.  jilaiut;  niais  .je  rogrette  de 
iliii',  line  je  ii'ai  pn  arrivor  a  aiiciine  autre  coiiclnsioii  tendant  a  uii  semblablo 
risiilt;it. 

"he  fait  d'ameiKM'  hi  Hanover  djins  ](?  port,  de  Tioug  Cay  et  d'y  transborder  la 
iiinaismi  eii  reiivisageant  coninio  line  prise  de  giierro  etait  une  violation  do  la 
'1'  tiMise  (Ic  sa  Ma.jest(''  an  siijet  des  prises,  et  Ic  r<!eeveiir  dt\s  douanes,  s'il  avait  i]ii(> 
'"iiis(\  (|uelc(mi|iie  de  siispecter  Iv.  caraetf'n^  du  vaisseau  et  de  sa  eargaison,  aurait  dil  les 
iimtcr  tons  les  deux ;  inais  eoiniiic  eeci  n'a  pas  ^t^"  fait,  (pie  Ic  vaisseau  a  ([uitte  la 
"iliiiiii',  et  (ju'oii  a  tlisposc''  de  la  cargalHoii,  on  no  pent  niaiiiteiiaiit  entanua'  aueiin 
|inii'('s  ill  rem. 

"I'll  piemiJ'ni  ipiestioii  <iiu  vient  eusiiite  est  do  savoir  si  (|iiel((n'mie  des  parties 
iiiili't'siiiiiis  cette  atfaire  s'(!st  reiidue  passible  d'mi  proees  criminel ;  et  sitr  ee  point  je 
^iii-i  iiiittemeiit  d'avis    jue  lion. 


& 


m 


W'^! 


•224 


AUIilTHAI'lOX    A'l'    (iKXRVA. 


1,  liKWcvcr,  lliiiik  tliiit  tlj<>  cliar^^o  is  out;  Avhicli  culls  lor  .soiiic  iiivcslifiiitiun,  ami  [ 
tlien-tbro  rocoiniiiciKl  tliiit  the  iiiii;;istifitc  of  tlic  district  be  «liiccto(l,  on  his  next  vi>i: 
to  Loiiff  Ciiy,  to  institnto  iininirics  with  tlut  view  of  iisct'i'tiiiiiiii;i  tht;  exact  liictsm 
the  ease,  and  that  tht^  collector  of  revenue  hv.  instrnetetl  to  bo  vigilant  in  iu'(;vciitin  • 
any  oeenri(!Ucc  of  .similar  acts. 

lu  the  tirst  place  it  should  be  noted  that  this  opinion  at  onco  con 
demns  the  course  of  the  collector  of  revenue,  who  is  proved  to  have  had 
(!ause  to  suspect  the  character  of  the  A'cssel  and  cargo.  He  says  that  it 
Avas  his  positive  duty  not  merely  to  notify  the  government  of  the  facts, 
but  to  arrest  both  vessel  and  cargo.  In  ])oint  of  fact,  he  did  ueithei, 
and  gave  no  notice  whatever  at  the  time  to  the  authorities  at  Jfassau. 

Yet  I  do  not  perceive  in  the  course  of  these  pai)ers  the  smallest  at 
tempt  to  have  been  subsequently  made  to  call  the  collector  to  any  re 
sponsibility.  Xot  a  word  was  said  to  him  of  his  failure  to  perform  thi> 
positive  duty. 

lu  the  second  i)lace,  the  attorney-general  gives  it  as  his  deliborati' 
opinion  that  none  of  the  ]»arties  to  tbis  transaction  had  rendered  tlioiii 
selves  criminally  liable. 

It  Avoidd  have  been  perhaps  tlesirable  had  that  olficer  given  a  slii^li 
reason  lor  giving  such  an  opinion  prior  to  any  attempt  to  investij,'ati' 
the  facts  attending  the  case.  Tiiere  was  ])lenty  of  evidence  to  bcfouinl 
at  Nassau  if  there  were  real  energy  present  to  seek  it.  If  he  had 
sought  it,  it  seems  impossible  that  the  attorney-general's  stateineiit 
could  have  been  made  in  good  faith.  As  a  clear  i)roof  to  the  coiitran. 
in  point  of  fact,  he  himself  was  the  party  employed  in  i>rosecutiii},'at;i 
later  period  an  indictment  against  the  principal  engaged  in  those  tian> 
actions  both  for  conspiracy  and  forgery. 

It  is  impossible  for  me  to  exi)lain  this  singidar  action  of  tlic  ai 
toriiey-general  in  any  other  way  than  this :  He  meant  to  say  that  in  n 
])opiilatiou  so  entirely  in  sympathy  with  the  insurgent  <;au!^e  at  thai 
moment,  there  Mas  no  chance,  in  his  opinion,  of  procuring  a  verdict 
against  any  one  engaged  in  it.     And  in  this  he  was  probably  right. 

But  this  view  of  the  subject  does  not  relieve  Her  ^Majesty's  govciii 


".Je  pensc  eejiendant  <ine  raccnsation  est  iU'  nature  h  exiger  (iuel(|Uo  examoii  cf.i' 
reconiinandi;  en  eonsei|nenee  ([Ue  le  niagistrat  dn  district  rei/oivo  \iour  instructi"!: 
(huis  sa  itrocliaine  visite  a  Long  Cay  ile  faire  des  eu<|netes  j»onr  eonstater  Ics  liiil' 
exacts  du  cas,  et  <|ue  le  reeeveur  soit  in\  iti'  a  etre  vigilant  pour  enipecher  tout  rctou; 
d'aetes  semblables." 

Tout  d'abord,  on  doit  rtMuar<iuer  qne  cet  avis  condanine  du  coup  la  <'nii(lniti.'  'In 
reeeveur,  <|ui  est  ])rouve  avoir  en  des  motifs  do  snspecter  le  caraetero  du  vaisseaii  tt  d' 
la  cargaison.  11  dit  <|uo  sou  devoir  positif  etait  uou-senlonu'.nt  do  notilier  Ics  laib 
an  gouveruoment.  nuiis  encore  d'arreter  le  vaisseau  et  la  cargaison.  En  fait,  il  iietii 
ni  I'nn  ni  rautre,  ot  no  donna  aucuu  renseiguemcut,  a  cctto  cpoquc,  aux  autoritcsilr 
Nassau. 

Et  pourtant.jo  n'apervois  pas  dans  tons  ces  doeumonts  <iuo  la  plus  petite  teiit.itiv 
ait  vtr  faite  plus  tard  pour  rendro  lo  reeeveur  n^sponsable. 

En  second  lieu,  rattorncy-general  donno  eommo  son  avis  relleehi  »iu'aiieune  dr 
l)arties  melees  dans  eette  atlaire  no  s'est  reudue  passible  d'un  proces  crimiiud. 

II  aurait  ete  pent-etre  desirrble  que  cet  otiieier  eftt  donne  nne  seule  raison  d'imti' 
avis,  avant  toute  tentative  d'eni|uete  snr  les  faits  so  rapportant  a  ce  eas.  Oiulcviin 
tronver  uuo  aljondanco  d(!  preuves  a  Nassau,  s'il  y  uvait  on  une  volonte  ferine  dtli- 
ehereber.  S'il  les  avait  chercliees,  il  senddo  impossible  (pie  Toxposc  de  rattoini) 
general  put  avoir  ote  fait  de  bonne  foi.  En  etfet,  eoniino  i)reuve  convaineantc  dn  nui 
traire,  il  fut  la  personno  employee  pour  diriger  jdus  tard  une  poursuito  oontre  le  in' 
nenr  de  ces  affaires  ]»onr  conspiration  et  faux. 

II  m'est  impossible  d'expliquer  cettc  singuliere  coiduitc  de  rattoriiey-jli'iiii' 
d'aucnne  autre  inaniire  que  «le  celle-ci :  II  voulait  dire  qiu',  dans  une  ]>(ipnlatiiui> 
entiertiuient  synipathiqne  a  la  canst;  insurgoe  a  eette  epo<ine,  il  n'y  avait  iniiiit  i>' 
cliauee,  dans  son  oi>inion,  d'obtenir  un  verdict  coutrequi  quo  cc;  lYit  t\\n  y  I'lait  v\ifi'?' 
Et  <;n  eeei  il  avait  probablement  raisou. 

.Mais  eette  nianicic  d"cnvisager  le  snjet  ne  d'cluirge   pas  le   gouveruoment  ilc  "' 


OI'INIONS    OF    MK.    ADAMS. 


225 


ment  from  tlio  ol)liftatioiis  towards  tlie  imioL'ont  Jiud  injured  party,  in- 
curred by  tlio  neglect  of  her  servants  to  use  due  diligence  in  their  vo- 
catioii  to  protect  it  from  wrong, 

But  I  must  now  go  back  in  my  relation  of  the  operations  of  thia 
man,  named  Captain  Tarker,  fl?ms  Case,  alias  Locke,  to  the  point  where 
{left  him,  having  accomplished  Ins  end  at  Long  Cay  of  converting  into 
money  the  i)lunder  he  had  obtained  from  the  cargo  of  the  Hanover. 

He  seems  to  have  left  liong  Cay  in  the  vessel  called  the  Two  Brothers, 
into  which  that  i)art  of  the  cargo  was  transferred  which  was  destined 
to  be  sold  at  Nassau.  But  this  was  done  only  to  evade  observation. 
}[e  sto]>ped  at  a  place  called  Hum  Cay,  where  lie  landed,  and  not  long 
after  the  Ketributiou  appeared,  and  took  him  oft". 

This  must  have  been  about  the  middle  of  February.  Locke  then  re- 
sumed his  cruise,  and,  on  the  19th,  being  somewhere  in  the  neighbor- 
liood  of  a  place  called  Castle  Island,  he  came  across  an  American  brig 
called  the  Einilj'^  Fisher,  on  a  voyage  from  the  island  of  Cuba  to  New 
York,  laden  with  sugar.  Whether  intentionally  or  otherwise  is  not  ab- 
solutely clear,  five  or  six  British  wrecking-schooners  were  lying  at  an- 
chor uiider  the  land,  whilst  the  master  of  another  one,  called  the  Emily 
Adilerle.v,  which  was  cruising  about,  bethought  himself  of  boarding 
tlie  Emily  Fisher,  and  entering  into  some  conversation  with  the  captain 
touching  the  safety  of  the  navigation,  &c.  This  being  over,  a  signal  ap- 
pears to  have  been  given  from  the  Adderley,  the  ettect  of  which  was  at 
once  visible  by  the  ai)proach  of  another  vessel.  The  result  was  that 
the  Emily  Fisher  was  seized  as  a  prize  by  the  confederate  schooner 
Itetribution. 

And  now  Captain  Locke  seems  to  have  really  put  into  execution  the 
sclienie  which  he  had  only  i^reteiided  in  the  case  of  the  Hanover.  He 
consulted  with  the  captains  of  the  five  British  wreckers,  the  effect  of 
which  was  that  they  took  the  brig,  and,  at  about  5  p.  m.,  ran  her  clean 
(111  shore.  The  next  day  the  wreckers  had  so  far  uidoaded  the  brig  of 
lier  sugar  that  she  was  again  afloat.    The  master  of  the  brig,  who,  with 


Maji'st^  (le8  obligations  envers  la  pavtie  innoeente  et  Un^e,  encounies  par  la  iici»lif>;ence 
(lesi's  ofticieis  a  cxercer  "duo  diligcneo"  dans  leiir  mission  de  la  prot<>;^er  contre  tout 
doinraago. 

Mais  jo  dois  maiiitenant  rovenir  dans  men  rdcit  des  operations  de  cet  homme  nomm<5 
le  lapitaine  Parkor,  alias  Case,  aUan  Ijookc,  an  jioiiit  on  jo  I'ai  laiss*^,  ai»ios  avoir 
iiccomjili  son  dtissoin  a  Long  Cay  do  convortir  on  argent  lo  butin  (ju'll  avuit  ubtenu  de 
la  cargaison  dn  Hanover. 

11 8enil)le  avoir  quitto.  Long  Cay  sur  le  vaissean  appcle  lea  Two  Brothers,  dans  leqnel 
avait  et<^  trausportdo  cetto  partie  do  la  cargaison  qui  dtait  dostinee  i\  ctro  vendue  i!^ 
Nassau.  Mais  e'dtait  soulonient  pour  dvitor  los  observations.  Eu  ettet  11  s'arrAta  en 
1111  eiidroit  nomuid  Rum  Cay,  ou  11  ddbarqua,  et,  pen  de  temps  apres,  la  Ketribution  parut 
ct  le  prit  a  bord. 
ctitt!  tt'iitativ'  ^1  t'wi  doit  s'etre  passd  a  pen  pres  an  milieu  de  fevrier.  Locke  reprit  alors  sa  course, 
•  tie  li),  sf  trouvant  quebiue  jtart  dans  le  voisinage  d'uu  endroit  appeld  Castle  Lsland, 
il  leiicontra  un  brick  americaiu  nouinic  I'Kmily  Fisher,  en  route  do  I'lle  de  Cuba  pour 
New  York,  chargd  do  snore.  Soit  avee  intention,  soit  autrement,  cola  n'est  pus  trfes- 
ilair,  cin(|  ou  six  schooners  anglais  de  aanvetagt^etaiont  a  I'ancre  pros  do  terre,  pendant 
•I'li'le  capitaine  d'uu  autre,  noutmd  I'Eniily  Adderley,  qui  eroisait  li\  autour,  imagina 
Mailorder  lo  Fisher,  et  d'entrer  en  conversation  avee  lo  cajdtaine  au  sujot  do  la  seouritd 
lie  la  navi,:;atlon,  etc.  Apres  ee  bout  de  conveisation,  uu  signal  paraU  avoir  etc  donno 
ilii  Adderii  y,  dont  reffet  devint  bientAt  visible  par  I'approache  d'uu  autre  vaissean. 
I'P  i(%ultat  tut  quo  I'Emily  Fisher  fut  saisi  comnio  prise  du  schooner  confdderd  la  Ketri- 
bution. 

I'-t  maiiitenant  le  capitaine  Locke  semble  avoir  rdellemeut  mis  .^  exe'cution  lo  plan 
M"  il  avait  soulemeut  t'oint  dans  le  cas  du  Hanover.  l\  tint  consoil  avee  les  eajtitaiue.s 
•li's  ciuq  schooners  anglais,  et  le  rdsultat  fut  qu'ils  prirent  lo  brick  et  que,  vers  cnin 
heures  aprks-midi,  lis  lo  jettdreut  i\  la  cAte.  Le  londomain  les  sauvetours  avaientasseK 
d&hargd  le  brick  de  sou  Sucre  pour  qu'il  fftt  remis  ill  flot.    Le  capitaine  du  brick,  qui, 

15  n 


tl 


1,'I'IM-.  I' 


226 


AKIUTllATION    AT    GENEVA. 


his  crew,  had  been  jiut  ashore  close  by,  seeiiifi  these  o|)eratioiis  nojn., 
on,  mailo  some  etlbrt  to  reclaim  the  i)ro[)erty.  lie  applied  to  tlio  in' 
thorities  for  assistance,  but  they  declined  to  };ive  him  any  prior  to  his 
securing  a  release  from  the  claims  of  the  wreckers  for  salvap".  Tlic 
consequence  was  that,  by  payin*;;  one-half  of  the  value  of  the  carfjii. 
and  one-thii'd  of  that  of  the  vessel,  she  was  linally  returned,  divi-stwi 
of  almost  everything  movable  on  and  under  de<'k.  All  this  tiino  tlic 
brig  was  lying  under  the  guns  of  the  Ketribution,  and  the  autlioiitios 
to  whom  he  appealed  declared  themselves  wholly  unable  to  prot'    tliim. 

From  this  narrative,  it  seems  tolerably  plain  that  the  m.ister  of  the  I'lt 
ribution,  after  seizing  this  vessel,  entered  into  an  agreement  with  tlicse 
wreckers  to  cause  her  to  be  driven  ashore,  and  then  to  divide  the  proceeds 
which  might  be  collected  in  one  way  or  another  from  false  claims  of  s;ih 
age;  and  inasmuch  as  the  master  offered  more  money  than  they  could  leas 
onably  expect  to  realize  by  any  other  disposition  they  could  make  of  it, 
with  less  trouble  to  themselves,  they  accepted  the  terms.  The  autlioii 
ties  at  Long  Cay,  fully  aware  of  the  transaction,  the  nature  of  wliich 
they  could  not  misconceive,  gave  it  their  sancti(UJ.  Neither  does  the 
collector  appear  to  have  ever  given  any  report  of  the  transaction. 

A  more  thorough  jirostitution  of  the  powers  of  the  Government  tu 
the  most  tlagrant  purposes  of  plunder,  under  pretenses  which  coiilildc 
ceive  no  one,  it  has  not  been  my  lot  to  witness,  even  in  the  long  record 
of  frauds  submitted  in  the  volumes  before  us. 

it  may  be  alleged,  on  the  ])art  of  Her  3Iajesty's  government,  tluit 
these  were  the  results  of  the  otfenses  of  irresponsible  parties,  for  wliidi 
it  is  not  the  custom  of  governnuMits  to  be  held  liable  to  other  natiims, 

The  answer  to  this  is,  that  when  the  lietribution  made  her  apix'araiue 
in  the  port  of  Nassau,  after  having  executed  the  outrages  described, 
the  collector  declaies  that  she  did  iu)t  enter  as  a  trader;  she  was  treated 
as  a  confederate  vessel  of  war. 


m^ 
U-.: 


fe:;. 


avec  son  <^iliii])n<;(^  iivait  6to  mis  i\  tcii't!  tout  pres,  voyaiit  ces  opdratioiis  en  trniii.  lit 
quehino  tentative  ponr  reelanier  sa  iirojiiiiUe.  11  denianda  (In  secouis  anx  iiutoiitrs 
luais  elles  refiisereut  tie  Ini  en  donuer  ancnn,  avant  <in'ii  eftt  ohtenu  un  ac([Hitteiia'm 
ties  demandes  des  sanvtsteurs  iK)nr  sauveta<i;e.  La  eonstupience  fut,  qn'eii  payaiit  b 
nioiti<i  tie  la  valenr  de  la  cargnison  et  lo  tiers  do  cello  dn  vaisseau,  il  hii  I'ut  rendu 
ddpouilld  de  prestjne  font  ce  (jn'on  put  eniporter  snr  le  pont  et  au-dessons.  Pendant 
tout  ce  temps  le  brick  dtait  sous  les  canons  de  la  lietribution,  et  les  autorit(5s  auxquelks 
11  en  appela  se  d«!clarerent  tout-a-iait  impuinsantes  ;\  le  [irotcger. 

Par  ce  rdcit  il  seinble  assez  clair  que  le  ca'/itaine  de  la  Ketribation,  apres  avoir  saisi 
CO  vaissean,  entra  en  arrangemtnit  avec  ces  sanveteurs  pour  qu'il  filt  jete  i\  la  tote,  ct 
ponr  partaker  ensuito  les  b(5netict!s  qui  pourraient  t'jtre  retirds,  tie  manifere  on  d'autre, 
tie  fausses  demandes  do  sanvelage.  Et,  vu  quo  le  cai»itaiue  offrit  plus  d'argeiit  qu'ils 
ne  iiouvaient  raisonnablement  esptSrer  en  rdaliser,  par  n'importe  tiuelle  fagou  d'eii  dis- 
poser avec  nioins  de  peine  ])our  enx,  ils  accept^rent  lea  conditions.  Et  les  anturitts 
tie  Long  Cay,  bien  renseigndtis  h  I'dgaril  tie  I'aft'aire,  snr  la  nature  de  laquelle  elles  ne 
ponvaient  pas  se  tromper,  y  tlonni-rent  lenr  sanction.  Le  receveur  nou  plus  no  seiiiblo 
avoir  fait  ancuu  rapport  sur  cette  transaction. 

Uue  pins  conqdett)  i)rostitntion  ties  i)ouvoirs  du  gouvernenient  pour  les  tlesseiiis  les 
plus  flagrants  de  pillage,  sons  des  jirdtextes  (i[ni  ne  jtonvaient  tromper  personne,  line 
m'est  pas  arrive  d'en  rencontrer,  m(";me  tlaus  de  long  recueil  des  frandes  rasseinlileis 
dans  les  volumes  devant  nous. 

On  pent  alldgner  do  la  part  dn  gouvernenient  do  sa  Majest '  qne  celles-ci  furtiit  le 
rdsnltat  des  tiU'iimes  de  parties  irresponsables,  ponr  lesquelles  ce  n'est  pas  I'habitiule 
ties  gonvernemeuts  d'etre  tonus  ponr  resj>onsables  envera  les  autres  nations. 

La  rdjionso  a  ceci  est  que  quand  la  Ketribution  (it  sa  prenuere  apparition  dans  le 
port  de  Nassau,  apres  avoir  conimis  les  outrages  decrits  plus  bant,  le  receveur  declare 
qu'elle  ii'entra  pas  conime  vaissean  de  commerce.  Elle  fut  traitee  commo  vaisseamle 
guerre  conidddre.  Ceptmdant  aucune  application  ne  senible  lui  avoir  did  faitctle* 
rf-gles  prescritcs  par  lo  gonverneinent  de  sa  Majestd  le  151  Janvier  18(12,  exelnaiit  ties 
ports,  des  rades  et  des  eaux  des  lies  liabanias  tout  vaisseau  semblable  sans  permissiou 
bpdciale. 


Ol'lNIONS    OF    MK.    ADAMS. 


227 


Oil  tlic  .{(l  of  March  this  vessel  had  boon  dismantled,  and  her  hull  waa 
sold  at  piiblio  iuu'tion  l>,v  Messrs.  Adderley  &  Co.  She  brou^'ht  the  sum 
lit  jCL'.)0.  Iliit  it  nowhere  ni)|)eiirs  to  whom  the  proceeds  were  credited. 
Messrs.  Adderley  &  Co.,  who  probably  knew  the  whole  story  of  this 
vessel  IVoMi  its  ori.tjin  to  its  sale,  werc^  never  called  upon  to  disclose  it. 
Noitlier  does  it  appear  that  the  governor  took  the  smallest  notice  of 
soniiiterial  a  transaction. 

Xor  yet  is  it  likely  that  any  more  in(|uiries  would  have  been  made  in 
;iiiy  (luarter  liad  it  not  been  for  a  reminder  which  the  authorities  were 
not  at  liberty  to  ne};lect.  On  the  Ith  of  April  Mr.  Seward,  the  Secre- 
iKi'V  of  State  of  the  United  States,  addressed  a  note  to  Lord  Lyons, 
ilieii  the  Jiritish  minister  at  Washington,  statin*;  tlie  facts  attendiuf? 
the  capture  of  the  Hanover  in  IJritisli  waters,  and  demandin<;  repara- 
lioii.  Lord  Lyons  sent  a  copy  of  this  note  not  only  to  Earl  Itussell  but 
iliicctly  to  the  {governor  of  Nassau. 

Tilt!  {fovornor,  on  receipt  of  this  dispatch,  addressed  a  reply  directly 
to  Lord  Lyons,  transmitting;  the  report  received  from  Mr.  Ijurnsido, 
when  oxi)ressIy  called  upon  the  L'(Hh  April  ])revious,  which  is  found 
iimoiij,'  the  palters  before  us,  and  concludinjif  with  the  following  para- 
l.'rai»li : 

Wliatctvcr  tlm  tliaractcr  of  tile  Ktitiiliuthm,  or  whocvt-r  the  osteii.siblo  miistj'r  may 
li;ive  been.  I  am  coiiviiicrd  that  no  snspieioiis  of  eitlicr  were  eutenaiiieil  l>y  iiii.V  otti- 
riiilsdf  this  jiovei'miicnt  iiiilil  it  was  too  late  to  aet  on  tlieiii. 

I  have  directed  fiirtlici'  iii(|iiiries  to  be  m:i<le. 

I  cannot  suppress  my  surpri.se  at  the  calmness  of  such  an  aflirnnition, 
ivlieu  the  rei)()rt  which  he  .sent,  and  to  which  he  alludes,  seems  to  my 
eves  (listiiuitly  to  admit  the  fact  that  all  three  perst»ns,  the  collector, 
Mr.  I'arriugton,  and  him.self,  entertained  so  great  doubts  of  the  truth  of 
(he  statements  nmde  to  them  by  Locke,  that  it  seems  to  me  to  have  been 
aiitisitive  duty  in  the  two  ollicers,  at  least,  to  have  pursued  an  investi- 
^'iitioii  certainly  .so  far  as  to  penetrate  the  rea.sons  for  the  lal.sehood,  the 
liiiud,  and  the  forgery  by  which  the  business  was  accomi)anied. 

The  imsatisfactory  nature  of  this  report  was  plainly  intinuited  by  Mr. 


.   f 


Lc  li  inar.s,  co  vaissoan  avait  <5t6  dcuiantel<!,  et  sa  eoiiue  fiifc  vciuluo  en  veiite  iml>lif|ue 
piir  Messieav.s  Hetuy  Addeiley  et  C"'.  Hllt!  lapporta  la  sommo  do  £,'2oO.  Mais  on  ue 
timive  nuUo  part  qui  fut  creJiti^  do  co  beiielice.  Mossieiirs  Adderley  et  C'",  qui  pri>ba- 
Ijliiiicnt  connainsaient  toute  I'histoirc  do  (!o  vaisseau,  depui.s  son  ori<;ine,jii.s(iu'i1  sa 
vt'iite,  111'  fnrent  jamais  appeles  a  la  niettro  au  jonr.  Le  jjousernenr  no  somblc  pas  aon 
jiliiH  avoir  fait  la  nioindro  remarquo  siir  une  transaction  aiissi  ;;;rovo. 

11  nV'st  pas  probable  non  plus  q"'  Micnno  enqtiOto  eftt  6t6  faite  nuUe  part,  s'il  n'y 
avait  pits  en  nu  rappel  qno  les  antorit^s  n'avaient  pas  la  I'.bertd  do  m^^licrcr.  Le  4  avril, 
.M.Seward,  Secretaire  d'dtat  des  fitats-Unis,  ailrossa  uiic  note  •>.  Lord  Lyons,  alors  lui- 
nistred'Aiifrleterre  i\  Waslii  i^ton,  exposant  lesfaits  concernant  la  capture  du  Ilauovor 
iliiiis  Ins  eaux  an;rlaises,  et  domaudant  reparation.  Lord  l^yons  envoya  nno  copio  do 
iitie  note,  non-seuloment  au  Conite KusscU,  niais  direct'jment  au  fjouverueur  do  Nassau 

Le  jToiiveruonr,  h  la  reception  do  cette  deiieche,  rt^pondit  direetement  H  Lord  Lyons, 
I'll  lui  tiiMismettant  lo  rapport  rofu  de  M.  IJurnside,  (piand  il  y  fut  expros.si^ir,.  "♦■  invite, 
IfHl  avril  pivcedent,  (pii  so  trouve  parmi  les  documeuts  dovant  nous  ot  ■■  i/iuinaut 
jwr  le  jiaranraplie  suivant : 

"Queliiu'ait  pu  etre  lo  caracterc  de  la  Retribution,  on  son  capitaine  ostensible,  jesuis 
'■"iiyaincu  ([u'auisnn  soui)von  a  Tej^ard  do  I'un  on  do  I'autro  n'a  dto  con^u  par  aucuu 
"iiiiier  de  ce  ijouvorueniont.jusqu'a  co  ([u'il  ait  (?to  trop  tard  pour  a^ir  contro  eux. 

■' I'ai  tlonne  des  instructions  pour  (pio  Ton  fit  des  oniijufitos  ult<^rieuros." 

•le  lie  puis  taire  ma  surprise  du  calmo  d'uno  telle  atlirination,  quand  le  rapport  qn'il 
I'livoyait.  et  aiupud  il  est  iait  allusion,  semblo  it  iiies  yenx  ailmettro  distinctoment  le  fait 
'|iie  toils  les  trois,  lo  recoveur,  M.  Farrin<^ton  ot  lui,  convurent  do  si  fji'iiuds  doutos  sur 
!■•  vciitd  des  exposes  quo  lour  lit  Locke,  qu'il  mo  soluble  avoir  <St6  un  devoir  positif 
I'lmr  les  deux  otHoiers  au  moins  de  faire  uno  euqnfite,  assoz  loin  cortainenient  pour 
I'l'iK^trer  ks  motifs  du  mensonj^e,  do  la  fraude  et  du  faux  doiit  ils  6taioiit  accompagnds. 

M.  Seward  tit  assez  claireiueut  entrevoir  la  nature  peu  satiafaisante  do  ce  rapport 


,^i       \ 


TTFT- 


228 


ARIUTRATION    AT    OKNKVA. 


Seward  wlicn  ho  rcci'ivod  it,  and  was  also  sij^nitlt'd  to  tlie}f()v«Mnoil)y  tin. 
I)uk(i  of  Xt'W(!aHtI(',  on  bcliall"  ol"  ilic  ^^oviTnanMit  at  lionic.  Tliis  stim 
ulatt'd  tlic  antlioritirs  to  ctrons  to  .sci/o.  and  to  pro.sccnto  the  cliicf 
otl'cndi'is  still  lian;;in;;'  about  tho  place.  It  was  clear  tlicy  \\v\v.  IJiilish 
.subjects,  yuilty  of  sonietliiu;;'  very  like  jjiracy,  as  well  as  of  for<>(>ry  and 
l'rau<l.  Ol"  the  .judicial  i>r()ccedin;is  that  followed  I  desire^  to  sjical; 
uith  the  moderation  due  to  the  courts  of  a  foreign  nation.  Ibit  1  coiilil 
only  rejjcat  the  remarks  which  I  made  in  rej^ard  to  this  matter  in  inv 
review  of  tlu^  case  of  the  Florida.  The  arbitrators  appear  to  inc  at 
least  to  have  a  duty  to  the  parties  before  the  tribunal  to  state  their 
convictions  of  the  exa(^t  truth,  without  fear  or  favor.  In  the  perloiiii. 
ance  of  my  share  of  it,  i  cannot  onut  to  point  out — (1,)  the  evasion  df 
the  important  witnesses  when  they  were  wanted,  and  their  re  appcm- 
ance  in  perfect  security  afterward;  (2,)  the  refusal  of  the  collector  ;U 
Lon}:f  <'ay,  the  most  important  and  responsible  agent  of  the  govcin 
ment  in  the  transaction,  to  appear  at  first ;  and  {.'3,)  the  absence  of  ;ill 
testimony  as  to  the  facts  within  his  knowledgo  when  he  actually  up 
peared ;  (4,)  the  avoi(hince  of  all  testimony  of  the  same  kind  on  tlic 
part  of  Hurn^ide,  the  nnigistrate  of  Inagua,  whose  tirst  rei>ort,  niadi'to 
the  governor,  showing  his  knowledge  of  then),  is  among  the  papers  ix' 
fore  ns;  (.">,)  the  straw-bail  required  of  the  principal  culprit  by  the 
court,  and  his  ready  forfeiture  ot  it  when  he  ])lease«l;  ((»,)  the  intiiim 
tion  of  (iovernor  Kawson,  that  if  it  had  been  £1,000  instead  of  £l(iii, 
it  would  have  been  e<pially  supplied  to  him,  if  required  to  save  liiin; 
and,  lastly,  the  ac(iuittal  «»f  tlie  criminal  by  reason  of  the  disapiHiii 
ance  of  the  most  important  witness  for  his  condemnation  ;  all  to^fetiicr 
present  a  more  melancholy  and  s(!andalous  sj)ectaclo  of  the  paraiyshsoi 
11  judicial  tribunal  than  has  ever  before  been  met  with,  at  least  in  iii,v 
experience. 
The  fact  is  too  plain  that  the  population  of  Nassau   and         vicinity 


(inaml  il  lo  rovuti  at  Ic  <lnn  do  Newcnstlc  (lomm  h  cntcndn!  la  ir\('m<!  cliiwc  an  rrnnvor 
ntMir  (Ic  hi  part  dii  ^onvcriu'iui'iit  do  rAiifilt^lcrrc.  (Joci  ])()ussi»  Ic.s  autoriti's  I'l  I'liiiv 
li'UVH  cli'drts  pour  saisir  et  pour  pi)ursiii\  to  Ioh  priiicipaiix  conpables  <]ui  rodaii.'iit  ton- 
jours  aiitour  do  I'll;'.  II  dtait  clair  qii'il.s  otaioiit  sujotw  aufflai.s,  coiipahlos  do  (iiicliiii" 
(dioso  ((ui  r('8Hoiid)lait  boaucoiii>  a  do  la  piratoric,  aii.ssi  hioii  quo  do  faux  ot  do  fraiuli'. 
.Jo  dosiro  parlor  dos  pour.suites  jiidiciairos  qui  suivirout  avoo  la  luodc^ratioti  ddi;  mn 
cours  d'uno  uation  otran^foro.  Mais  jo  no  potirrais  cjuo  ri^^potor  lo.s  roniarquos  (|iu'j',i 
faitos  i\  I'oj^ard  do  cotto  matiiu-o  daus  ma  rovuo  du  oa.s  du  Florida.  Los  arbitri'siiM 
8ond)lont  avoir,  tnvors  los  partioH  (iiii  sout  devaut  co  ti'ibuiial,  au  ukuus  la  dovoinlVs- 
po.ser  lourM  oonviotiouH  do  I'exacto  vorito  sans  ])our  ni  partialito.  Dans  raccouiplix*!- 
iiiont  do  ma  taulio,  jo  no  puis  oniottr<(  d'indiciuor  : 

1.  L'i'>vasion  d(!.s  ItlmoiuH  importauts  (luand  on  cut  besoiii  d'onx,  et  lenr  roaitparitimi 
on  parl'aito  sdcurittS  plus  tard. 

2.  Lo  rofus  du  rocovour  do  Long  Cay,  l'a<{ent  lo  plus  important  et  lo  plus  rispoiiMi 
bio  du  jfouvornouiont  dans  cotto  transaction,  do  paraltro  d'abord. 

;j.  L'absenco  do  tout  t^moiynayo,  quant  aux  I'aits  a  sa  counaissance,  lorsqu'll  pariii 
eHectivcmont. 

4.  Lo  silonco  do  Burnsido,  lo.  ma<j[istrat  d'lnajjjua,  siir  tout  t.<!inoignafX"  do  la  iiiini>' 
ijat>ne,  ot  pourtant  sou  pn-niior  rapport  au  gouvcrncur,  attestant  sa  counaissaucedt* 
faits,  ost  jiarmi  los  docum(uits  dovant  nous. 

.'i.  La  caution  insijvuitianto  exi<i;(5o  du  principal  conpablo  par  la  cour,  et  la  faiilii' 
avoc  laqui'llc^  il  y  manquaquand  il  le  jujjea  bon. 

().  Lo  sentiment  du  gouvernour  Kawsou  que,  s'il  s'6tait  agi  de  £1,000  au  lieu  il' 
£100.  on  los  lui  aurait  dgalemont  accorddes,  si  cola  avait  <5td  nt^cossairo  pour  le  wiiU'r 
ot  enlin,  I'acquittoniont  du  crimiuel  a  cause  de  la  disi)aritiou  dii  t6uioiu  le  plus  imiwr- 
tant  jiour  sa  condanmatiou. 

Lo  tout  cusemble  pr<^.sentc  un  spectacle  plus  triste  ot  plus  scandaleux  de  la  iiariiiysio 
d'uu  tribunal  judiciaire  qu'aucun  de  coux  qui  so  soicnt  jamais  prdseutos,  au  uioiiis' 
ma  counaissance. 

Lo  fait  est  clair  que  la  population  do  Nassau  et  de  sou  voisinage,  €tait  deveime^i 


jiSfeli    -•'1' 


Ol'lNIONS    OF    M]{.    ADAMS. 


'>90 

M  M  «/ 


,,ii(ll)('C(HiH'  s(>c(tiiipl('t('l.v  di'inorali/j'd  l»y  fiiiniliiiiity  witli  the  iVaiKlult'iifc 
tiiiiisiictioiis  (constantly  passing  lu'l'oic  tlicir  cyi'S,  as  w«'ll  as  tlu>  nnii- 
siial  piotits  acciiiinj''  tluMclVoni  to  tlicinsclvcs,  tliat  tlu*y  \\o\v  iM'itlu^r 
ill  a  coiitlitioiMior  in  a  disposition  to  visit  with  liarshncss  any  crinK', 
liDWcvtT  fl.i;,MMnt,  tliat  could  Wo  assctciatt'd,  howovcr  remotely,  witli  tlm 
(ipcrations  of  the  insnr^icnts  in  their  waters. 

It  app''!"'^  f<> '"•'•<»'•*' <'hMr  that  the  collector  of  the  jtort  of  Lonj; 
Cii.v  lailetl  in  due  <lili^enc(^  when  lui  oaiitti'd  toj^iveany  I'cport  whatever 
to  tlie  governor  of  tlu^  llaj-rant  acts  committed  hy  Locke  in  fni'^^in;;'  the 
si;'iiatiire  and  attemptin;^'  to  represent  the  |)erson  of  another  man,  as 
well  as  in  conspirin;;',  in  dcliance  of  tht^  authorities,  to  obtain  false  sal- 
va;,'(',  hy  force  of  arms,  of  an  innoc,cnt  i>arty. 

It  ap|K'ars  to  nu*  that  the  mimistr.itc*  of  Inajj^ua  failed  in  duedilij^cnce 
when  ill!  omitted  to  i;ive  innnediate  notiiM*  to  the  ^'ovcrnor  of  the  fa<'ts 
ulilcli  he  oidy  rei)orted  wIumi  specially  called  upt)n  by  him  three  weeks 
;ilt('i'\vard. 

It  appears  to  me  that  the  {governor  failed  in  due  dili;.'('nce  when  he 
(iiiiittcfl  to  take  iu)tice  of  the  picscnce  of  a  vessel  of  \\h\  insur^icnts,  in 
till' jiort,  whl(;h  was  expressly  prohibited  to  enter  it  by  th*^  instructionn 
ol  the  j'overnment  at  home. 

By  reason  of  that  failure,  he  further  failed  in  due  dili;;euco  in  inform- 
iiiii  iiiiiiself  of  the  reasons  which  had  brouj^ht  that  vessel,  as  well  as  its 
liiize,  the  ilaiu)ver,  into  the  port — facts  which  could  not  have  failed  to 
lim)iiie  known  to  him  had  he  instituted  a  faithful  invest ij>'ation. 

It  appears  to  me  that  the  attorney-j;eneral  failed  in  due  dili;jenco 
wIh'ii  ho  gave  his  lirst  opinion,  declining  to  act  against  tlu^  men  whom 
1r'  liail  reason  to  believe  criminals,  as  well  as  in  all  the  subsequent  pro- 
ni'iliiigs  which  he  instituted  against  them  in  ihe  court. 

For  these  acts  of  omission  and  commission,  tlui  nation  injured  can  look 
iiir  reparation  only  to  the  government  holding  the  sui)reme  authority 
ovt'i' (he  territory  wherein  they  happened,  it  clearly  ai)pears  that  no 
iiiergy  existed  iu  any  oflicial  quarter  to  maintain  neutrality. 


"Miiplrteiiiciit  ilfMiioralisi^o  par  Vlialiitade  <le.s  transactions  fraudniiMisos  (ini  so  passaioiit 
sans  ccs.se  dovaiit  ses  yenx,  (it  jtar  Ics  iKMU^Iici^s  iniisitrs  ((ii'dln  on  nstirait,  ija'clld  n'ctait 
iiicii  ct;it  111  en  dis]msition  d'aj;ir  avcc  sovorili-  conti'c  tout  crini(%  (luuliini!  dai^rant  fiii'il 
tit,  (|iit!  Ton  poiivait  vattaclier,  iii("'iue  d'une  iiiaiiii-ro <''l<)iyiit^(',  uiix  opi-ratiuns  dos  in- 
■■iiii;i',s  dans  si's  caux, 

II  iiin  jiarait  (dair  qnc  ]o  rcccvonr  <ln  port  di?  Fjoiiy;  Cay  a  inaniin;''  anx  "dnc^dili- 
i:(ii«'.s"  I'll  oiiKittant  de  donncr  an  jjtonvcniciii'  aiicniici  iioiividli!  (pKdcoiuiiK!  dt-s  actus 
lla'^'iiiiits  cotiiinis  par  LoLd<(',  fii  coiitrcfaisaiit  la  sij^natiiro  rt  on  (;ssayaiit  do  joncr  lo 
I'lli!  (I'liiui  autre,  pi  rsonius  aiissi  bien  (pio  dii  coinplot  en  deli  des  autoritivs  pour  ohtenir 
iriiiiij  piirtii,'  iniKKiento  do  t'anx  <lroits  do  sanvetaLTe  jiar  Ii's  anues. 

11  nil' will  Idei  I  lie  lo  ina^fistratd'lnaijinaa  inaiKine  anx  "dues  dili;^('n(!os"on  n^;j;lit:;eant 
ill' iloiMiiT  iiiiinedlateinoiit  eonnaissaiice,  an  u;i)iivernonT  des  f.iits  (pi'il  no  rappoi-Ca  ipio 
liiisi|ii'il  y  fiif,  speidalonKMit  invito  par  liii,  trois  Hi-inaines  (tins  tard. 

11  nu;  .sciiihle  quo  lo  <i:(iiiverneiir  a  niaiuino  aiix"dnos  (lilijfciioes"  en  n<5>fli<;oant  do 
riiii;ir(|iicr  la  jirosenoo  dans  lo  port  d'nn  vaissoaii  des  iiiHiir;;<'is,  aiKnud  il  (^tait  exprosse- 
iiiiiit  (li-iciidu  d'entrer  par  los  inst'^nctions  dn  ironveriioiiii'iit  do  I'Anglotono. 

Kii  siiih-  do  ootto  n(^<fliji;('neo,  il  manqiia  fdns  tard  aiix''  duos  dilij;oiioi's  "  en  s'iiiformant 
ilis  liiisons  (pii  avaioiit  aiiiono  ce  vaissoan,  aiissi  bion  ipio  sa  piiso,  io  Hanover,  dans  co 
ruit.init  (pii  n'anrait  pas  inanqud  d'arrivor  i\  sa  cinmaissanuo,  s'il  avait  fait  iino  iavos- 
ti;^ati((ii  cniiscienoiouso. 

II  iiio  sciiildo  quo  I'attoniey-fToneral  a  inanqno  aux  "dues  dili^^encos"  en  doiinant 
SUM  |ir('iiii(T  avis,  rofiisaiit  d'ai^ir  coiitre  los  liouiinos  (pi'll  avait  des  raisons  do  croire 
''aiiiufls,  aussi  biiMi  qno  dans  to.itos  los  inoi^nrijs  snbs(;quontes  qn'il  prit  coutre  onx  dana 
It'i  ciiiirs. 

I'liiir  COS  aetcs  d'oinission  ot  do  commission,  la  nation  les^o  no  pent  domandor 
't'liaratioii  qn'an  gouverneniont  oxei^^ant  I'antoritd  snprfiino  snr  lo  torritoiro  uii  ils  He 
''°','*.P''>ss'^s.  II  rossort  clairement  qu'ilu'y  out  unlle  ^uerjjio  dans  aucuuo  des  icyiouB 
"nicielles  pour  maintenir  hi  neutralito. 


230 


ARBITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


Hence  my  conclusion  is,  that  a  liability  is  clearly  imposed  upon  Her 
Majesty's  governmeut,  in  the  case  of  the  Ketribution,  under  the  terms 
of  the  treaty  of  Washington. 


D('8  lors  ma  conclusion  est  qn'une  responsabilit*^  est  chiirctnent  iinpoHco  iiu  iron- 
veiiKMi  '  lit  do  sa  Majesto,  dann  le  cas  do  la  Kotrilmtioii,  d'apirs  li-.s  toniuis  dii  traiti'  d.' 
Wasliinyton. 


O  r  I  X  I  O  N  S   OF    SI  \{    A  L  K  X  AND  E  K    C  <>  CK  li  U II N. 

The  indirect  claims  at  iirst  insisted  on  by  the  ( lovernment  of  the  riiitcil 
States  being  now  out  of  the  question,  we  have  to  «leal  with  the  claiins 
for  dam.iges,  "  growing  out  of  the  acts"  of  certain  specified  vessels,  ;iv 
to  which  it  is  alleged  tliat,  by  I'casonof  some  default  on  the  part  of  tin 
government  of  Ibr  Majesty  the  (^)ueen  uf  England,  these  vessi-ls  wiiv 
enabled  to  take  and  «lestroy  ships  and  cargoes  belonging  to  citi/eiis  di 
the  United  States. 

The  causes  of  complaint  put  forwanl  by  the  United  States  (loveii! 
cm...-»  i.f  ,..m-  ernment  may  be  clashed  under  the  Ibllowing  heads: 


II, m-       V  «.....»    ..u     ..11.,.        K.V^     •.^.It.         V    <»      ...IV.V,.       l.l..      .w,,<,   ..    ,,lj^ 

w«,,ii,y'TiM"'i,,'u'>i      !•  That  by  reason  of  want  of  due  diligence  on  tlie  imi; 

states. 


pinilit 


of  the  British  government,  vessels  were  allowed  to  bo  titttii 
out  and  c()uii)ped,  in  ]»orts  of  the  United  Kingdom,  in  order  to  (licir 
being  employed  in  making  w:ir  against  the  United  States,  iuid,  luniii;' 
been  so  ('(piipped,  were  allowed  to  quit  such  pcu'ts  lor  that  jturpose. 

2.  That  vessels  f'tted  out  and  equii)i)ed  for  the  before  inentioiu'd  piu 
pose,  in  contravention  of  the  foreign-enlistment  act,  :ind  being  tlieretitii 
liable  to  seizure  umler  that  act,  having  gone  forth  from  Ibitisli  \m\>, 
but  having  afterward  I'eturned  to  them,  Avere  not  seized  as  they  <>u;ili' 
to  have  been,  but,  hnving  been  allowed  hospitality  in  sncli  ])orts,  wciv 
suffered  to  go  forth  again,  to  resume  their  warfare  against  the  cnimiH'i," 
of  the  United  Slates. 

,").  That  undue  favor  was  shown  in  Urifish  ports  to  shijis  of  warol'lln' 
Confederate  States  in  res[H'ct  of  the  time  these  ships  \\er<'  |H'riiiitt(il 
to  reumin  in  such  ])orts,  or  of  the  amount  olConl  witli  which  tlu'V  vcn 
permitted  to  be  supplied. 

4.  That  vessels  of  the  Uonfederate  Slates  weri;  allowed  to  wiike 
British  ]>orts  the  base  of  naval  operations  against  the  ships  and  <o!ii 
jueree  of  the  United  States. 

Owing  to  all  or  some  oiu'  or  other  of  these  causes,  vessels  of  tli'' 
(Joniederate  States  were  enabled,  it  is  allege<l,  to  dodiuuiige  to  tin'  ('dim 
nuM'ce  of  the  United  States;  ami  conipensath)n  is  claimed  in  resj)eftot 
the  danmge  so  done. 

The  treaty  of  "Washington,  from  which  our  authority  is  derived,  liiy> 

Th..  ti.  iiv  ni  down,  for  our  guidance  in  ilealing  with  and  <leeidiii^'  mi 

\vn,i,ini-t..n.  tlicse  chiiuis,  certain  rules  as  to  the  obligations  of  (Iriiil 

Britain  as  a  neutral  state,  which  for  the  purpose  of  this  arbitrati(tii  are 

to  be  taken  to  have  been  binding  on  it. 

Not,  indeed,  that  the  British  government  admits  that  these  rules  fmia 
part  of  the  law  befon^  existing  between  nations.  On  the  contriiry,  it  ii* 
expressly  stated  that  "IJer  Jiritannic  Majesty  has  commanded  Ix'r 
high  commissioners  and  ])leuipotentiaries  to  declare  that  Her  ]\lajosty"< 
government  cannot  assent  to  the  foregoing  rules  as  a  statement  of  pi'i" 
ciples  of  interiKitional  law  which  were  iri  force  at  the  linie  when  tiie 
claims  mentioned  in   Article  I  arose,  but  that  Her  jMajesty's  govern 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDER   COCKBLRN. 


231 


ill 


ment,  in  order  to  evince  its  desire  of  strengthening  the  friendly  rela- 
tions between  the  two  countries,  and  of  making  satisfactory  provision 
for  the  future,  agrees  that,  in  deciding  the  questions  between  the  two 
countries  arising  out  of  those  chums,  the  arbitrators  shouhl  assume  that 
Her  Majesty's  government  had  undertaken  to  act  upon  the  principles 
setfortii  in  these  rules.  And  the  high  contracting  parties  agree  to 
observe  these  rides  as  between  themselves  in  future,  and  to  bring  them 
totlie  knnwledge  of  other  maritime  powers,  and  to  invite  them  to  accede 
to  tliem." ' 
Tlie  rules  in  (pu\stion  are  as  follows  : 

A  ii;'iitral  jjovcriiiin'iit  is  Ixiiind — 

I'irst.  To  use  (liiti  <lili.i;i'ni't',  to  prt'vciit  tlic  lUtiiiu;  out.  !iniiiii<^,  oi'  ('(iiiiiijiin^^  witliin 
itsjiirisilietioii,  ofiiiiy  vcssi-l  wliii'li  it  lias  rcasonalilt'  jj;i'oiiii(l  to  IxjlievH  is  inti-ixli'd  to 
criiis(  or  to  carry  on  war  ai^aiiist  a  power  with  wiiicli  it  is  at  pt'aci' ;  ami  also  to  iiso 
like  (lilif^i'iicf  to  prevent  the  departure  from  its  jurisdiction  of  any  vessel  intended  to 
cniisi'  or  carry  on  war  as  above,  sn<'h  vessel  liaviny  Ijeen  specially  ada[>ted,  in  whole  or 
in  pint,  witliiu  snch  .jnrisdi<'tioii,  to  wai'like  nse. 

SiMniidly.  Not  to  permit  r)r  siitVer  (>ither  helliirerent  to  make  nso  of  its  ports  or  waters 
lis  tile  liase  ot'  naval  ojierations  av;ainst  the  otiier,  or  for  the  ]inrpose  of  tlit-  renewal  or 
:itii;iiii  ntation  of  military  siiii]dies  o.  arms,  or  the  recruitment  i>f  men. 

Thirdly.  To  I'xercdse  doe  diliji'ence  in  iis  own  ])orts  and  waters,  and.  as  to  all  per- 
snus  uitinn  its Jnrisdiction.  to  prevent  any  "iolatio?!  of  the  for.'yoinj^  obligations  anil 
(liitii's.- 

■\Vith  these  rides  b('n)re  it,  the  tribunal  i.s  directed  to  detenu iiu^,  as  to 
t'acli  ves.sd,  ''whether  (Ireat  Ibitaiii  has,  by  any  act  or  omission,  failed 
tofiillill  any  of  the  dutie.-*  set  forth  in  such  rides,  or  recognized  by  the 
pi'iiii'i[)l('s  if  iiiteruatioual  law  no!  iiicon.sisteiit  with  such  rides.'' 

Til"  ',  ifoct  of  this  ])ait  of  tlu;  treaty  is  to  place  tiiis  tributial  in  a  posi- 
tion of  some  difficulty.  Kvery  obligation  for  the  non-ful- 
fiiiiiH'iit  of  which  re(h'(>ss  can  W  chiiiued  i)resupposes  a 
prior  existing  law,  by  v.lnch  a  right  has  been  (n't^ited  ou  the  one  side 
and  a  corresponding  obligation  on  t!ie  other.  IJat  here  we  have  to  deal 
witli  obligations  asstiiiiiMl  to  have  existed  prior  to  the  treaty,  yet 
avisiag  out  '  f  a  supposed  law  created  for  the  lirst  time  by  tlie  treaty. 
For  we  iiave  the  one  party  denying  the  prior  existence  of  the  rules  to 
wliicli  it  now  coiiseiits  to  .subiMit  as  the  measure  of  its  past  obligations, 
while  tlie  other  virtually  admits  the  same  thing ;  for  it '' agrees  to  ob- 
sorve  tlie  rules  as  between  itself  au<l  (ireat  Uiifaiu  in  future,  and  to 
luiiii^  tliein  to  the  knowledge  ol"  other  maritime  i)owers,  jind  invite  them 
to  iiccede  to  tltem" — all  of  wliieli  would  plainly  i)e  superliuous  and  vain 
it  tliese  rules  already  foiiued  i)art  of  the  exisiing  law  recogid/ed  as  ob- 
taining among  nations. 

It  is,  I  eaunctt  but  think,  to  be  r<'gr<>tted  that  the  whol(>  subject-nmt- 
ti'ioftliis  great  contest,  in  respect  of  law  as  well  as  of  fact,  was  iu)tlefc 
open  to  us,  to  be  decided  according  to  the  true  priiu-iples  and  rules  of  in- 
t'Diational  law  in  fon-esiiMl  binding  among  nations,  and  the  duties  ami 
"Wiiiiitioiis  arising  out  of  them,  at  the  tiiru'  when  th  e  alleged  causes 
of  ("Hiiplaitit  are  said  to  have  arisen. 

I'roni  the  histoiy  of  the  treaty  of  Washington  v  e  know  that  it  was 
IMojiDsi'd  l)y  the  liritish  couunissioners  to  sid)iint  tlie  entire  question, 
Hntli  as  to  law  and  fact,  to  arbitration;  but  the  commissioners  of  the 
1  iiited  States  refused  to  "consent  to  submit  the  question  of  the  liability 
ot'dicat  Hritain  to  arbitration  unless  the  principles  which  should  gov 
em  tlu>  arbitrator  in  the  consideration  of  the  facts  coWd  be  lirst  agreed 
uptni."  Iij  viiin  the  iJriti.sh  commissioners  rei)lied  that  they  "shouhl  bo 
^villing  to  consider  what  principles  should  be  adopted  for  obser'unce  lu 


nulir 
Iruni  tin 


ilty   ari-.;ii4 
tiiMlv. 


'  Treat  V  of  Washiiijuton,  Articlo  VI. 


Mf 


232 


ARBITRATION   AT   GENEVA. 


t  ■    ! 


future,  but  that  they  were  of  opinion  that  the  best  mode  of  conducting' 
an  arbitration  was  to  submit  tlie  facts  to  the  arbitrator,  and  leave  liim 
free  to  decide  upon  them  after  liearing  such  arfruments  as  nii};lit  Ik; 
necessary."  Tiie  American  commissioners  replied  that  they  should  be 
willinjj  to  consider  what  priuci[)les  should  be  laid  down  for  observance 
in  similar  cases  in  future,  but  oidy  with  the  understanding  that  "anv 
])rinciples  which  should  be  ajj^reetl  upon  should  be  held  to  be  api)li(al)le 
to  the  facts  in  ret^pect  to  the  Alabama  claims."  The  British  commis- 
sioners and  government  gave  way,  j)ossibIy  without  fully  appreciatin;,' 
the  extent  to  which  the  principles  of  which  they  were  tiuis  adniiltin;' 
the  iipplication  would  be  attemj)ted  to  be  carried  in  fixing  them  witii 
liability. 

Uow  this  ai)parent  anomaly  arose  is  plain.  Her  Majesty's  govern 
ment,  animated  by  a  high  sense  of  justice  and  by  an  earnest  desiro  nf 
conciliation,  were  anxious  to  remove  everj-  possible  cause  of  complaint 
or  seiise  of  wrong  which  the  Government  and  people  of  the  I'liitdl 
States  had,  or  believed  themselves  to  have,  against  Great  Britain  astn 
matters  arising  out  of  the  civil  war;  they  were  willing  that  if,  thioufjli 
any  errrors  or  shortcomings  on  the  i)art  of  British  authorities,  iiijuiv 
had  been  caused  to  Anunican  subjects,  full  redress  should  be  afforded; 
they  were  willing  that  the  (pu'stion  sluudd  be  determined  by  an  inde- 
pendent and  impartial  tiibunal;  and  though  thc^' would  naturally  have 
preferred  that  llie  nmtters  in  dispute  between  the  two  countries  sl'ould 
be  decided  by  what  the^'  believed  to  be  the  rules  of  international  law 
governing  the  case,  rather  than  that,  if  the  decision  should  he  in 
favor  of  Great  Britain,  the  American  people  should  feel  that  the  eon- 
test  had  not  been  determined  according  to  what,  in  their  view,  wevetlip 
principles  api)li(!able  to  it.  Her  Majesty's  Government  gave  way  to  the 
desire  of  that  of  the  United  States,  and  consented  that  the  rules  by 
which  it  was  agreed  that  the  duties  and  obligations  of  the  two  nations 
should  be  governed  in  any  future  case  should  betaken  tobethenu-asnie 
of  the  past  obligations  and  duties  of  Great  Britain  with  reference  to  the 
subject-matters  of  the  dispute. 

It  was  a  great  and  generous  concession,  and  though  the  t'lfect  of  it 
might  be  a  i)ecuniary  sacrifice  on  the  part  of  Great  Britain,  it  was  one 
which  was  cheerfully  made  on  the  one  side,  and  I  trust  will  not  tail  to 
be  api)reciated  in  the  same  generous  s|»irit  on  the  otlu  r. 

if,  however,  the  dilferences  which  have  unhappily  arisen  between  tlie 
Uiiited  States  and  (!reat  Britain  wei'-!  to  be  determined,  not  acconlint,' 
to  the  rules  of  international  law  which  the  arbitrators  to  be  agreed  o 
should  determine  to  be  applicable  to  the  case,  but  according  to  rules  to 
be  settled  by  tin;  contending  parties  themselves,  then  I  cannot  but  wish 
that  the  fvameis  of  this  treaty  had  been  able  to  accomplish  the  ditlieult 
task,  now  left  to  us,  of  defining  niore  precisely  what  is  meant  by  the 
vague  and  uncertain  term  ''due  diligence,"  ami  had  also  set  forth  tiie 
further  "principles  of  international  law,  not  inconsistent  with  the  ridi'S 
hn«l  <lown,"  to  which  reference  is  made  as  possibly  atlecting  the  liability 
of  Great  Britain. 

To  some  of  the  heads  of  complaint  hereinbefore  referred  to,  thisob 
servation  does  not  indeed  apjdy.  Whether  vessels,  which  might  ori;' 
inally  have  been  s«'ized,  should  have  been  so  dealt  with  when  tliev  n' 
entered  British  [idrts,  or  whether  they  were  protected  by  the  coiiiniis 
sions  they  had  in  the  mean  while  received  from  tlie  confederate  govern- 
ment; whether  confederate  ships  of  war  were  permitted  to  make  Ihit 
ish  jiorts  the  base  of  mival  opeiations  against  the  United  Statt's; 
whether  the  accommodation  aflbrded  to  theiu  in  British  ports  const'- 


OPINION.S    OF    SIR    ALEXANDER    COCKHURN, 


233 


tiitctl  ;i  violation  of  lunitrality,  for  which  Great  Britain  can  be  liehl  lia- 
ble, are  questions  which  are  le(t  to  be  decided  and  nuist  be  decided  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  of  international  law  alone. 

But  when  we  have  to  deal  with  the  far  more  important  question  of 
ihe  liability  of  Great  Britain  by  reason  of  the  omission  to  use  ''due 
iliiiftoiice''  to  prevent  the  equipment  of  vessels  of  war  in  Jier  ports,  as 
itMiiiiied  by  the  treaty,  we  tind  nothin;^  in  the  >treaty  to  direct  us  as  to 
till' meaning  of  that  term,  especially  as  repjards  the  degree  of  diligence 
which  is  to  l»e  understood  to  be  recpiired  by  it. 

Left  in  this  difliculty,  we  must  endeavor  to  determine  for  ourselves 
ihe  extent  and  meaning  of  the  "due  diligence"  by  which  we  arc  to 
test  tlie  alleged  shortcomings  of  the  government  of  Great  Britain.  For, 
It  is  plain  that  the  standard  of  "due  diligence"  ought  not  to  be  left  to 
the  luiguided  discretion  of  each  individual  arbitrator.  The  municipal 
hiw  ol  every  country,  wherever  diligence  isrequired  by  the  law,  whether 
ill  respect  of  obligations  arising  out  of  contract,  or  in  regard  to  the  due 
care  which  every  one  is  bound  to  exercise  to  avoid  doing  harm  to  the 
persons  or  property  of  others — ne  alicnum  Iwdat — prescribes  some 
>tiiiKlard  by  which  the  neccsa.'iry  degree  of  diligence  may  be  tested. 

i)ealing  here  with  a  matter  appertaining  to  law,  it  is  to  juridical  sci- 
ence that  we  must  look  for  a  solution  of  the  difficulty.  And  since  we 
hiivetodeal  with  a  question  of  international  law,  although,  it  is  true, 
iif  an  exceptional  character,  it  seems  to  me  that  it  will  be  highly  useful 
to  endeavor  to  form  a  clear  view  of  the  reciprocal  rights  and  duties 
between  belligerents  and  neutrals,  created  by  internatiomd  law  gener- 
ally, and  of  the  diligence  necessary  to  satisfy  the  obligations  which 
that  law  imposes.  1  cannot  concur  with  INI.  8taemi)tli,  that,  because 
the  practice  of  nations  has  at  times  undergone  great  changes,  and  the 
views  of  jurists  on  points  of  international  law  have  often  been  and 
still  are  conflicting,  therefore  (here  is  no  such  thing  as  international 
law,  and  that,  conse(iuently,  we  are  to  proceed  indei)endently  of  any 
>iieli  law — for  such  is  the  effect  of  his  reasoning,  if  I  understand  it 
li^'litly — according  to  some  intuitive  iierception  of  light  and  wrong, 
er speculative  notions  of  what  the  rules  as  to  the  duties  of  neuti.ils 
oiifiiit  to  be.  It  seems  to  me  that  when  we  shall  h  '  ascertained  the 
ixti'nt  to  which  a  lu'utral  state  is  responsible,  ace  :  lo  the  general 

law  of  nations,  for  breaches  of  neutrality  committed  by  its  subjects, 
and  the  degn'c  of  diligence  it  would  be  called  upon  to  exei'ciM*  under 
that  law,  in  order  to  avoid  liability,  we  shall  be  better  able  to  solve 
the  (|iiestion  of  what  constitutes  due  dH'ujcMr  in  the  terms  of  the  iieaty 
lit' Washington.  That  treaty  may  have  admitted  a  liability  in  the 
uspoct  of  the  e(piipment  of  ships  where  none  existed  by  international 
law  before,  as  I  certainly  think  it  has:  but  the  degree  of  diligences  re 
'luired  of  a  neutral  government  to  i)revent  breaches  of  neutrality  b> 
itssiihjt'cts  must  be  «leterinined  by  the  same  piineiiiles,  whatever  may 
lit'thc  nature  of  the  particular  obligation. 

lit'sides  the  necessity  of  thus  considering  the  r«'lation  of  belligeicnts 
iiid  neutrals  with  reference  to  the  subject  of  "due  diligence,'*  wc  have 
tiiitlier,  in  order  to  satisfy  theexigenc\  of  the  articles  of  the  treaty,  to 
•  imsider  whether,  besides  in  the  omission  of  "d-^e  diligenct^,"  Great 
liritaiu  has  failed  to  fultill  any  duty  imposed  by  any  principle  of  inter- 
national law  not  inconsistent  with  tlie  rules  laid  down.  It  is  clear  also 
diat,  with  reference  to  the  other  heads  of  complaint,  our  decision  must 
necessarily  depend  entirely  on  the  rules  of  international  law  ap[)licable 
dieroto.  It  seems  to  ine,  therefore,  desirable,  in  the  first  place,  to  en- 
'It'avtir  to  take  an  accurate  survey  of  the  law  by  which  the  relative 


if" 


'fe' 


i  if 

1    ;( 


3 


234 


ARRTTRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


rights  of  b"lligeieuts  and  neutrals  are  fixed  and  determined,  as  essen 
tial  to  the  sohition  of  the  questions  we  are  called  on  to  decide. 

I  proceed,  therefore,  to  consider  the  subject  of  neutral  obligations  in 
tinjo  of  war. 

Neutrality  may  bo  said  to  be  the  status  of  a  country  relatively  to  two 
K.i.n„„i,  „r„..„.  others  whi(!h  are  at  war  with  one  another,  while  it  remains 
""'"■  at  peace  witli  both,  and  gives  assistance  to  neither. 

The  last-mentioned  condition  is  plainly  an  essential  element  of  that 
which  goes  before  it;  for.  to  give  assistance  to  either  of  the  belligor(>iit> 
would  be  indirectly  to  take  a  part  in  the  war,  and  would  afford  a  suffi 
cient  reason  to  the  one  whose  enemy  was  thus  assisted,  for  havinnfic. 
course  to  force  to  prevent  such  assistance  from  being  given. 

Jt  is  obviously  immaterial  in  what  form  the  assistance  is  renderoil,  so 
(M,i„ation,  or  ii,„  long  5is  its  i)uri)ose  and  eff'^ct  is  to  add  to  the  means  of  the 
„o„t,  ,1  „iate.  belligerent  for  the  purpose  either  of  offense  or  defense, 
Troops,  nuMi,  horses,  ships,  arms,  miuiitions  of  war  of  every  kind,  nioiicv, 
supplies — in  short,  whatever  ca.i  add  to  the  strength  of  the  bellij[;:mMit 
for  the  purpose  either  of  attack  or  defense — are  things  that  caiiiiotl)" 
vsupplied  by  a  neutral  state  to  either  belligerent  without  tbrf('ltiii;;tlii' 
character  of  neutrality  and  the  rights  incidental  to  it. 

In  like  manner  tlu>  lunitral  sovereign  cannot  allow  the  use  of  his  tci 
ritory  for  the  passage  of  troops  of  eitlier  belligerent,  still  !e*<s  .'.iiowit 
to  be  used  by  either  as  abase  of  hostile  operations,  lie  cannv..  Iciu! 
his  ships  for  the  transjjort  of  troops,  arms,  or  munitions  of  war,  or  even 
for  the  transmission  of  dispatches.  Whatever  restrictions,  in  tiie  cxei 
cisc  of  his  territorial  rights,  he  imposes  on  the  one  belligerent,  he  iimsr 
impose  on  the  otlier  also  ;  for  restraints — liowevor  lawful  an<l  proper  in 
themselves — enforced  as  against  the  one,  dispensed  with  as  regards  tin 
other,  are  indirectly  assistance  given  to  the  one  so  favored. 

Whatever  obligations  attach  by  the  geneval  principles  of  the  lawn: 
.ii.i,.at;on,nfii,..  uatious  to  tho  state  ov  commnniiy,  as  a  whole,  are  eiiiiiilly 
,,,!,,.  is  „iu,„.utr:, I  i)iniling  on  its  subjects  or  eiti/ens.  Fortius  state  or  citni 
munity  is  but  the  aggregate  of  its  individual  mendu  is,  ami 
whatever  is  forbidden  to  theentii'e  body  by  that  law,  ise<pially  forhiddeii 
to  its  component  ])arts.  In  tliis  sense,  and  in  this  sense  only,  can  it  hcsaii; 
that  international  law — in  other  words,  the  connnon  law  of  nations- 
forms  part  of  Liic  co!nmon  law  of  lOngland;  for  the  greater  part  of  tiii 
rules  of  internatioiml  law,  by  which  nations  now  consent  to  be  houml. 
are  posterior  in  date  by  many  centuries  to  tlie  formation  of  the  (Oiumoii 
law  of  England.  Xevertheless,  (Ireat  Uritain  forming  i)art  of  the  frroai 
fraternity  of  nations,  the  common  law  adopts  the  fundametital  prind 
l)les  of  international  law,  and  the  obligations  ami  duties  they  impose, 
so  that  it  becomes,  by  force  of  the  inunici|ial  law,  theduty  of  every  nnii. 
so  far  as  in  him  lies,  to  observe  tluin  ;  by  reason  of  which  any  act  (Imn 
in  contravention  of  such  obligations  hcconu^s  an  offense  against  tli('la« 
of  his  own  conutry. 

Jiut  the  subject  who  thus  infringes  the  law  of  his  own  c()nntr\  I'v 
i.iii.iity  ..r  .1,.-  violatijig  tiie  neutrality  which  that  law  enjoins  him  to  main 
lubfJu. '"'""' "'  t^iii"i  is  amenable  for  his  offense  to  the'  law  of  his  omi 
country  alone,  except  when  actually  taking  part  in  tlit 
war  as  a  combatant,  when,  of  course,  he  is  liable  to  be  dealt  with  accord 
ing  to  the  laws  of  war.  The  offended  belligermt  has  otherwise  no  lioW 
on  him.  International  law  knows  of  no  relatiuns  between  a  state  and 
tlie  subjects  of  another  state,  but  only  of  those  which  exist  betnwi 
state  and  state.  Hut  this  being  so,  the  belligerent,  against  whom  a 
breach  of  neutrality  has  been  committed  by  the  snbject  of  a  neutral 


OPINIONS    OF   SIR   ALEXANDKR    COCKBURN 


235 


state,  as  distinguisheil  f;om  the  state  itself,  may  have  a  rij^ht  to  hold 
the  stiito  responsible,  and  to  look  to  it  for  redress.  For  the  state,  that 
is,  the  community  as  a  whole,  is  bound  to  restrain  its  individual  mem- 
biMS  from  violating  obligations  which,  as  a  whole,  it  is  bound  to  fulfill. 

Xot,  however,  that  the  resj)onsibility  of  the  state  for  the  acts  of  its 
siiltjects  is  absolute  and  unlimited.  Keason  has  set  bounds  to  a  respon- 
sibihty  which  would  otherwise  be  intolerable.  For  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  the  consequence  of  a  violation  of  neutrality  is  the  right  of 
tbcoftended  belligerent  to  treat  the  oft'ending  neutral  as  an  enemy,  and 
ilt'clare  war  against  liini.  fie  is  not  bound  to  accept  pecuniary  amends 
iis  lui  alternative. 

Now,  reason  points  out  that  the  government  of  a  country  can  only  be 
liild  responsible  for  breaches  of  neutrality  committed  by  its  subjects, 
wb'ii  it  ciin  reasonaoly  be  expected  to  prevent  them. 

Tliore  are  things  which  a  government  can  prevent,  and  others  which 
it  camiot.  it  can  luevent  things  that  are  done  openly  and  in  defiance  of 
law.  Tlie  open  levying  of  men,  .u  d  expeditions  dei)arting  from  its 
territory  by  hind  or  water,  are  things  which  a  government  would 
piditcrly  be  expect(Ml  to  ])revent.  and  for  which,  if  not  prevented,  it 
wdiild  l)('  iUiswerabU'. 

lint  a  government  could  not  be  so  held  in  respect  of  things  it  cannot 
picveiit;  sucli  as  the  coiidiict  of  individual  subjects  in  enlisting  or 
serving  in  the  land  or  sea  lorce  of  a  belligerent,  or  things  done  clandes- 
tinely orsnrreptitionsly,  so  as  to  elude  observation  or  detection,  ;iotwith- 
siaiuling  the  exercise  of  proper  diligence  to  prevent  the  law  from  being 
bidkcn.  l»ut  then  the  exercise,  of  such  diligence  is  i)art  of  the  duty  of 
a;;()vt'riimeiit.  and  tlie  eoinlition  of  its  iininiiiiity.  II*  this  diligence  has 
been  wanting',  a  btdligereiit  has  jnst  cause  to  hold  the  neutral  state  re- 
spoiisiblc  lb.'  wrongful  acts  done  by  its  subjects,  in  violation  of  neu- 
tnility,  and  from  wliich  he,  the  Ixdiigerent,  has  sutlered.  \>'e  are  thus 
bnnight  face  to  face  with  tlu^  all  imjxtrtant  question  of  what  is  this 
"(liligence''  wbicdi  a  government  is  thus  bound  to  exercise  to  prevent 
bnaclics  of  neutrality  by  its  subjects,  1  shall  endeavor  presently  to 
!.'raii]>le  with  that  <piesti(»n  ;  but  1  ju'efer  first  to  comjdete  my  survey  of 
ilie  rdiitive  rights  and  obligations  of  bidligerents  and  neutrals. 

And  :is  tlie  ])rincipal  complaint  against  the  JJritish  government  re- 
lates to  vessels  of  war  furnished  by  its  subjects  to  the  Confederate 
States,  1  shall,  in  the  first  place,  apply  myself  to  the  question  how  far 
the  subjects  of  a  neutral  state  can,  consistently  with  tlie  obligations  of 
neutrality,  supj)ly  a  belligerent  with  articdes  of  warlike  use  in  the  way 
III  trnde  and  business, 

Kor,  thus  far,  we  have  been  dealing  with  assistance  rendered  to  om^ 
bi'lligerent  against  another,  </K/w/r>  oilJucamU,  for  tlu^  direct 
linrpose  of  enabling  hiiii  to  overcome  or  resist  his  opponent.  Jhl.Vu\,it"Pa'.i 
\eiy  dilferent  considerations  ])reseiit  themselves  when  we 
liavc  to  deal  with  assistance  furnished  to  a  belligerent,  not  aniinit 
(iiljurainii,  with  the  object  of  enabling  him  to  overcome  his  enemy, 
'•lit  uuiiuo  comniercaadi — in  the  way  of  trade  and  comuKU-ce. 

Here  a  broatl  and  important  distinction  between  the  state  and  its  sub- 
jeets  presents  itself.    The   former,  generally  speaking,  can-     i,,ir.r-n. ..  i„ 
iiitt,  consistently  with  neutrality,  un«ler  any  circum.stances,  ';;i';;";','!1';;:;;m^ 
f^iipply  to  one  of  two   belligerents  articdes  whiidi   may  be  '""'''■ 
'>t  iisi'  to  him  in  carrying  on  war.     For,  as  governments  do  not  engage 
ill  trade,  save  in  exceptional  cases  of  very  rare  incurrence — as,  for  in- 
stiince,  when  a  government  disposes  "f  ships  for  which  it  has  no  use — 
iiittliing  supplied   by  a  government   lo  a  belligerent  can  be  supplied 


4^ 


^vmn 


■a     i- 


23(1 


ARBITRATION    AT    GKNKVA. 


otherwise  than  amino  luljuvanili;  that  is,  for  a  i>ar[K)se  iuconsistciit  with 
neutrality.  But  its  subjo(;ts  stand,  iu  this  respect,  on  a  very  (lill'ci.nf 
footing.  The  subject,  indirterent  to  both  thebellij?ereiit  ])arties,  may  In; 
willinjj;  to  sell  toeither  articles  of  warlike  use  in  which  he  is  in  tiic^  liiihit 
of  (lealiufj.  Assistance,  and  sonietiinesv(!ry  material  assistance,  is  thus 
attbrded  to  a  belligerent,  who,  l)y  this  means,  is  enabled  to  itarryon 
war.  Is  assistance  thus  alforded,  not  a«///r>  a7y/tr«./i^//,  but  ((iilmivin 
mermndi,  a  breach  of  neutrality,  or  is  it  to  be  (;oiisidi'red  as  witliin  tlir 
right  of  the  neutral  subject? 

Now,  the  subjects  of  a  neutral  state  having  in  time  of  peace  the  li^ht 
of  carrying  on  tradt^  with  a  belli.-'crent,  on  wliat  ground  of  nvisoii  di 
justice,  it  may  be  asked,  should  their  riglit  of  iieaceful  trade  b.'  talccii 
away,  and  their  interests  thus  be  damaged  by  reason  of  a  war  wliidi 
they  have  had  no  share  in  bringing  about,  anil  in  whi(;h  tlicy  Inv,' 
no  concern?  Thecomlition  of  neutrality,  in  not  supplying  anytiiiiimi 
either  belligereii!  -vith  the  object  of  assisting  him  against  the  otlicr.  n: 
which  would  not  oe  as  readily  snp]>lied  to  tiie  oth>'r,  being  obsiMvcil, 
what  reason  can  be  suggested  why  the  rights  of  the  neutral  in  his  r.'In 
tions  with  either  belligerent,  as  they  existed  before  war  broki'  diit, 
should  be  distuibed  or  altered  ? 

An  Italian  jurist  thus  writes  : 

11  I'atto  tlcUii  VLMiditiulc^i'li  o^gtittl  tli  CDiitrahbaiulo  avvi'inita  in  td'ritcnin  lu^utnih'i 
(ipcrai  di'Ho  .stato  Htcsso  iiclla  wiia  ([iialita  <li  itcrsDiia  imliblica,  o  iiivccti  »■  roiicraiodi 
Hiioi  privati  ('itta<liiii,  oIk?  faiino  di  v\i>  la  loro  abitualo  ]n'o('e!ssioiie.  Ni'l  juinioavi 
?)  fnor  di  diihbio  clic  vi  sarehht"  iiiotivo  di  1a<;iiaiiza  j)cr  parte  di  luio  dei  b('lli<i;i'iaiiti, 
poicli»>  lion  eiitra  lu-fili  orticii  tk'Uo  stato  rattnudeiH  a  privati  iiierciinoiiii,  ed  (i;;ii! 
snoattolia  iiii  valor*^  iiitcruazio'.iale  o  in  seiiso  di  uii  diiitto  o  in  senso  di  una  oblilini- 
zione,  clio  noii  si  piio  iiiai  disHiiiinlarc.  Ma  lo  stosso  iion  si  piio  dire  ove  la  veiidita  di'^l: 
o<iKi'tti,o  ((iiaiidosia  il  (iino  la  fabbrica  <lcj?li  stes«i,  fosse  il  fatto  particolare  di  juivat 
cittadiiii  di  qiifllo  sti-sso  stato.  In  i^sso  iion  jiotrelibe  tavvisarsi  iin  tine  pDlitifinninr- 
neirazioni'  )>nbblica  dtd  i^ovcriio,  non  essendo  lo  scopo  di  tali  cittadiiii  clie  foniiiu'iciiilf 
oil  industiiale,  cppeib  non   li'sivo  iu  iiiodo  alciiiio  deuli  altrni  diritti. 

8(!  <iVi  antori  vhv.  Iianno  ilisciisso  la  ]>ri'S('tite  (jncstione  avessero  riteiiuta  la  caiiitu'/' 
ditlcrt'iiza  flu-  jiassa  tra  ;;'ii  atti  jiulibliiii  del  i^overno  e  qiielli  dei  privati  cittadiiii,  voHi 
avrebbei'o  al  ccMto  classili('ato  (imiie  atti  contrari  alia  condi/ione  lUMitrale  la  Vfiiditi 
fatta  in  torritorio  ueiitro  da  privati  <ittadini  di  ariui  e  uuiiiizioni  da  gnerra.' 

Nevertheless,  it  is  certain  that  the  rights  of  a  nation,  as  regards  It-mV 
„„  with  another  nation,  do  uiulergo  very  considerable  modiii 
cations,  when  such  second  nation  engages  iu  war  with  a 
third;  and  when  it  is  said  by  some  writers  that  neutrality  is  only  tin 
prolongation  of  the  state  of  peace  between  the  neutral  and  the  bt^llimi 
ent,  this  language  must  be  taken  with  considerable  allowance.  For,  it 
is  certain  th.it,  as  reganls  travle-Jiiul  commerce,  the  rights  of  the  \wMr- 
fill  neutral  undergo  very  serious  diminution.  JJy  the  admitted  rules  ii 
international  law,  si  belligerent  nuiy  seize  articles  contraband  of  war  in 
transit  by  sea  from  the  neutral  to  his  enemy.  Hy  blockading  liisfiii 
my's  ]>ort  he  may  shut  the  comnwrce  of  the  neutral  even  in  articles  im; 
capable  of  being  iipplied  to  warlike  use.  True,  say  tht)se  writers  wlii 
a«lvocate  the  riglits  of  neutrals  against  belligerents  ;  but  if  tht^  riulitsnf 
the  neutral  subject  in  respect  of  trade  had  been  regulated  accordin,;:  t" 
natural  law,  or,  to  speak  more  philosophically,  according  to  the  l;i« 
which  reason  ))oints  out  as  for  the  common  benefit  of  all,  those  riniii* 
woidd  havt^  remained  undisturbed  and  unallected  by  the  wars  of  ()thii> 
with  whom  his  own  country  remaliu'd  at  peace.  lint  between  distm; 
nations  trade  can  be  <*arried  on  only  by  sea.  The  nations  ntost  powci 
ful  at  sea  have  generally  been  those  who  have  waged  war  on  the  oci'.ni. 


ueitlnti  t.iiilc. 


'  Avio  "  Niiovii  teoria  d«'i  rapporti  giiiridici  iiitoriiazionali,"  cited  in   Gola,  "  t'*"'^' 
di  dirittu  iuterna/iouale,"  vol.  :i,  p.  liU. 


OPINIONS    OF    SIK    AI.KXANDEK    COCKIU'Ry. 


2:57 


III  such  wars  tlioyhavc  sought  to  weaken  tlu'ir  adversaries  by  crippling 
their  commerce,  and  to  etiect  tliat  object  liave  imposed  restraints  on 
lieacefid  states  less  powerful  tliais  themselves.  Some  countries  have 
even  gone  so  far,  in  early  times,  as  to  interdict  all  commerce  whatever 
with  nations  with  which  they  were  at  war.  Tiie  sense  of  mankind,  it  is 
true,  revolted  ajjainst  pretensions  so  extravagant,  and  after  a  tinu>  the 
restraints  Avhic'i  belligerents  were  entitled  to  imi)ose  on  neutral  com- 
merce were  rei  dered  less  oppressive.  l>ut  they  still  bear  the  impress  oi' 
tlieir  origin,  as  having  been  imj)osed  by  the  strong  upon  the  weak.  They 
aremanilestly  m  derogation  of  the  common  right  of  peaceful  trade  which 
all  maritime  nations  enjoy  in  time  of  peace,  l)ut  which  is  thus  made  to 
submit  to  restraint  in  order  to  serve  the  purposes  of  those  by  whom  the 
]H>iK'c  of  the  w'orld  is  disturbed. 

Lt't  us  see  how  these  restraints  on  neutral  commerce  becam",  settled 
in  time.  As  they  existed  till  a  very  recent  period,  accordiiig  to  the 
general  practice  of  nations,  they  were  as  follows: 

1.  Though  the  bellij,  'rent  might  resort  to  the  neutral  territory  to  pur- 
chase su(!h  articles  as  he  required,  even  for  his  use  in  war,  and  the  neu- 
tral in  selling  him  such  articles  would  be  ;'uilty  of  no  infraction  of 
neutrality,  yet,  in  regard  to  things  capable  of  being  used  in  war,  and 
which  thenceforth  received  the  appellation  of  "  contraband  of  war,"  if, 
instead  of  the  belligerent  himself  conveying  them,  the  neutral  under- 
took to  convey  them,  such  articles,  if  intercepted  by  tlie  adversary, 
though  the  property  of  the  neutral  in  them  had  not  been  transferred  to 
the  belligerent,  were  liable  to  be  seized  and  becainc  forfeited  to  the 
eaptor.  Jf  the  article  was  of  a  doubtful  character,  ancipititi  ustts,  that  is, 
one  that  might  be  applied  to  purposes  of  peace  or  of  war,  the  liability  of 
seizure  depended  on  whether  the  surrounding  circumstances  showed 
that  it  was  intended  for  the  one  use  or  the  other. 

L*.  If  either  belligerent  possessed  sufficient  force  at  sea  to  bar  the 
access  to  a  i)ort  belonging  to  his  enemy,  he  was  entitled  to  forbid  the 
neutral  all  access  to  such  port  for  the  i)urpose  of  trade,  however  inno- 
eeut  and  harmless  the  cargo  with  which  his  ship  might  be  charged, 
under  the  penalty  of  forfeiting  both  ship  and  cargo. 

;{.  The  neutral  was  juohibited  from  carrying  the  goods  of  a  belliger- 
ent, such  goods  not  being  protected  by  the  neutral  tlag,  but  being  sub- 
ject to  seizure. 

t.  Besides  this,  accoiding  to  the  practice  of  France,  the  neutial  was 
prohibited  from  having  his  goods  carried  in  the  enemy's  ship,  and  if  the 
ship  was  taken  the  goods  became  prize. 

Lastly,  to  enforce  the  rights  thus  assiuned  by  powerful  belligerents, 
the  neutral  had  further  to  submit  to  what  was  called  the  right  of  search, 
in  order  that  the  belligerent  might  satisfy  hiniself  w.iether  goods  of  the 
enemy,  or  goods  contraband  of  war  intended  for  the  enemy,  were  being 
conveyed  in  the  neutral  ships. 

hy  the  wise  and  liberal  j)rovisions  of  the  declaration  of  Paris  of  1850, 
the  last  two  oppressive  restraints  o?)  the  trade  of  neutrals,  mentioned 
under  heads  ;j  and  4,  have,  as  between  most  of  the  leading  nations  of 
the  World,  been  done  away  with.  The  others  remain.  America  has 
not  as  yet  formally  assented  to  the  declaration  of  Paris.  The  two  rules 
ill  qnostion  do  not,  however,  (!ome  into  play  on  this  occasion. 

hut  the  two  first  of  the  restraints  put  on  neutral  commerce  occupy  a 
prominent  place  in  the  discussions  which  have  occurred  in  the  course  of 
this  inquiry.    Jjoth  of  them  are  manifestly  restraints,  and    ni„  kn.i,„n.i  con 
K'straints  of  a  very  serious  character,  on  the  natural  free-  '""""••' "f*" 
dom  of  neutral  commerce.    The  advantage  thus  acquired  of  preventing 


ft 


,1 


2,*i8 


AUIWTKATION    AT    (iKXKVA, 


the  tiiulc  of  the  iieulral  in  sutich'is  of  warlike  use,  at  a  time  when  tliat 
trade  is  the  most  likely  to  he  [)rotitahle  to  him,  and  still  more  that  of 
preventiJifj;  it  in  any  shape  hy  the  bloekadinfj^  of  an  enemy's  port,  is 
obviously  obtained  only  at  the  expense  of  the  peaeefnl  rights  of  iieutnil 
(rommeree. 

The  right  of  bloekading  a  port,  and  thereby  rxclnding  from  it  neutral 
eommeree  of  every  sort,  has  been  Justified  by  assimilating  it  to  that  ex 
ereised  by  the  besieger  of  aeity  or  fortress,  in  investing  it  and  dehanin;' 
all  aeeess  to  it.  But  the  analogy  is  not  eomplete,  for  the  immediatt! 
purj)ose  of  the  besieger  is  to  take  the  eity  or  fortress,  while  that  of  the 
blockade  is,  not  to  eapturethe  blockaded  port,  but  to  enfeeble  the  cikmiiv 
and  diminish  his  means  by  the  gra<lual  di'struction  of  his  eoniiiiorcc, 
which  of  course  necessarily  involves  a  corresponding  loss  inllicti'd  on 
the  commerce  of  the  neutral.  And  though  it  may  be  said  that,  just  as 
the  besieger  of  a  city  or  fortress  is  in  occupation  of  the  territory  wliich 
surrounds  it,  and  is,  tlieretbre,  by  the  law  of  war,  master  of  such  t«»iTi 
tory  and  entitled  to  give  laws  to  all  witliin  its  ambit,  and  has  thus  lull 
right  as  well  as  i)ower  to  forbid  access  to  it,  so  the  blockading  force  lias 
occupation  of  the  territorial  waters  and  can  exercise  a  similar  right  in 
respect  of  them  ;  yet  tor  the  most  part  such  occupation  is  constructive 
only,  and  the  blockading  force  is  generally  in  the  habit  of  sciulingcruis 
era  far  beyond  the  limits  of  the  territorial  waters,  to  intercept  vessels 
intending  to  enter  the  blockaded  jmrt. 

On  whatever  groundthe  right  of  blockade  thus  conceded  to  belligerents 
may  be  placed,  it  is  obvious  that  it  is  a  very  serious  encroachmeut  on 
the  freedom  of  the  neutral  in  the  peaceful  pursuit  of  commerce. 

In  M.  Calvo's  work,  "  Le  droit  international,"  blockade  is  spoken  of 
as  "la  plus  grave  atteinte  <iui  puisse  ctre  port«''e  par  la  guerre  au  droit 
des  neutres.' " 

Fiore  says  :  ''  Le  blocus  est  odieux  et  contraire  a  I'indepemlance  (Its 
peuples  neutres;  parcequ'il  n'emj»eche  pas  seulement  le  commerce  de 
eertaines  matieres  determinees,  eomme  la  contrebande  de  guerre;  mais 
il  detruit  toute  espeee  de  commerce  de  (pielque  nature  que  ce  soit  avcc 
les  lieux  assieg/'s  et  bloques."^ 

Nor  must  it  be  forgotten,  with  respect  to  the  trade  carried  on  in  de- 
tiance  of  a  blockade,  that  the  neutral  owes  nothing  to  the  blockadiiij;  I 
belligerent,  who,  for  his  own  purposes,  thus  seeks  to  shut  out  the  innoe 
uous  eommeree  of  the  neutral  with  his  enemy,  regardless  of  the  loss 
and  injury  he  is  thereby  inflicting  on  him. 

The  right  to  intercept  articles  of  warlike  use  has  been  for  the  most  | 
(  i.ir.bnnd  of  wir.  part  tfeatcd  by  earlier  writers  on  international  law  as  an 
admitted  encroachment  on  the  neutral  in  respect  of  freedom  of  trade, 
It  has  been  justified  on  the  score  of  the  yecessity  in  which  the  belligerent 
captor  is  placed,  of  preventing  that  which  will  be  used  to  his  own  hurt  tVoiu 
reaching  his  adversary;  or  as  arising  from  the  law  of  self-defense,  wLieli 
gives  to  the  belligerent  the  right  of  stopping  things  which  may  he  used 
against  him,  while  on  their  way  to  his  enemy,  and,  furthermore,  of  con 
(iscating  them  to  his  own  use  as  a  penalty  on  the  neutral  for  having  i" 
tended  to  convey  them  to  the  enemy. 

Looked  at  from  this  point  of  view,  it  is  said  that  the  right  of  the  bel 
ligerent  to  intercept  this  species  of  commerce,  and  the  liability  of  the 
neutral  to  have  his  property  captured  and  confiscated  under  such  cii 
cuuistances,  do  not  arise  out  of  obligations  inherent  in  the  natureot 
neutralit3\    They  are  purely  conventional,  and,  as  it  were,  a  compromise 


'  Vol.  ii,  p.  b2l. 


•J  Vol.  ii,  p.  44G. 


OPINIONS    OF    Slli    ALEXANDER    COCKBURN. 


289 


betffoeii  the  pow  r  of  belligerents  and  the  rights  of  neutrals;  and,  if 

lis  species  of  trade  can  be  said  to  be  unlawful,  it  is  only  so  sub  modo, 

tt  being  left  free  to  the  neutral  to  pursue  it,  subjeet  always  to  the  right 

)f  the  belligerent  to  seize  it  during  its  transit  to  his  enemy,  if  lie  can. 

•Tlie  right  of  the  neutral  to  transport,''  says  that  great  jurist  Chaneellor 

JKi'iit,  "and  of  the  hostile  power  to  seize,  are  eontlieting  rights,  and 

it'itlier  party  can  charge  the  other  with  a  criminal  act."' 

A  (litt'erent  view  respecting  the  trade  of  the  neutral  in  articles  of  con- 
Itiabaml  of  war  has,  however,  been  maintained  in  our  day. 
Jl,  llautefeuille,  and  the  writers  of  his  school,  look  uiion 
lie  supplying  of  articles  of  contraband  of  war  by  the  mnitral  in  the  way 

trade  as  inconsistent  v.ith  the  duty  of  neutrality,  which 
nioliibits  the  rendering  of  assistance  to  a  belligerent  for  the 
piiipose  of  a  war  in  which  he  is  engaged,  extending  the  rule  to  articles 
of  warlike  use  supplied  in  the  way  of  trade  as  much  as  to  those  lur- 
liiislieil  gratuitously. 

According  to  this  view,  the  neutral  thus  guilty  of  a  breach  of  the  tirst 
principle  of  neutrality  Justly  incurs  the  penalty  of  his  tiansgression  in 
flie  cMitiscatiou  and  loss  of  his  property. 

This  doctrine  is  open,  however,  to  the  objection  that  it  is  inconsistent 
vitli  tlie  practice  of  nations,  according  to  which  this  species  of  tnule 
b;is  never  been  treated  as  a  breach  of  neutrality  in  the  full  .sense  of  the 
Itmii.    It  wholly  fails  to  account  for  or  Justify  the  right  of  blockade. 

lint  the  importance  of  this  difference  in  the  views  of  i»ublicists  will  be 
Dime  sensibly  felt  when  we  proceed  to  deal  with  the  subject  of  the  trade 
)t  the  neutral  with  the  belligerent  in  the  country  of  the  neutral. 

One  thing  is  quite  clear,  and  must  not  bo  lost  sight  of:  Neither  the 
Itnule  in  eontiaband  of  w'ar  nor  that  carried  on  in  deti- 
Biice  of  a  blockade  constitute,  i)ractically,  any  violation  of 
Deutiality,  so  far  as  the  government  of  the  neutral  trader  is 
jcimccrned.  Scarce  any  neutral  government  has  ever  at- 
[tempted  to  prevent  its  subjects  from  carrying  on  such  trade 
ttivenuiient  was  ever  held  responsible,  as  for  a  breach  of  neutrality,  for 
Biicii  trade  carried  on  by  its  subjects.  This  is  a  point  as  to  which  there 
Das  been  no  ditterence  of  action  among  governments,  or  difference  of 
Pliiiaou  lis  to  the  duty  of  governments  among  writers  on  public  law.  It 
Is  one  of  those  things  which,  on  the  part  of  its  subjects,  a  government, 
ncordiiig  to  the  existing  practice  of  nations,  is  not  called  upon  to  pre- 
vent. It  is  one  of  those  things  which  the  belligerent,  who,  in  furthering 
his  own  purposes  is  inditferent  to  the  loss  he  iuHicts  on  the  neutral,  must 
kiibuiit  to  if  he  is  unable  to  prevent  it,  and  for  which  he  is  not  entitled 
[to  hold  the  neutral  state  responsible. 

Speaking  of  the  transport  of  articles  contraband  of  war,  M.  Ortolan 
jjtates  the  law  most  correctly  :  „  o,i.,i„„ 

.'"i  c'est  I'c'tat  neutre  Ini-nifMiie  qui  fait  oporor  co  triuiaport,  soit  4u'il  lis  fassc  gratuitc- 

iBit'iit,  soit  (lu'il  en  revive  le  prix,  11  devieiit  anxiliainii  do  !a  lutto,  ct  par  consj^ciuent  il 

yiiipt  la  neutralitd.    La  choHe  cliaugo  si  ce  soiit  les  siijets  <lo  cet  <^tat  <|ui,  HaiiH  appiii 

'  leui  goiiveriieiiieut,  font  dc  ce  lui^me  traiiMpoit  nii  oWjtit  dt;  leiirs  opdiatious  coniiiuu'- 
iales,  Uuo  puissance  <iui  n-stc  ueiitie  n'est  jtas  obli^'^odedolcndic  ce  conuiierce  il  ses 
Jiiji'ts,  eiicoro  nioins  de  les  piiuir  pour  I'avoir  fait;  seuii'inout  die  ne  i)eut  lo  couvrirdo 
fit  protection.  En  d'autres  teiiiics,  le  pavilion  ne  couvro  pas  lesniaicliandisesde  ccuitre- 
MiKle  (le  guerre,  uoQ  pas  ui£iiio  dans  le  cas  on  ces  uarchandises  appurtiennent  il  des 
•iciitres.- 

Amoiigthe  various  articles  coming  under  the  denomination  of  contra- 
h\n\  of  war,  according  to  the  general  principles  of  interna-  „,,«  m  —r  and 
ponal  law,  two  more  particularly  interest  us  on  the  present  "^''- 


No  (ddivMti'iri  nil 
nt'iitral  K(i\  tTrirnrnt 
to  |»n-vt.'iit  Irit.b-  111 
rnntriibaiid  <>|  w.ir, 
or  with  hhifkiidi'O 
I'.irtH. 

no  lunitral 


I;-.': 


I 


'  Kent's  Commentaries,  vol.  i,  p.  142. 
s'<  i>iiilomatie  de  la  Mor,"  vo' 


'  Uiplot 


chap.  f>. 


^mmr"^ 


240 


AHIUTRATION    AT    (iHNKVA. 


w. 


occasion — ships  of  war  and  coals.     J»otli  are  oxdiuleil  frojii  thecatciiorvl 
of  contraband  by  M.  llantcfcnille,  who  refuses  to  reco;;nizeas  such  am'. 
thin^  whicli  is  not  in  its  a(!tually  existinj;  state  ready  to  be  nscd  for  at 
tack  or  defense.    Tlie  following;  passages  from  his  work,  "Des  (holts fti 
des  <levoirs  des  nations  neutres,"exphun  tlie  views  of  the  author  on  the | 
subject  of  ships,  which,  till  arnuid,  he  refuses  to  consider  contraband  of 
war,  and  which,  whatever  the  construction,  when  unarmed,  he  holds ti 
be  objects  of  lawful  commerce : 

,1(1  IK*  puis  c()m])ron»lio  <|'\'mi  l>i\fmuMit,  qiinllis  <|Uo  soiont  Hii  f^randciir,  mi  fdrim, .j 
(li'stiiiatioii,  Koit  iiii  ol);   r   .lo  coiitn'baiitlH  do  ^ucin'.     F>o  iiavirt- n'ent  [tas  iimiiriMlj 
piu  rits  pr(''i)aio  \HniT  Mcrvir  exclii.Hiv«im'nt  iiux  opcMatiKOH  iiiilitiiin's,  apto  a  ("tip  im 
])l(>y<>  a  cfH  opt^iatioiis,  iiinnriliati'iiutnt  ct  Haim  aiieuii  clmii<r(!iii«'ht,  saiiH  aiiciiiit'  uilditim,  i 
IjorHqn'il  est  dcpoiiivu  des  caiioiiH,  d«',s  immitioiis.  dos  arimssct  iltis  lioiiinii's  (luiduivi,,:! 
Ics  I'lnploycr,  CO  ii'ost  )»a.s  iiiio  iiiacliiiio  de  j^iiern';  c'ost  nil  vrliicnlt)  plus  on  nuiii' 
praiid.  plus  (HI  iiKiiiiM  sdlidc,  iiiais  cc!  n'*!,st  fiu'mi  voliiciilo.     Pour  Ini  doiiiicr  lf.si|iial. 
W'H  Hpt''cialoM  ot  oxcliisivcs  ipii  doteriiiinont  lo  caraotoro  do  coiitrohaiide  dt;  jjiuirrc,  ili<; 
iioocs.sairc  do  transporter  a  Itnrd  dos  (ianoiiH,  des  arnu'.s,  des  niniiitioiiH,  on  iiii  inol.tmi;! 
ruttirail  du  combat.    Cost  alors  sonloinoiit  quo  lo  biitiiiiont  doviont,  non  iiiio  niailii: 
do  ^iiorro,  iiiais  iiiio  niacliiiiu  portant  dos  instriiinoiits  do  ^iiorro  ot  snseciitililis  i 
nniio,  par  cctto  circonstame  soiiloniciit,  an  bolli<;<^i'iint.     Mais  la  inacliino  (■lle-niiMii(..| 
iiiais  lo  voiiicnlo  domic  do  son  urinonioiit,  no  jM'ut  otro  roi>nto  nnisiblo.     An  roste,  iltiiiit| 
coiivonir  quo  eo  coininoroo  est  pen  t'i(^(iiiont,  ot  la  nioillonio  proii\o(|no  Jo  puissedoniiirl 
de  l'iiinooiiit<!  do  co  iio<;oei'  ( st  lt»  siloiico  du  droit  socondairo  a  son  oj^ard.'     .     .    , 

Los   biltinients  non  ariiK's,  eonstriiits  dans  los  ports  nontros  ot  voiidns  aiix  niitioid 
eugajjos  <laii8  los  liostilitos,  <itiolies  que  soiont  lonr  t'oroo,  la  natnro  de  lonr  foii.stniL'tion,' 
8()ut  <';;aleiiieiit  objots  «l'iin  coininoiTo  licito.     lis  tbiivont  otro  rojiis  jiar  la  li'ijlf  ^jhii- 
rale,  qui  est  la  li)»erte  onti^ro  dn  ooniinorco,  outre  U's  nations  neiitres  ot  Ics  ileuj] 
bellij;('rauts.' 

As  to  coal,  M.  llautefeuille  expresses  himself  as  follows: 

I^a  lionille  est  sans  douto  un  anxiliaire  indispensablt*  d(;s  inacliinos,  niais  elle  iiesaul 
rait  otio  ciHisidoioo  coniine  nn  instrninent  direct,  ot  oxclnsif  t'e  };norre;  bioii  loin  (l(li,| 
los  usaj^oH  i)aoiH(inos  anxqnols  ello  est  oinploj«^,o  soiit  boaneoiip  jiliis  iiiipi)rtautsi|ii([ 
coux  (|iii  r^^snltoiit  do  I'ctat  de  giiorre;  ot  la  oonsoinniation  faito  ponr  cos  iisuijch pari 
iitpu's  est  beancoiip  plus  coiisidorablo  ([lie  eolle  ii('Cossit''e  ]»ar  les  liostilitos,  D'ainrj 
los  ro<;les  dn  droit  priuiitif,  lu  houille  est  done  iinu  deurdu  doiit  lo  cununerce  doittouj 
jonrs  roster  libro. 

Je  no  uaurais  prdvoir  coninient  los  traitds  h  iiitervcnir  cntre  los  penplos  navinatiunl 
trjinclioront  cetto  ((nestion;  inais  ce  qno  jo  jniis  atlirmor  o'ost  quo  la  lionillo,  rt'iii)ii'slfj 
droit  ]iriinitit',  no  tait  pas  partio  do  la  oontrobando;  o'ost  <]iio  la  loi  socoiulaire  ir'|iihi| 
ciiaiigor  la  natnro  des  objots,  iii  lonr  doniior  un  caractoio  qu'ils  u'ont  pas,  d'apivs' 
liriiicipos  (in'ello  est  appeleo  h  appliqner,  luais  non  i\  inoditior.' 

But  the  views  of  this  eloquent  and  learned  but  theoretical  author odI 
this  subject  are  not  shared  by  other  writers.     Galiani,  Iliibnor,  (tkl 
champion  of  the  rij?hts  of  neutrals,)  Martens,  Tetens,  Piautanida,Kutlil 
crford.  Lord  Stowell,  Chancellor  Kent,  Hetfter,  in  his  able  work,  "Dasj 
europiiische   Volkerreclit   der   Gegenwart,"  include  ships  among  tlie 
things  which  are  contraband  of  war.    Among  later  writers,  M.  Ortolan! 
and  Sir  Itobert  IMiillimore  place  both  shii)s  and  coal  iuthelistof  aitietel 
of  contraband.     I  entirely  concur  in  thiidving  that  a  ship  adapted  aiitll 
intended  for  war  is  clearly  an  article  of  contraband.     Such  a  ship  i.s,iiij 
fact,  a  Uoating  fortress,  and,  when  armed  and  manned,  becomes  a  tori 
niidable  and  efficient  instrument  of  warfare.    Coal,  too,  though  in  its 
nature  anei2>itis  iiitm,  yet,  when  intended  to  contribute  to  the  motive 
power  of  a  vessel,  must,  1  thiidv,  as  well  as  machinery,  be  placed  iutk 
same  category  as  masts  and  sails,  which  have  always  been  placed  amoni: 
articles  of  contraband,  except  by  M.  Hautefeuille,  who,  as  has  been 
stated,  insists  that  nothing  is  to  be  considered  as  contraband  except 
■what  is  capable  of  being  immediately  applied  to  the  purpose  of  destruc  | 
tive  warfare. 

'  Hautefeuillo,  "Droits  et  devoirs  des  natious  noutres,"  vol.  ii,  p.  l'M\ 
-Ibid.,  pp.  1411,144. 


OI'INIONS    OF    SJR    ALI:XANI>1:K    COCKUl'UN. 


241 


dIch  niiviijatuiir!! 


it  is  jiiriii't'tly  clear,  tliouj-li  1  Icjir  it  lins  not  ahva.vH  boen  ki-pt  in  view 
ill  the  course  of  these  «liscussions,  that,  with  the  liability  to  p,.,,;,..  ,.„m.n,r.. 
the  seizure  and  loss  of  the  cargo,  (in  some  instances,  it  is  "  "•"•"""'• 
siiid,  oftho  ship,)  if  he  transmits  contraband  of  war  to  the  enemy  of  the 
belligeieut  cai)tor,  (and  to  the  loss  both  of  ship  and  cargo  if  he  attempts 
to  force  a  blockade,)  ends,  according  to  the  existing  practice  of  nations, 
all  restraint  on  the  trade  and  commerce  of  the  neutral.  In  his  own 
country,  in  his  own  markets,  in  his  own  factories,  the  neutral  may,  ac- 
rordiiig  to  the  practice  of  nations,  sell  articles  to  the  belligerent  which, 
if  sent  by  sea,  would  be  contraband  of  war.  Theoretical  writers  are  not, 
indeed,  of  one  mind  on  this  subject.  While  the  great  majority  of  authors 
are  agreed  as  to  the  right  of  the  neutral  to  sell,  in  the  way  of  trade,  to 
the  belligerent  resorting  to  his  market,  whatsoever  the  latter  desires  to 
buy,  if  the  neutral  has  it  to  kcU,  whether  the  article  be  of  an  innocent 
(haracter  or  contraband  of  war  in  its  most  destructive  furnj,  a  few 
authors  have  recently  written  in  a  different  spirit.  * 

No  writer  on  international  law  before  Gal  i  an  i  had  ventunMl  to  assert  that 
theueutral  was  prohibited  from  selling,  in  his  own  country,  to  a  bellig- 
erent, articles  which,  if  sent  out  of  his  country  by  sea,  would  be  liable 
tosiezure  as  contraband  of  war.  His  doctrine  to  that  effect  was  vigor- 
i  oiisly  refuted  by  his  two  distinguished  countrymen,  Lauipredi  and  Azuni, 
and  was  lor  a  time  abandoned  as  untenable ;  but  it  has  been  revived  in 
our  day.  Let  us  review  the  leading  authorities.  The  question  is  not 
only  of  interest  to  the  jurist,  but  one  which  will  be  found  to  be  impor- 
tant to  some  of  the  decisions  of  this  tribunal. 

Lainpredi,  in  his  work  on  neutral  commerce,  refutes  the  opinion  of 
(laliani.    On  the  general  subject,  (I  quote  from  Peuchets' 
French  translation,  not  having  the  original  before  me,)  he 
writes  as  follows  : 

Lorsqu'nne  fois  Ton  a  ctaljli  la  soiile  loi  tjiu!  Ics  iiciiplis  iieiiticH  doivoiit  obstrver 

|iimlant  la  guerre,  il  devitiit  iuutilo  do  dtinauder  qiielles  doivi'iit  •"•tro  l»'s  liniites  du 

nimriierce  (\\\'i\A  font  en  ('onsi'qiiencM  de  Icur  m-ufralito,  ))arcK|u'cn  pent  repdndre  qii'il 

;  u'eii  doit  avoir  auenne,  ot  (juMIh  peuvent  Ic  faire  de  la  nif'nie  nianiero  qn'ils  lo  faisaient 

ifiitemiw  do  paix,  observant  senlenient  une  exacte  inipartialite  lUMidant  tout  le  temps 

\  lie  la  guerre.     Jl   Wy  aura  done  auenne  espice  de  marehandlxen  qu  ilx  ne  puissent  cendre  ct 

'porkravx  bvllhirrants   et  Con  ne  poutra pus  len  empechvv  de  lenr  vendieon  loner  den  naviren, 

iwiirvu  qii'ils  ue  reftisont  point  a  I'lin  ce  ([u'ilsaceordent  h  I'antro.    Devautet  ponvant 

"iiivre  loj^itiineniont  leur  eonnneroe  coinnic  eu  temps  de  i)aix,  il  u«  doit  y  avoir  auenne 

Jistinctidu  do  luareliandises,  d'aryeiit,  d'aruu's,  et  d'autres  niunitionH  do  {fuerre:  la 

veute  et  lo  transport  do  ces  divers  objets  dans  les  places  des  bellig<>rantH  doiveut  etro 

I  permJH,  et  ne  point  porter  atteinte  a  la  neutralite,  pourvii  qu'il  n'y  ait  ui  favour,  ni 

I  liroforence,  ni  esprit  do  parti.' 

lu  chapter  v,  page  ."57,  he  treats  the  (luestion  whether  neutrals 
:  may  sell  every  kind  of  merchandise  within  the  neutral  territory  to  a 
t  belligerent,  as  one  which  no  jurist  anterior  to  Galiani  had  ever  thought 
iof  bringing  into  controversy,  all  their  discussions  being  confined  to  the 
i  mmage  of  contraband  to  the  enemy.  It  is  not,  he  explains,  till  they 
;  liave  left  the  neutral  territory  that  articles,  though  of  warlike  character, 
assume  the  character  of  contraband.    In  chapter  vii,  page  72,  he  says  : 

Lecaractere  de  contrebando  no  Tient  done  pas,  anx  marcliandifios,  do  I'nsage  qu'on 
IH-ut  en  faire  dans  la  guerre,  niais  de  tout  autre  source.  Aussi  longtemps  qu'eues  sent 
«ir  le  territoire  neutre,  elles  ne  difl«>rent  pas  des  autres  marcbandises ;  ellcs  s'y  vendent 
I  ''t  8'y  acheteut  do  la  mf^me  iuani«;re  et  saus  aucuuo  diflcrence.  Deux  circonstancos  font 
[ireudro  il  ces  marcliandises  lo  caractere  de  contrabande:  1,  qu'ellee  eoient  passives  ii  la 
puiHaanco  de  I'ennemi,  ou  i\  uioins  destini^es  a  y  passer  ;  2,  qu'elles  Boicnt  sorties  du  ter- 
ntoire  neutre.  Alors  elles  devienuont  choses  hostiles,  res /ioH<i/e«  /  elks  prenneut  le 
j  ciiractiire  de  uiarehandises  de  contrebande ;  et  si  elles  sont  trouv^es  hors  de  tonte  juri- 
Imction  sonveraine,  conime,  par  excmplc,  si  I'ou  les  tronvait  en  pleino  mer,  elles  peu- 


l^iiipr'di. 


I'i  n 


'  "  Commerce  des  noutres,"  part  i,  chap.  3,  p.  32. 


W 

m 

-:* 

iyff- 

ill 

'4jg; 

W) 

1 

f^v  ■ 

242 


ARBITRATION    AT    GKNEVA.' 


v«inf- (■•tif  lo;;itiinoiniM)t  nrn^U'os  ot.  rontlHrim't's  par  romioiiii,  f|iiol  qiii>  Hoit  li«  ihimIIhh 

i|iii  li'H  cDiivn',  noil  piiH  piiri^)  (\mi  co  Hi»it.  *l(<s  iiistrinioiitH  mi  |)n>vi.si(iti.s  *lu  Kin'irc,  m,,,, 

|);irc(<  i|i\('  (;o  Hoiit<  (li>.s  cIkisoh  ii|iP''>rt«MiiintM  it  IVMiiit'iiii,  on  uii  iiioiim  imrco  i|iiV1Ii'h  kihii 

ilcsliiircs  lY  ihwiMiir  hi;  propricMii  oi  ii  uccrottn^  kch  I'ciicch.     D'oii  il  i<''-.Mlt(<  i|iii«  lo  n,,  (,,  ^k 

rain  ipii  i^Tnint,  nnr  son  ti-i ridiirc,  It*  cmnnu'rci"  lihic  dc  toiili  ■  ni>rtfH  d'oUjilH  n)>  pasm. .,,,  ^m     Ajjilill 

l(^s  droits  do  s.MiviMiiincti's  «!t  Ics  i)niMsiinccH  bcili^^i'iantcH  nn  iicnvtint.  s'cn  iiluindi,. ,,,  ^B 

i'aocnscr  dti  dotincr  In  nniin  ii  In  vcntt;  dt^s  nnvr(;linn(iis(>.s  dn  contriiljiiinlt',  iini,  wir  »„   ^^    Suruii 


t(Mriti>in',  nc  pi'nv«Mit  Jiinnii.s  avoir  en  CiUjult'Tf,  ut  no  pcnvcntt-n  l><>Mt'r  In  ii(iiiii|ii» 
l(irsi|n'cllcs  sDMt  dcvt-nni's  on  dcstiut'iss  i\  dcvcnir  la  pioprii'to  dn  I'unni'ud,  ct  sortirsiln 
tciiiloirc  oii'eiles  i»nt  (Jlt'i  achoti-fH.  ' 

III  another  work  Lampreili,  .speaking  ol"  lu'iitrulity,  Siiys: 

I'.l  (|niii  inMitriiiM  pa'tis  psso  dtOiol,  ct  alM'lIo  nniniiKiahsfinpro,  ntMitri  ctiain  Nuppoi!;. 
faliit  (pni-  dirrctt' iid  Itclinin  rcliMnnhir.  Snppcditarc  liic  loci  triiimvclicrcad  aitcriiiriiin  i 
hostcni  isi;rnilicah ;  nam  hv  ipia  ircns  insttunutntj^  l)cllica,  4;t  (MnfiM'a  Knpra  iiii-iiKirutA 
ulris(|U(<  licllantiliuM  a-ipio  |)rclio  vclnii  nicrccs  vcndat,  uciitialitatcin  non  vioiiit.  Al 
lianir  ncccssariani  nicrcalniic  di.stini-lioniMn  aniininn  non  adviMlissc  cos,  <|iii  dc  lim  pj 
tani  prolixo  scripscrnnt,  nianilcsto  jiatct;  niaxiinc  onini  intcM"  so  diU'crrc  vidciitnnx 
pinlalio  nicrcinin  ad  liostcni  nn'inn  al>  aiiiico  vol  noutro  pi)[inlo  facta,  ut  vorinii vcn- 
ditio,  tpiic  ad  liclinni  ncccssaria  csso  posMunt.' 

Aziiiii,  wl)o  wroto  shortly  after  Laini)rotli,  mnintains  the  same  doe  I 
trine.  In  his  work  "Systenio  universel  do  itriiicipos  df  i 
droit  maritime,"  (ch.  ii,  art.  3,)  ho  says: 

IjO  connncico  gcni^ral  i)assif,  on  la  vonto  inipartialo  sur  lo  projjro  tcrritoirc  dos  'nn- 
tri!H,  do  inarclnmdiscs,  dcnri't's,  OH  mnini/avhiirn,  de  toiitv  rupne,  Hvrn  toiijonrs  )v;,iv 
ponrvn  »ino  lo  Honvi-rain   n'ait  paH  fait  iin  trait«^  jtailicnlicr  avcc  un  dcs  litllifjcmuti 
dont  loH  Hiijct.s  vicnncnt  fairo  dcs  achats ot  dos  jirovisioiiH  snr  lo  ton itoiro  ninlri'.ei 
qii'il  no  so  niclo  pas  dos  acliats,  dos  vonics,  et  dt!H  antrcs  contrafs  (|ni  transinottemli 
proprit^tt^,  qu'il  n'ordoiMK*  ]ias  qn'on  roni)>liNso  Ioh  nniu;asinH  do  provisions  do  ^riinre. rt 
uo  fass<'  i)as  niot^ro  scs  iniviics  it  la  voile  ponr  low  transporter  snr  Ic  tcrritoiro  dii  hil- 
li;j;orant.     Kn  ]>r(itcjj;cant  (^ijalcnicnt  lo  conunorco  do  son   pays,  en  pornicttant  i'iskI 
snj<!ts  do  cnntinnci  lonr  oonimorcodo  la  memo  nnmioroet  aveo  lanicn(olii)orloqiraviuii| 
la  gnorro,  il  nc  fait  qii'usor  <lo  droits  incontt^stahles,  (pii  no  ponvont  otre  liniitcsiiiii|iat| 
iles  conventions  sp«'cialo8,  expressonient  on  taciteniont  faitcs. 

After  combating  the  reasoning  of  Galiani,  lie  adds 

II  est  nf^cessaire  qno  jo  r(^p^to  ici  lo  prineii>o  incontt^stal^lo  qno  j'ai  prcecdf  111111-111  j 
rayiporK^,  «pi"on  suivant  lo  droit  conventionnol  do  I'Enrope,  les  ntuitrcs  no  ](li..i 
porter  lea  cliosos  (pii  sont  specialonuMit  propros  a  la  gnorre,  ot  qui  y  sont  directeiiuii 
onii>loyt'is,  nnvis  (pi'ils  ponvent  sans  inconvenient,  solon  lo  droit  univorsel  des  goiis, Ici  I 
vendro  eonnno  marchandiso  snr  lenr  propro  territoiro  i\  qniconqno  so  prdsente  iMmrl>t| 
achoter,  i)nis(prils  le  ftnit  sans  partialite,  ct  sans  niontror  do  favour  plut(U  iioiinir/ 
partio  bollig('ranto  quo  ponr  I'antro. 

Reddie,  in  his  "  Kesearches  Historical  and  Critical  in  Maritime  atnl 
International  Law,"  cites  these  views  with  coucnrrenee  and  apinoba 
tion. 

In  Wheaton's  History  of  International  Law,  the  anthor  spealvsof  tlif  I 
refutation  of  (iaiiani  (>y  Lampredi  as  siipertluoiis,   as  an  "idkMiiu* 
tion." 
Masse,  in  his  Avork  "  Le  droit  (;oinmereial  dans  scs   rapports  a veele| 
droit  des  gens,"  after  maintaining  the  right  of  the 
gerent  to  intercept  contraband,  adds  : 

Mais  la  these  clianyo  s'il  s'ajijit  d'nn  commerce  passif.  8'il  est  ddfendii  au  neiitreilf 
porter  des  amies  et  ties  mnnitionsanx  Itelli/iorants,  parceqn'alors  il  doviiMit  raii.\iii:iifM 
do  I'nn  et  rennemi  do  Tantro,  il  no  Ini  est  pas  defendu  «le  vendro  inipartialemeiitifiif 
son  territoiro  des  ohjets  ndcessaires  a  la  jfuerro,  )»arce(puj  son  territoiro  estoiivwia 
tons,  (juo  tons  jn-nvont  vonir  y  chercher  co  dont  ils  ont  hosoin,  ot  quo  lo  ueutrL'qiii*<' 
borno  Jl  vondro  chez  Ini.a  la  dirt'ercneo  do  ceini  qni  porto  sos  niarcluindises  au  billi- 
gerant,  n'est  pas  t(!nu  do  rechoreher  (pii  lea  Ini  aehote,  ponr  (pii  olios  sont  aehetei'.H.et 
qnoilo  est  lenr  destination  nlterionro.  Cost  alors  (pi'il  est  absolnniont  vrai  de  dirt'i|ii' 
lotj  uontrcH  ponvont  cuntinuor  pendant  la  j^iiorre  lo  commerce  qu'ils  faisaiunt  peiKUm 


Mjtf; 


lipiiix,  fl 

Il  iTIliTlll 
;IIUllllU  1>1 


M.  Ol 


'  "  Theorem,  juris  publiei  uuiversi,"  p.  3,  cap.  12,  J  9,  n.  4. 


Ot'INIONS    OF    Slli    Al.KXANDKU    COCKIUIRN. 


243 


Ijpjiix,  ft  M""  1"  noiitralit*^  est  ]ii  (•oiitiiiiiiitioii  (I'mi  t'lif.  anfi'-riciir  ipii  ii"-  iiiimIHio  pus 
{;! itiii'ri'tt  j\  liii|ni''ll(>  li«  n(>llll'<^  <|ui  oMvn^  nihi  iniirclir-  Ti  tniitrs  Ics  natioii.s,  no  pmiil 
,ii"iiiio  part  (liri'cto  on  indircctc' 

Again : 

Hiir  nil  tcnitoiro  nmtio,  il  n'y  a  pas  do  ninrchftntliHo  do  contnlmnilc  ;  tonfoH  j' wmt 
lihri'H.  KIIC'S  no  dfviriiiiciit  conlri'luniilo  i|n'an  iniMrn^nt.  oii  olli-s  tMi  Hi>i'fi-iit  tiv>'(!  iliroo- 
liiHi  |iour  iwi  lii'ii  <l()iit>  ItMir  naturi^  Ic.s  cxchil,  CchI  alui'H (in'clli's  toiiilxMit  Hons  lajiiri- 
ilii-liiiiHli'H  l>('lli^;<''ranlH  contro  lix)ncls  flics  Hont  «lii'i;;rM's.  .lii.s(|no-li\  *'t  taut.  (jii't'llrH 
rexti'iit  I'll  IIP  lien  oil  cIIch  no  itcnvont  Icnr  nniro,  ih  n'ont  pas  lo  droit  lU^  H'oci-uprr  do^M 
traiiMd'tioiiM  p!iuilii|ncH  dont.  i-IU^h  ponvcni.  oiro  I'ol))!-!:,  Hans  donto,  la  ^iii'iio  donnu 
inii>  iiiiiivclli'  iuipnision  an  conMiu'i'co  passit' dos  oltjcts  ntili's  a  la  •jciioiio  ;  niai.s  (;ot  to 
iiiipnlNion  n'oHt  pas  dn  I'ait  dcs  inMitri's,  .jii-  ost  dn  I'ait.  dos  l>t'llij;('iiinl.s,  cpii,  apivs  avoir 
fiix-im^nifs  prod  nit  dcs  ('ircoMHtancoH  iionvcllcN,  no  poitvont  troiivor  niaiivais  (pio  Icm 
lu'iilR'm'n  pioliUMit  dans  low  liniitos  do  lonis  dmitH  ot  ilo  lone  tciiitoiro.-' 

M.  Ortoliiu  obsi'ivcs  as  follows  : 

("i'st.si'idi'nii'nt!orM((nodoti'llosniar(',liandi.M's,sontonc(iarsdo  transport  jmnr line  iloHti- 
natiini  liostile  nn'ollos  dovionnoiit  voHlnbitndc  milituirc,     Lor.sipi'nn  t'tat  „  „  .  , 

iii'Utir  liiisMo  Hos  HiiJotsHo  livror  an  coninior(;o  passu  do  oos  nioincs  olijists, 

I  cVst-i'i-iliio, lorsipj'il  porinot  i\  tons  los  l)olli<;<'raiilH  indistinctomont  do  vonir  los  a(;liot(!r 
miwiii  ttrritoiro  pour  los  transportor  onsnito  oh    bon   lour  8<'inldo,  ;V  lours  t'rais  ot  a 

I  leiiM  risipifs,  Hiir  lours  propros  naviros  marrliandH,  il  no  fait  pas  aiitro  choso  (pio  laissor 
ii'iirciiiii|ilir  nn  acto  iioito  ;  on  no  pout  pas  diro  'pi'il  pronno  part  a  la  ;;norro  parcu  (pi'll 
LiisscwcH  ports  liljros,ot  parco  qu'il  consorvoa  tontjs  los  nations  lo  droit  (piV'llijs  avaiont 

[iiviiutlii  j;iiorro  d'.y  t'litior  avoo  lonrs  biltinionts  niaroliands  pour  s'.y  approvisioiinor, 
|i;ir  Ilk  vt.io  dn  coninioro(«,  d*!s  nnircliandisos  dtnit  ellos  out  Ix-soin  ;  los  veiidoiirs  onx- 
iiiiMiics  no  amit  pas  rosponsablos  do  I'nsaf^o  nltt'>rnMir  <pii  sora  fait  do  cos  niaroliandisos ; 
lis iii>  sinit  pas  tonns  do  connaitro  ui  pour  qui  olios  sont  uuhutos  ni   la  diioetiou  qu'uii 

|liiirr('s('rvo. 
LBiiriiit  convent ionnol  ost  d'accord  avcc  cos  prin(Mpos;  il  no  dt'fi-nd  pas  la  vento  iiii- 

lliiiitiiiit)  liiito  siir  nil  torritoiro  nontro  dos  niaroliandisos  jiropros  a  la  ^jnorro.  Mais  si 
fisHi'Cdins  oll'ootifa  en  natnrt*,  <)no  I'nn  dos  oinnbattants  viont  prondro  ot  exporto  i^ 

I sispropros  risdjuos, (^taiontfonrnisparrctat  noiitrolni-inonio;  si,  jiar  oxoniplo,d('saiinos, 

jdeHprojeotilos,  do  la   poiidro  otaiont   tiros  d<(  sos  arsonaanx  on  do  sos  niaiinfaotnros 

||iiilill(|iu's,  CO  no  uorait  plus  la  uu  coiiiin(<rco  privo,  otpar  consO([uont  il  y  anrait  altointti 

I  grave  a  la  noutralito.' 

Htft'ter,  ill  his  "  Volkciredit  dcr  (iegeiiwurt/'  (I  cite  I'l'Oin  IJcigsou's 
I  translation,)  p.  315,  siiys:  nein^r. 

Kn  ce  (pii  concorne  los  objots  do  oontrebando,  la  vento  faito  mix  bolli;;;(''raiits  tMi  torri- 
JtniitMiciitro  ne  saurait  etro  considt^rde  coinino  iiii  acto  illicito  ot  oontrairo  anx  dovi,irs 
Idi;  la  neutrality  ;  co  n'ost  que  lour  transpcn't  (jui  on  rend  responsaldo. 

Prof't'ssor  Siindoiia,  of  Sieiia,  "Tiattato  di  diritto  iiiterna/ionale  ino- 
|(lemo,"  comparing  passive  witli  the  active  couiiuerce  of  neutrals,  says: 

Dico  adunqne,  cho  si  credo  a  torto  clin  faooia  opera  ad  iin  di  prosso  e^^jiialo,  chi  voiule 
IsiMiiplicKiuoiito  nel  propria  paoso  qnanto  iininodiatoinonto  si  riforisco  ai  niozzi  di  faro 
li;iii;rni,  0  clii  trasporta  (piosti  niozzi  sni  iniMcati  o  nolle  |)iazzo  doi  bolli;;oranti.  II 
j]iniiii)  veiiilo  lo  sue  niorci  iiol  proprio  paoso,  ova  iirju  vi  (•.siaiido  al  piirodirilto  razii»- 
lii.ilt', alcana  log^o  (die  ffliono  vieti  il  trallioo.  K  appnnto  ]iorolio  diinora  in  osso,  o  niento 
lii^rii  a  ipu'sto  coniinorcio,  ejjH  non  ta  nso  ohoilolla  sua  liliorta,  oho  d'altra  i)arto  tiiiobiH 
liiuniiie  iii'l  pai'so  nativo,  nossiin  priucipe  straiiioro  ]iiio  liinitaro.     ...  La  sola 

IctiNi  elie  si  pni)  diinandaro  da  Ini  i~^  (piosta,  clio  sia  disposto  a  vndcro  o<iniJinonto  a 
Ifliiiiiuiue  si  presonta  lo  sue  nnuoi,  onde  ovitaro  il  p^-ricolo  di  oD'ondoro  rinipar/.ialiia,  a 
|"ii  i  iieiitiali  sono  toiinti. 

To  these  authors  Professor  Bluutschli  has  added  the  weight  of  his 
^authority.  i'r..iv.'ori>i„nt».hi,. 

Ill  his  work  entitled  "  Das  nioderne  Yolkerrecht,"  or,  as  it  is  called 
|iii  the  Freuch  translation,  "  Lo  droit  international  coditie,"  he  writes : 

I-e  fait  qii'uii  6tat  neutro  fonrnit  nu  laisse  f  nirnir  il  iin  ties  btdli^jdraiits  dos  arines  oil 
All  matoiiol  do  guerre  oonstitno^galomeut  uno  violation  dos  devoirs  dea  nontros. 


'V«d.  i,  p.  aox 

2Ibid.,  p.  i>Or>. 

'"'  Diploiiiatie  do  la  iner,"  vol.  ii,  p.  HO. 


i 


m 


244 


AKHITllATION    AT   GENEVA. 


>>ir  K.  fhilliiiifii 


Par  «.'(intri»,  si  ilo  t  partieuliors,  sans  nv>iir  rint(intion  dt:  vouir  eu  aido  a.  run  Ueslx;!. 
ligorants,  hii  foiivuissiMit  a  titic  il'tiiitrcin-iHn  comniurcialt!  dt-s  amies  on  tin  niutt^riclde 
j^ntMic,  ila  eouivnt  K- ris<(nc)  ([uo  co8  olijcts  Hoieiit  conli.si|no»;s  par  I'advt-rHuire  comme 
contniliaiuh)  d«  j^ncrr); ;  les  jfonvcrniMniints  iicntrcs  nc  niamiaent  \r.\n  a  Icnr  devoir  lu 
tol<^rant,  lo  coinuifrcc  d'ohjcts  (|ni  sont  eonHiilt-res  toniint'  cinitrt'ljaudo  do  ^inMTe. 

C'ldui  (|iii  transjiorto  do  la  controliande  dc  ^iierrn  a  Tunc  des  i)arti«^s  U'lli;;;eiiiiit(., 
n'cxpostvii  voir  ci?.s  oliJrtH  conlisiiiics.  Mais  I'i'tat  niMitre  n'a  pas  do  mot  it's  dc  sVpimiHi 
h  Vt'Xiti'dition  do  la  rontrcbando  de  gntrrro.  J^ana  It's  diNcn.s»ioiiH  do  la  loi  ainoiitainf 
HV.v  la  nt'Utraliti',  Its  pn'sidci  t  .Jetifrsoii  di'dara  v\\  171).5  i|'.it!  la  gnorre  ('•Iranf'i'ic  iieini. 
vait  point  los  iiiirticuliors  dii  droit  dc  lal)ri<|ni'r,  (ic  voiidro  ou  d'(ixport(Ar  des  ;iiiu(.> 
scnloHK.'nt  li.'s  citoytniH  aiuoricains,  ajonlait  il,  fxereent  ec  droit  a  lours  risfjiics  ii 
.u'^rils.' 

The  oi)inion  of  (laliaui  has,  however,  been  'ifiJiin  revived  by  two  or 
three  writers  in  our  ow  n  days. 

Amonj;  thes(»,  Sir  itobert  IMiillitnore,  in  his  worlc  on  IiiU'rnatioiiiil  Liw. 
vol.    iii,   §    eexxx,  speakin;^    "as  to  tlie    perinittiii;,'  tlic 
sale  of  munitions  of  war  to  a  belliyeret  *"  wiiiiin  the  tmi 
tory  of  the  neutral,"  writes: 

II"  tlio  fountftiuH  of  international  justice  have  litHMi  corroctly  pointed  oin  in  a  foniiir 
v<dunie  of  tlii.s  work,  ami  U  Iv  tlio  true  cliaraeti-r  ol'a  neutral  toali>*tain  ricuu  evi'ivaii 
which  niay  lu'ttor  or  wors'  i  the  condition  of  a  l>elli};ert,'nt,  tlu!  nnlawfnlii(\is  ot' ain 
such  sale  i.s  a  oi^cefssary  conclusion  from  those  premises. 

What  dt)e!s  .  matter  where  the  neutral  sujiplies  oni^  hellijjferent,  with  the  menus  of 
attackinjj;  niiotlxer  '  How  does  the  iiuestion  of  l<K;ality.  according  to  the  ;iriiici-il("!i.i  ! 
eternal  Jr.stiee  and  the  rcfison  of  the  tliin;j;,  aliect  the  adsantay;e  to  one  heilijfeicinor 
the  injf.ry  to  the  other  acerninjj;  from  this  a<^t  of  th<'  allcfjed  neutral  ?  I.s  the  cainiHii 
or  the  sword,  or  tlu^  recruit  who  is  to  use  them,  the  less  daiijuerou.s  to  the  liellijiiTt:;; 
hecanse  they  were  i)nrcliased,  <rr  he  was  enli.sted,  within  the  limits  of  neutral  leniton' 
Surely  not.  Surely  thi^  hunt'  in  quo  is  wludly  lieside  the  mark,  except,  indeed,  tliiitlbr 
actual  conv(yance  of  the  weajion  or  the  soldiei  nniy  evidence  i  l)itterer  and  idiikmu 
eided  ptiitiality,  a  moi'o  uiniuostiop.ahh*  and  aetivt;  participation  in  the  war. 

i\I>r.  ristoye  and  ])uv<M'dy  also,  in  their  "Trait*'  des  i»risi's  innii 
times,"' ex[>ress,  thoiiiih  with  less  enerjiy  than  the  learned  author  Lhi 
inentio!!(Ml,  a  like  view. 

M.  Jhuitelenille,  who,  sis  we  have  seen,  n  )t  only  refuses  to  admit  vo  j 
sels  ('(juijr;e<l  for  v.ai-,  if  not  arinetl,  into  the  list  otcoiitn 
hand  of  war,  bat  also  holds  that  they  are  lej^itiniate  articlfj 
of  neutral  eoinineree,  nevi^rheless  maintains  that  what  is  called  iht 
passive  trade  of  the  neutral  in  articles  of  warlike  u.se  is  iiu;onsisti'iit  ^vitt 
neutrality.     His  reasoning  is  as  follows  : 

("etle  <|iiestion  a  i  tr  traitee  avee.  IxMiicoup  il'i'^leiMlue  par  Lampredi  et  i)ar  Azniii;l.i 
iloctrine  <h'  CCS  deu\  auleurs  a  eli-  couiimltn  par  (i.iiiaui.  Aviitit  d'<!xaiiiiner  I'luiiiii'iii 
(h'  ces  |tuhlicisli-s.  jl  mo  i>arait  indispcnsalde  de  raiipelor  '  s  l);i,ses  d<.'  la  discnssioii.Jt 
|ii)scr  des  principes  (|ui,d'apri-s  la  loi  primitive,  .loivcut  la  '..  tuiner.  (.!c.s  principfr*!';;! 
deja  "'ti'^  eialdis.  lis  peuvent  ser('Mum<T  en  deM\  droits  et  en  deux  (h'voirs.  hcs  cliiiii> 
MWit:  I.  lahertt' et  indcpendanee  du  peuplc  noiire  dans  .son  eoinmerce,  en  tcniiw  * 
•••ueri'e.  lucuto  ave<;  hs  deux  belli^^iTant.s.  '.'.  jjiberte  et  independam-e  al>.'<eliir<  i!i 
nentre  sur  son  jnopre  territoii'(>.  Le,-  d<  ux  devoirs  .sunt  corrrlatifs  aux  deux  ilioiis,il> 
IcH  limilent.  ('e  sont :  I.  LMmpaitiuliii'- ;  •».  l/alisii  ntion  de  tmis  aelcs  directs  ilt  I 
fiuerre,  et  par  eoiisi'i|Ui'Ut  de  fonriiir  aux  belii^it'riints  Ir.s  ari.ics  ct  le.s  nnmilioiisii' 
nuori'e,  \h'  ci's  droits  il  rt'^u lie,  sans  d.tute,  (pui  la  nat ion  )iacili(|Uo  a  i  ;  poiivoir ;ii- 
ciunmercer  libremei'l  a\eiu'ha<'un  des  'lelli^fi'fanls.  nou  .seuleuieut  .sur  sou  pi'opit'  '•"fn- 
toire,  nmis  encore  p!trf(Mit  .tiileurs,  sanH  qnV  ueuu  d'enx  imisse  s'y  oppo.ser ;  maisi" 
<lroit  est  borni'  par  le  devoir  imposi-  an  neuii  de  m;  foui!iir,  ni  a  I'un  ni  a  riiutn-, iie  ] 
instruments  actu<'llenu  nt  I't  uni((Ui^mer.!  doist  ioi',-.  a  ia  ;^(n'rro. 

Cetle  limiti^  ndse  piir  l.'i  loi  primirivi^  a  i:i,  liln  ric  des  naiions,  s'('lend-elle  ii  tout  li'i'''ii'- 
ntercv'i  an  commei'ce  passif  eouiiue  au  cunnnerce  aetif  .'  Le  devoir  du  neuire  l'l)|lji^'f• 
t-il  nni<;n<ment  a  no  pa-stnoihiiorter  les  objctH  de  contreliande  ilans  les  ports  (ieHlf^iiitl 
erants  ;  on  au  contraiie  no  proliihc-tii  pas  le  faitde  vendre,  do  foiiriMic<sol)jet.siM''i' 
ipii  doivent  s"en  servir  pour  liapper  nnenn.'mi  f  ^  m»«yenx,  la  n  pmisc  u  n tli'dniil'f 
.pu'stimi  no  jieul  etredouteuso.  la*. devoir  impo'-'  aux  nalio4iN,  i|i>.idc.s(i'enl.  lie  p!iMiir<ii"i'  I 
par  an  A  luijitihlt's,  ct  Jmii'  de  la  paix  au  milieu  des  nuiu  x  dc  l;i  guerre,  est  dr  lu  ji;i.stoi!riiit  j 


>l.  U:,',l.  r.nil!. 


'Section  7G5,  p.  1185;  with  Noui*  I  nnd  'J. 


.,1 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDEK    COfKBl'llN. 


245 


1  :i  I'lin  tlcHbfl. 
dii  iiiatcrit'ldt 
.'crsiiin?  foimue 
i  h'lir  ikiVDireii 
n  mnMTe.  .  . 

'_s  btjllifjoiam.-, 
it's*  do  s'(i|i|i,iM'i 
I  loi  aiik'iiiuin'- 
:r!tnf;t'i<!iit))iii. 
tiM'  tics  anno: 
tnu'H  viH(|iii'ii  (1 

.'(I  by  two  u! 

latiiMiiil  Lnv, 
'rniitliii<f  tlic 
h\n  tlio  tmi 


out  ill  a  foniifr 
1  inniit'veryiui 
wfiihiosMof  an; 

til  tilt'  means nf 
tilt'  jniiiri'ijciiif  j 
le  ht'lli^eu'iitot 
is  tlit^  I'iinuiiii 
i  t\u'  tii'llij'orir.; 
fiitiiil  tcnittin' 

ilult!t'll,tllUt  lllr 

RT  and  mori  lif 
I'  war. 

Dlises  llliiri 
(I  .UltllOl  l.bl 

()  juliiiit  vtv 
ist  ol'  coiitn- 

imato  iulk'b 
is  fill  It'll  ihi 

iiisisttMit  witli  I 


•I  i>ar  A/iiiii; 
liiiiii'r  I'lHiiniiiii  ] 
I  ilisciissitiii, tit 
.s  |iriii(!iiM'<i'i:i 
ir.s.     J,cs  ilr(iii> 
cii  tfinp.*  I'''  I 
VI-  jil>.'*i>lii<"'  •''  I 

tlcllX  <llt)ilS.il> 
Ktl'M    llilflh  lit  I 

s  imiiiilious.''' 
,1  I  •  |iouv(iir  .1'  j 
)ii  }ir<t(tit'  *''!"■ 

til  a  I'autif, '!■•  1 


a  tout  li'i'iiir 
Mfiilif  I'liiiiti*''- j 

u,  s()lijftsiM'"iM 
sf  a  ii'tti'timilw 

1.  !n'|i:i«l'M"'''' 

ll'IlllW!*!'"'™' 


(iegariiiM  aiix  mains  do  conx  (jui  d'liveiit^s'en  aevvir  pour  frapper.  La  loi  nat>iiollo,  qui 
jmjx.se  t't^  dtvou,  ii'a  pas  fait  do  distinction  cntio  lo  coimm^ref  at^tif  ot  lo  comnitMoo 
nassif.  K"'^'  ""^  pouvaii  cii  faiio,  car  inn  ot  Tantro  out  lo  nit-ini*  rosiiltat,  ctdni  do  don- 
nerii  Tail  <'<'»  l»t:!li;;»5raiits  lo  nioyon  do  nniro  a  '.';:;:tre.  Co  dovoir  est  ahsolii;  1»  rc- 
,(rictioii  qii'il  impost,  s'ottsinl  a  toutcs  liis  :>ianii'rfs  d'.  foiuiiir  a  Tun  ties  coinliattantB 
I'arnii!  tlont  il  vi-nt  IVajii.i"'  son  oiinomi.  ("est  nil  d.'voir  d'hiimanitt' ;  et  il  nVst  pa.i 
mollis  inlniniain  do  veiidit!  di;s  iiistrmniMits  l;;:;«iieiiii'.s  dans  le  port  do  Livonrno  tpio  do 
Icstrjiiispoit'T  •'ii'i^  ecliii  do  Loiiiln-n  on  dt^  Mai'%filli\  l,a  vi-nto  des  donrees  do  con- 
tifbande  anx  Iiflli<j;t'Tants  est  done  ))roliil>t>t(  snr  le  t<riiti>irt'  iie'-  .e.  do  la  jn<*Mno 
in.riii*re  ct  i>ar  lo  memo  motif  (jno  lo  transport  <lo  cos  deiir(^os  dans  les  ports  des  pou- 

Professor  Casiu ovn,  in  his locent  work,  "Del  Diritto  Intoniazioniile," 
adopts  t lie  views  of  AF.  IlautolVuilhi. 

This  (lill'orciice  of  opinion  arises  from  the  ditloioiit  i)oiiit  of  view  from 
ffliicli  each  party  coiisi'ters  the  ipiestion.  riie  one  i>arty  assimie  thiit 
to  supply  a  bellijioreiit  with  articles  of  warlike  use,  thoiijrh  in  the  way 
of  tnulo,  is  to  take  i>art  in  the  war;  assuming"  wliich,  they  say  with 
triitli,  that  it  is  the  same  thinjj  whetlier  the  ol>ie<!tionable  articles  are 
sold  to  tlie  bellifjerent  in  the  country  of  the  neut;.il  or  in  his  owsi.  The 
other  party,  starliaj?  from  the  principle  that,  ticcordin!^  to  natural  jus- 
lift',  llic  ri;;hts  of  the  neutral  should  be  lel't  free  and  untouched  by  the 
wars  of  otiiers,  look  on  the  existing  restraints  on  the  freedom  of  his 
oomiiierce  as  encroachments  on  his  rights,  and  consitleriiift' these  ro- 
5tr<tiiils  as  arisiiiij  entirely  from  convention,  deny  the  illej;ality  of  any 
traiU',  which  the  actual  pr,  cticeof  uiitions  does  n<tt  prevent.  Thej;reat 
iiutliDtity  of  (Jhan(;ellor  Rent,  and  of  the  m:iJoiity  of  writers,  is  in 
liivor  of  the  latter  view. 

But,  in  truth,  the  question  does  not  depend  on  the  Iticnbrations  of 

learned  professors  or  speculative  Jurists.    Ihvwever  authoritatively  theso 

[.lurlior.s  ni;iy  take  upon  theni.>eives  to  write,  and  ho\\e\'er  descrvinj; 

j  their  siit'cuiatious  may  be  of  aLtenti«)u,  they  cannot  make  thi»  law.     In- 

uniatioiial  law  is  that  to  whi(!h  nations  have  "iven  Mieir  common  assentj 

;iiiil  il  is  l)est  known  as  settled  by  their  common  practice. 

Now,  in  all  wars,  neutr;\is  have  traded  at  hoiiu'  and  abroad  in  articles 
ii'oiitriibaiid  of  war,  sub'v'ct  always  in  the  latter  case  to  the  i.,,,,,,.^ ,„  ,„,,„.» 
[t'liaiK'o  i;f '-aptare  and  ttonliscation.  As  I  have  already  *'"■ 
l<;i!(l,  no  j;overninent  has  ever  been  sou;4lit  to  be  made  responsible  on 
[tliiit  account.  Assuredly,  no  natioti  hits  ever  asserted  the  free<lom  of 
( njiiiincrct  in  this  respect  more  broadly  than  the  United  Sta'^es,  or  acted 
iio  to  its  |)rinciples  with  ^leati'r  pertinacity. 

Oil  tlie  breaking-  out  of  the  war  l)etween  France  and  Knj^land  in  17!).'{, 
hitter  a  |»roclaination  of  neutrality  by  (lencral  \Vashin;j;ton,  tlici  Presi- 
tioiit,  Mr.  Jetferson,  then  Secretary  of  State,  thus  writes  to  Mr.  Ilam- 
jnioiul,  iniiiisler  ot  (Ireat  liritain  to  the  United  States  : 

Till' pnrcliase  of  arms  and  military  afcontermt'iit^  liy  ao  anfiil  ttftlie  I'reiitli  j;i)vern- 
InMit  in  tliis  country,  with  an  int'iii  to  oxpoil  tiieni  to  Fr.iiifc,  is  tlie 
Uiilijcrt  of  allot lier  of  tlie  memorials;  of  iliis  iV.et  wo  an- it|iially  iiiiiii-  ^J;-""-'""' '"■""•" 
ji'.iriiu'd  ;is  of  tlitt  foriiifr.  Our  eiti/.eiis  liavo  liofii  always  jroo  to  malcf, 
I  v.nd,  iii-.d  oxport  arms.  It  is  tlio  ct>nstaiit  ociiipation  ,iil  lixfliliooil  of  stiine  of  tliem. 
';  Ffi RnppifHs  ihfir  eallinjjcs,  the  only  means  jierliaps  of  t.ieir  siilisistenee,  hoeauso  a  war 
'f-rM*  ill  for(!i;^n  and  distant  eountries,  in  wliieh  wo  have  im  etiiieern,  woiihl  seareely  lie 
niii'tted.  It  wonld  bo  hard  in  |)riiiei|)lo,  and  impossilulo  in  pratiee.  The  law  of  nji- 
[tiiiiis,  tlierefore,  nsptMtinn  tlio  rij^hts  of  those  at  jieaeo,  does  not  reipi  ire  from  thoin 
hiiciiau  internal  de.  .ni^^einent  in  tlnir  i>cenpatioiis.  It  is  ftatislieil  with  tht<  i^xteriial 
[iwially  nninouneed  in  llit)  Presitlent's  proelamation,  that  of  eonliscation  id'  sncli  por- 
jlii'n  of  thi'so  arms  iw  shall  fall  into  tho  liamls  of  any  id"  tlio  helli;ffieiit  powoisoii  tlioir 
E«,iy  to  till'  ports  of  th.eir  enemies.  To  this  penalty  our  eitizons  uni  warneil  that  they 
pilllM' uliaiidiMied,  ,iiid  that  oven  privatt^  eontravontitms  may  work  m>  iiieniialily  bo- 
|t«et'ii  tUo  parlies  iit  war,  tlio  beiiolH  of  tlioui  will  bo  left  etinally  fro«'  nml  open  to 


British  Appendix,  vol.  v,  p.  VMiJ. 


24G 


AKUITRATION    AT   GENEVA. 


Tlie  «'oll(*cU)is  «>f  the  customs  at  the  ilsftVrout  iioits  wore  instnict^d 
that— 

T\w  jiiiii  liHsiny  anil  o.\]i(M'tin<i  ("rum  tlio  I'liitcfl  Stuli^n,  l»y  way  of  nicvcliundisc,  aiii- 
<;lcH  (■(nmiioiily  cilltMl  ('oiilriiliaiii!,  hciii;;  jfciK'iully  \v;iiiikt*  iiist  rmiit'iits  and  stuirs,  is 
I'icd  til  all  (iintir.s  at.  war,  ami  is  not  to  bi<  iiiiiMl't'icil  s\  itli.  ll'niir  own  lili/cn.s  ini(li'ir:ik( 
to  cany  tliiMii  to  any  of  llii'si'  iiailicH,  thi-y  «il!  In-  a!»aiuloiii<l  to  iln^  in-uahits  uLuh 
tlio  laws  of  war  autliorizi'. ' 

In  1842,  Jlr.  Webster  writes: 

It  is  not  tin'-  iira<'ti''ii  of  nations  to  nin'i'italii".  to  iiioliiliit  tlicir  own  .snlijccts  lnrr 
irallii'Uin.n  in  aitiili's  oontiiiliainl  of  war.  Such  irailc  is  canicil  on  at  Mn*  risk  of  (Jioj, 
c!m!i<;c<l  in  it  nnilcr  till- liabilities  atnl  pcnuliics  (ircscrilicil  l>y  tho  law  of  nations  lo 
parlitnlar  treaties.  Jf  it  bo  trno,  tlierelori',  tlial  lilizens  of  tho  llniteil  .Slates  ini,. 
iieen  en>;a<fiil  in  a  comniereu  l>y  wliicli  Texas,  an  oneniy  of  Mexico,  lias  been  Mi|i]ili,, 
with  arms  anil  innnitions  of  war,  the  Ooverinnent  of  the.  I'niteil  States,  neveri lull- 
was  not  iion'ul  to  ]neve!il  ii,  and  conhl  not  have  (ii'cvonteil  it  withont  a  inanilVst di- 
(lartnri!  from  tho  princiiiles  of  nentralit\ ,  and  is  in  no  way  answerablo  for  tho  con^' 
«|ueuccs.     iSuch  fouiin  ;rco  is  i<;ft  to  its  ordinary  fate,  accortling  to  the  law  of  iiatimiv 

Tti  his  mos.^nse  to  tlie  Aineriean  Senate,  in  Deeeniber,  lS5t,  Presidtnt 
riereo  dechires  : 


Thi.  laws  of  (he  I'niied  l^lai   s  do  not  forbid   their  citi/.ens   to  sell  to  eith( 


i)f  th. 


belli' 


rent  jiowen- 


rtiele^  contraliand  of  war,  iw  to  take  mnnilions  of 


war  iir  ."dldii'i' 


I  Vill- 


on board  their  private  sliips  foi'  transportation ;  and,  althon;;h  in  so  iliinfr  the  iml 
nal  citizen  exposes  liis  ]>ropei'ty  or  person  to  some  of  the  hazards  of  war.  his  iit  >(!■ 
not  involve  any  bre.ich  on  national  nentrality,  nor  of  theni.selvcs  implicate  the  (jovtrn- 
nii-nt. 

'Jims,  during  (he  proi.>ress  of  the  inesent  war  in  I'.ii'ojie,  onr  citizens  have,  witlimi; 


nationul  i(snoii>ibiiit v  llnreior,  so 


hi  ii' 


iwder 


d  arms  to  all  bnvers  re<;arilli' 


tlu!  destination  of  those  ariicles,  <  )iir  merehantni'H  liuvc  been,  anil  still  conliiiiii' |i 
be,  larjiely  eniployi  d  by  (ireat  Ihitain  and  franco  in  lianspoitinj-!;  troops,  piovi-idii-. 
and  innnitions  of  \\ar  to  tinr  principal  scat  of  military  opera* ions,  and  in  l>iiin;i!'; 
home  the  sieU  and  wonndid  siddiirs;  bnt  nnch  nse  of  onr  niercantile  marine  i."  no; 
intcrilicted  either  by  the  international  or  by  on?  mnnicipnl  law,  ..nd  theretorn  d'n- 
not  comiiromiHc  onr  nenlial  relations  with  K'nssiii.' 

ChaneeUor  Kent,  in  hi.s  Commentaries,  says: 

It  was  contended  by  the  French  rial  ion  in  17'J(5  tlnit  neutral  jrovernnn'nis  vverc  Imiiiiii 
to  ve-Orain  their  snlijeet.s  frtmi  sc  llin^;  or  exporlinj^  articles  contrab.ind  of  war  lii  tii- 
belli;;erent  powers.  Ihit  it  was  sn^ce.s^|■pllly  shown,  on  I  he  jiarf  id' the  United  Stale*,  liia; 
nentrals  may  lawl'nlly  sell  at  home  to  a  belli;;eient  jinrclniser,  or  carry  themselves  i"iiif 


bcliijferent  powers,  conlrab;nui  iirticles,  snbjcct  to  tin-  ri;-;ht  of  seizure  in  Inninilii. 
lijiht  has  since  lieen  explicit  ly  dedareil  by  t  be  jndici.il  aulhoril  ies  of  lhi.>H'i>\nili'.\ 
iiy;lit  of  the  neutral  to  transpml,  and   of  the  IionI 


jiower  to  Seize,  are  c( 


ilii.;:i;: 


rijflits,  and  neither  paity  can  chari;e  the  other  with  a  criminal  act 

In  l.S(Ji',  on  the  occasion  of  the  I^'rencli  invasion  of  .Mexico,  eniiiphi 
was  math'  by  M.  I^)mefo,  tlie  represeiitiitive of  the  Mexican  jioveiii 


IIU'll! 

at  \Vashin<iton.  of  tiie  French  bein;.*'  jiUowed  to  laireliase  lioi>isiiiii! 
ninh's  in  the  Ignited  states  for  the  lairpo.se  of  the  war.  A  haijucone 
sponth'nce  enstied  between  M.  IJomero  and  Mr.  yi'wjir'l,  in  wliicli  llif 
hitter  viooronsiy  miiintains  wliat  lie  calls  "  the  settlpd  and  traditin'i:!' 
policy  of  the  country.''     lie  says: 

It  is  not  easy  to  see  how  that  policy  conhl  be  chanf;ed  so  as  to  conform  to  tl)i>  vit"' 
of  M,  Uomero  withont  destroyin<!;  all  neutral  comn\erce  whatsoever.  If  Mexico  Nliaiij'"' 
Kcribe  to  ns  what  nn'rehandise  we  shall  iH>t  sell  to  French  subjects,  hecanse  it  iiiiiyl* 


111 


employed  in  iiiiiit.uy  operatinns  ni^ainst  Mexico,  Franco  must  ei|nall; 


allowi' 


di<(ate   to  ns   what   meichandise  we  shall  allow  to  be  shipped   to  iVexico,  hi'iMnw 
inij{lit  he  helli^jeri'ntly  used  nfjainst   France.     Every  other  nation  which  is  iit 


wur 


would  have  u  similar  ri};ht,  and  every  other  cotiuuereial  uatiou  would  be  boumH'' { 


'Itritisli  Appendix,  vol.  v.,i).26U. 

-Letter  to  Mr.  Tliompsou,  Webster's  Works,  vol.  vi,  p.  t'i'i;  Hritinli  Appemli-'c. «' 
V,  p.  ',YX]. 
''liritisli  Ajijiendix,  vol.  v,  jt.  XV.\. 
*  Kent's  I'oaiinentaiies,  vol.  i,  p.  1 1'2. 


^i 


OPLN'fON.S    OF    .Slii    ALKXANDHK    COCKBIIRN. 


:4' 


rrtiit'et  it  MH  iiiiuli  as  the  Unitetl  Wtuti-s.    ( Joiiiuiurcr,  in  t!i;ic  <'iis(»,  insloinl  <ii'  liriuj;  iViio 
„f  iiiJtiK;U(l<Hit,  wiiiild  exist  only  at  the  e.iiniee  of  \v;ii.' 

As  roj^iU'ds  tlio  i)nr('lia^;e  of  artictlcs  of  \V!U',  tlii^  IJiiilcd  States  have 
not  >^('iiil''*'d  t'*  i>uu'Iia>!r  anus  and  lauiiitioiis  of  wai-  iii  p„„!,,.e  of  m,,- 
other  coiuiti'ios  wiu'ii  need  recinirod  it.  At  tlio  coinniotice-  II ;;';'';;!,;!;;",,';^ J!;:: 
iiii'iit  oftlie  civil  war,  tlx:  (JovcninKMir  Im'Ih.^"  short  of  arms,  ''"'"i-^""- 
agents  were  siMit  to  lvii,ul;iiid  to  procuri;  tlicai  ia  lai'j^c  (laantitios.  (3ther 
ai't'iits  boii,'j;!it  arms  in  dilfcront  countries  on  t!io  continent.  J-'i^jarcs 
aiejiiven  iu  the,  British  coantercase  w  hitih  apix^ar  to  bear  out  the  st  ito- 
niiMit  ilial ''thcM'Xtia  supplies  of  warlike  stores  thus  exported  to  the 
iioitiiern  ports  of  the  United  Estates  durinu,-  tlu^  civil  war  are  estitnatod 
toirpresent  a  total  value  of  lu.t  1.  ss  than  i:L.Vl<><M'<'<N  <>("  ^vhich  £1,500,000 
was  the  value  of  muskets  and  rilles  aloiu'."'  Mr.  Adams,  in  a  conversa- 
tion with  iO.irl  Kussell  on  the  22d  -^lay,  1802,  when  the  latter,  in  answer 
toliis  reiiionstranees  as  to  supi)lies  sent  out  from  (ireat  lUitain  to  the 
Confederate  Slati's,  referred  to  the  lar,y(>  supplies  of  similar  materials 
obtiiined  on  the  part  of  the  United  States,  naively  answered  that  "at 
ouo  time  a  (piantity  of  arms  and  military  stores  had  been  bought,  as  si 
luiiely  conunercial  transaction,  for  the  use  of  the  Federal  Army,  but 
tlnit  the  practice  hail  been  discontinu<'d  at  his  sujuj^'estion,  because  it 
iupveiited  hiai  from  pressiM;^  his  remonstiances  a,t;ainst  a  veiy  «linerent 
class  of  operations  canied  on  by  friends  an«l  sym|)athi/.ers  with  the 
rebels,  and  that  the  United  States  had,  instead,  bou,!j,ht  lar.nely  from 
Austria;" ''because,"  adds  Mr.  Adams,"  that  .yitvernnu'nt  had  uevei'  juiven 
any  countenance,  to  the  insiir^cnts."- 

It  tluis  iippears  that  the  continental  governments  also  did  n»)t  con- 
siiler  the  sah'  ol'  arms  by  their  subjects  as  any  iafring(>ment  of  the  law 
lit'  iiatiniis. 

it  seeuis  to  me,  therefore,  that  the  law  relatinij  to  contraband  of 
warnmst  be  considered  not  as  arisin.ii;  out,  <j1  oblijiations  of  „  ,„„  „r  ,y„^,„. 
iH'iUiality,  but  as  alto.^ether  conventional ;  and  that  by  the  " '"■ 
ixistjiijj  pra<'lice  of  nations,  the  sale  of  su(;h  tliinjis  to  a  belli<:^ei'ent  by 
till' neutral  subject  is  not  in  a!iy  way  a  violation  of  neutrality.  Then, 
iiow  staiuls  the  matter  as  'o  ships  of  war?  In  laiuciple,  is 
ilirre  any  dilVerence  between  a  ship  of  war  ami  any  other 
article  of  warlila"!  use:?  i  am  uual)le  to  see  any.  >.' or  can  1  discover 
any  (lill'eren<'e  in  principle  between  a  ship  c(iuipped  to  receive  her 
araiaitieiit,  and  a  shi[»  a<tuidly  arnu'd.  A  siiip  of  war  implies  an  armed 
siii|i;  tor  a  ship  is  not  actually  a  shipof  war  till  aimed.  Of  theauthor« 
I  have  cited,  and  who  hold  ships  ot  war  to  be  contraband  of  war,  no 
tiac  of  those  who  wiole  before  tlu'se  disputes  between  the  Unili'd  Srates 
and  Great  IJritain  had  arisen,  with  tin-  exc«'ption  i»f  M.  llautefeuille, 
makes  !uiy  dislinctiiui  be'iwcen  shi|)S  etpiipped  to  irreive  their  arnui- 
iiii'iits,  iuid  ships  actually  aruu'il.  M.  llautefeuille,  who,  as  wi^  have 
H'lMi,  refuses  to  a  ship  etpnpped  lor  arnmment,  but  iu)t  armed,  the 
iliaracter  of  (.'ontrabaiul,  treats  the  e<piippin.u'  and  armin;;'  as  a  viola- 
tion of  neutrality;  but  he  ^^ives  no  reason  aiul  cites  no  authority,  and 
wnis  to  ine  herein — I  say  it  with  the  utmost  respect — inconsistent 
with  himself. 

I'lolessor  llluntsehli,  in  the  woik  already  cited,  lays  down,  on  the 
Mibjcct  (►f  ships  furnisheil  to  a.  billif>('rent  by  the  subjects 
"I'll  neutral  power,  the  following'  rules: 


S.i!^*  1,1"  *liip- 


•  lih. 


'Uritiuli  Apiu'iulix.  vol.  v,  p.  :\M\. 

_  liiiiisli  coiiiiter-tase,    op.   .V2-r>-l.     Hritisli  Appeiulix,  vol.  vi,  pp.  l.Vl,  l.V>,  ir>"«', 
"il<"l  States  Documents,  vol.  i,  ji.  'uiC. 


.  r 


\'i  . 


17:5. 


^IIWT^ 


1.,.-!' 


248 


ARBITRATrON    AT    GENEVA. 


i'«ji)» 


In  article  703  of  his  proposed  code,  he  sajs : 

L't^tat  iioutro  no  dnit  pus  siMiIi-mont  s'sihstL-nir  dn  livror  dis  iiiiviros  dc  ^uorrp  i\  Ywn^ 
(lc8  pnissiviicoH  hellii^drantoH  ;  il  est  anssi  ti-im  (I't'xorccr  iiiio  Hurvi'illanci'  li^coiireusepi 
<l'eiiip<*cher  quo  dos  particnlicrs  n'ai'inont  d<-s  n:i vires  do  nin-iit'  snr  sim  ton  itoiro  cf.  n* 
les  livreiit  a  run  des  bulli^^eraiits. 

In  a  note  lie  adds : 

En  tcnipn  dt>  i>aix,  nn  I'tat  piMif  t-vidi'iiiinciil  vciidic  d^s  navin-s  do  f^iierrc  a  uii  lllltr^ 
on  reconrir  a  I'indnntrio  jirivi-f  dcs  oLat.s  (•tiaii;4cr.s.  Mais  jifiidant  la  jju('rr<'.  la  four- 
nituro  do  iiavin-H  do  guerre  (.'oiistitiio  t'videniinciit  iin  a]>piii  et  mi  u'lifort  accoi-do  am 
bellij^orants.  Si  rinti'iitiou  do  Ic  fairo  losiiltc  dcs  «iiToii-.tanct'.>*,  on  «kn  ra  coiisiUnror 
t'08  acfcos  counno  contniircs  anx  dovKJiN  dc-;  iifiitn-s,  <t  Ti'tal  \i'-m''  pdiirni  a<jir  en  coii,^. 
quencc. ' 

In  article  701  he  sii.vs  : 

II  snflit  ([no  I'inti'ntion  «lo  veiiir  rn  aidr  a  I'nn  de.--  liclliji;i-rautr»  sint  iiianifi.sti«,  jwur 
quo  I'otat  ncntri)  soil  tcnn  il'intorvonir,  alors  nirnn'  quo  rarnioniont  dn  naviro  di' jjiicrm 
on  dn  corHairo  no  scralt  <ino  pn'pan'  on  coninK  iu'>'. 

In  a  note  he  subjoins : 

II  n'ost  i)a.'*  nrcivssairc  que  Ic  naviro  soit  doja  arnio.  Lrn\s(iao  los  roust lucteuis,  tout 
on  proteiulant  IVotor  nn  naviic  do  coinniorcc,  out  riutoutlon  <lo  rarnicr  on  niiciro,  ot 
lorsqno  cotto  intontiDU  juMit  »*'tro  constatdo,  on  dn  innins  ost  vrai.senihlaldo,  ict  act» 
tonstitno  nno  vi(»latii»n  dcs  lois  snr  la  nentraliti?.  Mais  lorsqno  cetto  intention  no  pen 
pas  «Ur«*  doniontriio,  on  no  sanrait  incriniiner  lo  fait  do  translbrnior  on  naviio  do  >;ui!rr« 
nn  naviro  do  ooninioroo  constrnit  snr  nn  oliantior  nontro  ofc  aolufto  pins  tard  par  nn 
ndj^ooiant  d'nn  dos  pays  Ijolli^drants.  (Wlioaton,  Intern.  Law,  j).  ,'>(»*i.)  //  in  enl  anln- 
mcnt  lornqiiUni  iinviir  dc  niurrc  cnt  rriithi  d  I'liii  iUh  hrlli;icranti  a  litre  (rnitirpriiie  piiremiin 
commvrcidic  ou  hidiixlyicllf  ;  il  t/  niira  daiin  re  can  contrchaiidcdc  (jiiirrr,  mai«  eel  ucic  ncmn. 
utitiicra  pax  iinr  riolalion  di><  dcroim  den  tinitrt-H.'^ 

I  must  ol).s('ive  that  these  rules,  which  are  of  a  very  stringent  clinr 
acter,  are  not  siijijiorted  bynny  reasoninj;of  the  author,  or  byany  jutid 
ical  authority.  1  niijrht  add,  that  there  is  uo  j?rountl  for  sayinjj  tliat 
they  have  been  j;enerally  accepted  as  iiitcriiatioiial  law.  Even  so  (lis 
tiiifjuislied  a  man  as  Professor  l»hintschli  cannot  ^'wo  laws  to  thewoiiil 
from  the  professorial  chair.  Moreover,  as  I  understand  hitn,  Piofcssor 
IJluntsciili  draws  a  distinction  between  the  sale  of  sliii>s  with  tlu^  in 
tention  of  assistinjj  a  bellijicrent,  and  of  shii»s  sold  in  the  course  of  a 
purely  comnu'icial  transaction. 

The  (irst  two  cited  articles  wcjtdd,  from  the  jjeneral  terms  in  wliidi 
they  are  framed,  appear  to  apply  to  ships  of  war  by  whomsoever  tliov 
maybe  supplied  to  the  bellij^'crent ;  but  from  the  note  to  section  T(il 
and  the  reference  to  section  7<m,  hereinbefore  cited,  as  to  the  saltMH 
arms  and  miuiitions  of  war  in  the  country  of  tlu^  neutral,  I  {gather  tlm; 
the  professor  nutans  to  draw  a  distinction  between  shi[>s  made  over  to 
a  belliji'erent,  whether  by  sale  or  otherwise^,  for  the  puri)ose  of  assisting 
his  cause,  ami  ships  of  war  sold  to  a  belli.uereut  by  neutnd  sui)Joct.siii 
the  ^ay  of  trade. 

This  is  the  view  taken  by  "Sir.  Dana  in  a  note  to  his  edition  of  "  Wliea 
ton's  Elements  of  Internaticmal  Law,"  which  has  been  ri' 
printed  in  the  documents  appendetl  to  the  American  case: 

Onr  rules  ilo  not  intorl'oro  with  hmin-Jidr  onminorcial  doalin;;s  in  rontral»ai',d  of  w.ir. 
An  American  nioreliant  may  build  and  i'ully  aim  a  vessel,  and  provide  her  with  storci 
and  oiler  her  lor  calo  in  our  own  market.  H  lie  does  any  acts  as  an  a^^ont  or  M-rvantof 
a  bolli';eient,  or  in  pursuauee  of  an  arrangement  or  nnderstanding  with  a  l»Llli);<'renl. 
that  nIio  sliail  be  employed  in  hostilities  vvIkmi  sold,  ho  is  guilty.  He  may,  without 
violating  «nir  law,  semi  out  such  a  vessel,  ho  ecinippod,  under  iho  (lag  and  paper*  of  hi' 
own  country,  with  no  more  tbreooferew  than  isHuitable  for  navigation,  with  no  riglit 
to  resist  seareli  or  seizure,  and  to  take  the  (dianciM  of  capture  as  contiaband  nicrcbiiD- 
r!iBo,  of  bltH-kade,  and  of  a  market  in  a  belligt^rent  iiort.  In  such  ease,  the  extent  auJ 
character  of  thu  uqniptnents  ih  as  iniinatorial  us  in  tlio  othor  clutM  of  uuHtitt.    The  intf"' 

'  Section  TGH  and  note  1,  ji.  'M\. 
'Section  7M,  p.  :JH4. 


Opinion   Ol       I»MUII. 


OPINION'S    OF    SIR    ALKXANDER    COCKIsrUN. 


249 


is  all.  11'"  "'■*  '"  "!'<'"  t"  proat  Nuspicions  and  abuse,  and  the  line  may  often  be  stareelj 
traceable.;  yet  the  )innci|>le  i.s<;lear  eni>n<;h.  Is  tlie  intent  one  to  prepare  an  artieleo't' 
fontriibinul  nierebandine,  to  be  sent  to  the  market  of  a  beliijjerent,  Hnbject  to  tlie  clianees 
of  capture  and  of  tlie  markt.'t  ?  Or,  on  tlie  other  hand,  is  it  to  fit  ont  a  vessel  which 
shall  leave  on r  port  to  crnise,  immediately  or  nitiinately.  nfj'*'"***'  the  eommerco  of  .'t. 
fricmlly  nation  J  The  latter  we  are  hound  to  prevent ;  the  former  the  l>elli<»erent  must 
■ircvcnt. ' 

Piofossoi'  (lola,  of  I'aiina,  in  a  loceiit  work,  observer: 

Lostcsso  dieasi  ove  si  trattasse  di  costrnzioni  di  navi:  Tatto  h'do  la  neutrality,  ot« 
rinipresa  si  esecjuisea  dal  ;;overno,  i-  invi-ee  nn'  opera  d'industriu  ove  si  conipia  dit  pri- 
vati  inii>renditori  nei  loro  ( •antieri.'^ 

M.  Ortolan,  wlio  had  made  no  sn(;h  distinction  in  tlio  former  edition 
of  his  work,  **  Stir  la  diploniatie  de  la  nier,"  in  the  last  edi-    »„„,„„ ,.fM  or 
fioiiof  that  work  has,  with  reference  to  this  subject,  thefol-  "'" 
lowing,  I  cannot  help  thinking,  somewhat  extraordinary  doctrine: 

Si  Ton  suppose  nn  naviro  construit  snr  le  territoiro  nentre,  non  pas  snr  command* 
(lull  belligerant  on  jiar  8nit^^  d'nn  traite  i>stensible  on  dissimnh'^  avec  co  bollij^drant, 
maiseu  vue  d'nn  dessein  qneleoncine,  suit  de  Mavi;;ation  eommereiale,  soit  tout  autre, 
etqiioco  I'.avire,  deji\  par  hii-menu*  i)roi»re  a  la  }jnerr«  on  denature  t\  etro  converti  ;i 
ret  nsnf;e,  unn  foissorti  des  ports  (h;  la.  nation  nentre,  soit  veiidii,  dans  le  conrs  do  sa 
navijjation,  oeeasionnellemtMit,  i\  I'un  d(!s  l)ellijjferants,  et  so  mette  a  navijjner  en  des- 
tination directo  pour  CO  belliijerant  :  nn  tel  navire  dans  de  telles  circonstances  tomba 
iiaiqupMieiit  sous  le  coup  des  regies  relatives  a  la  eontrehande  de  j^ntM're.  II  est  sujot  i\ 
^trc  iiiret<''  el  eontist|n<'  par  reimemi  i|ui  pourra  s'en  emparer,  mnis  sans  qu'an(;iiu  jjrief 
(levi()l;ition  des  devoirs  de  la  nentraliti-  piiisso  sortir  de  ee  fait contrt^  I'tMat  nuutr* 
|irtni'  n'uvoir  jias  d<''feudu  a  scs  uatinnaux  ile  telles  veiites  on  no  les  avoir  pan  rt'-primee;*. 
f'V.st  line  opi'-ratiou  de  lialii'  i|ui  a  eii  lieu,  tialic  de  (Mintrebaiide  de  ;^ueire,  dout  a:iuuii» 

ircDiistanee  iiarticiiliere  ii'ot  vi'iinc  eha'iy;er  le  earai-lere. 

Ti.'l  tilt,  en  raiiiii'"  l-'iH).  Ir  eas  d>i  iiaviiv  aMUM-ieaiii  le  MriUiis.  captun- par  les  Anglai» 

tjugede  bonne  piise  par  la  i-our  d"aiiiiiaiite  d'lrililax. 

Mais  lii  situation  r-hauj^c;  la  coMtn'h.inde  d.'-^uerii^  n'i'st  plus  la  (iiu'stioii  jiriucipale; 
'iaiitri's  ri';;les  (111  droit  des  ;;('us  iiili'ivieiiiieiil  et  iiiodilieiil  pioloiideuieiit  la  solution, 
<i  I'nn  ,siiii[i()S(>  (|u'il  s'ajiissc  de  iiaiiini'Uts  <Io  guerre  consiruits,  ariin'-s  oii  (M|ui|>es  sur  uu 
urritoin-  nentre  pour  le  eoinpte  d'mi  iiflli;j;eraiif ,  par  suitc>  d'arraunenieiit  pris  a  ravanea 
■ivir  liii.  sous  la  forme  d'nn  eoiitrat  eouinierciai  i|iieleoiii|ue  :  veiile,  eoiuiiiissioii,  louagA 
il'imliistiie  on  de  travail;  (|iie  les  arraiii;euieiils  aieiil  ^'t(i  pris  osteii.sil)l(Hiieiit,  ou 
in'iis  le  Noiciit  d'liiie  maiiiere  siM'ri'fc  oii  di'^iiist'e  ;  car  la  loyanti'  est  iiue  eoiidil ion  es- 
viitit'llii  dans  la  solution  des  dillieulti-s  iuteriialioiiali"^,  et  sous  h>  convert,  des  faiisse* 
\]iparene(!s  il  fant  ton.jours  aller  an  loud  des  cdioses.  II  y  a  ici,  iiieoiitestableinent,  una 
't-ciiiiilc  liypothcse  <|iril  iinpoi'te  do  dislin^iier  soi>^neuseineut  de  la  preerdcnte. 

Ntms  nous  rat  taeherous,  pour  ri'soiidre en  droit  des  ;fens  hs  dilliculti's  que  pri^seiit* 
^'tli;  niMivelle  situation,  i\  iin  i)riueip(^  niiiv crselleiiieiit  etaldi,  ipii  se  formiilit  eu  ee  ]ieu 
'I'Mi'ots:  "  Inviolabilit('*  dii  ten itoirl^  nentre."  Cette  iuviolabiliti'  est  nn  droit  pour 
'i':it  iieutri>,  dout  le  territoire  iie  iloit  pascire  atteint  jiar  les  faits  de  fjnerre,  niais  ello 
inipiwo  aiissi  a  ee  nieme  etat  nentre  line  etroite  oblij;ation,  celle  de  ne  pas  perniettre, 
'111' (rriiipeeher  aetivement,  ail  besoin,  reni[>loi  de  et>  territoire  par  I'line  des  parlies 
fin  an  ]U"{)lit  de  I'line  des  uarties  JM-lli^ri-rantes,  dans  un  but  hostile  a  I'autre  ]>artie. 

Lm  piiblicistes  en  cn-dit  ne  font  aueiiii  doiite.  pour  ee  ipii  eoneerne  rariuement  et 
l'i|iii|ii'ineiit  dans  nn  port  nentre  de  balinients  di^  j^uerre  destiin-s  a  aeerotlre  les  toree.< 
'is  lit'llii;;t' rants.  U.i  s'aeeordent  pour  reeoiinaitri'  rillr;;alit(^  de  ees  arnieineiits  on 
"luilK'iiii'iits,  comme  line  infraction  de  la  part  dr  IV-tat  neiilre  <iui  les  tolftreiiiit  »ux 
•Iiviiiis  (le  la  neiitralit*^. 

N'l'st-il  |ias  (Evident  (pril  en  doit  i''lr(>  de  inriue.  </  /■((/•/lor/.delaeoiistruetiou  de  pareils 
''•'itiiiiciits,  l(»rs(|ue  eette  eonstrnetion  a  liee  vlans  les  eondilions  pr('vnes  en  iiotrt*  secomiw 
liJliotlicse  ? 

!^o  that,  accordinj?  to  M.  Ortolati,  if  a  ship  hnpnviis  to  be  ready  made 
md  armed,  she  may  be  lawfully  sold  to  a  f;»reij;n  belligerent,  though 
^^itli  a  full  knowletlgo  on  the  part  of  the  seller  of  the  purpose  to  which 
>lu'  i.s  to  ho  ppi)lied ;  but,  if  she  is  made  to  order,  the  transaction  as- 
sumes the  oppOi:ito  character,  mid  is  a  breach  of  ueutrality.    With  all 


'United  Rtiites  Doeuniontn,  vol    vii,  n.  lUi. 
■"'CorsG  di  diritto  internn/.ioiiale,"  vol.  ii,  p.  :M). 


■PW 


H|!.M!t'       •*       ! 


250 


AR1UTRAT1<»N    AT    tJKNEVA. 


reHjioct  lor  tlu'  antlioiit.v  of  lliis  «lis!in;;iiislie(l  wrircr,  1  musr,  decline  to 
iuldpt  ii  doctrine  Nvliicii  rests  on  so  sIia<lo\vy  a  distinction. 
Professor  niuntsehli,  unilertiikinjx  to  ])rotiounce  u  .jndfj^ment  on  the 
opiniMnoi  pr..i-..  si.bjeet-niii ttcr  of  this  dispute,  as  it  were  ex  CKthrtlra,  in  iin 
.uriiiu..t..i,h.  artiVle  in  the  "Revue  de  Droit  International"  of  JSTO,  lays 
down  the  following;  doctrine  : 

T/otttt  iiputrp  f|iii  vciityaraiitirsaiuniiiilitt^  iloit  s'iibstcMiiv  tVaidoi-iiiiciniiiilfspurtio 
1)('llij;ri'aiili'.s  dans  scs  ()|(t'iatii>iis  (If.  ;iii(i'if.  11  iki  pent  iii«"ti'r  hmi  (vnitoii'i-  )iinir  per- 
riU'tti<^  ;'i  Vuiw  dcs  }iarti»'S  d'oi-jfaiiiscr  en  lit'ii  Mir  dcs  fiitri'iiri'ics  iiiilitaircs.  11  c>i 
obIi<;i^  do  vcillir  rMU'li'riuMit  a  en  niu' dcs  t)arti<Milii  in  ti'ariiii'iir,  point  snr  son  Icnitnii.- 
(Ifs  vaisNcaiix  dt'  tjncric,  dcsliiK's  a  ('Ire,  livii's  a  line  dcs  i»artit's  li('llii;t''raiiti's.  (lilunt 
Buhli,  Modirius  loikciridil,  section  7(5:!. ) 

Co  devoir  est  prochune  jiar  la  scitjiicc,  ct  il  di'iivc  (ant  de  ridt'c  de  iie  liiuliie  c,!tf!i!.'. 
^;iards  aiiMpuds  tout  etat  est  luJcessairoBicut  tciiu  eiiviM'.s  Ics  aiitres  i-tals  uvm;  1csi|I1i;1s 
il  vit  «'ii  paix  et  aiiiilic. 

La  neiitralitc  est  hi  iion-p(\ytiiij>ut'iiin  a  la  guerre  l,ois(|iie  I't'-tat  iicntre  soiitioiit  ii!! 
dcs  bellijiciaiits,  il  prciid  pait  a  la  y;iierrc  en  faveiir  de  ceiiii  (lu'il  Noiitieiit.  it  dcs  lurv 
il  C(K»e  d'rire  iii-iiltr.  li'advi  rsairc  est  aiitoiise  a  voir  dans  ccttu  )>articipatioii  im  aitc 
<riio8tilite.  Kt  ccla  n'c.st  ims  sciilcineiit  viai  (|iiand  i'l'tat  iiciidc  livro  Ini-iuciiii' ij,, 
troii])L'8  on  des  vaisseaiix  de  fincirc,  iiiais  ai.ssi  loisiiu'il  luete  a  iin  dcs  bi'lli^i'iaiils  in 
ai>i)ui  mediat  vn  pcniiittaiit,  titiidin  <in"il  fKiunuU  I'miiKrlur,  t|iie,  de  son  tci'iitoiru  uuiitiv 
on  ciivdio  dcs  tronjcs  on  dcs  iiaviics  do  jriici'i'i'. 

I'artont  oh  In  droit  de  iieiKialite  eteiid  le  cercle  de  sou  application,  il  restreint  !i^ 
liniitcs  de.  la  jjnerro  n  de  ses  d('\sastrciisci  consctpicnccs,  ot  il  ^aiaiitit'  les  liiciit'ailsil 
hiliaix.  Les  devoirs  (iil'etat  (kk/cc  cnvers  Ics  lhlVi<jvmnts  s<Mit  en  substance /is /m';;ii' 
<liii)  cenx  dti  r<'t.it  <imi.  cii  tciiipH  de  judc,  vis-a-vis  des  antri's  etats.  Aiu-nn  <'tat  no  pint 
uon  plus,  vu  tciiijiH  df  yxn'.r,  )»  rinettre  rpie  Ton  oii;aiiise  siir  son  tcrritoire  dcs  a!;iv>- 
aioiis  coiitre  nn  <-iat  ami.  Tons  soiit  olili;;i's  de  veiller  a  <;o  (pie  Iciir  sol  ne  dcvimii" 
pas  le  point  di>  depart  d'eiitrejuises  inllitiiires,  dirigces  contro  des  elais  avcc  k'^sllUl■l* 
ils  sout  en  paix. 

I  entirely  a,L;'ree  in  all  that  is  thus  said  by  this  able  Jurist — that  is.  i; 
I  properly  ai)prehend  his  liin,niia,ue,  and  tun  riulit  in  nmlerstandiiij,'  it  \» 
ajiply  not  to  the  sale  of  ships  of  war,  niiiiplicitcr.  but  to  the  seiidiiiircii' 
ol'  troojisand  armed  ships  lor  the  pnr[)i»se  of  \\i.  tin;  letirned  professui 
terms  "  military  enterprises,''  jintl  to  the  "orgaui/iiii;'  of  a;j:!L;ressio!i> 
atiainst  a  fiiendly  state.'' 

Another  eminent  Jurist,  wlio  has  espoused  (he.  ciinse  of  the  l-iiitfl 
op.mon  ..r  M  It,  States,  in  ii  very  able  review  of  the  work  of  Professor  Moiiii 
'"'•'•"'"""-'"•  ta<iiic  I5ernaid,  and  whose  opinion  is  referre<l  to  h.v  tin 
rinited  Stativs  tis  an  authority  in  their  favor,  M,  iiolin  .laeipiemyus, (l()i'> 
not,  so  far  as  I  collect,  deny  the  Ie;^ality  of  the  sale  of  ships  of  war,  Itii; 
rests  his  opinion  on  the  "general  circamstanees  co!ine<'ted  with  the  CiHi 
struetion  \m\  escape  of  tlie  Alabama.  15iit  thesjtirit  in  which  thisaiitli"' 
writes  will  be  seen  from  the  tbilowin^  passa,i;e: 

II  cftt  dans  tons  les  eas  Otv  di;;ne  d'liii  JiiriscDiiRiiUe  de  la  \aI(Mir  <le  M.  Hcriianl  dfin 
]>a.s  se  borncr  a  cxaniincr  cette  yrave  (|iiestion  dcs  dev<'irs  do  la  neiitralitc  an  pnint  d- 
vno  «ln  droit  iio.>it  if  exist  ant.  U'est  par  I'oitinion  liaiilemcnt  ('•iiiise  de  savants  loiiiiii- 
lui  «pio  Ics  idccs  j;ciu''rales  en  matiere  de  droit  sont  appelees  a  so  rcctllier  ct  a  m'h'!'! 
plotor.  Or,  s'll  y  a  line  chose  ([iie  cliai|iie  j;iierri!  iioiivelledr'inontro,  c'estle  canifliiv 
luni-senlcincnt  iiisiiHisaiil.  inais  I'allacicnx  do  la  vieillo  di'linition :  ui'iitrdnim  purliiin 
Si  an  ilebiit  iie  cctto  dernicio  et  oiioiivaiitalde  murio  do  It^TU,  rAn^jlotcrrc,  an  lieu  ilni 
ulmtinC'.inent  iii-iilfunim  yxir/iKw,  avait  clairomeiit  di'-sapproiivo  I'otlbnsivo  iiiiipicdi'li 
Franco,  ost-ctr  <nie  [vh  interotsilo  la.jiistic«n't  de  hi  paix  n'anrai"iit  pas  etc  iiiiciixstivi*' 
L'i<l<''al  dii  iiorsonnano  ntiilrnritm  }i»iiinm,  o'est  lo  jnjie(|  ui,  dans  I'apolo^tiio  dc  I'liiiiif' 
ct  (loH  plai(l(>nrH,  avaht  lo  oontunii  dii  uu»lliis((iio  ot  a«i)HK<^  1  «  <^caillo8  aiix  deux  bill; 
^orautH.  II  n'oHt  (ruuciiii  parti,  niais  il  H'tin^raisHOHoniiinleuHemeiit  uiix  di'^peiis dc l<iii- 
donx.  Lno  loHo  condnito  ilo  la  part  d'liii  };rand  piMijilo  pont  otfo  anssi  conlonm' iiu'i 
pi(\f<^dt!ntH  quo  t'ollo  tin  vi'-ni-rublo  inaKiHtiat  doiit  parlo  la  fablo.  Mais  (piaiMl  die  * 
fonde  snr  nno  loi  positivo,  sur  uno  rojjio  iidniiso,  e'cst  uno  pronvo  quo  cctto  loi  "H 
cotte  r^gle  est  iniiuvuiso,  coiniuu  coiitiaire  i\  lu  scicuue,  u  la  diguite  ut  ii  la  solidarit' 
buniaiuu.' 


1^ 


'"Revue  do  droit  intoriiatioiial  ot  de  l<^gislati(»n  conij»ari'^o,"  1871,  p.  12r>. 


OPINIONS    OF    8IR    ALKXANIJKR    COCiaUJIlN. 


251 


This  reasoiiiiifl;  may  be  very  well  deserving: ol"  attention  for  the  future; 
bnt,  for  tlie  presetit  i>nrp()se,  when  the  authority  of  M.  Kolin  Jacqiie- 
iiiviis  :is  to  the  culpability  of  (Jreat  Biitain  is  cited,  I  must  protest 
naiiiiist  the  (piestion  bein;;  determined  not  according  to  "existing  posi- 
tive law,"  but  to  theojiiuion  of  "savants  "  as  to  what  the  law  should  have 
lu'cn,  01"  should  now  be  made.  The  tribunal  cannot,  1  apprehend, 
adopt  siuli  a  |)rineiple  informing  its  judf^menr.  Its  functions  are  Jiot  to 
imike  the  law,  but  todecide,  aceordinjj;  to  the  rulesof  tiie  treaty,  with  tho 
Ij^jht  wliich  the  aekn()wh'd;;t>d  prin(;iples  of  international  Jurisprudence 
1111(1  the  established  usa;j;('S  of  nations  nuiy  atl'ord  lor  its  assistance. 
Tlie  occasion  may  be  a  tempting  one  for  Kivinjjj  ellect  to  speculative 
opinions  ov  individual  theories.  J5ut  a  decision  founded  on  such  aprin- 
ple  would  not  insure  the  ap[)iobation  of  wise  and  jiulicious  nunds,  or 
coiniiiand  the  res|K'ct  of  those  who  mij^ht  sutler  from  a  judfjment  which 
would  be  at  varian«'e  with  the  lirst  principles  of  ecjuity  and  Justice. 

hi  us  see  what  has  been  the  practical  view  taken  of  the  subject  in 

J]ii<,'laud  or  America.     As  tar  back  as  the  year  17lil,  ships     „pi,„ r  ti,i- 

of  war  having  been  built  in  Knj>land,  and  sold  to  the  Czar  |"|« -"i ^ ""i ""i- 
of  lliissia,  then  at  war  with  Sweden,  and  complaint  having  becMi  made 
hy  tlio  HwedislMuinister,  the  Jud};es  were  summoned  to  the  House  of 
Lords.  an<l  their  opinion  was  asked,  whether  by  law  the  King  of  lOng- 
hmd  had  the  power  to  prohiliit  the  building  of  ships  of  war,  or  of  great 
force  for  Ibreigners,  in  any  of  His  iMaJesty's  dominions.  And  the  judges, 
with  the  exception  of  one,  who  had  formed  no  oiiinion,  answered  that 
the  King  had  no  such  power.  It  is  jdain  that,  if  the  sale  of  such  vessels 
li;i(l  l)een  an  offense  agjiinst  international  law,  the  King  would  have  had 
]i(»\ver  to  prevent  it  by  the  prosecution  of  the  parties  building  and  sell- 
in;,' such  ships,  as  olnnders  against  the  muiHcipal  law,  as  tlio  ottense 
would  have  Itei-n  a  misdemeanor  at  the  common  law. 

It  appeals  that  Chief  . Justice  Trevor,  and  i'arkcr,  aftei'wards  Lord 
(.'liiiiicelhu',  had  given  the  like  ojiinion  seven  years  before.' 

The  jiidgiinMit  of  .Judge  Story  in  the  wcllkiiown  case  »»f  the  Santissi- 
iiia  Iiiiiidad,-  shows  that  the  sale  of  arine<l  ships  of  war  has  ,-„o..rthcs,uii,. 
never  been  held  to  be  coiiliary  to  law  in  America.  In  that  >■"  "■•m.i.H. 
nsf  a  vessel  (billed  the  Indepeudeueia,  ecpupped  I'or  war  and  armed  with 
twelve  guns,  had  been  sent  out  from  the  AmericMU  port  of  IJaltimore, 
npoii  a  pieleiid(Ml  voyages  to  the  northwest  i'oast,  but  in  reality  to 
liiU'iios  Ayres,  then  at  war  with  Spain,  with  instructions  to  the  super- 
cargo to  sell  her  to  tin*  Buenos  Ayres  government  if  he  could  obtain  a 
'Titain  price.  She  was  sold  to  that  government  accordingly,  ami,  hav- 
ing heeii  commissioned,  was  sent  to  sea  and  made  prizes.  She  alter- 
waid  put  into  an  American  i>ort,  and  h.iving  there  received  an  augmen- 
tation of  her  foi"c<>,  again  i)ut  to  sea  and  captured  a  prize.  The  validity 
of  this  prize  was  questioned  in  the  suit  on  two  grounds:  1st.  That  tho 
f«aleof  the  vessel  to  a  foreign  government  by  American  citizens,  for  the 
purpose  of  being  used  in  war  against  a  belligerent  with  whom  the  United 
States  were  at  peace,  was  a  violation  of  neutrality  and  illegal ;  L*d. 
heoanse  the  capture  had  been  nuide  after  an  augiuentation  of  tlie  force 
of  tlie  vessel  in  a  port  of  the  United  States.  The  capture  was  held  invalid 
on  the  latter  ground.  Upon  the  lirst,  the  Judge  delivered  Judgment  as 
lollows : 

Tlwqncstion  as  to  tlio  uri<>inal  illoj;«l  {innunient  and  oiitllt  of  tlio  ladopuiuloncia 
■nay  Iw  «lisiniH8«'d  in  a  few  wtiids.     It  is  upparunt/tliut  though  equipped 
a«ave(iHcl  of  war,  sbo  was  Hent  to  HiienoH  Ayres  on  a  commercial  advon-  jj',",'i*"i'|°'y"'^  "' 
tin*,  contraband,  indeed,  bnt  in  no  shape  violntinfi;  our  laws  or  our 

'"  ForteHcuo'8  Keportu,"  p.  3tJd. 
-  VVIieaton,  p.  2KJ. 


'  w 


'A 


252 


ARBITRATION-    AT    GKNEVA. 


nationtil  iieiUrality.  If  caittiinnl  by  a  Si»iniHh  nliip  nf  wnr  iliiriiij^;  tlic  v(iyngf,  shit 
would  liiivo  iM^cn  justly  condiMiiiKMl  U8  good  piizo  lor  boinK  enj^iigod  in  a  tiiilliu  jfrobib- 
ited  by  tin;  law  ol'  natioiiH.  Uiit  tlioro  ih  nothing;  in  ourlawH,  or  in  tbn  law  of  nationH 
that  forbids  oiir  citizeiiH  from  Bending  armed  vl'nnoIh,  an  wtill  as  iininitioiis  of  wur  td 
foreign  jmrts  for  sale.  It  is  a  commercial  adventure  wliich  no  nation  is  bound  to  pro. 
liibit,  and  wliicli  only  exposes  the  person  engaged  in  it  to  the  penalty  of  eontiscatinn, 
Snpposing,  therefore,  the  voyage  to  have  been  for  commercial  pnrposes,  and  tlin  sale 
at  JbienoH  Ayres  to  have  been  a  bona-fidc  sale,  (and  there  is  nothing  in  the  evidence 
before  ns  to  contradict  it,)  there  is  no  pretense  to  say  that  the  original  onttit  on  the 
voyage  was  illegal,  or  that  a  captnro  mudo  after  the  sale  was,  for  that  cause  alone, 
invalid. 

It  is  HOW  sought  to  shake  the  authority  of  this  judgnieut  by  saying  that 
it  was  unnecessary  to  thedecision  of  the  cause,  .-^s  the  prize  was  held  to  be 
invalid  on  tlie  other  ground;  but  it  was,  nevertheless,  a  solemn  jiuljj 
nient  upon  a  point  properly  arising  in  the  cause,  and,  so  far  as  I  am  awaro, 
it  has  never  been  questioned. 

It  is  indeed  alleged  (but  for  the  tirst  time)  in  the  American  case  that 
<  „H.  .,f  ih.  <;,;„  the  authority  of  this  decision  is  to  be  looked  upon  as  ovor- 
'"'""-  ruled  or  controlled  by  a  Judgment  given  by  the  same  court 

in  the  case  of  the  Gran  Para.  Now,  the  latter  judgment  was  a  judg 
ment  of  the  same  court,  (of  which,  therefore,  Mr.  Justice  Story  was  him 
self  a  member,)  and  was  pronounced  on  the  very  next  day.  We  are  told 
in  the  case  of  the  United  States,  that  the  cases  were  argued,  the  one  on 
the  20tli,  the  other  on  the  28th  of  February,  1822;  that  the  judgment  in 
the  case  of  the  Santissima  Trinidad  was  pronounced  on  the  12th  of 
March,  that  in  the  <;ase  of  the  tlian  Para  on  the  ensuing  day,  the  13tli, 
It  is  said,  and  truly,  that  "there  can  be  no  doubt  they  were  considoml 
together  in  the  consultation-room,"  and  lawyers  are  gravely  asked  to 
believe  that  it  was  intended  by  the  second  judgment  to  overrule  or 
qualify  the  doctrine  involved  in  the  first.  No  English  or  Ameiicnn 
lawyer  could  entertain  the  notion  for  a  moment  that,  if  the  same  court 
had  intende<l  to  overrule,  or  even  to  qnalify,  the  judgment  given  inimo 
diately  before,  it  would  not  have  referred  to  it  in  terms  and  given  its 
reasons  for  so  sudden  a  change  in  its  views  of  the  law.  But  the  tnitli 
is — and  J  am  at  a  loss  to  understand  how  the  American  Counsel  can  have 
failed  to  overlook  this,  or  to  call  attention  to  it  when  citing  thedecision, 
that  so  far  from  overruling  or  alfecting  the  judgment  in  the  Santissimn 
Trinidad,  the  case  of  the  (Jran  Para  had  nothing  in  common  with  it 
beyond  that  of  being  a  snit  for  the  restitution  of  prize.  It  was  not  the 
rase  of  the  sale  of  a  ship  to  a  foreign  government  at  all.  It  was  simply 
the  case  of  an  American  ])rivateer  armed  in  defiance  of  American  law, 
and  cruising  under  a  fictitious  commission,  the  property  in  her  still  nv 
maining  unchanged  in  the  American  citizen  by  whom  she  had  been 
fitted  out.  The  great  importance  of  this  distinction  will  be  seen  in 
another  part  of  this  case. 

In  a  learned  and  able    article    in    the  well-known  publication,  the 
"American  Law  Iteview"  of  January,  1871,  the  writer,  alter 
referring  to  the   case  of  the  Santissima  Trinidad  as  ''a 
famous  and  leading  case,"  states  the  law  as  follows  : 

It  may  be  declared  as  indubitable  that  the  pnro  unalloyed  bargain  and  sale  of  a  Nliip' 
even  a  ship  of  war,  to  a  belligerent  is  legal  by  the  rnlas  of  international  law ;  that  such 
a  ship  is,  however,  contraband  of  war,  and  if  captured  after  sale  on  her  way  toward 
deliv«iry,or  belUrosale  on  her  way  toward  n  market  where  she  is  intended  to  bosoliito 
a  belligerent,  she  will  be  properly  couderauod.  Neutrality  acts  have  not  been  iuteuiled 
to  change  this  state  of  the  law,  i)ut  only  to  furnish  sufflulent  means  for  proveiitiii);  iti 
abuse.  Our  original  proposition  that  the  doctrine  of  contraband  of  war  dooo  not 
operate  ns  n  restriction  upon  trade,  upon  dealings  which  are  purely  comuiorcial,  remain" 
correct,  even  in  this  matter  of  war  vessels. 

lu  this  view  of  the  law  I  am  glad  to  have  the  concurrence  of  our  di* 


OPINIONS    OF    SIK    ALKXANDKIi    COCKBUUN. 


2r)b 


illic  i)n)bil>. 
'  of  iiatitinH, 
H  of  war,  l() 
mm\  to  pro- 
(onliscatinii. 
lid  tlin  Kiili> 
lio  evidence 
iiitfit  oil  the 
ninsc  alone, 

ayiiigtliat 
lieUltobe 

Dlllll  JU(1{J- 

am  aware, 

I  case  that 
)ii  as  over- 
iaino  court 
IS  a  jiidg- 
y  was  hiiii' 
Ve  are  told 
the  one  on 
ulfjtnent  in 
he  12tli  of 
r,  the  lath. 
considered 
ly  asked  to 
overrule  or 
American 
same  eourt 
iven  iinine 
Id  ftiven  its 
t  the  truth 
I  can  have 
lie  decision, 
Santissiraa 
Ion  with  it 
as  not  the 
ivas  simply 
rican  law, 
cr  still  re- 
had  been 
)e  seen  in 

Ication,  the 
Titer,  after 
Ihid  as  "a 

lalcofaHliip' 
Iv;  that  such 
Iwivy  toward 
1  to  be  solit  to 
jeen  iutemleil 
Lvoiiting  in 
Irar  dooa  iwt 
Iciiil,  remains 

lof  oiir  dis 


|irMinf»'1  ion  -ii  nn\o  i,* 
an  ii'lt-t  MiritrtitiaiiU 
iif  war. 


(inguished   colleague,    Mr.  Adams,  who,  writing;  tc  Earl    , ,    „, 

Knssell  on  the  Gth  of  April,  18G3,  states,  with  reference  to  *'""" 
certain  American  authorities  which  Lord  Russell  had  appealed  to : 

The  Bill"  aiid  traiiMfor  by  a  noiitral  of  arinM,  of  iiiiinitioiin  of  war,  and  ercn  of  vcshcIh  <»/ 
Mr,  to  a  btdlin«i"'"t  country,  not  Hiibjuut  to  blockado  at  tbo  tiiiu%  a.s  a  purely  coiiiiner- 
tial  trttimactioii,  is  «lticide(l  by  tlioMo  autlioritit!)^  not  to  bo  unlawful.  Th(\y  j;o  not  a  step 
liirther;  and  pieciHely  to  that  extent  I  have  inyHi-lf  taken  no  exeei»(ion  tu  tlie  doctrine.' 

This  being  the  present  state  of  international  law  on  this  subject,  if  it 
is  desirable  to  introduce  new  rules,  it  must  be  done  by  the    ,,,„„„„ 
eommon  consent  of  nations,  not  by  the  speculative  doctrines 
of  theorists,  however  distinguished. 

But  is  it  desirable  that  it  should  bo  altered,  and  that  obstacles  to  the 
industry  and  trade  of  neutral  nations  should  Im  created  f 

Aziuii  observes : 

I'ne  grande  parrie  «lti  eoinnierct!  de  (lUidiiues  natioiis  eiiropeiMnit's,  titles  qiio  lojj 
|!iU'«loin,  leHNorv<^{;ieiis,  et  les  Kiisscs,  eoiiHiste  en  iiiarcliiindises  lu-ceHHaireH  pour  la^tiorru 
inaritiiiie,  pour  la  coiiNt ruction  et  pour  r<'M|uipenient  d'line  tlotte;  cIleH  vendeiit  en  teinpr* 
liupuix,  a  (|uicoii(|Uu  en  a  berioin,  du  fer,  dii  cnivre,  tics  iiiiltH,  dcs  bois,  <lu  •<;ondroii,  du 
liipoix,  et  d»>M  canons,  t'»//i»i  rfiw  luivirfu  dv  ijiKrir  inlivrs.  (^tiellc.s  raisons  pmirrait-il  y 
avoir  de  priver  ces  nations  de  lenr  coninieice  et  de  leiir  nianicre  d(^  subsi.ster,  a  I'occa- 
■ijon  (rime  >j;nerre  a  la(|iiclle  ils  no  prciincnt  antMine  part  f  II  n'y  a  «lans  le  code  de  la 
justice  et  de  I'tWiuite  rieii  en  favenr  d'uiio  telle  protection.  II  est  done  iit^(!essaire 
ii'iitalilir,  eoninie  niaxiine  fondaiiKMi tale «le  tout  droit,  que,  les  ))eu|)le8  neutres  devantet 
poiivaiitlicitenient  c<Mitinner  le  eoininerue  qn'ils  font  en  temps  de  p.iix,  on  nc  doit  fain' 
mnine  dMhiction  de  denivt's,  do  marehandises,  (7  </(■  utfiiiiifaclnnn,  <[it«i(ine  itroprcH  a  la 
jHrrre,  et  que,  jiur  cette  raison,  la  vente  et  le  transport  anx  parties  bellijiiTanteseii  sont 
|ierniis,  si  le  coinniurce  aetif  et  passif  <>tait  ctabli  (!n  temps  dt-  p:iix,  sans  (|n'on  piiisse 
lirott'udre,  en  aueuiie  niauier«>,  (|nelaniMitralite  soitviolee,  poiiivn  qne  <ela  so  fasse  sans 
:iiiiinuMite,  sans  preference  et  sans  partialite. 

I  cannot  but  feel  the  force  and  justice  of  these  observations.  I  ask  in 
like  manner,  "  ^Vhy — unless,  indeed,  on  account  of  reasons  of  state 
aft'ecting  the  interests  of  the  neutral  state  itself,  in  which  cise  private 
interests  must  give  way  to  those  of  the  public — are  the  arnu)rers  of 
Birmingham  or  liiege,  or  the  shipbuilders  of  London  or  Liverpool,  to 
have  their  business  put  a  stop  to  because  oiu'  of  their  customers  hap- 
pens to  be  engaged  in  war  with  another  .state  .'  It  is  not  enough  to  say 
that  but  for  tin*,  war  the  deman«l  for  the  articles  in  <piestion  would  not 
have  arisen.  From  whatever  cau.s«;  it  may  proceed,  increased  demand 
is  the  legitimate  advantage  of  the  producer  or  the  merchant,  and  it  is  by 
the  advantage  which  p<'rio«lsof  increase*!  and  more  active  demand  bring 
with  theuj  that  the  loss  arising  trom  occasional  periods  of  stagnation  is 
balanced  and  made  good. 

The  authors  who  desire  to  put  liirtlier  restraints  on  the  free  com- 
merce of  neutrals  than  international  l.iw  has  hitherto  done,  appear  to 
me  to  think  t«M)  nuicli  of  the  interests  t>f  belligerents,  wlioart?  tlie  dis- 
turhers  of  the  world's  peace,  and  to  hi\  too  unmindt'ul  of  the  interests  of 
neutral  nations,  who  are  simply  seeking  o»*cupation  for  their  industry 
and  eumnierce,  indill'erent  by  whom  tiu-y  aiv  employed.  They  seem  to 
tliink  that  the  belligerent  is  granting  an  indalg<'nce  or  conferring  a 
tavoron  the  neutral  in  allowing  him  to  nMuain  a  stranger  to  the  war, 
which  the  gratelul  neutral  shoultl  be,  too  glad  to  purchase  by  the  saeri 
lieeotall  rights  at  all  inctunjiatiblc  with  the  conveniencre  of  the  bellig- 
trent. 

M.  llautefeuille,  iinleed,  invokes  humanity,  and  would  prohibit  the 
sale  of  articles  of  warlike  use  in  (uder  to  pr«'v»'nt  and  put  an  end  to  war. 
But  if  considerations  of  humanity  are  to  be  taken  into  a<;c(nint,  it  is 
obvious  that  the  sale  of  such  tlungs  should  be  prohibited  in   time  of 


'I'nited  Sfiifi-s  Ilncinpents.  \'<>1.  ii,  p.  .V.U. 


i 


■pw 


[Awri 


■;■  •!:' 


Ml^M  i. 


254 


ARBITltATlON    AT    OKNKVA. 


poaco,  as  well  as  of  war.    They  are  nut  the  less  available  in  Lime  of  war 
because  l)otijj;lit  in  time  of  i)eaee. 

Tiie  armorer  or  the  shipliiiiUler  who  is  thus  requiretl  to  elosfi  liji^ 
establishment  to  the  bellij;erents  when  war  arises,  may  eontiiiii(>  to 
inannfaetnre  and  sell,  nndistnrbed,  his  iiistrnments  of  deslruetion  down 
to  the  very  hour  when  war  is  proelaimed.  Had  I'rnssia,  for  iiistaiin', 
anticipated  the  attack  of  France  as  likely  to  oeenr  so  soon,  and  Imil 
desired  to  |)rocni'e  a  licet,  she  mijiiit  have  resorted  to  the  shipwiioIiLV 
yards  of  lOnyland  till  she  possessed  ships  enon^h  to  cope  witli  her  lor- 
niidable  adversary  on  theseas.  IJntlet  warbntbepnxtlaimed,  and  accord, 
in}^  to  these  views  the  work  becomes  at  once  eiiminal,  the  workiniiir.s 
hammer  n)nst  be  arrest«Ml,  the  shipwri;jfht's  yard  closed.  There  may  (id 
reasons  of  state  in  certain  instaneCvS — as  according  to  British  and 
American  views  in  the  case  of  shi|)s — for  putting  a  restraint  on  the 
freedom  of  trade,  but  it  seenis  idle  to  base  it  on  the  score  of  humanity. 
The  elU'ct  would  simply  be  that  ii  government  meditating  the  iiivasidn 
of  another  country  would  have  to  provi<le  itself  in  time.  The  nei^fhbor 
upon  w  hom  it  thus  brings  war  on  the  sudden,  and  who  may  be  coiiijjar 
atively  uni)repared,  is  not  to  bo  at  liberty  to  seek  the  materials  of  war 
elsewhere,  but  is  to  be  left  at  the  merey  of  the  invader.  IVacetiil  Wiv 
tions  would  thus  be  at  the  mercy  of  others  more  ambitious  ami  wuiiike 
an<l  better  i>rei)ared  than  themselves.  The  weak  would  be  saeritiwd 
to  the  strong.  Let  me  suppose  si  peoi)le  rising  in  a  just  and  rightooiis 
cause.  1  will  not  offend  the  juitriotio  susceptibility  of  my  honorable 
and  esteemed  colleague  by  suggesting,  for  a  single  instant,  even  livpo 
thetically,  the  i>ossii)ility  that  the  cause  of  the  insurgents  might  have 
been  su<;h  a  one — 1  will  take  what  he  will  rea<lily  ailuiit  to  have  been 
80,  tlie  separation  of  the  United  '  ites  from  the  mother  country.  Let 
nie  suppose  that,  while  Great  Jiiitain  had  her  tleets  i)repare(l,  her 
trooj>s  armed,  her  arsenals  well  stored,  Anu'ri(!a  had  neither  ships  nor 
arms,  nor  munitions  of  war,  with  which  to  resist  the  suj)erior  force.sol 
her  a<lversary.  Woidtl  it  have  been  in  the  interest  of  hunninity  that 
she  should  be  shut  out  from  the  markets  of  the  world  I  An  appeal  to 
considerations  of  liumanity  has  no  doubt  soaiL'thiiig  very  captivat 
ing  about  it;  but  1  (piestion  very  much  whether  humanity  would  not 
lose  more  than  it  would  gain  by  tlie  proposed  restraint  on  the  coiiinier 
cial  freedoin  of  nations. 

The  case,  however,  becomes  essentially  dillcrent  when  a  shi])  thus 
.fhip  of  «„r  fpnt  e«iuii>ped  and  armed  is  not  sent  out  to  be  taken  to  the  port 

nut    li»r    iiniiii'Ji.ttiT         ,.  ^  i  i       1 1 .  .  i  i        i     .  i_     ^  •*.!         i^*       .. 

-nvue.  ot  the  belligerent  purchaser,  l)ut  is  sent  to  sea  with  otiicer.'* 

and  a  fighting  crew  for  the  purpose  of  immediate  warfare.  Under  sucli 
circumstaiKtes  the  transaction  ceases  to  be  one  of  mere  (lomiuerce,  and 
assumes  the  form  of  a  hostile  expedition  sent  forth  froai  the  territory  of 
the  neutral.  Such  an  expedition  is  plainly  a  violation  of  neutrality, 
acconling  to  international  law,  and  one  which  the  neutral  goveniiiient 
is  bound  to  do  its  best  to  inevent. 
Dut  what  if,  in  order  the  better  to  avoid  observation  and  detection. 
Armim.nt  and  tlicvessel  is  sciit  fortli,  witliout  its  armament,  without  its 
k-mirXp"!'' ''  "  war  crew,  and  these,  sent  to  it  by  another  or  dilfereiit  ve.s 
sels,  are  put  on  board  of  it  in  some  place  or  water  be.^ond  the  Jarisilic 
tion  of  the  neutral?  In  my  opinion,  excjept  so  far  as  the  question ol 
diligence  is  concerned,  as  to  which  it  may  form  a  veiy  material  elemeut, 
this  makes  no  dillerence.  The  ship,  the  armament,  the  crew,  thougli 
sent  out  separately,  form  each  of  thein  part  of  one  and  the  same  enter- 
l)rise  or  niKh'rtaking.  Taken  together,  they  constitute  a  hostile  exjie 
dition  and  must  be  treated  as  such.    It  is  as  though  a  hostile  force  were 


OPINIONS   OF    SIR    ALEXANDKU    COCKIWTKN. 


255 


(t'lViTHliyMlt. 


,*ont  l'.v  si'iv  to  invndo  ,nii  ciu'm.>'s  territory,  nnd  cucli  .nrmof  tlio  Ibni^  f»o 
ii,>iit, iiilii""'y»<''>^"'li'.V»  JirtilU'ry,  wvw  emliarkiMl  in  (lillerout  Hhips.  Tlie 
ttiidli'  woiiM  still  tbrin  oiic!  «'.\|KMliti<)ii.  So  licit',  Hliips,  {jiuis,  cnnv,  nro 
liitli  11 1'ii't  of  one  entire  whole  to  be  employed  and  used  in  Inrllieriineo 
„loin'  common  de.si{jfn.  This  is  happily  exju'essed  in  the  Anjeriean  IjHW 
Ki'Vit'W,  in  the  aiticle  already  cited :  "It  was  not,"  writes  the  anthor, 
•  hiritiise  the  Messrs.  Laird  s(»ld  a  war  ship  to  the  <'t)iilederates  that  wo 
laveadiiim  against  10n<;land  tor  a  bicach  of  international  law,  bnt  it 
was  bei'ans(!  collateral  arranj^'cnuMits  tbr  completinjj  the  equipment  and 
;iriiiiiiiu'nt  of  the  ship  so  sold,  by  placiii)!;' on  board  ollicers  and  crew, 
;;iiiis  and  provisions,  rendered  the  entire  proccdnn>,  in  iV.ct,  the  incep- 
iiKiiof  a  hostile  nndertakin^  from  the  conlinesof  a  neutral  country." 

Ul  course  the  (piestioii  may  become  one  of  decree.  Thi»  intt'rval  of 
tiiiu'  which  mi^dit  elapse  between  the  sendinjf  out  of  the  ship  and  that 
(it  the  crew,  the  distance  between  tin'  lU'Utral  territory  ami  the  place  at. 
which  the  war-crew  are  to  Join,  the  possible  tact  that  it  was  oriyimdiy 
iiitcuclod  to  procure  si  crew  in  some  other  country  than  that  of  tlio 
iit'Utral,  the  oi'currence  of  intermediate  circnmstan(!es,  niiy;ht  fairly  lead 
to  the  iufereiico  that  there  was  no  present  intention  to  apply  the  vessel 
to  the  purpose  of  war,  which  in  my  nund  is  an  essential  element  in 
ascribiiijj  a  belli;>crent  character  to  that  which  iniyht  otherwise  huvo 
remained  a  purely  conimercial  transaction. 

All  expedition  of  this  kind  bcinjj;  an  undoubted  violation  of  neutrality, 
every  one  will  agree  that  it  is  the  du^y  of  the  neutral  gov- 
eriiuieiit,  if  it  knows  that  such  expedition  is  about  to  leave 
its  waters,  to  use  due  diligence  to  prevent  it.  Xor  does  the  duty  of  the 
neutral  government  end  here.  It  is  also  its  duty  to  use  duo  diligence 
to  make  itself  informed  as  to  the  true  chara(!ter  and  destination  of  a 
vessel,  where  there  is  reasonable  groiiml  to  8us[»ect  that  such  character. 
and  destination  are  unlawful. 

The  duty  of  the  neutral  government  in  this  respect  npi)oars  to  me  to 
involve  three  things  :  lirst,  that  the  law  of  the  neutral  siiall  be  sntlicient 
to  enable  the  executive  to  prevent  breaches  of  its  duties  as  a  neutral  ; 
sw'oudly,  that,  where  its  application  is  called  for,  the  law  shall  be  i)ut 
iiitorce  honestly  and  in  good  faith;  thirdly,  that  all  ])roper  and  lc,;;iti- 
niate  means  shall  be  used  to  detect  an  intended  violation  of  the  law,  so 
as  b>  the  aiiplication  of  the  law  to  prevent  it. 

Having  thus  seen  what  is  the  ])reseiit  state  of  international  law, 
aecimling  to  the  views  of  leading  Jurists  and  the  i)racti<Hi  A.n.r,,,,,,  „r«., 
of  nations,  more  especially  that  of  JCngland  ami  America,  [Trl'»n"£m.'J 
the  parties  to  the  present  dispute,  we  are  enabled  to  torm  ""■ 
ail  opinion  as  to  how  far  the  assertion  in  the  case  of  the  United  States 
that  the  English  foreignenlistmcnt  act,  which,  going  far  beyond  the 
restraints  which  international  law  imposes  on  the  neutral  subject,  pro- 
hil)it8 even  the  littingout  and  e(iuipping  of  vessels  for  the  purpose  of 
war,  is  only  a  recognition  of  duties  imposed  by  international  law.  The 
proposition  is  altogether  untenable. 

It  is,  in  the  first  place,  altogether  at  variance  with  what  we  know- 
historical  ly  to  have  been  tlio  origin  both  of  the  American  acts  of  17!U 
and  1818,  and  of  the  IJritish  act  of  l.Sll),  to  say  that  either  of  these 
acts  arose  out  of,  or  was  passed  to  prevent,  the  building  or  equipping 
or  arming  of  ships  of  wnr  to  be  sold  to  a  belligerent. 

The  American  act  of  1794  was  passed  iu  consequence  of  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  French  envoy  and  consuls  iu  the  United  States,    „„,„h  ...j  Amm- 
oil  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  between  Great  Britain  and  """" 
France,  in  procuring  privateers  to  be  fitted  out  and  manned  by  Auieri- 


I  \ 


I  Jijlf linkup,    .,  ..,.. 


256 


AliUlTKATiDN    AT    OKNKVA. 


::i  . 


%■  i 


a     .:: 


can  citi/<'ii,s,  uiid  t'urniHliiiif;  them  with  letters  of  iioirqiu*  as  |>ti\iiti'irv 
U  was  not  a  <|iiosti()n  of  fitting  out  ships  to  ho  soUl  to  the  Fiench  j^'ov 
ernuient,  hut  of  fltthij;  out  Anieriean  vessels,  the  uropoi  ty  of  Amoriian 
owners,  and  nninned  hy  American  crews,  to  prey,  under  citmniisKionsit^ 
privateers,  upon  the  conimeret;  of  a  friendly  nation. 

In  like  manner,  the  American  act  of  1818  arose  out  of  the  pnMiscIv 
similar  conduct  of  American  eiti/ens  in  littin;;  out  A mer lean  vessels, 
uuuine<l  hy  American  crews,  atjainst  the  commerce  <»f  Si>ain  and  I'oi 
tugal,  uncler  commissions  as  [)rivateer»  from  the  de  facto  {govern iiu'ub 
of  the  revolted  colonies  of  the  two  countries. 

The  S|>anish  minister  had  loudly  complained  that  some  thirty  vi'sstls. 
specifically  named,  tin?  property  of  American  citizens,  antl  hclongiiij^tii 
jtorta  of  the  Union,  were  thus  ineying;  on  Spanish  commerce. 

The  representative  of  Portugal  made  similar  complaints. 

This  pi  actice  carried  on,  on  so  large  a  scale,  created  great  scandal :  ami 
after  the  comidaints  had  gone  on  for  two  years,  the  act  of  1.S18  \va> 
passed  to  i)ut  a  check  on  it,  if  iiossihle.  This  act,  in  addition  to  the 
enactments  of  that  of  1701,  required  that  a  hond  in  double  the  valiant 
the  ship  should  be  given  in  the  case  of  any  armed  vessel,  owiu-d  iu 
whole  or  in  i)art  by  American  citizens,  going  out  of  an  American  port. 
that  the  vessel  shouhl  not  be  eniployed  against  a  foreign  goveriiiiiiiit; 
and  gave  power  to  the  collectors  of  customs  to  detain  any  v«'ssol,  built 
for  war,  leaving  an  American  port,  under  certain  suspicions  circuiii 
stances  specified  in  the  act.  It  is  plain  that  this  statute,  like  its  preili  j 
cessoi;,  was  directe«l  agaii'«^  privateering  (carried  on  by  Americaiuiti 
zens  against  countries  wilh  which  the  United  States  were  at  \wa^^\■.\ 
Huilding  or  fitting  out  ships  of  war  for  a  belligerent  hatl  not  c«»ine  iii;i' 
41uestion  at  that  time  at  all. 

In  like  niaiiner  the  liiitish  act  of  ISltMiatl  in  view,  not  the  prcvtii 
tion  of  building  or  eciuippiiif,  ships  for  a  lu'lligerent,  in  the  way  of  trade, 
but  the  |»revention  of  uMlilary  or  naval  expeditions  on  behalf  <»f  tiii'ii' 
volted  c«»lonies,  or  mahrontent  subjects  of  Spain.  Its  origin  is  biiitl) 
stated  in  the  reiJort  of  Lord  Tcnterden  to  the  neutrality  laws  ci)iuiiii> 
sion : 

The  British  Ibrt'i^rii-ii  listiiiriit  net  may  1m' saitl  to  liu\i' arisen  from  tlic  iiiysisini 
ofii  tuiity  ;  that  witli  Spain  of  llif,i-tii  orAii<;nst,  1'?I4. 

This  fn'aty,  or,  as  it  is  cMlled,  "  additional  artieics  to  tin-  treaty   of  July '),  l-ll 
contains  tins  followinjj;  article  : 

•'Ahtici.k  111.  Ili»  Jirilannic  Majesty,  lieinj;  anxious  that  the  tronlilos  and  distiirlk 
anc'es  whit'h  nnt'ortnuatily  |irevail  in  the  dominions  of  His  Catholic  Majesty  in  Aimnu 
should  entirely  cease,  ami  tho  snhjeetstif  thosis  provinces  should  return  to  their  olwh- 
ence  to  their  lawful  sovereif2:n,  enifa;:ces  to  tnko  the  most  ctl'eetnal  un'a.-'nres  tor  pn 
ventinir  his  snhjeets  fnim  lurnishin}^  arms,  ammunition,  or  any  other  article  to  tinr>~ 
▼olted  in  America." 

in  inlrt  the  reactionary  jiolicy  of  Kin<>  I'Vrdiinmd,  the  jtrohibitory  duties  iniiiiwdiiv 
hiiu  on  British  commerce,  and  the  in^jratitudo  with  which  he  treated  Briti!<li  t>llinT> 
ami  others  who  had  served  his  cause  in  Spain,  h.nd  provoked  a  fjreat  deal  otirrit;ilii«i 
in  Kn^jland  ;  and  there  was  a  considerald<i  party  in  the  House  of  Connnons,  lieadtil ''} 
Sir  Jauww  Macintosh,  w  ho  were  prepaietl  to  support  the  claims  of  the  .Si>anisli  Aimii 
can  colonies  to  independence. 

Kxjietlitions  were  said  to  be  in  preparation  for  rendering  active  assistance  Iiotlit"  | 
the  malcontents  in  Spain  and  to  the  rehels  iu  America,  in  spite  of  a  prochuiiatioii  M 
biddiuf?  such  expeditions,  which  had  been  published  in  1817;  und  the  (Jovermmin 
conse(iuently  found  that  it  was  necesHary,  in  order  to  keep  good  faith  with  Spiiiniunl  | 
to  prevent  infractions  of  British  neutrality,  to  bring  in  lui  act  of  Parliament  to  proviilf 
for  the  case  which  i.ow  for  tlie  lirst  time  arose  in  modern  history,  of  Orcat  Biitniu'"" 
ing  nentrhl  at  the  time  «)f  a  great  uiaritiino  war.' 

That  it  was  against  armaments  going  out  from  the  shores  of  Onm 
r>ritaiii  that  the  measure  was  directed  is  plain  from  some  of  the  arjii 

'  See  report  <»f  commission,  p.  37;  UritiMh  Appendix,  vol.  iii. 


<»PlMi»NS    or    SIR    .M.KXAM^KIl    (M)(  KIURN. 


257 


iiuMits  iiscil  l).v   Mr.  ('.iniiiiii,'  in  tlic  coiir.si'  \>\'  tlic  (Icbntc  on  'lir  liill. 
i'liii.s  he  .sa.>  s  : 

ll'.i  ton'ijJiiiT  slidiilil  I'liiiMcc  to  roiin'  iiitc)  anv  i>r  our  i)orin,  anil  wn  nil  lliis  mij^ht.v 

rii.iiiiciit  ('i|iii|>|>in;^  lur  loirij-ii  s'^ivnc,  lir  wmilil  iiiil  iiritlly  asU,  ■'  Willi  v\li,il  iiiilioii 
, ,  \(iii  ;if  war  '  "      I'lif  ;iii>\M'r  would  In-,  "  Willi  iioiic.'' 

•  I'lir  wli.it  |iiii"|io-*i',  tlii'ii,"  111'  WHiilil  s!i\ ,  "  ;ir<'  tlii'si'  triiii|is  Irvji'il,  ami  liy  wlioiii  T  ' 
lie  iv|ily  ot'coiUM' mint  III'.  •' 'I'licv  all- not,  irvifil   liy   ;^i>vi-riiiin'iit  :  nor   it   it    known 

,1  wliat  M'lvicii  tlii'y  air  inlitiileil :  Iml,  l>n  tin-  mitvIii'  what  it  may,  ;;o\'t'rnim'nt.  v;ii\ 
„it  iiitrrliiT."     \\'oiilil  not  all  that  iiivr  sm'li  a  loici^fii'"!'  a  lii;;li  iili-a  ol'  tin-  i-vii  Umico 
.itlir  Kii^li^li  ••on.>>titiition  .'     Wonlii  it    not  tii;;'^iMt  to  him   that    lor  all    t!ir  onliiiiiiy 
i.'ir;uiM'K  ol' a  stati>  lliri'i-  wa'^  no  '^ovcrnnn'iit    in    Kni^luml  *     i)i<l   tin*    liomtiahli^  iinii 
..iirni'il  ui'iilltMiiiMi  not  tliink  that  thr  allowiii);  i>l'  armammti  to   hi-  tlttoil   out    in  thin 

iiiiiiy  iiiiaiiisl  a  loi'i'i;in  powiT  was  a  jii-t  i  ansc  oC  war  ' 

Mr.  Jli>i)crt  (ii'itiit,  iinotliiT  iin-iiilxu'  of  thi>.  ^fovcniiMcnt,  siiiil  tliat — 

I'.vi'iy  jiovfrntnrnf .  in  its  t()ri'i;;n  rfliitioiis,  was  tin-  ii-pn  srntativi'  of  thi-  nation  to 
I'liich  it  lic'loniiril,  ami  it  w.as  of  tim  hi;jhi'«.t  iniiMiilami-  to  thf  iiracc  of  nations  tl;.:!, 
.>\i'riiiiii-iil~^  >iioiil<l   hn  HI)  ronsiiiiM'i-il.     Nations  aniioiimi-il   tlirir   inirntmns   to  cat  li 

■'...I'tlii'iiLitili    till.    iiii>itiillii    ill    tlii.il*     I*il1ttl'a  1[i>iii-i.     itXi'i'v    ..t-ilik      t.ii.ii\'       \%'lij.l'i*      (■■      lit.kt.' 


iiii  tliiiiii'^h  till' iiu'iliiim  ol' tlii'ir  riili'is,     Ili-nri'   f\  fiy  statr    knew    wln-ii)    to    look 
re  \|in'>*>-ious  of  till'  will  of  fon'iijii   iiatioiis;  whiTf   to   h'ani    whrtlh-r   wai 
vi- iiitriiili'il  ;  w  lit'M' to  ili'niaiiil 
lint  all  llii> 


Ol'   pI'llCO 

it'ss  for  iiijnrirH,  ami  wIhti'  to  visit   iniuriis  nnri'- 

.,-,, is  systi'iii  was  invi'itnl  anil  thio.vii    into  ronfiiMion,  if   iho  ;;o\i^tn- 

>;i;  iiii;;lit  act  in  oim  way  ami  tin-  nation  in  aiiothcr.  All  this  sysli'in  was  at  an  riiil 
«liili'  wi'  wrri-  profi'ssi'dly  at  prarii  witli  .spain,  sln>  was  to  liir  atlarki'il  liy  a  iargn 
my  iif  iiiililary  ail vi'u;  I'lri's  from  <<iir  own  shores — a  sort  of  r.rlra-iKiti'ind!  hoily  — 
I  .iii'i'ly  iriispoiisihlf — ntti  riy  invnlncral>li',  rxci-pt  in  their  own  prrsoii.s — for  wliosn 
.'ti  III)  ri'ilicss  conlil  III'  ilcinanili'il  of  t  In'  liritish  ^ovrrnini'iit  —  who  iiii!,;ht  hnrn,  ))il- 
<'!',  ami  (list  roy,  thiMi  timl  a  safe  asylum  in  their  own  c.ounlry,  and  havi-  us  to  say, 
Wi- lijivi' pi'rforiut'd  our  t'li^^ajri'iacnts — wo  liavi)   honorahly  niainlainrd  out  u'-iitral 

':irirtl'r."- 

I'.iit  tlic  lan,u'H;i,n'<'  'it'  tlit'sr  arts  Iii'iiio-  \,\vj;o  ('iioii;fh  to  cmbiiH't'  a  c:\so 

!' the  ('(|itip|)iii<;  ii  vessel  tor  a  t'orci.^n    helli^i'ereiit,  the  lorcij^ii-ciilist- 

|iiiiit;irt  lias  lieeii  iiiai!(>  availal)l<' Cor  t  he  piirpose  of  prevent  inn' a  traC 

ii  uiiicii  is  caleiilated  t(»  cause  (Miiharrassineiit  to  a  .n'o\cnmicnt  pressed 

i  V the  rciiioiist ranees  olhellioeretits.     And  this  act  liuvinj*' been  so  often 

j'|h';i1(mI  to  ind  discussed,  a  notion  lias  spnin;;  np  that  the  ei|iiipnient 

wsseis  of  war,  tlion;^li  in  the  way  of  trade,  is  a  violatn)n  of  neutrality, 

iliilc,  in  fact,  it  is  only  ii  violation  of  the  nmnicipal  law, 

Mr.  haiia,  in   the  passaj;(!  before  cited,  i»iits  the  matter  on   the  riL;'ht 


A,-;iin.  it  is  idle  to  conrend  that  alterations  in  the  law,  sincci  made  by 
iiiitc.  to  i;ive  a  .i^rcati-r  power  to  the  executive  in  dealin,u'  ^,,....^r...■,  .,r„.-t 
I  ill  suspected  vessels,  arc  to  he  taken  as  the  measure  of  "''''''"• 
riii'i)lili;>;itions  incuinhent  on  the  I'lritish  ^iovernment  by  International 
I'l".  ratchinn  iit  a  lew  words  in  the  report  of  the  royal  <v)mmissi()ners, 
l**lii'.  ill  recoininendiiij;  certain  statutory  additions  to  the  law,  add  :  ''  In 
jiiuikiii;;  tin'  forcinoin;,'  recommendations  we  hav(?  not  felt  ourselves  bouml 
[t'M'Diisidei'  whelhei'  we  were  exceedini,' what  could  actually  be  reiiuired 
jl' iiiti'iiiational  law,  but  we.  are  of  opinion  that  if  tluj.se  recominenda 
|i 'Ills  should  be  adopti'd,  the  municipal   law  of  this  n'aliu  available  Ibr 

■  "•'■iiti)i('eiiient  of  neutrality  will  derive  increased  ellicieiicy,  and  will, 

•'■'' l.ir  as  we  can  see,  have  been  brou;;ht  into  lull  conforinity  with  Your 
j.'liijcsty'.s  international  obli^^ations,"  tlu^  rnited   States  desire;  that  it 

.^'i.ill  he  taken,  notwithstanding'  that  the  commissioners  expressly  say 
[ii.it  tlicir  lecommemhitions  are  iiulependent  (d'  any  considerations  of 
liit'iiiiitional  law;  that  these  stiitesmen  and  learned  Jurists  meant  that 

'iiliiHit  lliesc!  additions  the  law  of  Kn;.(land  failed  to  come  up  to  the, 
;t'!H'ies  of  intermitional  law.     Such  an  ar;;ument  is  n-ally  uiMleserv- 


'■>ii  ol  .serious  notice 

'laiiNard's  I'arliiimi'iitury  l)id)ates,  voliiiiH'.  40,  piij^n   llOti.    Si-c  al.so  cxtiuctN  givoii 
jiillif  Ai'jruiniMit  of  the  I'ni'ti'd  Status,  i)a«?«  oil). 

'laiisard,  volunif  40,  ])aj(t'  l'i44.     Arguuit'iit  of  Uiiitod  StaLiw,  pugo  uVi. 

17  n 


I 


i".; 


2r,8 


AKMIITKA  ri(i\    AT    (JENT.VA. 


K(|UiiIly  iiiifourMli'd  is  An-  {iss"i'ti<»n  that  tlic  ptovii-i'oti  ciltlic  Ion  i;;i|. 
oiilifstiiu'iit  act  .'ire  only  Ji  sfutiito! y  «l('<-liUiitio?i  of  tin*  romiiiuii  l,i\n,i 
{<',ujjliUi({.  Tlu' ciiiictiiM'iit  (»!'  Iliat  statute  <MMil(l  only  iic  (Um  l.uatorA  „; 
lin' (^(Kiiiiioii   law,  il   CO  cxttMisiv  (' wil  li  llic  ol»li;i;at  ions  oi'  intrniaiion;,! 


;iw 


vvlicn'as.  ill   fact,  il  ucnt   far   Iic\<»im!    iImmm. 


The 


opinntii  n!  Ill, 


jnd^cs.  pronounced  ac.  far  back  as  ihi-  l»c;;inuin;;- of  t i?*' last  ccimin 
thai  c\<'n  tlic  sale  of  aiincfl  siiips  was  not  c(Hitiary  to  the  law  of  Ijii 
iand,  ,-h  )ws  the  rashness  an<l  tiu^  incorrectness  of  (his  assertion. 

.  lainied  (tn    behalf  of  the  I'liited  States  that,  wiietji,.;'  ;| 
foreign  t'nlistiiient  act  was  (u-   was  not   nioic  than  cim'\!,i 


Jiut,  ii   i.- 


sive  with  inti-i'national  obji-jaiions.  ilie  I'niicd  Siai 


entitled,  irrcsneclis  elv  of  f  ii 


of  1  lie  tn  aty  (tl  \\  asiin 


ton,  lo  lia\e  it  |»(it  in  foi'ic  in  all  ilsii^or  (or  (heir  piotectioii.  Tins 
involves  the  iMi|>"rtanl  (|nc,>iioii  w  iietiu'i,  w  In  le  llie  municipal  l.twdf' 
the,  ncntral  is  more  si  i  indent  Ihan  the  internal  ional  law,  a  iM-llimMvni 
can  claim,  as  of  rij;n(.  (he  pattin;^  in  force  of  I  he  municipal  lau  iiilii< 
iiein»lf,and  make  the  omission  iodo  so  a  ^^ronnd  of  ^^rievance.  as  fomui- ; 
inj>'  a.iip.ht  of  I'cdress  at  the  hands  ol'  a  inMilr.d  .i;'o\<'i'nmenl.  \  U'\\ 
short  considerations  will  serve  to  tlispose  ol  this  ipn'slitni,  w  Inch,  iixld,,, 
seems  (o  answer  itself. 

UJMMi  a  r.overnnusd  makes  its  mnnicipal  law  more  s(jin;^eid  than  ;i,i 
oliiijiations  ol'  int<'i  na' ional  law  woidil  rc<piire,  i(  does  so,  not  Inr  the 
lie.H'lit  of  (oreiuti  states,  lint  for  i(s  own  proteci'on,  lest  tlte  acts  ai  its 
snhjec's  in  overstepping'  th<'  confines,  ollentinu's  donblfnl,  of  stiit; 
i'i;xht,  ill  transactions  ol  winch  a  few  circnms(ances,  nn)rc  uv  h'ss,  mav 
alt(-r  (he  <'haracter,  shonld  <'oinpronnse  its  relalioiis  with  other  n;itioiis. 
It  waK  ill  (his  soirit  and  with  this  tdiject  (hat  the  loieiyn-enlistaaMir.  .k-! 
wan  passed,  ar  is  shown  l)y  its  preainiile.  which  is  in  the  l(tl|ic\;>;;| 
terms: 

WlicM'.'iK  Ilic  cHliFi rtit'ui  or  ('nj:iiiu;<Mii«'nt  of  Hin  .MiijcNly  ■•  miIiJ''i'Is  In  sitnc  in  \i;ir  i;i 
fui('i;jii  i^crvici',  wit  lioi't  His  M;i  ji  ^ty's  licciisf.  ;mil  I  lie  Ii!  I  iiij;  oiU  ;oui  r(jii!|i[i!ii;  uml 
;iiiiii'.i<i  of  vcNSv's  liv  lli,^  M;i  jcHi  V '.■•  KiilijfCl  ■j,  sviiiiotn  lli^  MjiJisI  y  «  li'Cli.-f,  liu  v.iiihkfl 
(ilM'iat  i'liiw  ill  di'  ;ij;aiiist  s  lie  (loiiiiiii'inh  or  'iri  itoi  ics  ur  any  I'-ir*'!;;!!  niimr,  si, it'-.  |i'itt'ii 
i:it«',  or  I't'ihons  Okcicisinu  or  l<^sm,iirlg  to  rXf'i<'iMc  t  lit'  |hi\vrrM  ol  guvii  imiriit  in  or  mi" 
iiiiy  I'doi};!!  I'oiiiidy.  colcpiiy.  |H(i\  iiici-,  or  piiit  of  ;niy  jnoviiii  r,  or'  iiUiiiiiKl,  the  "liiii*. 
^(kkIh,  or  iiiircliaiuiisc  ol'  smy  loifijiii  prime.  :>(!iie,  |)oti'iilatc,  or  |M'r»oiis  a«  aliiic.-.i 
or  Uirir  Mil  jcclH,  viiiii  hi'  prijndichtl  lo  niul  Iniii  to  viiilnnitT  thf  piwi  aud  wcl/iii  of  '*«! 
kiitfiiUmi  ;  aid  when  a'j  the  iaw«  iviboi"  art'  iiol,  Miittit  icnily  t  iVi  itiial  for  |in\'t  ■ 
tlio  Niiiiic  : 

Now,  i(  is  (piit(  clear  that  the  obli;4al  ion>  of  (he  nenlial  stale  s|ini;; 
(flit  of,  and  aie  deicrnuncd  by.  iht  principles  and  rules  of  intciiuitioiini 
law,  indepi-ndciitly  of  the  li'iinicipal  law  of  the  ncnlial.  'I  In-y  wmii.: 
px'n  t  <'\ac(ly  th<' s;!nie,  (hoii;.;ii  the  tu'Ciiai  stale  lia<i  no  mnnicipal  liv 
to  enable  il  (o  enlbice  t  he  diUics  of  ncndality  on  ils  subjects.  1 1  \wi!iM 
ob\  iodsly  aflord  ih»  answer  on  ihe  pail  oi' a  neutral  ;;(>veinniciil  '■  • 
"i)iiiplain(  of  a  lu'lli' .  cut  ot  an  infia.tion  ol  nentrality,  that  its  mui 
pal  law  w  as  in>iiniciciit  !;>  enable  it  (o  insiiie  \  he  oliservaiice  of  iiciil;. 
ity  by  ils  snbjccis,  the  reason  bein;;'  tiiat  inlcinalional  law,  not  tlirim 

'  cs  the  (Mily  measure  of  uinr 
While,   theielore,"/)?!    llic   one  liiiii'l. 


nicipal  law  of  (he  pJUticnlar  conn(ry 
national  liolits  and   obli"a(ioi 


IS. 


the  municipal  law.  if  not  co extensive  with  (he  i.i'ernadonal  law,"!' 
alVord  no  excuse  t«.  (he  neutral,  S(>  neither,  (ui  the  (>ther,  if  in  e\('t">"' 
what  in(<anational  oblioajimis  exact,  will  i(  afford  any  ri;.'hl  (oilii'i"- 
lifj;<'rent  which  !nteritati<»nal  law  would  fail  to  ^'ive  to  him. 

In  one  respec(,  and  in  one  respe<'t  only,  tines  (he  municipal  ia.>    "I"''!! 
in  oxeess  of  iiiternatioaal  la\v,oi\e  a  riyht  (otlie  hellio<'rent.     Iji"-'''' 
beinj'  of  the  ossrnce  of  iientialitv.  he  has  .i  riuht  to  insis(  (Ind  lli'-i' 


(i!'!Ni(»Ns   di'   .-.||;    \i,i:\\M'ii;   <  (MiviuiiN. 


•J')!) 


t!i('  Ciuci'^ii. 
iiiioii  law  1,1 
'i;'.ara!«trv  u] 
tifniia'ioiiii! 
liioii  ()!'  III). 
ist  rciiiiirv. 
l;iw  111'  |;i|._- 
'iiiiii. 

whi'llliT   Ihr 
<lll    < \!r||- 

lit  \\';isliiii'4. 
Ttiuii.  'i'ii;>. 
icipiii  l.>\\  III 
:i  Im-Uiui'Iiu; 
ill  l:i^\'  ill  Ins  I 
iiMS  ;is  t'diiiid- 

M'llt.       A  U'\\ 
llicll.  iliil-f.„ 

;fiit  Uiiiii  li.i 
I,  nut  i'nr  till' ! 

|iC  ilCtS  (ll    IN 

Till,  uf  s!::i;  : 

Hi  !<'ss,  mil) 
)(lii'i'  ir.itiHii'i. 

iili'.t.urMr  ,ii; 

111'    liillir^: 


1  \  <•  111  \':\r  I'! 
t  ri|ll'.|i|>ili:  ^iixll 

ll.-f,    fill    V.^llllkf  1 

re,  si. It'-,  l><it<Mi 
nirllt   III  i'V">i' 

His  a."  al'll|•<•^.ll'l• 
/  in  1 1' IK  "'  ''"' 
111'.-   Ill'  \   I.I  ■ .' 

ilitfliiii'i''"^ 

TllfV    \M'l:^' 

miii'ip;il  i;-' 

h  \in',S 
•llllllrlit  '■  ' 
ll    \\^  IlliM 

•(•  III  ii'M'.l:. 
not  tin  II' 
;iirr  tit'  iiii'' 
.-  oiM'  liaiiil'l 

li;|l    l;|\v.  "'" 
ill  CM'I'^*  '• 

,1   to  tilt'  '"■■ 

ill  lit'-.  «l"'l'l 

ll,     IjiI'IiIiI' 
Unit  iIk'W'i- 


i  T.ii  Ml  i  ".it'll  shiill  ('qiiiilly  he  coiniM'llcd  to  Kcrp  within  the  iiiiiiiii'i|Kil  Ijiw 
iiiiciilitijr  >'itli  *^'-  iulvcisiiry  iis  wlitii  (Icaliii;:  with  hiiiisclf.  A  hclli;,'!'!- 
[ditisiiUo  Ih'VoikI  (|iu'stioii  pcil't'cII.N  ;il  lihnty  to  m.^c  iii<t>ii  liic  iicu- 
tnil  jrovcrmiUMit,  in  the  w.iy  of  solicitiitiun  ui'  cnch  of  rciiioiistriiiico,  to 
Hitoivi'  the  immicipiil  Imw  :  hut  so  Ioml;  ;i--  it  is  not  ciilorcf  »1  :i;:iiiiist 
iiiiiisi'll"  li«'  li!i^  no  ii;^hl  to  ii'tlit'ss,  licc.ri^r  it  i*  not  jMit  in  t'orci-  iii^ainst 
iiisoiit'iiiy. 

1  am  !i'  ;i  Iosn  cMn'tly  to  lunh'r.stniKl  I'm  what  pmpoc  tln-sr  points 
jiavc  Im'cii  hioii^ht  I'oiwiinl.  :iihI  so  •-H  I'liiioiisiy  iiisistcil  on,  in  ilir 
Aini'vicitii  iii'uiiiiK'iits.  I''i>i-,  till'  rule  picsc  ilicil  t  >  iis  liy  lli»'  1  iciity.  iiimI 
III  till' Iti'iii'lit  of  whii'h  tlir  rnitcil  Stiitt-s  mh'.  thciofoic,  cnlMh'il  I'l  our 
luiitls  is  ill  tin'  vny  tcnn-  of  t  lie  loi-ri..;ii  enlist  Miriit  net.  I  pi'fMinic  tin 
,|iiinios(' \v:is  to  crciilc  ;i  li)!iii(l;iti(»ti  for  lli.'  ihipiitiit  ion  iiu;iiiisl  (licnl 
iii!iiiiii  of  not  inivin.!.:  iiftrd  in  ;:ooi|  f.iilli.  In  tliil  n-spci-t  I  nniy  Inivc 
I  .iilvt'i'f  t.>  tlic^f  iiijinincnts  ;iL;;iiii.  I'oi  my  pri'sriii  piiiposc  it  is 
'iriii;;il  to  Ikivc  rlcurnl  tho  ^loiiinl  of  lln'iii. 

Ill  like  iiiamii'r  w  In-n  ii  is  smi'^lit,  in  thf  rasc  of  the  rnitcil  States,  to 
.i.iki'tlic  (^hH'i'ii's  ))rocliiin;il  ion  of  nciiliality  t'w  incasiiii'  ,„,,,.,  ,,  , 
Hi  till' iiit«'rniition;il  ut»ii;;at  ions  of  her  siViji'cl- . '  vciv  hnv-  '"" 
VI  iiti^ht  to  know  that  this  is  to  ;j;i\i'  to  a  royiil  piorhtniation  an  antlioi 
tvwliifli  it  <lo«'S  not  poss«'ss.  Tlio  pnrpox'  ot  such  a  piorlainal  ion, 
iivil  only  in  j;iciit  «'onin!i<'(nr<'s,  is  to  ri'iniihl  tin-  snhii'd  of  tin-  prtivis- 
ins  iif  till'  law.  ill!  I  to  warn  him  iiuainst  )  ri-iiUinu  it:  iiU'l  it.  iiitir  snch 
iiiiiii;,'.  :i  man  oflcmls  jinainst  the  law.  his  olfcnsi'  is  ii;.;ma\  jitrd  li.\  the 
fill!  that  In*  has  si-r,  the  injiiin'tions  ol'  thr  so'>  cici^ii  at  (h'liancc ;  hiit 
iich  ,1  proclaniiition  fiuiiiol  make  or  ;i(li|  fo  tin*  l;iw,  or  iiltcr  it  in  tin* 
il!r>t  piirtii'nlar.  Thf  pror!;iiiiiition  ol'  l.s<;|  was  in  llii' iicriistoint'd 
im;.  It  ilrrw  altcnfioii  to  the  «'iiarl  mcnt  s  of  tin'  foreign  ciilistincnt 
'.:iii(l  warnrd  al!  p('r>  nis  snhjcct  to  Ihitish  law  thai,  if  tln-y  did  ;iny 
will  I'lititiiiN  I'tition  of  .liat  act,  or  in  xiohition  ot  the  km  ol'  tiiilions. 
isliy  I'lilistiniT  ill  the  inilitiiry  scrvici*.  or  srr\  in.u;  in  iiiiy  ship  of  w  ;ir  or 
|r,iii>iM»rt.  of  the  contcndiii};'  parlies  ;  or  .uoiii.iLi  or  cn^'anitii;  to  ;;o  lM'\ond 
111' seas  lor  the  piiiposf  of  ciili  ;tinJ.^  or  proriiriii,!.r,  or  atti'inpt inii'  to 
iMiihi'.  within  I  li-r  Miijt'sl  y"s  dominions,  ot  lins  to  do  so  ;  o,-  tit  I  iiiu  out. 
iiiiiiii;!;,  or  ('«piippin<.j  iiiiy  \>'>><i'l  to  ho  cinploycd  as  ii  sliip  of  war.  or 
iii'i'i,  Ol'  tiiiiispoit,  hy  lillitr  of  t  In'  ronicndiiiij  partio:  or  li> 
iinkiii;;  Ol  rmh'av  iiriii;^'  lo  hrcjik  iiny  liiofkiidc  hiw  fiill\  iind  acdiiilly 
'ti'ilislit  (I  hy  Ol  on  lu'lialf  ot  tit  her  of  thf  -^iiid  ('onlciidin}j:  partii-s  ;  v.v 
ly  i',iir\in;.;- oilici'rs,  soldii-rs,  dispatches,  iirnis,  niilil;iiy  stoics,  or  mate- 
ii  !*  Ill  :.iiy  iirlicic  or  iii  t  ido  con>idcicd  and  deemed  (o  he  eoiii  lahand 
it  <Mr,  ai'fonliii.u;  to  the  law  wv  model  n  iisa^c  of  nations,  for  the  n^e  or 
\;i'i'  of  cither  ot  the  contendiii;^  pailies  ^all  pci'>oiis  so  olfeiidiii;; 
"M  incur  ;ind  Im'  liiilile  to  the  sc\  eial  pemilt  ics  and  pen  a  I  conscipieiiccs 
'I  '  said  >t.itnte  or  hy  thv  law  of  nations  in  that  lichalf  iinposfd 
'  'HHiiici'd.  The  (^>nccir>  siil»ieef  s  ale  I'lii'l  lii'i  w  .11  lied  that  iill  persons 
'liil  to  Inr  protection,  il  they  should  miseoinlnet  thcmschcs  in  the 
ii'iiiM's,  would  do  so  at  tlicir  peril  :iiid  of  ihcirown  w  ion;;,  and  that 
I'V^  Would  in  nowise  ohtiiii  any  protection  tiom  Her  MiijestN  ii;.;iiinst 
\  liuhiliiil'S  or  pi'Illl!   «'olisi'(plellces. 

"if  t'tVi'i't  is  tlnit  pcisons  arc  wiinu'd  tlnit  itdViiciions  ot  the  lorci;;n 
l'l>! incut  ;ic|  will  he  visited  with  the  pemdtiesof  that  slatalc,  while 
!'>'<  within  the  poiiitltics  of  Intel  national  liiw  will  he  liiihle  to  tliose 
'"''Itu's,  (iiaiiu'ly,  Hi'i/.iin'  iind  coidiscidion  ol'  properly,)  and  that 
"'liiist  llic  hittor  ptMudtics  no  prott'ction  f''oiiii  the  Crown  must  Uv 
|"rti'(|. 

''lit  till'  proelaination  eotitinns  no  pi'ohibifion  of  these  hiiier  iiets, 


# 


•ji;o 


AK'IM  I  K'A  rw>N     \V    (iKNF.N  A. 


iiiinu'lv,  tlciilmu;  iii  coiitiMltiiiitl  ol'  w  iir.  ui'  l)i('alciii,ij  hlnckadc 


i!">r.  if  it 


(lid,  would  .siit'li  i>iuliihitioii  make  siuli  acts  an  oIVciim' :  Midi  a  piocla 
Illation  has  nc^cr  Uccii  iiiidcislood  by  l!i  Itisli  stah'sint'ii  or  l,i\v\('r>  :i< 
iiiaUiii.n' i'itlicr  ol'  tlic^t' tli;ii;is  an  ollciisc  a-jainst  tiic  iiiiiiii('i|>ai  l.iv,  or 
as  what  llir  jiovcnmu-iit  was  caih'd  ujioii  to  prevent,  or  would  \,r  jim, 
lit'd  in  ;itrriii]ttin;^  lo  pre  \ cut. 


Nor   liave  siinihii'  proelaiiial  iuiis  of  riisidciits  ol   th<'    I'liilfd  >t 


l!c. 


heeii  dealt  with  as  imposing  attditionai  ol)li,^alioi!s  on  Anierican  ,ii: 
/ens,  or  as  siiltjfcliiiu'  them  to  additional  pe'ialt  ies,  oi- as  can  \  m^  ;ii,. 
oi»li,uations  of  the  state  fiirlher  than  those  inijioscd  l»y  internatittiiiil  law, 
The  Ann-riean  anthoritio  w  liieh  !  have  riled  estaldisli  this  bcyniid  ;ii: 
pi»ssil>ilily  of  eont  lov  ci  sy. 

Ton'llirn  lo  the  snltieel  ol' the  «i|iiipiiielil  of  \i>,>('l>.      Tho!l;;li  1  li.iw 

•■.|..n thonuiit  it  desii'alde,  with  a\irw  to  ot  her  parts  of  tliisc.iM'. 

i'Xi". lo  work  out  liie  (piestion  of  neutral  eoinnieree  to  its  I'lilj  rx 

tent,  and  Ihoiinh  I  lia\c  eoine  to  the  eonclnsion  that  by  the  ueiicrall.hk 
of  nations  the  >:de  ol  a  ship  of  war.  thoii;;li  intended  for  theiiM-oii 
liellim'K'iil .  i>  not.  when  merely  a  (!oniiiiercial  traiisaelioii,  a  ImcuIi  oI 
ni'iit  rality,  ,\  el.  as('ir<'at  Ibitain  has  consented  that  the  mere  et|iii|(|n!i4 
ol'  such  a  ship,  t  hon^li  doin-  in  <  he  way  of  t  rade.  >hall  Im'  taken  In  !i,i\  ■ 
been  a  breached'  neutrality  which  tlie  ilritlsli  j;overiiinent  w.isIuHiihl 
to  \im>  due  dili,i;e!iee  lo  prcNCIlt,  I  a-ree  with  the  rest  ot  the  I  liltillial  tli.it 
we  mii>t  loi  the  present  purpose,  in  res|iect  ol  the  litlintiont  aiiil  i'<|iii'i 
piny:  •>!  Ni'ssels,  take  the  rules  of  the  lieaty  as  the  test  of  tin  ;ilir^-il 
omission>  and  eonse'jiieiit  liability  of  the  <^>iieen"s  ,ao\  eriuiieiil. 

Thou  14 1 1  of  opinion  that   Her  Majcslv's  ,uo\  I'liimeiit  were  <piile  liuii;   1 


('■.it-tnii  tiiMi 


siiyin.u  that  the  lilies  laid  down  i»y  the  treaty  are  net 
as  internalioiinl  la w  wimld  ha\  e  pre.>ei  i!»ed  at  the  nine  iIm-j- 
«daiins  arose.  I  auree  that  '>\  e  an-  bound  ii\  the  rules,  and  ihat  a  ixm: 
duty  to  ,iii\e  lull  etfeet  lo  them  ill  dealing  w  itii  these  claims.  Ibiwcv.' 
Ui'tMt  and  unexampled  the  eoncessioii  made  by  ( ireat  liritain  in  roiiMii: 
111;;  to  l»e  lioiiiid.  in  ropeel  o|'  past  iiihTual ioiial  oldiualinii<.  hy  riiii'« 
which  had  no  esistence  in  iiitei  national  law  when  the  breaches  ui  ii.-u 
tr.il  obli;;ations  complained  .if  are  allc^id  to  have  oeeiirred,  I  >tilhli:ii^ 
ihat  wf  iniisi  pi  occed  in  this  iinpiirv  as  lhouL;h  the  rules  oi'  tli,' iif,iii 
had  been,  cilhe"-  i)y  international  law  01  by  coii\ cnt  ion  betuei'ii  liu' 
I  wo  coiiiii|ie>,  biiidiii]!,^  (Ml  ( Ileal  lliilain  al  the  time  ol  t  he  civil  w. 11.  1 
cannoi  but  concur  with  Air.  Ilvarls  that  we  must  ;iive  the  smir  ciln't 
to  those  rules  as  regards  the  past  as  we  should  ;.;'ive  lo  them  it  (Itnlin: 
with  a  ca>e  which  had  arisiui  since  ihey  were  ani'eed  to  bv  the  twuin 
tioiis,  nor  do  I  iiid'-ed  understand  this  piopi)sili(m  to  be  disj»ii[cil  in 
I  he  counsel  on  the  p  11!  of  <ireal  lliitain.  T'u'  (piestion  is  wh.'tliei  .1 
diliLicnce  WIS  n>eil  bv  the  I5riti^h  j^ovcrnincnl  to  >,iiisfy  thei\i. 
ot  the  oltliiiations  iirescribed  !tv  those  rule 


ilM 


I   proceed.  I  hen.  lo  consider  what   is  this  ••  dur  dili,:;'cnci'"'  whidi 
ibilish   I'ov friiineiit   admits  that    it  was  bound  to  app!} 
pre\  cut  the  liltiiiL; out  and  e<|uippiii;iof  'he  ve>scl>  in  <\" 


M 


l>Mi*il(lll|(<*HV».    VkU'ti 


tion. 


I  appieheiid  that  sm  h  dilinciiei-  would  be  neither  i^^fciiler  in»r  le>s  :ii.i 
any  oIIht  neutral  :L;overninenf  would  be  bound  to  apply  to  the  pifi'iii 


llM.'ll 


■mil' 


iiiij(d"any  breach  by  it-,  subjects  id'  anyheadofueulr.il  diityproii 
by  iideniational  law. 

'riie(lil)iciilly  (d'  the  position  is,  tiiat  lie' (piestion  has  not  hiiliei: 
within  the  raii;;('  of  jiii idicial  diseiission  (Ui  s'ibjeets  conncclcd  '.vidi  i'liiTi 
national  liivv.     Hitherto,  where  u  ;,'(iverntn('iit  lias  acted  in  ;4;(»(>ii  ; 
availiULj  it  sell'  fairly  of  such   means  as  weie  at   its  (lispo.siil,  '•  I''' 


oi'iNKiNs  (.|    <\u    \i,i:.\  \\!ii;k'  (  (h  Ki;n;\. 


!f;i 


iciicim  liti 
•linyiii.:,'  ;!ii' 
i;iti()ii;ill;iw. 


[iccn  usual  to  consider  it  rt'spMiisildc  to  a  iM-Ui^jcrctit  ;;()V('niiii(iit  "lor 
;i((s()l'  its  sn'i'n'C'ts  tliat  iiii;ilit  liavc  clutlt'tl  it><  \  ijiilaiu-c.  oi'  that  tlic 
(l(';'iw  i»r  dili^ciict'  •'xcrcised  by  it  slioiild  he  .sul)mittcd  to  jiidici.d  ap|>i«'- 
cation.  AikI  mo  ((tun  ry  lias  insisted  uioie  stronj^ly  on  this  as  the  limit 
(i!  iiiitioiial  ies|»(»nsihility  than  that  ol'  the  rnited  Stales.  We  ninst 
tinlcavoi'  to  (iimI  a  se,inti(»n  for  onrselscs. 

As  I  have  alrea<ly  (»l)>erved,  I  cannot  anice  that  the  i|iiesti(in  ol  wliat 
i<"(liie  ililiiicncc"  shonld  l)e  lelt  to  the  nnassistetl  mind  ot  each  indi\  itliial 
.irltitnitoi' ;  nor  can  I  a<>reethat  the  solution  is  to  l»e  loiind  in  the  tiurts  of 
iidi  iinli\  idiial  ease  ;  and  thon^h  ind;.ics  may  Ite  olten  disposed  to  ajtpl.v 
llicinaxiiii.  t<»  which  our  liunciia  I  tie  president  has  mme  than  ttnce  lefened, 
(J  htcto jus  oritur,  it  is,  I  thiid;,  one  which  must  lutt  lie  pushed  too  f.if. 
iii^Mce  with  y\.  Tro)ilouL;,  wlm.  writing'  on  this  sultject  with  rel'erence 
tiu'ivil  law,  al'ti'i'  ict'eiiinj^  It*  the  diifeieiit  oiiinions  (tf  juiisi  ^  on  the 
-iiliit'Ct  (tf  dili,y-ence.  says  : 

II  f»t  VI  a  i  iiu«'.  jiisini'ii  pri  si'iil  Ifs  t  ri1iiiii;iii\  >i"'  n'HU  iiiniiiri^iissi  /  iixlilli  ii-iits  siii  ii'^ 
i!!.|iiili'H  lie  l:t  I'liaii'c  ;  inais  piMU  >•!  ir  |iiiiiri:iit-()i!  icnr  lUiir  If  i(|ir<n'li('  tlr  n'.'iv  oir  aiiimi  i 
:.i\iYit('ilt'  ill'  la  ijiu'sl  inn  na'c'ii  rtimlVanl  tniit  ci-  ipii  est  <lisciiHsiiiM  iln  sy^li'iim  rt  |ii>iiil 
lii'ilriiit, xiiiis  la  I'liiiiiiiiiilc  inti'rpi'i-taliiMi  iIi'h  laitn,  ct  siiiih  itii  i'i|iiilalili>  iiiais  lacili'  ailii- 
;rair»'.  Ni'-Miimiiins,  ilaiis  rrtti'  inatii  ir,  rniiiintMlaiis  tmiti  s  lis  aiitirs,  il  y  ailt's  ffulrHqii'il 
Liulsi'iriinli'iili'  ili-ilainiH'i:  illis  aiili'iit  If  iiia;;is(ial,i  lli's  t'iMil  liiin-  ilt-  jiriTifiisrs  I  inn  if - 


[i>  I" 


iiM'fiiX  ipii  iitif  iiiis>i(iii  i\<-  iliMiitfi'siir  If.s  I'aitHct  ilf  Ifs  jn;;f  f.  (' 


•;;lfs  III  III 


t  pal  II 


•luipii'Sft  Jiiilifif  II**!'-* ;  jf  \ai-  Iih  f  xpiiMi'r  fDiiiiiif  ]>•  Ifs  f  iitf  mis  ;  dans  tmis  If.s  cas,  il 
iijsw-ji'  III!'  iiDiiipi-r,  jf  p'if  If  Iff  tf  iir  elf  iif  |>as  m'ailrf  ssit,  ''omiiif  tin  dr  nnn-rfff  vnii . 
>ripr«(  lif  (If  iiif  li\  Tf r  a  (rnisciisc-.  (li^ficssiinis.     Hi«   ions  Ics  .sysii  iiii'S,  U?   inniiiscN- 

lnwiili'    I  innii  .ixis.  r'fst  cflni  i(iii,  suns  pii  If  \lf  ilf  lair  ICsprit  ilf  sy.^ii  nif,  sf  raiiitiic 

I  luiilr  n  I'M  ii\  nil  ,uii  nil.' 

It  S('t>iii>  to   m<'.  tlierei'it|-e,  liiihf,  Uefore    pritceedhi^    to  deal  with  the 

bits,  t<»  seek  in   Ihe  tinmain  ol   ^icneral   jiii  ispiudeiire   lor  pi  inciples  to 

i<li'  IK  in   judyiii;;'  h»tv.  i-ir   tin*  ttldiualion-  of  (ireat  Puitain  ha\e  itr 

lilt;  lieen  satislied. 
!'nltraiich  of  law  has  liccii  tiie  sniiiter  ol  mor»'  di.->  ussion  amon;;juridi- 

jral  writers  than   thai  of  '////f/e/i^Vf  and  its  correlative  ciW/h/, 

'ill' latter  liein;;' neither  more  nor  less  than   the   ahsence  ol"      '" 

•he  Idriiier.  1  was  picpaieil  to  expect,  Irom  the  ahie  men  who  ha\i' 
jiri'iiarcd  the  pleadinjis  of  the  I  nited  States,  some  assistance  to  j,ndde 
.IS  tit  lii^ht   c(tiic!tisioiis  as  to  tlie   standard  of  diliLi'enee  icipiired  of  a 

j!ii'i;tnil  .iiiiver:iment  for  insurin;.;'  the  obedience  of  its  sultjects  in  mat  lers 

jii!  iii'iuralitv.  I'liit  after  a  vayiie  statement  that  "the  extent  of  the 
iliii;fii('e  reipiired  to  escapi-  responsibility  is,  by  all  anllioiitiis,  j^auiicd 
liulic  cluiracler  and  ma;;iiitnd«' of  the  matter  which  it   may  t'Ifect,  by 

I'lif  n'littive  condition  of  the  parties,  by  the  alidits  of  tli<^  party  incur- 
fM^'tlic  liahi!it\  to  exerci.se  the  dilin(MM-e  reipiired  by  the  t'xi;;encie.s  of 
iliiMiisc,  and  ity  the  extent  ot  the  iiijuiN  whidi  may  follow  ne;;liiL;'ence."' 

jtiii'  only  .iiitiiitrity  cited  in  ;iny  detail  is  that  of  an  olisolcte  author,  whose 
•'ilt'isiti.Mi  of  the  b'omait  law  ha.s  be.-n  explodeil  by  modern  science. 
Altfr  this,  tin- ease  breaks  out  into  the  IblloM  iii^  va;;ne  and  declama- 
'■"fS  .staleiiietn,  lutt  ot"  what   the  law  is,  but  oi   what  tlie  I'niled   States 

[hiivi-nniieiit  desire  it  shall  lie  iuidei-.lood  lo  be: 

I'mii'il  Stall's  un.i.rsiiMid    iliat  llif   «li|i;nf  nif  wliiili 


IS     fMllll 


1  (■.»!•  Iiv  til'    rules   Ilf 


'III-  lii'uiy  III'  Wasliiiiitdiii    is  a  i///r  (|ir.;;riiff ;  lli.it  i-..  ,i  (li'.im'iiif  prnpoit  ixncd  In  llu 

'"'ii-'iMtuilf  ol'  tlif  .siilijffi   ami   to  tlic  ilitfiiily  ami  ft  if  nj;ih  ul    llif   piiwir  \sliiiU  is  ii 

,|.,'. ,,  IjIk'iI^B'"''"^'''";  a  :  a  ililifffUff  wliicli  shall,  U\  I 'if  use  uC  .'iitiM' viyilai ,  ami  nfall  llie  oMif  i 


[iiiiiiii 


I  tlif  pinviT  (if  lite   Ufiitiil.  tiir(iii;;li  all  stat;f!i  ol"  llic  inmsaif  inn.  pifvcnt   ils 
["'iMn.iii  liciiij;   vi.ilutfil;  adilinfiiff    that  sliall  m    lilif   nianiifr  df If r  dfsijjninjj  iikmi 
'"nn  viiininittiii;;  iu-ts  (if  wm  nn  thf  soil  nf  thf  ncntial  ajininst  its  will,  ami  tlins  possi- 


'ClMlt 


»•  f  I V 1 1  f  \|  liniif .    viil.  I,  p, 
','iiitcd  Siatfs  t'aM',  p.  \'<i. 


4TX 


2(12 


AKIUIHATION    AT    (iF-NF.NA. 


bly  (ha;;;;iiiy;  il    into  a   war    wliicli  it    Wdiild   avoid;  a    ilili;^ciici 


iiii'li 


l>i'>iiii.ts  11, 


iioiitral  to  till-  iii«>Nt  (•n.Tj;i'ti<'  nu'aHiirt's  to  iliscovrr  any  piiriiosc  of  doiii]^  tlic  nets  f,, 
hiildi'ii  l)y  ifM  ;^ooil  fiiitli  an  a  iiciitial,  and  iniiH).scs  upon  it  tlic  ol>li;;aiiiiii,  wli,.|| 
r)>c<>ivi>.s  tlir  l\no\vli'd)ro  ol'an  intention  to  I'ouiinit  sui-li  ai'ln,  to  iiisc  all  tin-  luraiis  ji, 
jiowcr  to  prevent  it. 


Nodili'ieiife  short  of  tliis  would  '• 


tliat 


is,  foi)niin}sinitt''  ii 


nil  !h 


'"■  I  imrijim-,  It 


II  nil  thr  ituiiiintiidr  iif  Ihr  ft  ■'lilt  ■>  of  tii  iiliiiniri ,      I  iidei-tandin;;  tin    \\  oid'^  in  this  mi 
I   llited  St:ites    liiid  tlieni   idenliiMJ    Willi     tlie  lliea^lll'i'  ol    ilntv  W  !lir||  (iliiil    liijl; 


I"'.  1,1 


1' 


n^l\  admitted. 


'I'liis  i.s,  of  coiifsc,  to  In'of  tlit^  wliolc  ((iicstioii  in  ilis]iiiU'.  I'.in  ;;  , 
obvious  tliiit  a  matter  of  su  iiiiicli  iiiiiMiitaiicc.  as  Iviti.ir  at  tlic  \(i\  ),„,• 
of  llii.s  iiKinirv,  ictiiiircs  a  iiioic  lo^fical  arxl  precise  eoasideialion  tlmn  ih. 
fon'^i'oiii;^'  rlietorieal  slaleiinMit  picseiits. 


Tlie  jiiiisfsof  till'  seven  teen  111  cent  my.  a  Miotic  wlnuii  \'iniiiiis  ix  c 


llplc 


II:; 


]>"ouiinent    place.'  (li\  iiled  llie  ililii/iiilin  and  cuj  re>|Miiii' 

'' " '"   '"  ""  riili»i  of  tlie  It'onian  law  into  three  (le;:fees.     'I'liiis  we  hm. 

rnljHi  hitx,  Irris.  Irrissinni.  taking  the  inteiinetliate  (h-Lii'ee.  or  r»//j/f  ,'-  ., 
as  heiny  the  alisence  of  tlie  tlilij^eiice  <-,  Inch  a  man  ot  oiilinarv  ini. 
(letiee  ami  caie  would  ajtply  in  tiie  mana^icmeiit  of  his  own  all.iirs  ; 
tlie  yiveii  cireiimstances  ut'tlie  ease.  '!'hoii;,;h  attaeketl  l>,v  l)iiiu'lli:>. 
tliis  tripartite  division  of  ilili.ueiiee  and  default  held  its  uioiind  :iiiii.  ; 
jiiiidieal  wiit<'rs  h»r  a  eonsideiahle  tirae ;  Itiil  on  [he  loiniatioii  ol  i  , 
l''i'encli  code,  the  pfactica!  .^ditd  sense  o|'  those  l>y  whom  that  ^^real  wm,, 
was  e.iiiied  out.  so  visil>le  in  their  discussions,  imhicrd  them  to  ilise.irii 
it,  and  to  estahlisli  one  «-omiinni  standanl  of  «lili;4:ence  or  eaie  as  ii]i|il 
eai)le  to  all  eases  of  ei>  il  ohl  illation.  liainely.  that  of  the  ''lion  )ieii'  <U' 
famille."'  the  "  dilii,fens  paterfamilias"  ol'  the  Uoiiiaii  di,nest.  'I'liriMi. 
Napoleon  has  been  l(tlh»wed  in  the  eodi-s  ot'  other  countries.  Aui'M. 
others,  the  Austrian  code  has  lately  adopted  the  same  principle. 

'I'lie  Juridical  view.  tno.  of  the  eai  Her  w  rilers  w  i.s  iiut  dest  ined  to  sLiinj 
its  <jfi()iind.  After  it  had  iteeii  assailed  by  Thihaiid  and  \'oii  l.ohr,  ll;i»i. 
in  a  most  ieariicil  and  able  trealise,  "Die  Culpa  des  n'nnischen  lii'e|ii>," 
thoroiiLrhly  e\|toseii  its  tinsonndiie>s,  and  his  vie\.  s  have  sim^i   hi-eii  I'n. 


lowed  b\  a  series  ol    (o'rnian    nirists,  iiicliidin; 


I'rot 


esso 


r  .M 


uiitiiiM';i 


his  well  known  work  "  ileilrii;;*'  /.iim  (  Hdi^jationsrecdit."" ' 

l-'reiieh  authors  have  fur  the  most   part    taken  the  same\ii'w.    Cirp 
mentatois  on   the   code.  Dnraninii,    Diicairoy,  'i'iop|on,:r.  and  la>ll\  M 


Dei 


iiolomite,  ill    1ms  oieal    work,  the  '•(  't tins  dii  code  ei\  il 


have  iijiiwl 


that  there  can  imly  be  one  standard  for  the  diliucnce  reipiired  in  llif 
a  Hairs  of  life.  \*!iere  the  interesis  of  others  are  coiiceined.  iiaiiii'lv,  tli.i! 
of  men  of  ordinary  capacity.  )iriidence.  ami  care. 

•'(^Jn'est    ee    que   la   diliL;eiicc   d'liii    boii    pire  de     !'amille  ,'"    a,sk>    M 
'I'roplono  ;• 

(  "ertl  la  dili.;riii  e    [,■  e,  li.i  i(in,  idiniile  le  dit    II  el  i;  ■((  i  il>,  I  lent  le  in  I  i  Jell    ell  tie  VnyH' 


an\  eeiil  veiix  el    I'lioniine  iie^li;;ent  i-l  di>>ip' 


^1   ilaiis  le  >\Hleine  doul    M.   I'll"' 

li;:,u  I 

11111*1- 


roy  est  lor'^ane.  et  ipie   j'adoi'l.'   pli'inement,  la  dill  |eiii  e  ipi'iin  nidi'  idii,  aiis^i 
ipie  leM   iioiiinies   le   sont    ordin.'iireiM  ill,  Hpporte  m  l.i  eoii.serN  .tt ion  '!  "  ce  ipii  lni  .1 
tif'iit.     Oil  voit   (pi'en  ee  jioiiit    '■■<<  d'-nv  Mysteiin-H  Si' reneont lent .  ei  I'diidiiiM-iil  it  ;ii'' I 
liieiiie  ilelinition— e'esl  -a  dire,  a    <•  jiiste  milieu  ipii  est  dans  la  nil  nre  de  i'liiiiMaMi' 

" 'I'he  oir.y  thin;;  lit  N'  eitiisidered."  si\s  I'lofessor  Mommsca.  ■'■* 
whether  the  default  is  siieli  a««  dites  not  occur  to  a  ddi'^eiit  latlit'i'il 
family  in  uem-i al."  " 'llie  ea:v  to  be  i.ikeii  is  •  .jiiaK'm  dili;;eiis  patrr 
fiiinilias  snis  lebiis  adliibere  x<4r/.'  " 


'  I  iiilMl  Staff"*  ( 'axe.  p.  I 


Si-e  (  'nulll 


tent.    till.  lli.  f  I.  \>.     i  >t   J' 


4aU 


'  .St-e 
Vol. 


All'i'iii.  Hiirijerl.  (tiiM>i'/>MM-ii, "  t««'«i.  I'iC 


111.  p 


;ti;ti. 


't^tide  lis  il  expliip 


v«iiLi,  i.m 


OlMMONs    or    Sl|{    Al.KXANDKlt    ('OCKIM  UN. 


2()3 


After  tlisiin<,'ni.s|iiii;,'  hctwi't'ii  <'itli)(i  in  ci  iininal  iiiid  in  civil  ra >(•,-,.  tin 


,11110 


IcariM'tl  \vrit«T  sa.vs 


It  is  iiiipDi'taiit,  tlu^rrforo,  not  ho  miirli  to  »listitiy;iiiHli  tlif  di  i;ri'c  ol"  niljm,  ImiI  r.illici 
;,,  (i'-fi'i''   •'"'   ■"turtiiinpoiiit   at    wliuli    rcsjuni^iliility   for  iimi  ti'Mlmu  ,iml  »i-;4li;;i'ii(  o 

Thm  htiirliii;;-l>iiii)t  in  sriilrd  niToiiiiiijj;  in  one  nili-  lor  all  those  cascM  .11  wlii,  li  tl^(•rl^ 
I'.i^ts,  not  Ik  siiiipli'  riv-«|Mui>iliilii  V  t'lir  i/o^iv.  (anil  i'i;//i((  /(((/I, )  lull  wlicrr  ri/Zyiu  i-;  to  l»i' 
■;i|iiitt<i  ;  I"'/'"  '"■iii'-C  adiniltril  in  tlinio  ca-^cs  wlirii'  tlic  cohilnct  lalln  slion  oT  t,llo 
,,  n^iirrs  wliii'ii  a  ililii/i  n^  i>iiiiriti)nili(i.i  \>  in  tin-  lialiit,  ol'  ol>siTvin;;  in  liis  a:lair,s. 

Oiilv  iiiiiliT  sunn-  li'W  olili^ialory  coutlilions  is  :i  di'i'i^iou  inc»rt;  las  iiralilr  lo  tlio 
ii.Oitor  ailini>sildi',  in  so  tar  1  hat  in  llicst'  cjim'S  he  is  allowi-d  to  »'\<iim'  liiniNidl'lV>)iii  tlio 
-Hiiniisibiiity,  l>>  prixd'  tiril  in  lli^  own  all.tii.-.  in'  i>  liv  liahil  ninally  nf;;Ii^ciit.' 

■•  Tiii'in'iliiiary  cKiMlnrt  of  mi  iiitcIliLit'iil.  iiriulcnt,  ami  carcri!)  Ilntis 
,if((*.  ot  a  '  l)oiHis  ct  tlilinciis  patfiramilias,"  "savs  Kivicf  in  tlic  Kfclits- 
i|.xjctiii  of  Ilol/riidurlt.  '-allonls  tlic  iiofiiial  iiicasiiic  ol' tlic  oldi^Xatiou  of 
,;;li;.'ciicc.     lie    wli')   so  eiiiiiliicts   liiiiistir   is   in    ;;('iicial    lice    iVom    all 
;;']iroacli.     It'  lie  acts  tdlierw  isc,  lie  is  in  nilpa  and  fcsi)(»nsil)Ie.*" 

••  riie  measure,"  sa\  >  l>r,  W  inils(  licid,  "liv  '.vliicli  to  deliiininc 
\>!i<'tlier  l>:irtic!ilar  «'ondiicl  is  open  to  tliceliarm'  of  iie;;li;.;i'iH'f   or   not, 

.  the  fiMiiliict  of  men  in  general." 

I'liilessoi'  I  u<^i-y,  in  liis  ••Svsteir  (les  ost,>iniclii.>clii'n  ail^cin.  Piivat. 
vclit.s,"'  thus  w  riles  ol'  ciiljiii  h  ris,  a«'(oi(li;ii;  to  Austrian  law  : 

(•ilfiit  l(ii-<  conM-l-"   la    till'  oniis'iiui   of  diat  care  vvliich  iin  atl.cnlivc,  and  judirions 

,1(1  ol' a  t'ainilx  rc^iularly  ol'M'rvcs,  ( (///j'l/i  i//ia  ./i/K/cti/is  /(m/ci.-./'"'"''"'^-)  'I'"'  want,  of 
;.ii<  1  ail',  tlii^  kind  ol"  (i(/yi</,  i-t  j;i'ni'rally  MndiT->|iiiid,  wIhii  H|Mal>in!^  nicridy  ol' ov<ir 
•  ,'lit.  i>r  I  iili)ii  >ihi|tly.  'I'll!'  ol)«i  1  vani'i'  of  a  lii;;Iicr  dcj^rcc  ol  cai  r  I  iian  t  liis  is  not  rc- 
Hiirul;  tliis  in  t  111'  li'j:lit)'>t  <>Mi'n-<i'  t'lir  \s  hirli  a  man  can  l)<>  tiiadt'  rc'r<|iuiiMlde  ;  a  nil  pa 
,.  ■n<i"m.  ^oiny;  lu-yonii  iiilim  lirii.  dois  nut,  rxisl  litliiT  arrordiii;.;  to  j^i-iicral  oj'  lo  Aii«- 
!-',ui  law,     '11 1 1' ('(//>((  /di'.  rorni>  llir  boiindar.N  ol   ri's|H)nsil>iliiy.     It.  is  by   ilsrll'  omiiiM 

.'/)■! ;  on  till' otlnr  sidi-  id'  llii>  Iniil  lii'^jiiis  lln-  iirm  inn'  of  m'-ulml,  t'or  wliiili  llio 
I  t'>r'>  .iri'  not  luld  luiMi'. 

Til'' I'ivil  code  trt'iit^  of  this  inljifi  livi«  in  "i  \'"K,  w  Inri'  it  ,'«tali'H  llii'  lii;iln'Hl  di*- 
j-i'ciil'  dilii^i'iirr  and  all  fill  ion  ri<<|iiiml  to  ln<  that  "  w  liii'li  I'aii  l»m'Xrrt'i,siMl  liy  otdiiiary 
u|i.i.ilii'.'<."    'I'lii' omission  ol'tliiM  raff  loriiis   tlif   li'.'hti'st  olli  iisr  for  whii'li  any  uiio 

n  III'  lirld  ri'^itiiiisilili'.  Il\  tlir  dili;,;rn<'i-  and  atli'iilion  "  wliirh  citii  lii<  cxrii'isi'd  liy 
•■'liiiivy  rapai  itii's"  iiin-il,  liowcv fr,  hf  imdiT^toDil    \»lial,    in  anotlirr  jdan',    llnwodc 

ilU  till'  alii'Mtimi  "dC  a  trusty  and  dili;ii'nl  lirad  or  a  I'.iinily,"  l.lii'  <  .ni'  "  ui'  a  yood 
:.  ii:m  Imldi'i    ' 

Stuhciiraucli.  Ill  Ills  eoinmeiil.li'>  on  tin  Aiisliiaii  code,  t  real.';  I,1m< 
I'liolc  siiiiiecl  t){'  I  iilpa    Willi   iiiiieli   al>ilil\    and    lealiiiii;;'.      lie  ends  hy 

It.  .1  to  111'  assmiii'd  that  i'vitv  man  who  is  in  possession  of  his  faiiiltion,  is  r-apaldo  of 
;  ,,ii  ilcMTii'i' III  dilii^i'iiiT  and  .iltriilKiii  whirli  inn  hr  I'M-iii-^rd  hy  iin-n  of  onliiiaiy  ni- 
j.uily.     Wlincvrr   liy    tlii'   ili-i'iii'r  .ii'  liil'.  ilili<;inrf  ,iiiil  r.iri-  iMiiiis  injury  to  a:iolIii-r, 
i'lns  lii'liility.' 

Mr,    .Iiislice    Stm-N,    \utli    tiie    'iood    >i'ii-.e    wliirli    rliat'aelci'i/cs    his 


.  lUll 


;;■>,  ,sa.vs 


C'i:iuiiiiii  01  ordinary  iIiIil;''!'!  ••  ^^  l  liiii  ilrijri'i'  ni  di!i;ii'Mi  r  \'.  Im  li  nun  m  ;{i'ni'i  ,il  r  xrrt 

f^pi"l    til   thrir   own    I'lilii'iriis.      il   nia'i    he  ••aid  to  Iti-  tin-  ruinilloll  pilldriiir  wlijrh 

Hot  liiisiiii'ss  and  lii'iidx  III' faiiiilii-s  iiniially  «'\liil>'d  in  atf.iir.s  w  lindi   ari>   iiili'ri-sl.iMj{ 

■I  tliiiii;  or,  jisSir  U'llliam  .lonrs  has  rxprr^Mil  it,    t  is  tin-  c'lri'  w^iich  cvi'iy  |iorHon  of 

'Miiiiiiii  priidriirr  and  rapalilr  of  !jovi'rniii){  a  laiiul .  takfs  of  iiis  own  i-oncoriiM,     1 1  m 

"'"niMi.H  ili.'ii  this  is  adopiiiiy;  a  vi-iy    variahli-  sliaidard,  for  it  still  Iravi's  ininh  uroiiiid 

'  T  ilmilii   ;is  to  v>  hat  is  loiiiinun  pnidi'iiri',  and  w  ho  is  rapahli-  of  j,jovi'niiinj  ,1  family. 

Il'it  llic  diilii'iilty  in  iiiiriiiiic  ill  till'  iiatnrr  of  Iht- s'llijcrt,  whirh  admits  of  an  ap)ir(txi- 

iiialiiiii  I  inly  to  ri'itaiiity.      Iiidri'd,  what  is  loi  union  or  ordinary  ililij{cii('c  is  nnoi'  a  mi»t 

''I  'Il  flit  than  of  la''V,   and   111   i-si'i'y   rot.iiiiiKiiiy  11  nniKl  iii'  indxid  ui   l>>  llir  uiliiiil 


•'  Hi'itriiy;!', '  Ar.,  vol.  iii,  p.  M'tt). 
•"■  Ki'(  htsli'xicou,  '  \oi.  i,  til,  "(-'ulna." 

' WiiidM  lifid,  "LtdnWnrh  dr.s  I'midckii-iiri  rlit>,'    Uai.d  1,  p  •,'!■.»;. 
•Vol,  ii,  p,  MV.\. 
'  .SlulM'iiram  il,  "('oiiiiii    /.lini  aUg-.  d.st.  j(.  (Ji"hc-I,'.1iii(:Ii  "  p|>    i'»',M-'.C 


'USI.ii'fl.J"    "!'    " 


2(14 


AKIUTKATinx    AT    Or.N'KVA. 


Kfafc  of  >(!(  icty.  tln'  li;iltits  ;if  Idisiiioss,  Mif«  jjfiif'.riil  usHgt'H  of  lid',  iiiiil  the  i  li.in;;,  t,  ;, 
well  :is  (lie  iiiHtitiiliotis,  |if(iiliiir  (<•  tin-  ii;;<'.  So  that,  iiltlioM};!)  it  may  iioi  Ik-  [mssii,; 
'(»  lay  down  any  Vfiy  fxatt  nili',  a|>|ili(  iihic  t<«  all  times  ami  all  cinimiNtainis.  vi 
that  may  lii>  saiil  lo  l>r  (•((mrium  or  urijina'y  (lili;;<'iicc  in  tin- sens  ^  nl'  tin-  l:i\v  wli'j  • 
men  of  <'oiiiiiioii  juihIi'IU'c  j;i'iiriall\'  rxcicisc  alioiil  I  licir  o\n  ii  allairs  in  iIh' ^icr,.  .|,| 
I'oiinti'V   iri    wliiili  llii'v   li\i'.     Ii    will   tlifii.  i  CoHow.  tliat  iii  dilVi'iriit  times  ami 


"1(1,1 

fi'ictit  coiiiitrifs,  the  stamlaifl  i-i  iie<'essanl  v  varialili*  wit  li  ii's|Mct  to  the  facts,  allliinii;.! 
\l  may  lie  niiilorm  with  re.<>|iect  to  tiie  )>i'iii('i|)le:  ko  that  it  may  ha|>|ieii  iliat  tlH<>«uiii,. 
ii 'tH  w  liii  Ii,  ill  one  eoiinlry,  or  in  one  ii;;e,  may  !»•  deeiiieil  ne;;li;;-eiii.  acts,  may.  m  ;ir 
oMh!'  ,i|iie,  or  in  uMotliiT  'onntrv,  !•<■   jnsilv  deemed  an  exerci.sc  ol'  ordiiiaiv  dili'Tii, .. 


What  is  MHnally  done  i>y  pi  nih  nt  men  in  a  partienhif  eonntiy  in  res|icci  to  tliiiii;* 
;i  !il<<-  nat  nve,  v\  iiet  her  it  lie  more  or  |e>s.  in  jioint  of  dili<;:enee,  than  \\\\,i\  is  i'mhIiiI 
;.;iol  her  ( (Mint  ry.  Iieeonie-.  in  tact  the  ;;eni«r.i!  mea-uic  ot  dilijieni  e. 

Tln' same  stiiii(l;ii(l  is,  in   iiracijcc.  npplicil   in  the  |-ji;:;Ii.s|i  l.iw.    Tli 
()l(!<'f    aiitlioiil  ics.     iiidct'd.    s|»('al;    ol'    tlircc    (icoict's    of    iicoliMcii,., 
;i(»s.s"     iu'^li;;<'iicf     as     hcjiio-     Hfccssarv      in     soiuf    e;|v 


aii'l     ot 

In  oiiinl  Iial»ilit.v  :   l>ut   tlir  (i'iiil<'iic,\  dl    iiMtdci'ti  (Iccisioiis   Ii.i>  liicu 
apply  ill  all  cases  ilic  sdiiinl.  piactical  iii!f  tli.if  in  (li'tciniiiiiii;^  tin-  (|ii' 
tidii  ol   iiroIin^,.|ic(',  I  lie  Hue  U'st.  is  ulicllicf  tlicre  lias  lu'cii,  wit  it  iclr 
cine  lo  iIk-  pait  iciilarsulticct-mattcf,  that  rcasoiialilc  decree  of  (lili;;vii 
an<!  care  uiiicli  a  Hian  ol'  ofdinar.v  pnidciirc  and  capacity   iiii;;Iit  lice:, 
pccfcd  to  cxcicisc  ill  ihc  same  circniiisiaiiccs.       Sec  what  is  said  i>\  T. 


ilal,  I-.  ( '.  .1..  in  \'aiii:liai 


I    r 


Meiilow 


i:.  N.  ('.,  I7."i  :)  iiv  Pa  ike 


IM 


in  W  yid  '-.v.    i'icklord,  (S  M.  and  \V.,  PH  :!    liy  riesswell,  .1,,  in  A 
fs.  .Maiicliestcf,  ShcHicId  and  |jiK'<tliishifc  IJailwav,  (!()(".  I!..  l"'l:,<  ani 
l>y  Koltc,  i;.,  in  Wilson  » v.  Hictr,  (11  M.  and  W'..  "ll"..) 

While,  however,  I  thus  seek  in  the  wiitiii;^>  of  jinisls,  and  tiie  hiwa 
dillereiit  nations.  s(nne  standai'!  for  the  measure  ot'  diliucnce,  I  readil, 
ctUKcde  that  the  application  of  tiiat  standard  itiiist  depend  on  tlieci: 
iiimstaiu'e.s  of  each  individual  <'ase,  and  on  the  \  lew  v,liieli  the  Jiiil^' 
may.  in  hi.  conseience.  foini  of  how  far  th<'  conduct  of  the  individu,' 
complained  of  may  or  may  not  ha'.'e  heei!  that  which  ordinary  |triiileiir 
ami  sense  o*'  duty  woidd  have  ]>reserilnMl.  I  entirely  auree  with  \vli;r 
is  said  1»\  t  he  learned  editors  of  Zachuvia '^  "  I  >roit   cixil   fii'ii'iiis,"  (>•! 


;uti< 


of  the  I'rciich  t 


o(h 


T/arlnle   lll'.r 


sr  n  snnie   en  il!i    eoiiSei!  an\   ,|n;;es 


n'.iv  o  t  ?n    I  roil   de   ri;;iieiir  i 

(1" 


tiop  d'imlnl;;em  e,  el  de  im  d>-mamlei'  an  deliiteiii  ipK'  les  Hoins  raisoiimiliiemeiii  il 
la  i-liohi"  fjii'll  est  (  nai';;''  di  con.server  on  de  fairi-,  moM  u  laison  de  s.i  nainre,  Miit  ;t  i;i 
Hoti  ih'K  circonstani'es  variiilile.s  a  rii.tin;  ijiii  ir.odilient  .son  (ildi;;;ttion  ]i<>iir  la  i'i'IhIi' 
(III  pliiH  larK*'  <>*'  |iliis  I  troite 

What  i.<<  hoiN'  said  ]>\  the  learned  editors  of  Zacliaria- appears  ti*  ;i: 
to  allord  tlie  true  criterion.  It  is  for  the  .pid^fe  to  «letermiiie,  aeceidir: 
(<»  the  hest  of  his  jiid^^iiieiit,  with  refcreiie*'  to  tlm  facts  ot  the  paiticuiii; 
case,  ;uid  with  reference  to  the  thin,'.'"  to  ]>e  done  or  left  iiii<Ioiie,  wlietli  r 
what  has  been  diMie.  or  U'ti  iiiidoiie,  .is  the  cast'  may  he,  has  hecii  wli 
could  It  .isttiiaily  ami  Justly  have  lieen  expected  troni  a  person  of  old; 
nary  ■  ipaeity  and  prmleiiee  in  t lie  aftaii'';  of  lite.     Mme  than  tlii"<  i"  n' 

to  lie  expected. 

I  liave  ci'cd  these  aiitlioritu's  because,  in 'he  aiiseiiee  ot  aiiv  ret'eivii'v 
tti  the  tpU'stioii  ot' dilinence  amoiio-  writers  on  inte;  iiMtii'iiii 
law,  it  seems  to  nu'  that  the  pr:n.iplt  that  jirevails  as  !i' 
Miou's  eoiidiict  ill  the,  allairs  ot  life  may  \\\  analo',;_N  he  well  a**plie(ltii 
the  dischai'^ie  ot"  its  duties  h\  a  iioveriinieiit.  .\pplyin;;  this  .i.ttidanl, 
one  mititui   lias  a  ri;,dit  to  .  ,pect   t'r(»m  aiiothei-,  in  tlie  t'ullilliiiciit  •>!' i  ■ 


'If,*?!*'  prirx  -|<l*    '-I' 

l.tit  l>  II'  Sit\t-iiitu<  Ml. 


,Storv  on  ttalliienf- 


!-!. 


Z.nli 


'liroii 


I'rafivais."  i-ditid  hy  MM.  Mass.   ,i!id  Veijje,  \o 


flUl 


OPINION'S    OK    SIIJ    Al.KXANItKli"    (  <•(  KIUKN. 


2(;:) 


intcrnatioiKil  (»l>!i{;ati<>ns,  tin*  iuiioiiiit  ((I'dilij^rncc  wliidi  mny  iriisonaldy 
lio»'X|H'<'U'(l  I'loiii  a  well  r<'jL;iilat«'(l,  wist-,  anW  «M(iiscit'ii(i«)iis  f^nx crniiM'nf, 
,i(C(tr(liii.iLr  to  its  institutions,  ami  its  ordinary  uunW  of  oontim-tin;;-  its 
atliiirs;  Uiit  it  lias  no  ri<;lit  to  cvpcct  nioic.  Tlic  assertion  »»f  I  In*  obli- 
'MtioiMit' a  n«'iil III!  ^••uvt'iiiint'nt.  as  stated  in  the  Ainrriran  rase,  tital 
"the  diligence  is  to  lie  ]»ro]»ortion<'d,"  not  only  to  ^' the  ina^Miitndc  di' 
the  sitlijicf."  l»ut  also  to  "  tlic  di.uiiily  and  sti<'n;;lli  of  tlic  powri'  wliicli 
;<  to  cxftalc  it,*'  as  tliun;;li  llicic  i-onld  1m'  one  mcasiiri'  of  dili^icncc  fur  a 
jowerfal  stnto,  and  anotlit'i-  for  a  weak  otif — a  diligence '•  \vlii<"li  slial' 
MU'VCiit  its  soil  from  ImIiiu  \ioIaI«'d"  —  uliitli  ••sliall  di'tcr  di'si;;iiin.:^ 
[iicii."  iVc. — llins  nialiiii.i;'  tlic  ntiitra!  ;:o\criiin»'nt  answciaidc  for  tlic 
,,v(iit — and  "  wliicli  prompts  to  tin'  most  ('n<'r;,f('ti(' mcasuit's" — appears 
•(I  riic  iiMK'li  ti><»  cxlciisix »'.  and  aItoL;('tIn'r  inadmissihlc. 

TIh- dili;;('nc('  r<'i|iiircd  of  a  p»\(Tumenl  tit  prcNcnl  infrac- 
lions  of  ncntralitN  ma\  relate  (I)  to  the  state  o\'  its  mnni<M- 
p;il  law  :  (H)  to  the  means  piosesscd  by  it  to  pie\cnt   such  infractions: 

i;  to  tin'  dili;;en('e  to  lie  nsed  m  the  applie.ation  of  such  means  i(»  the 
111(1  desired. 

As  to  t  he  law.  the  snlijcct  may  he  di\ided  into  the  pidhihitix  e  law,  or, 
;:n  ir  is  term<'d  in  the  American  case,  the  punitive  law,  and  i 

llic  I)ic\(iiti\  !■  law — that    is.  the  law  wheretty  the  ;;overnnu'nt  inarmed 
«itli  the  powei' and  nn-ansuf  jirex  eiitiiu;. 

As  regards  the  prohiliiti\ c  or  pnnili*  e  law.  m»  ditheuUy  can  arise.  If 
!^]iliiin  that,  to  satisfy  the  e\i;;ency  of  dn«'  <lili;;('nce,  and  to  esca|te  lia 
liiliiv.  a  ncnl  !'al  u(i\ cr-nment  mnst  take  care,  rmr  oidy  that  i;  s  mniiicipa! 
I;iw  slndl  |>r(diiltit  acts  contras cnin;;  m-ntrality,  Imt  t hat  t he  law  shall 
lie  upheld  hythe  sanction  of  ade<|iiale  pnnishnn'nl — that  is  to  say,  ol' 
Midi  iiN  may  rcasoiiaMy  he  expected  to  deter  persons  frum  olVendin;^' 
,i;Miiisl  it. 

As  ie;iards  the  prc\entive  law .  doni>t  less  a  <i(>\('rniiieiii   slnndd    he 
;inii<(l  hy  law  with  power  to  prevent  an  infraction  of  the     „.  „„  „,  ,i,„«^,i  ui 
'iw,  when  it   knows,  or  has  reasonaltle  {^ioiiimI  to  l)<'Ii(>\c.  '•«•>-">"«■■•»• 
iliat  such  infraction  isaliont  to  take  place. 

I'.ut  when  we  c(Miie  to  the  ipiestion  of  the  tneans  which  hy  law  should 
iir  placed,  at  the  disposal  of  the  yovernnicnt.  dilliculties  of  a  \cry  lor 
iiidahlc  character  itnmediatcl_\   [ircMMit  t  liemsches, 

The  more  despoti<'  and  unlimited  the  ]»ower  ola  fjiu  crTiment,  the  more 
ai.icKiiis  will  lie  the  means  at  its  command  for  pre\  eiitiiiijr  .icts  wlii<'h 
'  i-  ilcsircd  to  pre\  cut. 

1-tiiisa  leasor.  in  a  coiiniiy  w  iiere  alisohite  and  iinlimit<'d  power  is 
'iiikiinwii.  where  e\ei,\  pnwer  is  exercised  in  Milioi  dinat  ion  to  the  law, 
•Hill  \\liere,  for  a  lis  interference  hy  the  pivciniiicii!  with  tli<  ii;;ht>of 
I'l'iMiii  or  properts ,  redress  ma\  immediat<dy  he  soiiyht.  for  invj's;  In;;' 
'lif  ixcciitn  ('  with  an  altsoliite  and  irrespon^ilde  power,  ai  variance  with 
^iii' wliiile  (ciior  and  sjiirit  t<f  the  n.'tioii;^il  institutions,  in  oi'dei- to  pro- 
!i'i't  a  helli;;erent  from  tin'  poHsildlitN  of  injiirv  from  a  vitdation  of  nen- 
;vality  .' 

A^;iini.  a  nation  has  a  system  of  proccdiin'  which  is  in  haiinony   with 
i'Miistitiitioiis,  iiiul  with  which  it  issatislied.     AeeortUnj*' to  that  system, 
I'l'isoiis  ajininst  whr»m  the  law  is  to  he  put  'ii  torce  canmtt  he  snhiectecl 
'  I  lie  iiucrroyated  in  orih'r  to  <'stah!ish  then'  criminalits.     I'rool   must 
liiM  lie  jmxhieed.  from  whicdi,  while  it  remains  unanswered,  a  presiimp 
'"'iMif  miiU  arises,  hefoic   they  can   iie  called  upon  lor  a  ilefeiise.      He 
'■'"ISC  a  d  die  rent   system  mi;>ht  he  more  ellicacions  in  <'naldiii{4  the  ^ov 
'niiiiciit  to  establish  a «'ase  for  c(n»tiscatin<i  a  suspected   \essel,  for  th(i 


TWPrfr 


2i;(i 


AKMirWATlON    AT    (iKNKVA. 


protection  of  a  hclli^^crcnt,  is  tlio  h'f^islatiin^  calh-il  u|>oi)  to  t'linii;,')' iln- 
law  brcaiise  otlicr  nations  become  involved  in  war' 

Aj;ain,  the  ^overnnuMit  of  a  conntry  luis  been  carried  on  for  _v«'ar,s  iw 
••ordin",'  to  an  established  system  of  ollicial  nintine.  This  systtMn  iiiay 
be  somewhat  complicated,  and  may  ren<l«-r  the  action  of  the  c\rciitivi 
less  speedy  than  it  mijjJit  otherwise  be.  Ibit  it  is  safe,  ami  lias  licci! 
Ibiinil  to  work  sulliciently  well  in  carryin};  on  the  alVairs  of  the  iiittioii 
at  homt!  and  abroad.  liecanse  a  more  rapi<l  and  a  more  direct  actioiio;) 
the  p(»int  to  be  reached  ini;;lit  be  obtained  by  a  siniplilicatinii  ol  ih,. 
otlicial  machinery,  is  a  ^'overnment  t«»  be  held  ^iiiilty  of  nej,di;,'('ii('t',  lie 
<'anse,  not  foreseein;j;  what  was  abont  to  happen,  it  ha  1  nni  altcicii  ;n 
ministeiial  ai'ran;;emcnts  accordin^^ly  .' 

A  jjovernmcnt,  in  ail  matteis  involviniif  le;;al  consideration,  is  in  tln' 
habit  of  consultin.i;  and  acting  nndcr  tlie  advice  of  la\\.,crs  Njiccialh 
appointed  to  advise  it.  Tint  purpose  is  the  landalile  one  ot  insiii  iii;r  the 
pcrfcitt  le^^alily  of  the  pr<)ceedin;us  of  the  .^on crnment  ;  but  tlii.N  advan 
ta;.je  necessarily  invtih  es  some  h»s.s  of  time,  diiiin.u  nhich  the  ailldiiii; 
the  executive  is  for  t'le  moment  Mispcndcd.  is  tins  practice  iiicn.isM 
ent  with  the  diligence  rei|MiriMl  of  a  neutral  yovernnuMit  .'  Ilniioiiv 
intendinji' to  do  what  was  ri;;ht,  is  it  lo  beheld  respoiisilile  Immmiimm 
\('sscl  equipped  Ibr  war  has  taken  advanta;;!'  of  such  a  delay,  tlimi:'!, 
perhaps,  in  the  parlicnlar  instance,  acciilrntallv  prolon.^ed  .' 

I  can  only  answei'  these  (pH'slions  in  the  ne;,'ali\c  I  do  so  on  tlie 
.yi'onnd,  as  to  sonn*  of  them,  that  they  are  things  which  no  ;4()V<Tinn('iit 
<'ould  reasonably  be  a>ked  to  do  ;  as  to  all.  that  they  wt-rc  not  siirii 
thinju'sas  a  ;;overnmcnt  of  ordinary  piinlence  and  sa;iacity.  carr>in;,'()ii 
its  atlairs  in  the  nsnal  way  in  which  the  alfiirs  of  "governments  ;iri' 
carri«'d  on,  could  ha\e  tbreseen  the  necessity  of  providin;^  for. 

Tassin;;'  from  the  law,  ami  the  means  which  thi^  law  should  place  at  tln' 

\.i„iii  .,{  jovrr,   disposal  of  a  ^o\  (Miinmnt,  to  enabh'  it   to   repress  iiitemlt'il 

""■"'•  \  iolation.s  of  m'Utralily  on  the  part  of  its  subjects,   to  the 

ai;tion  of  the  fxovernmejit  in  the;  use  of  such  means,  it  seems  to  inc  tlia; 

two  thin^^s  are  incumbent  on  a  yov«'rnment  : 

1st.  That  it  shall  u>e  due  dili^^i^enre  to  inform  itself,  l)y  ihc  use  of  tln' 
means  at  its  disi»osa!.  whetlier  a  \iolatiou  of  the  law  is  about  IoIhmhiii 
tuit ted  :  and. 

L'd.  That,  bein;^  saiLslicd  of  the  fact,  it  shall  use  tlue  dili;;ence  in  .iji 
plyin;;ils  means  and  power  of  prevention. 

These  comlitioiis  honestly  ami  lunid  // /r  sat  isfled.  no  nMveruiiioilt.  .i« 
it  si'cms  to  nu',  can  be  held  liable  lor  the  acts  of  its  subjects,  but  sin!; 
acta  must  W  tlecmed  to  b»^  beyond  the  reach  of  any  control  which  it  ( in 
reasonably  be  vxpected  to  exercise. 

lint  here  (|ueslions  of  ^reat  import. !ucc,  and  ol'  cipial  dilUcult.v,  pi' 
sent  themselves : 

(I.)  Is  a  ;j;o\ern incut,  iuleinliuij  laitld'ully  to  dischar.ice  its  dii'J 
toward  another  ^^ovcrnnu'ut,  to  be  held  resi»onsibIe  for  a  mi'rc  criDri'i 
Judjunu'iit  ?  As.  Ibr  instance,  in  thinkiuj;  a  vessel  not  liable,  in  \»>mi 
of  law,  to  seizure,  when  in  fact  she  was  so;  oi"  in  thinkin;,'  the  e\  iili'ii"' 
in  a  particular  t-ase  iusullicient  wlu-n  it  was  sul1i<'icnt. 

(2.)  Is  a  fiovernmcut  wantinj;  in  due  diliy:cnci'  if  it  declines  to  sci/i.t  I 


(IlllV 

the 


vessel  at  the    instances  ot'  a   belli;jferei't,  wlun   properly  satisticd  tii 
though  there  nmy  be  cir<Mimstances  of  a  suspicions  character,  the 
evidence  which  can  be  a<ldiu*i'd  will  not  Justify  the  seizure  before 
law,  and  that  the  vessel  will  tlu*refore  be  released  '/ 

(.'{.)  llavin^'  sei/ed  a  \essel,  and  brou;;ht  the  niatt«'r  before  the  iiro|H'r 
legal  authority,  is  a  government  to  be  Indd  responsible  because,  lliroii;; 


OI'INIONS    (>!•'    S1I{    Al-K.\.\M>r.lv'    COCKIU  1{\. 


■J«i7 


nMW  iiiistaUt'  of  the  (MMirt,  ciflicr  of  hiw  or  fart,  tln'tr  lias  l)(>;'ii  a   mis 
(iirriii;-!'  of  .1  list  in-  } 

(1,)  Is  it  to  he  aiiswtr.vMr  for  accidental  delay,  tliroii;,di  wliicli  an  op- 
portuiiilv  becomes  atVordcd  to  a  vessel  to  evade  the  e\eiitiial  decision  of 
[liP  {jovcrnment  to  seize  her  .' 
(,').)  Is  a  ;L,'overnment  to  be  licM  rcNpoiisilde  tor  error  of  jnd;,'iiient  in 
IS  «iil)orliiiate  ollicers,  es|»(M'iall,v  when  tlie>e  ollicers  are  at  ;ireat  dis 
;:kii('c,  and  not  actin;;  under  its  immediate  control  .'  Is  it,  under  siu-h 
iirrilllistaiices,  to  be  answerable  lot  theil  jtu^sible  iieyli^^elice,  or  f^ven 
;.ir  tlicir  misconduct  '. 

These  aii>  matters  of  iniinite  importance  to  nentral  nations,  who  may 
ri'ilriiwii  within  the  voitex  of  wars  in  which  they  ha\e  iitt  concern,  if 
:\\vy  are  not  only  to  be  harassed  and  tidiil)Ied  bv  the  demands  and  im- 
(lorliniities  of  jeaicms  and  an;;ry  belligerents,  bnl  are,  in  aildition.  to  be 
ht'ltl  responsible — to  the  extent,  perhaps,  (tl  millions — for  errors  of 
iidjinicMt,  accidental  delay,  jndicial  mistake,  or  miscondnct  (d"  siib- 
,)nliiiate  oflieeis,  actin:;  not  oidy  witliont  liieir  .>anciion,  bi;i  possibly 
Hlirect  contravention  of  their  (nders. 

We  are  not  informed  whether  the   two   .ifovei  iiments  have,  in  compli 

:■•(' w  illi  I  he   ple(!;4('  eonlaiiiid   III   thi'   ti'eal.N    of  Washington,  invited 

ilicr  nations  to  adopt  its  rule.s;  but  if  it  is  to  be  cstabli.shed  that  Um'sc 

lies  cany  with  them  a  lialtilily  so  extensive,  I  should  very  mncli  doubt 

AJiellier  such   an   iiixitation,   if  made,   wonid    be    attended    with  much 

MlCl'f'.SS. 

Any  (Iccisiou  ol"  this  trilHinal   I'oinidetl  uii  >ncli  a  liability  would  have 
iie  ell'ecl,  I  .should  iina'^ine.  o!   maKin.u  maritime  naliuiis  look  upon  bel 
,i;'i'reiit  powers  with  very  considerable  drcail. 

It  IS  to  lie  remembered  that  a  ;;n\eriinieiit  caiiiitt  be  taken  to  ^imraii- 
•v  tin-  e\  ent  ;  in  ot  her  w  oid>,  to  be  aiiswcialile  at  all  ha/ards  and  under 
iill  circiiiiistances  tor  a  breaclnd' neutrality  by  a  subject,  if  it  occurs.  In 
■|iite  of  the  lav  ,  •,ind  of  the  \  iyt  nous  ad  mini  >t  ration  of  t  he  law  .  otVenses 
uill  take  place,  and  neither  al  home  nor  aluoad  can  rulers  be  held,  under 
ill  (•irciiinstance.s  iinswcrable  to  tho.sj' w  ho  sntfer  frmn  them.  All  that 
Mil  he  expected  of  the  yoveriimeiit  of  a  coiintiy  i--  that  it  shall  possess 
ii'iisoiiablc  means  to  prevent  olb-nses,  and  n>e  such  means  honestly  and 
liilijjciiily  for  the  benelit  of  those  who  are  entitled  to  its  protection. 
Tlic  tcriiis  of  the  treaty,  which  rcqiiiie  no  more  than  ''due  diliuenee," 
'Acliiileail  notion  of  an  absolute  nneondiiional  responsibility.  'I'hi.s  is 
wilciitly  the  meaning' ol  an  observation  ot  the  I'liiiish  «'onnseI  at  the 
ilosc  ol  the  tilth  secti(»n  of  his  ar;iiinM'iit  on  "due  dili;i('iice,"  which 
■ii<' IH'csideiit  of  the  tribunal  a|)peais  to  have  lound  >oiiie  dilliciilty  in 
■  iiilt'istandiii;^. 

This  heiny  so.  1  have  some  ilillicnlty  in  savin;;  that  ;i  ;:iovernment  act 

ijj  ill  .!;o(»d  faith,  antl  desiriii";  honestU  to  Inllill  ii^  ol)|i'4a- 

loiiN,  can   be    held    liable   lor  errors  ol   iiid.uiiient,   unless, 

inleed.  tli<s(^  are  of  so  patent   a   (  haraclei   as  to  amount  to  i-yaHxn  ucf/- 

'  rntin. 

l'r<)loii;;ed  and  nnneeessary  delay  is,  in  the  very  nalnic  t>i'  t]iin';>.,  in 
"•nipatible    with  dilii^ence.       Ibil   delav,  within   icasonabh- 
'■'"its.  hum  stly  intended   tor  the    invcsti.iiation  of  fa<-ts  or 
'lit' line  (.onsiderat ion  til  the  proper  course  to  be  pursued,  is  not  -mi.     l)e 
ly  iiri.Mii;f  simply  from  accident  ou;;lit  not  to  be  im|uited  as  ne^Ii;;eiice. 
Accident  can  nevei'  be  made  the  jjronnd  of  an  imputation  of  nej,'li^en«'e, 
'''••ii;;li  it  may  Ibiind  a  leyal  claim  where  a  party  is  in  imoa. 

As  re^fards  the  seizun*  of  a  \essel  under  the  fond^n  enlist ini'iit  act, 
^*ilh  a  kiiovvledye  that  the  evidence  would  lye  insuHieient  to     .i    m,..i. 


n  l.y 


Twr 


I'ifi  n*^ 


2(;h 


AliMIITKATKtS    AT    (.I.MIVA. 


)iisti(.\  i(,  I  liold  tliiit  siicli  a  sj'izun',  \vli«'tli«"V  foi'  tin'  |Hir|M»H(' oi  innii,,. 
iiij,'  tln'  <'ii(ls(»rii  Itflli^icrt'iit,  or  liccatisr  soriu'  siispifioii  iiiiylit  iittiirli',, 
tli«' v«'s.s<'l,  Would  liavc  Ik'cii  imjusiidiiljlcr  IxMli  in  polic\  and  iiiiii(i|,|. 
For   no  ;;o\('riiiii*Mit   can    lir  called  iipoii  to  institute  Ic^id  proci'ciliiiM, 
under  sncli  circiinisianccs.     lOvci'v  ^rovcrnnicnt  prttsccntion  whidi  cnil. 
in  t'ailnic.  is.  m  itscll.  pHMhicti\c  of  ini>«clii<'f'.     !f  lessens  the  autlmiityu- 
:lie  execniive  l»v  maUiii:;  it  appeal'  lo  lia\c  acted  harshly  and  niijiiMl.,, 
and  creates  s.vnipathv,  perhaps  nnnieritod,  i'oi-  parties  a;;ainst  \vlioiiii;< 
ellorts   ha\e   iieen   directed,  and  wlio  have  escaped  from  its  piU'ilil.     :• 
impairs  the  anthoril\  of  die  law  Ity  leadin;;  to  the  Iteliel  that  i?  iii;iy  >>' 
iid'rin;tcd  with  itnpnnity.  thereUy  lioldin*;  our  eiH-oiira;;enieiit  to  t-riiii.. 
A  ;io\ eiiMnent  would  lie  actin.;'  in  violation  of  the  spirit  o!"the  cuhnIi; 
tion,  as  well  as  a.t:ainst  l.'.w  ami  ri;;lil,  if  it  sei/ed  a  vessel,  the   piii|M'!', 
of  a  sultject.  unless  it  ltelie\ed  such  Vessel  to  lie  Jirstly  and  lef-ally  liulilt 
to  coiideninat  ion  on   le;:al  and  sulVicietit   pioof,     Moreo\er.  siieh  a  jnn 


(■<'edinu  wonlil  Ite  usele>s  as  well  as  arltilrar\ 


Tl 


le  <'o\ei'nnn'nt   wmil 


ite  unable  to  deter  iudeliuitely  the  deiision  <»t    tlu'  questi(»n,  l»ut.  on  lii. 
•  ■ontrary.  would  he  luiund  to  sulunit  ihe  cas<'  t<t  the  proper  friltiniii!  i 
the  earliest  piacticaiije  iiionieni.      In  t  liecas.' supjiosed,  the  re>.ii!i  wim 
neccKsarily  he  thai   ihexeNscl  niust    he  reh-ased  and  allowed  iMdrp;' 
unmolested. 

It  inns',   he  lioriie   in  mind  that  the  riiiti>h  government  po><es>t'< : 
despotic  or  arbiiraiy  povv«'r.     it  ((luld  neither  assume,  mu-  exercis*' sin' 
a  power,  even  tt»  prtitect  a  lie11in'er<'iit  or  maintain  its  own  neutrality. 
iVs  re;;ards  any  miscariia^ic  ot  justice  in  matters  within  the  splnic  ■ 

.1,,,, ,,    ,. „.  the  municipal  law,  it  appears  to  me  utterly  onf  of  th('<|ii('v 

'  '  tion  to  hold  that  a  <:t»vernnient.  hav  in;:' done  what  in  it  l;i;. 

as  Ity  seizin;^  a  vessel  and  hrin;;in;:  it  pi'<»perl>  lu'fore  the  coiiipi'ttn 
eoiiit,  can  he  held  liable  because,  t hr«»n;.vh  some  mistake  or  aci'idcn: 
justice  mav  have  been  defeated. 


A  breach  of  the  law  haviii;;'  been  commitied  in  the  eipiippii 


p:  (>!■  iin 


ill};  of  a  v»'ssel  Ibi' belliincicnt   purposes,  all   that    the  yovertimcnl  coiii 
<lo.  under  the  foi'ei;;n  enlist laenr  act,  was  to  seize  the  dcliuipien!  wssv 
and  brill;:  it  int(»  a  projicr  court  for  condemnation.     This  done.  aii<l  tli' 
evidence  of  the  facts  in  such  a  case  havin;r  been  submitted  by  the  imlil 
prosecnt<M'  to  the  court,  the  functions  (d'  the  H;overnment  are  at  an  t'irl 


It  can  do  no  more,     '{'he  rest  is  with  the  hn 


In  i;n!.ilaud,  in  Aiiit'iif; 


in  cvoi-y  well  constituted  and  well  re;:ulaled  state,  the  executive  iiinl 
judiciary  powers  are  sejtarated  by  ii  bioad  and  impassable  hanii: 
Tliere  is  no  authority  in  the  state,  iiowcver  hi,l!:h,  that  would  veiitiiic;' 
inteitere  with   the  dischaijic  of  the  |udi<i;ii  olVu-e.      It  w«)uld  be  c(iii,st! 


ered  a  violation  <d'  ilie  most 


•i<'d   J 


uinciples.  and  an  outraye  on 


propriety,  to  seek  to  c«mtidl.  or  even  to  intliu'iice.  directly  or  indin'i'tly, 
t lie  decision  ot'  a  jndjic  even  of  the  most  iiMerior  tril)Uiia!. 

This  beinu  ^<'.  Hh^  ;:ov('rnment  of  a  neutral  cannot  justly  or  reasttt; 
ably  Ite  held  responsible  tor  all  the  mischief  which  a  vessel,  efinippt'd::' 
violatiiui  of  its  law.  may  <lo  throughout  tlu'  course  of,  possibly ,  a  pn' 
tra'i'ted  war  because  a  suit  wlii<-li  It  lias  jtroperly  instituted  fails  tlimii;':' 
a  mistake  of  the  jud;:e.  To  decide  in  the  aflirmativc  would  be  to  e.st;i:' 
lisli  a  lule  hitherto  iinkiiown,  and  cah'idated  to  impose  lui  neutral  state- 
a  dcHre**  of  r«'sponsibility  altoy'etlKU'  unprecedented  and  unheard  el'. 

As  roji'ards  liability  for  the  acts  or  omissions  of  subordinate  otlict'is. 

i,.j.iiv  hr  »,t-  it   seems  to   me  that,  vvliile  a  {government  may  propi'ily '" 

"  '"•<■'""""••       held  responsible,  for  wliat  is  done,  or  omitted  to  b«'  d»»iR', by 

its  onlers  or  undei-  its  own  immediate  control,  it  would  be  most  iiiin'ii'^ 

onuble  to  liold  it  answerable  for  the  acts  or  iiey;liLn'ncesof  siibonl'iiatc!". 


on.M(».N->  OF  >iK    \i,i;.\  vMn.it  (  wi  kiu  u.n. 


L'(Jl) 


;ill  ('V('i)fs,  unless  it  iiftiM'Wiini  rutilii's  ami  a^lopts  wii.u   iIh'sc  may 


nil';'  or  iinn 


VC  (lltllf 


,1 
111  tlic  iii.ii  it'T  u|'  civil   ii;rlits  iii<li\  uliials  ma.\  ln'  lialtlr  I'it  tlic  in'jy;li- 

'I'lict' 111'  ilinsi'  to  wlioiii  tlM'v  tl('|»iil»'  till'  nniiliK'i  iil'  ilicir  allairs;  l»iit, 

iii.siiK'iiii.ii  till' roiiiplicati'd  Hiacliiiifiy  of  pnliiical  i;<»\  cniiiifiit.  fspcci 

.I'lV  wlicii  «li.staiii    t'(»ittiiii's  anil   lii-prnili-ncii's  an-  «'iin('i'riii'i|,  ami    tin* 

liistijiirMt    n('n',-.,sii  s    dl'  t'lnployiiii;"   >ul»i»iiliiiati'  idliri'is,    it    winiM    ln' 

iiiciMiiialtlr  anil  niiin«(t  to  IimM    that  tlu'  n»';;lini'iir(' of  a  >nlH)rilinatv', 

jioic  csiM-ciall y  li i>ni  nii'ic  imidi' of  iiii|;;ni<'nt .  a>,  tor  insiann-,  °n  allow  in;; 

.  vf.ssi'l  to  takn  too  inncli  roal.  was  a  want  ol  "ilm*  ililii^ciiri'"  on  tin' 

|,iitot'rlii'  ;;o\  I'liinn-nt,  foi  wlinli  it  can  justly  lie  liclil  lialilc. 

llic  I'cllowiii;^'  |>as,sa;;c  iVom  tin-  l!iitisli  < 'oiinli-r-i 'asc  siiins  ii|i  >n  wdl 

II' (litli'icnt  siilcs  of  ilii>.  <|in'>liun.  ilial  I  iln  not  licsiintc  to  pioilncc  it 

ji  !iMi;;tli : 

Tliiit  iliii' ilili;;ciii'i'  ri'ipui''-*  a  i;i>'.  criiitn'iil  id  iisi-  .-tll  iln'  iiiiMiis  in  iin  pnwri,  i^  .1  |iri) 
i'.'.ituMi  ti'iio  III  mil' >t)'M>>i>,  1,'iisi'  III  aiiiillii'i' :  tnii\  if  it  iii'ati"  iii.it  iln-  ^nv  ii'iiiii'iit  it 
u.iiiiil  til  cxrit  lii)iii'Ntf\  aiiil  \'.illi  ri-aHiiiial>i«M','iri>  ami  artivily  llii'  iiiraii>  at  ili  ili-<|Mi 
■  II :  t'iiNi',  iiiiprat'i  iraMi',  ami  alvsiinl,  il  it  iiii',iii'<  that  a  lialiiiity  aiis.'-<  v.  lii-iii'vcr  i|.  is 
|,.s»ilili' to  .tlmw  that  an  limir  has  Itrrii  lust  wliicii  iiii;L(hi  have  Iti-i'i.  ua'iM'd,  iiraii  arri- 
1.  hliil  ili'hiy  iiiriii  ri'il  wiilcli  iiiij;ln,  by  tlin  iitiiiii.it  l'ciri'si;;iit,  lia\  r  lii-i'ii  iiicscnti'il ; 
M.il  all  i'\)ii'iiii'in  whii  il  nii;i{iil.  Iiasi*  siU'i'i-imIciI  has  nut  hi'i-ii  trii-il;  llial  nifaiis  nl 
Jiiaiiiiii;;  iiirmniat inii  wliich  aro  tlci'innd  niiwurtiiv  or  iiii|>rii|ii'r  havi!  mil  Ih'cii  n'sm  ifil 

•  .  or  tliiit  till' I'xrrliiins  (if  an  iillirrr  nr  siTvanl  ol"  nKviTumi'iit    havf  not  Ihm n  ia\i'il 
the  utmost  Inn. I  of  his  |)h\  iiral  I'apai'ily. 

V  II  r:iii  \vr  fail  to  olisi'ivr  ijiat,  ill  iiiii|icn' loll  as  \M'i'\t('inI  till'  iliity  o("  pri'vcntioii 
iiilii'iit  on  m-ntiai  L;ovi'riiniriin  ,  iVoin  hostile  fiilcr)iris,  <  «hith  air  o|h'ii  ami  ila- 
.  lilt  to  art-  of  a  moll'  <  loll  1(1  III!  (  ,  aractiT  whiili  ImiiliTon  tin'  line  hi-l  \vi\t  tin'  law  In! 
I  i|  till'  llllIa^^  fill,  it  lin'omi",  !iioir  ami  more  ililliriili  to  cvai't  iVoin  the  iii'iitral,  in  thi' 
|ii  iliiiiiiaiirc  of  that  ilul  v,  prcnliar  ami  cxt  iaonlinar>  \i;;ilami'  ami  activity.  'I'lm 
riiynf  |)irvi'iilin;L;  ihf  opi'ii  assi'iiihlim^  within  ni'iitral  tiTiitoiy  of  an  arint'd  Iiostilo 
'A|irililiiiii  a<;ain.-<l  a  iirii;hlioriiii;  roiintry  is  |)laiii  ami  olivioiis,  iiml  ri'i|iiiri-.s  only  ;i. 
I'liinilit  cM'irisi' of  ailri|ii:itr  fori'i'.     l?ii|,    it    is  olhci'wisi-   when    we  roiin'   to   arts  of  ji 

•  Mii'i'iit  cliisH,  till' <'rimiiiality  ot'  whii'h  ili']>i'iiils  tni  ii  hiti'iit  inti-ntion;  siich,  for  cxain- 

;ili'.  as  the  nii'i'i' iiroi'iiriiiji  for  h  ili'^ini'iit    imrposi's   from   tin-  yarils  of  a  neutral  ship- 

'iiiiliT.  whosr  onlinary  Imsiness  il    is  to  Iniild  ships  of  all   kinds  for  eiistoineis  <if  all 

iiliiiiis,  a  vessel  with  some  >peeial  adaptation  tor  war.      There  is  iiolhinn    in    the   relii- 

' 'III  iif  a  iieiilial  to  a  lu'lli;;!  rent  to  east   nil    the   loriiier  the  duty  of  exereisinj;  wiihin 

i.Miwii  trriitcry  a  roiislant  ami   miiinte  espioiia;ie  o\  er  oidinar.N'  traiis.ietioiis  of  eoin- 

I'Tic  fill  I  he  plot  ee  lion  of  I  he  Slitter.      This  relation,  always  onerous  to  the  m-ntral,  i.s, 

■  ilic  Millie  (inie,  it  mns|  lie  leiiiemliered,  pniely  involuntary  on  his  jiart.     It  is  foreed 

I  liiiii  li\  the  i|iiiirrels  iif  Ins  m  i'^hliors  in  w  hieh   he  has  no  nun  erii,  ni'  liy  then  mter- 

•  iJi.iriirdH  when  those  diseords  lireak  out  into  eivil  war. 

'»\'lii!('  I  ii'ailily  ailinit  that  the  niciisnic  ot'  ilili^cncc  which  a  ^ioNcrii- 

i.i'iit  a|'|>lic.N  to  the  alVaiis  it    has  to  ailniinistcr,  if  the  onlinai'V  coiiise 

I't' it.sadiiiinistiatioii  is  neolij;enl  anil  imperfect,  is  not  necessaiily  to  l>e, 

iki'ii — any  tiioie  tliuii  it  woiiiil  he  in  the  case  of  an  inili\  iiliial — as  the 

1 1'iisiirc  111  iliiioeiicc  which    it    is  to  apply  in    the  ili.>chai.ne  of  intefiia- 

liimal  uhliualions,  yet    crcilif  .s.houlil   be   jLjiveii    to  a    ^ovcriiineiil    for  a 

;  :<'|ii'ily  ililii;ciit  ilischai'uc  of  piihlic  iliit\ . 

riirtlieriiioic.  It  a  yiveii   law  ;iiiil  a    parliciilai'  systciii  of  ailtninist ra 

'I  lia\('  hi'cn  fomiil  l>.\    piactical    expei'ience    siiflicielit    to    protect    the 

iiii'st.s  ol   the  i!o\  criiiiH'iit  ill  the  iiniioitanl   mailer  ui   them 


lie  pill 


ic  reve 


:if,  ii!i!l  al.'so  to  insure  the  ohscrx  a  nee  of  neutral  iliilies  on  t  he  occasion 
•  all  ioiiner  wars,  surely  it  is  highly  unreasonable  an  1  unjn.'-.  to  con- 


lull  'lie  who'"'  .system  as  defect 
I'  till 


i\e 


mil  t 


le   (government  as  ne,oIi;(ent, 


t  iiii\  ill;!,  liiihmled  it  in  anticipation  of  I'litnie  e\ents. 
if  iiiiisi  not  i»e  to.  .(otteii  that,  since  the  piissiiioof  the  Uritish  statute, 
Its  h;ive  occr.!!  I'ii  in  a.II  parts  of  the  worlil,  but  no  coinpIai»its  of  the 
'laiiiiii  of  tha;  s.atute  have  oceiirreil  till  Ainerican  citizens  hail 
I'Dinsi'  to  new  modes  of  defeatin"  or  evadiii};  it. 


British  Counter  Ciwo,  pago  'ii. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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I.I 


1.25 


*-llll!M  |||||M 
t  '-  IIIIM 

^       2.0 


Itt 


1.4 


1.8 


1.6 


% 


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^1 


/. 


■e). 


%   7 


'>-■ 


'/ 


/^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  ^Y.  14580 

(  Tl-S)  3.'2-4503 


4>^ 


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^^ 


% 


lV 


^ 


^ 


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^^L 


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II  '  i'!!?' 


*■       i\ 


i'ln^ 


I         . 


1/      . 


270 


ARI5ITRATI0N    AT    CiEXEVA. 


|! 


Siicli,  in  my  opinion,  are  the  principles  by  wliich  we  should  be  giiidcMl 
in  deciding  whetlier  (Jreut  IJritiiin  has  or  ha8  not  failed  to  satisCytho 
requirements  of  due  diligence.  I  i)roceed  to  apply  them  to  the  ditt'tTont 
lieads  of  (-omplaint  preferred  by  the  United  States. 

One  main  head  of  com])laint  on  their  part  is  that  the  municipal  law 

M„„„,„„i  of  (rreat   Britain,  as  contained  in    the  foreign-enlistmen; 

"""'"'"'  act,  was  insuflicient  to  enable  the  British  government  to 

enforce  the  observance  of  the  duties  of  neutrality  by  its  snbjeitts.  We 
have  first  a  general  condemnatioji  of  I'^nglisli  acts  of  Parliainenr, 
"  English  acts,"  we  are  tohl,  "  are  so  overloa\led  with  a  mass  of  itliniscs. 
alilv'e  unprecise  and  coJifused,  witii  so  much  of  tedious  supt'iHiiity  oi 
immaterial  circumstances,  as  if  they  were  specially  designed  to  j-jvc 
scope  to  bar  <-liicanery',  to  fa(;ilitate  the  escajie  of  <)tf"nders,  and  to 
embarrass  and  confound  the  ot'licers  of  the  goverimuMit  charged  wit!; 
the  administration  of  law.  Such,  indeed,  has  been  the  ordinary  com 
l)lexiou  of  the  legislation  of  (Ircab  IJritaiu,  and  this  styU;  of  cdiiiplcx 
verbosity  of  legislation  has  unha[>pily  been  traiismitted  to  the  United 
States."  But  then  we  have  the  satisfaction  of  leanung  that  "there i; 
begins  to  encounter  steady  edVtrts  of  n'foiination,  which  are  c(>ns[)icu()u- 
in  the  legislation  of  many  of  the  Auunican  States.' 

Of  the  foreign-eidistment  act  we  are  (ohl  that "  its  practical  iticfli 
ciency  was  glaringly  a|>i)arent  on  the  face  of  all  the  relative  diploiiiatii 
correspondence  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States." 

That  it  was ''valueless,  except  as  occasion  should  arise  to  inaKc  i; 
scnve  as  a  iiretext  to  cover,  in  diplomatic  communication  with  otlici 
governments,  indifference,  unfriciKlly,  or  h(}stile  animus  on  the  pari  o! 
some  ]biiish  minister." 

British  ministers  are  represented  as '' floundering  along  in  the  fliit 
morass  of  the  meaningless  verbosity  and  confused  circumlocution  of  an 
act  of  Parliament."  They  are  represented  as  having  been  "coiiipelk'<l 
to  drift  into  the  condition  of  foreign  war  rather  than  break  free  froii: 
the  entn"'glement  of  the  cubweb  meshes  of  that  act." 

It  strikes  me  that  those  who  address  us  in  this  strauge  style  must 
suppose  us  to  be  ignorant  that  the  Knglish  act  of  1810  was  fraiiuHl  oi; 
the  model  of  the  American  act  of  1S18  ;  that  it  is,  in  the  main,  ideiit^ical 
in  language,  and  is,  in  one,  and  that  an  important  particulai',  iiioii 
stringent  than  its  predecessor. 

The  English  act,  in  the  part  of  it  witli  which  wo  are  concerned,  mak«'s 
it  an  otfense  to  "equip,  furnish,  fit  out,  or  arm,  withiti  tlu 
lur. ,. .,.:,. LiM,.nt  xjjijtcd  Kingdom  or  the  Ciueen's  dominions,  \\ithouf  tin 
royal  license  lirst  obtained,  any  shi{)  or  vessel,  wit'i  the  in 
tent,  or  in  order  that  such  ship  or  vessel  .shall  be  employed  in  the  sci- 
vice  of  any  foreign  prince,  state,  or  potentate,  or  of  any  foreign  colony, 
province,  or  i)art  (»f  any  province  or  people,  or  of  any  ])erson  or  persons 
exercising  or  assuming  to  exercise  any  powers  of  governnuMit  in  or  over 
any  foreign  state,  colony,  province,  or  part  of  any  province  or  people, 
as  a  transport  or  storeship,  or  with  intent  to  cruise  or  coin-nit  hostili 
ties  against  any  prince,  &c.,  «Sic.,  with  whom  the  Queen  is  not  at  war." 
To  attempt  to  e<piij),  &e.,  any  such  ship  or  vessel  with  a  like  intent,  oi 
to  procure  it  to  be  done,  as  well  as  knowingly  to  aid  and  assist,  or  be 
concerned  in  so  doing,  is  equally  made  an  oflen?i\  The  penalty  at 
tached  to  the  offense  is  fine  and  imprisonment,  or  either  of  them,  at  tbe 
discretion  of  the  court,  and  the  forfinture  of  the  vessel,  with  all  its  ac- 
cessories, and  of  all  materials,  arms,  ammunition,  and  stores  wliicli 

'United  States  Argument,  i).  01. 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDER    COCKIU'RN. 


271 


uiavbe  found  on  board,  on  the  vessel  being  prosecuted  and  condennned  ; 

sroti  prosecution  and  condemnation  being  directed  to  be  liad"in  like 

ii.iuiiier,  and  in  sucli  courts,  as  sbips  and  vessels  may  be  proseciited  and 

j  fondtmncd  for  any  breach  of  the  laws  for  tlie  i»rotection  uC  the  revenues 

tot  customs  and  excise,  or  of  the  laws  of  trade  and  navigation." 

So  much  for  the  prohibitive  or  punitive  part  of  the  law.  The  pre- 
I  veutive  part  consists  in  a  provision  that  the  shij)  or  vessel 
[niaybe  seized  by  any  oHicer  of  Her  Majesty's  customs  or  rr  ^.m.v,  i.w. 
rtcitjC,  or  any  ollicer  of  the  royal  navy,  who  is  by  law  eni- 
imwercd  to  make  seizures  for  any  forfeiture  incurred  under  the  revenue 
laws,  or  laws  rehiting  to  trade  or  navigation,  witliin  the  limits  of  tlieir 
liartioular  jurisdictions. 

On  comparing  the  enactment  relating  to  the  fitting  out  of  shij»s  with 
I  the  oorr('si)ondiiig  ena<;lnient  of  tlie  American  statut(»,  it 
hvilll)cibun<l  that  the  English  act,  on  which  so  mueii  vitu-  A^rr";;''.  "'"' 
pi'iative  criticism  has  been  lavished,  is,  in  fact,  as  regards 
[tkoqnipinent  of  vessels,  more  comprehensive  and  effective  than  the 
jt'iivmcr.  For,  while  tlie  English  statute  makes  it  an  ottense  to  Cipiip  or 
I  arm,  in  the  disjunctive,  by  the  American  statute  the  offense  consists  in 
jtittin^i'  out  «/if/ arming,  iu  tlic  coiijuiu;tive,  thus  bringhig  the  vessel  a 
stiiL'e  further  on  towai'd  belligerent  completion  before  the  hiw  can  in- 

ItlTllOSO. 

it  is  true  that  tlie  , judges  in  the  court  of  e\elte<pier  haxiiig  been 

Jilividcd  ill  o[»i/iioii,  in  the  case  of  the  Alexandra,  as  to  whether  the  arm- 

jiii;;  of  a  vessel  was  not  necessary  before  the  intent  that  she  should  be 

It'iniiloycd  tor  belligerent  purjioses  could  be  inferred,  the  r«>sult  in  that 

liiiM'was  that  the  more  compreliensive  enactment  of  the  English  statute 

JfaikHl  ill  its  effect.     But  when  it  is  said,  in  somewhat  strong  language, 

Itliat  the  effect  of  the  decision   in  the  Alexandra  ease  was  to  "-emascu- 

]Lite"tlie  English  statute,  it  must  be  obs<'rved  that,  if  sucl  was  the  case, 

[tluM'fVect  was  ynly  to  re(lu(;e  the  Knglish  act  to  the  condition  in  which 

lllii' Ameiican  statute  had  been  from  its  birth.     1  think  it  unnecessary, 

inn  tile  present  occasion,  to  express  any  opinion  on  the  (piestion  on 

micli  tiie  judges  of  the  <H)urt  of  exijherpier  were  divided.     1  will  only, 

[ill  piissiiig,  r(>peat  my  conviction  that  neither  tlu^  American  nor  the 

Kii;;lis!i  statutes  were  ever  intended  to  inteifere  with  the  execution  of 

jdiilcis  from  belligerents  by  American  or  British  shii»-builders,  but  sim- 

jlily  to  prevent  the  jiortsof  the  respective  countries  from  being  used  for 

iittiiiji;  out  ])rivateers,  or  being  imule  tiie  bascA  of  hostile  expeditions. 

Iliiit  the  distinction  between  equipping  and  arming,  and  equipping  with- 

l"it  iiriiiiiig,  is  immaterial  for  tln^  present  imrpoJ'e  ;  for,  in  point  of  fact, 

Itliatdistiiu'tion  never  created  any  difliculty  in  the  action  ot  the  Ibitish 

li'DVcriuiteiu.     In  the  cases  both  of  the  Florida  and  the  Alabama,  the 

iy  (iiiestion  on  which  the  action  of  the  government  was  arrested  was 

as  to  tiie  siifli(!ieney  of  the  evidence  of  the  vessel  being  intended  for  the 

^Hvicc  of  a  belligerent. 

l!ut  it  is  with  reference  to  the  preventive  jxiwers  conferred  on  the 

-xiTiitive  by  these  acts  that  the  case  and  argument  of    |.r,,v,„t,vr „„»,,- 

III'  Fiiited   States  principally  assail   the  British  statute,  I'',',';,;';;,''""'''''''"' 

bikI  triumphantly  assert  tlio  superiority  of  the  American 

III t;  maintaining  that,  while  the  British  act  depends  on  the  saniition 

F  Penalties,  the  American  act  jdaces  power  in  the  hands  of  the  Execu- 

fivo  \vhi(!h  ettectually  secures  it  against  infraction  of  the  law. 

Aequuintcd  with  the  two  acts,  I  read,  I  must  say,  with  much  surprise, 
[lie following  passage  in  the  argument  r^  the  United  States: 
riip  great  diflerence  between  the  two  consists  in  the  oanliual  fact  that  tho  provisions 


272 


ARIUTRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


If    ' 


)«.'■ ,..,. 


Mm 


mi 


of  the  British  act  arc  uwrt'ly  2>iiii'tlif(;  .-iiid  to  1"  cairioil  into  crtt'ct  only  l>,v  jinlirial  m. 
hli'UiiK'iitality  ;  wlicrt^as  tlic  Amcriciiii  at-t  is  prcvfiitivc,  calls  for  cxtHiitivi  iictinn,  ami 
l)laci's  ill  the  haiulH  of  the  President  of  tht;  United  Statii.s  the  (Mitire  military  .niil  liavai 
force  of  the  (Jovernnient,  to  l)e  (uiiployed  hy  him  in  hi.s  discretion  for  the  jn'i'Vfiitiwi 
of  f'oreij^ii  (MinipnuMits  and  ft)reign  (Milistmtnts  in  tlie  United  States.' 

Tliis  appears  to  mo  a  thoroujilily  inaccurate  rei)roseiitati(m  of  Hie 
crt'ect  of  the  Aiuericau  iict,  which,  as  1  umlcrstaiid  it,  confers  no  dis- 
cretionary power  on  tlic  President  beyond  tliat  of  eniployinj;'  the  uiiij. 
tary  or  naval  forces  of  tln^  republic  to  su])port  the  law,  if  ncccssarv, 
Iteferrin^'  to  the  different  violations  of  neutrality  made  offenses  by  tin; 
act,  the  8tli  section  provides  that — 

In  every  case  in  -which  ;i  vessel  shall  he  fitted  out  and  armed,  or  atienijiti'd  toiir 
fitted  ontand  armeil,  or  in  which  tlie  forceof  any  vessel  of  war,  cruiser,  or  otle'riiniiKJ 
vessel  shall  he  increasc^d  or  anj;;mented,  or  in  wiiieh  any  military  expedition  urt'iitii 
prise  shall  he  he^iin  or  set  on  foot,  coatrary  to  the  i)rovisions  and  ])rohihiti()iis  of  tjn, 
act;  and  in  every  case  of  the  capture  of  a  shij)  or.  vessel  within  tlie  jurisdiction  nrpin. 
tectioii  of  the  United  States  as  hi^fore  dclined;  and  in  every  case  in  which  a,ny  pruiT-^ 
issuing  out  of  any  court  of  the  United  States  shall  Vio  disoheyed  or  resisted  liyaiiy  pii- 
f-on  or  ]»ersons  havinii;  the  custody  of  any  vessel  of  war,  cruiser,  or  other  arined  vi'smI 
of  any  forei;u;n  ,,rince  or  state,  or  of  any  colony,  district,  or  i)eo))le,  or  of  any  t^ulijiMN 
or  citiz(Mis  of  any  foreign  prince  or  state,  or  of  any  colony,  district,  or  people,  it  shal' 
be  lawful  for  the  I'residt^nt  of  tlui  United  States,  or  such  other  i)erson  as  Ik;  sjiall  haw 
empowered  for  that  j)urpose.  to  employ  such  part  of  the  latul  or  naval  forces  of  tW 
United  States,  or  of  the  militia  thereof,  for  the  i)iirpose  of  takinj;  posscssiuii  of  aail 
detainini^  any  sudi  shij)  or  vessel,  with  her  jn'i/e  or  pri/.es,  if  any,  in  order  to  the  exi-- 
t-utiou  of  the,  iirohihitions  and  penalties  of  this  act,  and  to  the'  vestorin;;'  ttii!  pri/o  w 
prizes  in  the  cases  in  which  restoration  shall  have  been  adjudi;ed,  and  also  for  the 
\)urpose  of  i»reventinj>'  the  cairyiny;  on  any  such  expedition  or  enterprise  from  the  tiTi:- 
tories  or  jui'isdiction  of  the  Unite(l  Slatt.'s  anainst  the  territories  or  dominions  of  am 
foreii^n  ))rinee  or  state,  or  oi'  any  colony,  district,  or  [leople,  with  whom  tiie  rmteii 
States  are  at  peace. 

To  any  one  who  rends  this  section  with  any  dejiree  of  attention,  its 
meiinino',  I  thiidv,  must  be  clear.  2s'o  arbitrary  power  is  fiiveii  to  tlic 
J'resident,  nor  any  power  of  seizing;  a  vessel  at  all,  except  "  in  order  h 
the  execution  of  the pfohibitions  and  pmaltiis  of  the  act.'-  Xo  di  ;('retioii- 
ary  power  whatever  is  given  him  except  that  of  using  force,  wheioloire 
is  required,  for  overcoming  resistance. 

The  enactment  was  contained  in  the  original  ;ict  of  17!>4,  which  was 
]>assed  shortly  after  the  Frenc^h  minister,  Genet,  had  set  the<r()V(ni 
ment  atdetiance,  smd  threatened  to  resist  by  fonie  any  attempt  to  detain 
a  privateer  illegally  armed  in  the  port  of  IMuladelpliia,  and  after  the 
I'rencli  vice-consul  tit  IJoston  had  itctiially  resiaunl  by  force  a  siisiiectt'ii 
vessel  which  had  been  seized  by  the  LTnited  ^t.ites  authorities. 

The  section  was  obviously  directed  against  the  repetition  of  siicli  mi 
occurrence,  tmd  was^iecessary  to  enable  the  J'resident  to  use  the  form 
of  the  state  on  a  sudden  emergency  without  having  recourse  to  tin' 
►Senate.  The  section  gives  the  I*r(>sident  no  power  which  he  woiiM 
not  have  hiid  without  it,  except  where  ix'course  to  actiuil  force  is 
neces.sary.  It  is  tin  entire  misrepresentation  to  say  tlnd  he  has  a 
discretionary  [)ower  to  seize  and  detain  a  vessel  without  bringing'  her 
before  the  proper  court  for  adjudication.  His  power  is  to  eiiiplov 
the  state  force,  if  necessary,  among  other  things,  to  seize  a  vessel, 
" /«  order  to  the  e.recutinn  of  the  prohihitions  and  penalties  of  the  "(', 
which  implies  that  the  vessel  must  be  siibniitted,  in  the  usual  <'oiirse.to 
the  proper  legal  ]»roeess  to  decide  on  Iter  comlemnation  or  release 
Often  as  the  action  of  the  Goverinnent  wiis  invoked  by  the  goveriiiueiits 
of  (Spain  and  Portugal,  during  their  colonial  wars,  to  prevent  the  arm 
ing  of  vessels  iu  the  ports  of  the  United  States,  frecpient  as  have  been 


'■>     ,      ■if 


I  Argument  of  the  United  States,  p.  .'i;!. 


OPINIONS    OF 


ALEXANDER    COCKBURX. 


27; 


tilt' raids  aiul  liostile  expeditions  from  American  territory  since,  no  in- 
sraiice  has  been  adduced  of  tlie  exercise  of  this  alle{jj(Hl  discretionary 
power  by  a  President  of  vseizinj;  a  vessel  and  keepinj?  iier,  without  put- 
tin"'  the  matter  into  due  course  of  Law,  and  1  feel  tolerably  confident 
that  no  such  instance  has  ever  occurred. 

Instances  may  hav'e  occurred,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Spanish  gun-boats 
building  at  New  York  in  18(J(),  in  which  it  was  considered  ue(;essary  to 
provicle  for  the  use  of  force  to  arrest  ships  believed  to  be  a\)ont  to  go 
liiithon  military  expeditions;  but  such  seizures  have  been  followed  by 
the  ordinary  course  of  legal  procedure  and  incpiiry,  or  tiie  intended  ex- 
[irtlition  having  been  prevented  or  else  abandoned,  the  vessel  has  been 
restored  without  any  further  proceeding.  Instances  have  no  doubt 
occurred  in  which  vessels  have  been  seized  by  order  of  the  President, 
as  head  of  the  executive,  as  vessels  might  be  seized  by  order  of  Her 
Majesty's  government ;  but  this  was  only  that  the  statute  might  be  put 
in  iorce.  In  like  manner  vessels  nnij'  have  been  seized  under  the  ordi- 
nary civil  authority,  and  it  being  found  that  there  was  nosullicient  case 
aj;aiust  them,  may  have  been  set  free.  But  no  instan(!e,  I  believe,  has 
(icciirred,  except  where  force  was  actually  necessary,  of  the  seizure  of  a 
vessel  by  a  President,  in  the  mere  exercise  of  executive  ])0wer,  sus- 
peiiding  the  ordinary  action  of  the  law.  No  exami)le  of  such  a  proceed- 
in;;  has  been,  or,  I  believe,  can  be,  addu<!ed,  with  the  single  excei)tion  of 
the  ease  of  Gelston  vs.  lloyt,  to  Nvhich  I  am  about  to  refer,  in  which  the 
experiment  to  exercise  such  a  power  was  tried  and  failed. 

l>y  the  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  in  the 
lastineiitioned  case,  which  is  re[)(>rted  in  the  4th  volume  of  Curtis's 
Ki'ports,  page  228,  the  view  I  have  taken  of  the  effect  of  the  American 
act  is  conclusively  borne  out.  An  action  having  been  brought  by  a 
shipowner  against  a  civil  otticer  for  the  seizure  and  detention  of  »  ship, 
the  defendant  pleaded  the  order  of  the  President,  but  the  plea  was  hekl 
bad.    In  giving  judgment,  Mr.  Justice  Story  says : 

The  aigiunent  is  that,  as  the  Prosichsnt  has  authority,  by  tho  act,  to  oinplny  the  naval 
ami  mihtiiry  foi'cos  of  tlif  United  States  tor  this  piirposo.  (( /(>»7/ori  ho  niiH;ht  do  it  by 
tki'iniiloyiiuMit  of  civil  force.  But,  upon  tlie  most  (h)liberate  conaideratioii,  we  are  of 
a(lilti.rL'iit opinion.  The  i)0\ver  tlius  intrusted  to  the  President  is  of  a  very  hij^h  and 
ili.licut<;  nature,  and  manifestly  intended  to  be  exercised  only  when,  by  the  ordinary 
piiiCMSor  exercise  of  civil  authority,  the  jjurpo.ses  of  the  law  cannot  be  eil'uctiiated. 
It  w  to  h(!  exerted  on  extraordinary  oe<'asions,  and  subject  to  that  hij^h  responsibility 
w;;ich  all  executive  acts  necessarily  involve.  Wbeuever  it  is  exerted,  all  persons  wlu) 
iuf iiiobedience  to  the  exeentive  instructions  in  cases  within  tbo  iict  are  coiajdetely 
jn-ititicd  in  taUini;;  possession  of  and  detaining'  tbo  otfendiuji;  vessel,  and  are  not  respon- 
^ilile  iu  iliiiiuiges  for  any  injury  which  the  party  nuiy  suiier  by  reason  of  such  piocoed- 
iu;'.  Surely,  it  nevei  couhl  have  b(!en  the  int(Miti(Mi  of  Congress  that  such  a  power 
■f\w\M  be  allowed  as  a  shield  to  the  seizing  officer  in  cases  where  that  seizure  might  bo 
iiiiiilt'by  the  ordinary  civil  means.  One  of  the  cases  put  in  the  section  is,  where  any 
jiriitcss  (if  the  courts  of  the  United  States  is  disobeyed  and  resisted  ;  and  this  case 
iiliiiiidaiitly  show  that  the  authority  of  the  President  was  not  intended  to  be  called 
lutouxercisc,  unless  where  nnlitary  and  naval  forces  wore  necessary  to  insnre'the  exe- 
tiiiioii  of  tin;  laws.  In  terms,  the  section  is  cotilined  to  the  employujcnt  of  naval  and 
military  forces  ;  and  there  is  neither  public  poliiw  nor  principle  to  justify  an  extension 
I'l  till!  prerogative  beyond  the  terms  in  which  it  is  given.  Congress  might  be  i)erfectly 
^villiiig  to  intrust  the  President  with  the  i)ower  to  take  and  detain,  whenever,  in  his 
iiiuninii,  the  case  was  so  flagrant  that  military  or  mival  force  were  necessary  to  enforce 
tiH' laws,  ami  yet  with  great  propriety  deny  it  where,  from  the  circumstances  of  tho 
taw,  the  civil  officers  of  the  Government  might,  upon  their  private  responsibility, 
without  any  danger  to  the  public  pe.ace,  completely  execute  them.  It  is  certainly  against 
|tjiB  jjt'iierjil  theory  of  our  institutions  to  create  great  diseretiouary  powers  by  imjdiciir 
''"ii;  aud  in  the  present  instance  we  see  nothing  to  justify  it. 

I  cainiot  help  expressing  my  surprise  that,  with  this  decision  before 
tucni,  Aiiierieau  lawyers  should  have  submitted  so  incorrect  a  statement 
*o  this  tribunal.    If,  indeed,  what  is  meant  is  that  the  power  of  the 
18  B 


274 


ARBITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


BSfK,-   ti. 


l^residont  to  use  the  forces  of  the  State  to  prevent  forcible  violations  of 
ueiUriility  s'ives  any  superior  etHicacy  to  the  American  system,  the  an 
Mwer  is  tliat  wliich  has  been  given  by  Sir  R.  Pabner  in  Ins  mostahli' 
ar{>unient,  namely,  that  in  all  cases  similar  to  those  referred  to  in  tin. 
American  act,  the  sovereign  of  Great  Britain  possesses  full  power  to 
use  force,  civil  or  military,  such  as  the  case  may  call  for. 

The  first  American  neutrality  act  of  17!)4  was  silent  as  to  the  author 
ity  by  whom  vessels  infringing  the  law  should  be  seized,  proceediiiffs 
being  apparently  left  to  be  taken  by  any  person  choosing  to  beoomean 
informer,  to  whom  half  the  penalty  and  half  the  forfeitecl  i)roperty  is  to 
go.  From  the  case  of  (lelston  vs.  Iloyt,  just  cited,  it  however  appears 
that  at  the  time  that  cause  was  '"^icided,  in  all  cases  of  the  forfeiture  ot 
vessels  the  duty  of  seizure  devolved  on  the  officers  of  customs,  bitliis 
respect,  therefore,  the  i)ractice  of  the  two  countries  would  be  the  same. 

'Loud  complaints  having  been  made,  by  the  representatives  of  Spain 
and  Portugal,  of  the  number  of  privateers  fitted  out  and  manned,  tVom 
ports  of  the  IJnion,  by  American  citizens,  and  preying  on  theconnnerw 
of  the  two  countries,  under  commissions  from  the  revolted  colonies,  a 
new  statute  was  parsed  in  1818,  which,  in  a<idition  to  the  enactinentso' 
the  act  of  1704,  which  otherwise  remained  the  same,  contained  two  new 
provisions. 

Section  10  i^rovided  that : — 

Tlio  owners  or  consignees  of  evoiy  armeii  ship  or  vessnl  sailing  out  of  filio  ports  of  tli' 
United  States,  belonging  wholly  or  in  part  to  citizens  thi^reof,  shall  enter  into  l)oii(lri 
the  United  States,  with  snfficient  sureties,  prior  to  clearing  out  the  same,  in  doiil)le  th-' 
aniount  of  the  value  of  the  vessel  and  cargo  on  board,  inclniling  her  arauiinent,  (hat 
the  said  ship  or  vessel  shall  not  be  employed  by  such  owners  to  cruise  or  coiiiinit  bus- 
Tilities  against  the  subjects,  citiziMis,  or  property  of  any  foreign  prince  or  state,  nr oi 
any  colony,  district,  or  people,  with  whom  tlie  United  States  are  at  peace. 

By  section  1 1  special  power  was  given  to  collectors  of  customs— 

To  detain  any  vessel  manifestly  built  for  warlike  purposes,  and  about  to  depart  | 
the  United  States,  of  which  the  cargo  shall  principally  consist  of  arms  and  nnuiitioib 
of  war,  when  the  number  of  men  shipped  on   board,  or  other  circumstances,  shall 
render  it  probable  tluit  such  vessel  is  intend(;d  to  be  employed  ))y  the  owner  or  owmrs  I 
to  cruise  or  commit  hostilities  upon  the  subjects,  citizens,  or  pro|)».'rty  of  any  forci;;'! 
state,  or  of  any  colony,  district,  or  peoph;  with  whom  the  United  States  are  at  peace,  iiii 
til  the  decision  of  the  President  be  had  thereon,  or  until  the  owner  or  owners  sliall;;ive 
such  bond  and  securitj'  as  is  required  of  the  owners  of  armed  ships  by  the  precediiii;  I 
section  af  this  act. 

But  the  power  thus  given  would  evidently  not  apply  to  the  case  wf 
have  here  to  deal  witli,  of  vessels  leaving  equipped,  but  without  au 
urmament,  and  having  no  arms  or  munitions  of  war  on  board. 

In  like  manner  the  bonding  clause  just  quoted  (section  10)  applies 
only  to  armed  ships,  and  therefore  would  equally  have  been  unavaiiable 
Besides  which,  it  applies  only  to  ships  belonging  in  whole  or  in  part  to  | 
American  citizens,  and  would  therefore  obviously  have  uo  application 
to  a  ship  sold  to  a  foreign  government. 

But  though  it  is  an  entire  mistake  to  say  that  the  American  act  ot| 
1818  was  in  any  respect  superior  to  the  British  act  of  the  ensuing  year, 
it  is  true  that,  since  the  time  the  American  act  was  passed,  the  workiiii: 
of  the  legal  administration  in  the  United  States  has  become,  for  tial 
purpose  of  proceeding  against  a  suspected  vessel,  in  one  respect  better 
than  that  of  Great  Britain.    It  appears  that  in  each  district  of  the  [ 
United  States  there  is  a  resident  legal  officer  of  the  Federal  Goveru 
meut,  called  the  district  attorney,  to  whom,  if  the  action  of  the  Gov 
ernment  is  invoked,  a  question  of  this  kind  is  referred,  and  whose  Ms 
it  is  to  ascertain  the  facts,  collect  the  evidence,  and  report  to  the  Gov 
erumeut.  Such  an  officer  is,  no  doubt,  b<'tter  adapted  to  such  a  purpose  i 


OPINIONS    OP    SIR   ALEXANDER    COCKBURN. 


21 T) 


)  violations  of 
itein,  theiui 
lis  most  altli! 
red  to  ill  the 
full  power  to 


to  boooineaii 
property  is  ti) 
^evor  appears 
1  forfeiture  of 
:oins.  Iiitliis 
be  the  same, 
ives  of  Spain 
iiiiiiiiied,  fi'oiii 
the  commerce 
ed  colonies,  a 
enactments  o'' 
lined  two  Hew 


the  case  w" 
it  without  au 
ard. 

on  10)  applies 
n  unavailable 
e  or  in  part  to 
lO  application ' 


1 


lerican  act  of 
ensuing  year,  i 
1,  the  workiiij; 
'come,  for  tk 
respect  better 
iistrict  of  tbe  | 
Jeral  Goveru 
,u  of  the  Gov 
id  whose  duty 
•t  to  the  Gov 
uch  a  puip«*' 


llrili.ihnct  of  Hr'). 


than  a  collector  of  customs.  But  can  it  be  said  to  have  been  the  duty 
lit  tiie  British  {jovernmeut,  not  havinj?  similar  distric;;  ollicers,  to  appoint 
<ii('li,  at  the  (litterent  ship-buildinj''  ports,  with  a  view  the  better  to 
iiiotect  belligerents  against  ships  being  equipped  or  armed    against 

liieiu  ■? 

Another  advantage  of  the  American  system  is,  that  the  duty  of  adju- 
dicating in  sucii  a  case  devolves  on  a  judge  in  the  court  of  admiralty 
instead  of  on  a  Jury,  who  are  sonuitimes  apt  to  be  swayed  in  favor  of 
liicirown  countrymen  when  sued  at  the  instance  of  foreigners.  J>ut 
tliis  relates  to  the  condemnation  of  vessels,  not  to  their  seizure.  And 
with  the  ex(;eption  of  the  Florida  and  Alabama,  every  vessel  tlie 
seizure  of  which  could  be  asked  for,  as  instaiujed  in  tlui  cases  of  the 
Alexandra,  the  Pampero,  and  the  iron-clad  rams  at  Birkenliead  was 
>eize(l  and  prevented  from  doing  any  harm  to  the  commerce  of  tiie 
liiited  States.  The  Alexandra,  it  is  true,  was  released  after  trial  in 
i;ii<jlaiid,  but  she  was  seized  again  at  Nassau,  ami  not  liberated  till  after 
tlie  close  of  tlie  war.  Practically  speaking,  therefore,  in  the  later 
liises,  everything  was  accomplished  which  could  have  resultxid  from 
tlicniost  perfect  machinery  that  could  have  been  devised  for  such  a  pur- 
pose, 

(ireat  stress  is  laid  in  the  ideadings  of  the  United  States  on  the 
I'.ritish  act  of  1870,  passed  on  the  report  of  the  neutrality 
loiiiniissioners.     The  act  is  held  u|)  as  the  stcindard  of 
neutral  duty  and  of  the  requirements  necessary  to  give  effect  to  it.     No 
j doubt  that  act  introduced   very  material  changes,  and   did  mucdi  to 
strengthen  the  hands  of  the  executive.     It  made  it  an  oflense  to  hiiild, 
Lra;;ree  to  build,  or  procure  to  be  built,  as  well  as  to  equip  or  arm.     It 
1  did  away  with  all  question  as  to  intent,  by  nuiking  it  sutiicient  if  the 
party  doing  any  of  these  things  knows,  or  even  has  reasonable  cause 
Imlielieve,  that  the  vessel  will  be  employed  in  the  service  of  a  belliger- 
ent.  To  dispatch  a  vessel  with  such  intent,  knowledge,  or  reasonalile 
hiuise  of  belief,  is  added  to  the  category  of  olfenses.     Still   more  re- 
markable is  the  new  proceeding  introduced,  in  addition  to  the  forujer 
I  process,  for  the  condemnation  of  the  vessel,  for  the  purpose  of  testing 
[tlie character  of  a  suspected  ship.    If  the  secretary  of  state,  or  (diief 
I'xeciitive  authority  in  any  place,  is  satisfied  that  there  is  reasonable 
and  probable  cause  for  believing  that  ii  ship  within  ller  Majesty's  do- 
[niiiiionshas  been,  or  is  being,  built,  commissioned,  or  equipped,  contrary 
to  the  act,  and  is  about  to  be  taken  beyond  tlui  limits  of  such  dominions, 
lie  may  issue  his  warrant  to  any  officer  of  the  customs,  or  public  officer, 
lor  commissioned  officer  of  the  army  or  navy,  who  is  thereupon  to  seize, 
[search,  and  detain  the  shi|>.    The  owner  may  apply,  indeed,  to  the  court 
[ot  admiralty  for  the  restoration  of  the  vessel ;  but  it  is  incumbent  upon 
iliim,  in  order  to  obtain  it,  to  establish  that  the  act  has  not  been  contra- 
[veiied.    So  that  the  order  of  procedure  is  reversed,    instead  of  it  being 
liiecessary  for  the  prosecutor  to  establish  at  all  events  a  prima-facir 
lease  of  guilt,  the  owner  has,  in  the  first  instance,  to  establish  innocence — 
111  proceeding  alien  altogether  to  English  jurisprudence. 
I  ^o  doubt  these  are  great  changes — jmssibly  improvements.     But  is  it 
pt  to  say  that  the  pi'e-exisiing  law  was  so  essentially  defective  as  that 

Ite British  nation  can  be  held  liable  by  reason  of  its  imperfections'? 
[I'iiw,  like  all  other  human  institutions,  is  in  a  constant  state  of  progress 
pml  change.  New  events,  now  conjunctures,  new  combinations  of  cir- 
fiiiiistances,  the  lessons  of  experience,  from  time  to  time  point  <mt  to 
pie  lawgiver  the  necessity  of  altering  the  work  of  the  past  to  adapt  it 


m  - 


'^::\.   •<i:^'  t 


IM 


'1- 

I .'  ''if  ■-■-■-'  '■- 


276 


ARHITKATION   AT    GENEVA. 


to  tlio  ro(inireinoi)ts  of  the  ])rc.sont.    Is  every  ainendinont  of  tlio  law  to 
earry  with  it  tlie  coiulemiiaiioii  of  the  k'jiishition  wliidi  piewiU'd  it? 

At  all  events,  it  tloes  not  lie  in  the  mouths  of  Amerieiins  to  siiy  so  in 
the  present  instance.  1  have  just  passed  their  own  law  in  levit-w, 
Accordinji'  to  it,  it  is  not  an  otTense  to  build  or  e<iuip  a  vessel  luiU'ss  it  lie 
also  armed  ;  knowledjj;e,  ov  reasonable  ground  of  belief,  is  not,  as  iiiidcr 
the  act  of  1870,  suliicient;  the  intent  must  be  proved.  The  inter 
mediate  process  given  by  the  latter  act,  and  by  which  the  hurdcn  of 
proving  the  innocent  character  of  the  ship,  iu  the  tirst  instance,  iscii.st 
on  the  owner,  is  unknown. 

For  all  i)ractical  puri)oses,  the  neutrality  laws  of  the  TTnited  States 
and  of  Great  Britain,  prior  to  the  late  war,  were  substantially  the  same. 
With  this  model  act  now  for  two  years  before  them,  the  United  States 
have  done  iiothin}>;  to  hv'uig  their  law  np  to  the  standard  of  it.  How 
can  they  now,  witli  any  i)retense  of  justice,  ask  that  Great  Britain  jsliall 
he  tried  by  the  test  of  a  law  which  is  as  much  iu  advance  of  their  own 
l)resentlaw  as  it  is  of  the  past  law  of  Great  Britain  '! 

When,  notwitlistandinji'  this,  one  reads  in  the  United  States  ars:nnK'i!t 
that  "the  British  government  has  stood  obstinately  on  confessedly de- 
fective  legislation  of  neutrality ;"  that  "  it  is  not  yet  emancipated  from 
the  national  prejudices  which  obstructed  ]Mr.  Canning;"  that  it  "still 
higs  behind  tlie  United  States  in  appreciation  of  tiie  true  princplcs  dt 
public  law,  which  lie  at  the  foundation  of  the  relations  of  indepeiuloar 
sovereign  states,"  it  is  ditlicult  to  express  the  teeling  which  arises  con- 
sistently with  the  seriousness  which  l>elongsto  the  present  occasion. 

It  is  true  that  it  is  not  the  law  of  the  United  States,  but  that  of  Gioat 
Britain,  that  is  now  on  its  trial.  It  may  not  bo  enough  to  say  that  if 
Great  Britain  is  black  America  is  no  whiter.  It  may  not  be  enon<;h  to 
say,  as  Great  Britain  might  do  iu  so  many  instances,  "  ISi  in  me  iniqnua 
en  judex,  coilem  ego  tc  crimine  condcinnaboJ^  Yet  a  comi)arisoii  of  the 
respective  laws  of  the  two  countries  is  by  no  means  superHuous.  For  a  le 
mark  is  here  to  be  made,  which  applies  also  to  many  other  parts  of  tlie 
present  controversy,  namely,  that  the  Government  of  the  Unitinl  States 
can  have  no  right  to  require  more  of  that  of  Great  Britain  than  it  could 
itself  have  rendered  had  the  position  of  the  two  countries  been  le 
versed,  and  Great  Britain  had  been  the  belligerent  and  the  ITnited 
States  the  neutral  power.  For,  iu  the  absence  of  convention,  eqnaliry 
and  reciprocity  lie  at  the  very  root  of  international  obligations,  and  no 
nation  has  a  right  to  demand  of  another  more  than  under  the  likedi 
cumstances  it  would  have  been  able  itself  to  render. 

The  statement  I  have  quoted  above  from  the  United  States  argumeiir, 
that  "  the  British  government  has  stood  obstinately  ou  con- 
aimT,h!m't''or  I't'e  fcsscdly  defcctive  legislation  of  neutrality,"  I'cfers,  I  pie- 
urr'durmg'"uI:'Tiv"i  suuic,  to  tlic  communications  whlch  passed  during  the  wai 
between  the  government  of  Great  Britain  and  that  of  tlie 
United  States  on  the  subject  of  an  amendment  of  the  British  forei;.'ii 
enlistment  act.  With  respect  to  these  commuuications,  the  fiHts, 
shortly  stated,  are  as  follows:  In  18G1,  and  again  18(>3-'(it,  Mr.  in 
Adams  suggested  (iu  the  first  instance,  with  a  view  to  check  the  Britisb 
colonial  trade  in  articles  contraband  of  war)  that  it  might  be  of  advan 
tage  if  the  British  legislature  would  pass  an  act  similar  to  the  teni 
porary  act  passed  by  the  United  States  iu  1838,  which  had  referenee 
only  to  expeditions  or  exports  of  arms  (not  carried  by^  sea)  between 
the  United  States  and  ;  ny  foreign  territory  conterminous  with  tlie 
United  States.  The  precedent  of  this  legislation  was  actually  followed 
by  Canada  in  1864,  when  events  made  it  requisite.    No  other  request 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR   ALEXANDER    COCKnURN. 


97 


77 


for  nil  altoration  of  this  liritish  hiw  was  at  any  time  made  on  the  part 
,it  the  ITiiited  States. 
On  the  IDtU  of  December,  1802,  Earl   Knssell  wrote  thns   to  Mr. 

Adams : 
Iliiivotlio  honor  to  inform  yon  that  Tlor  Miijosfy's  government,  after  conaultntion 
with  tlif^  liiw-orticors  of  tlio  Crown,  arc  of  opinion  that  certain  aineiidincnfs  inijilif  hn 
intrwlii<'i'<l  into  tliefonugn-enlintnicut  act,  wiiieli,  if  Hanctionod  l)y  Parliament,  wonhl 
liavetlie  elfcet  of  j^iviMg  ;rr(;at(!r  power  to  tlie  exee  Uive  to  prevent  tiie  eonslrnetioii, 
iiiBi'itisli  jxivts,  of  sliip.s  (h'stined  for  the  use  of  bdlii^erenls.  Hut  ]h'V  Mny-sty'n  gov- 
fiiiini'iit  {•onHi(h-r  that,  before  snbniitcing  any  ])i'oi)o.sa!s  of  that  sort  to  Parliann'iit,  it 
wdiilil  tto  desirables  that  they  HJiould  jire.  ionsly  eoniinuiiieate  witli  the  (Jovernment  of 
till!  I'liiteil  States,  and  ascertain  wlietiier  tliat  (ioviinnnent  is  willin,;^  to  make  similar 
alti'iiitions  in  its  own  foreign-tmlistment  act,  and  that  the  amendments,  lik»)  the  original 
stiitiite,  shonld,  as  it  were,  proceed  pari  jxt.-^int  in  both  connlrics. 

Isliall  accordingly  be  rciady  to  (confer  at  any  t'lufc,  with  yon,  and  to  listen  toanysng- 
crestioiis  which  yon  may  have  to  make  by  which  the  Hritish  foreign-milistment  act  and 
|>  "lie  corresponding  statute  of  the  United  Slates  may  bo  made  more  ellicient  lor  their 
[iiii'pnse.' 

luieply  to  this  overture,  (whieh  was  received  with  equal  courtesy  and 
liiiitioii  by  the  Government  of  tlie  United  States,)  Mr.  zVdanis  was 
instructed  not  to  make  any  sn<^^^;■(?stions  wiiatever,  but  to  state  (accord- 
ing to  Earl  Kussell's  report  of  the  conversation)  "  that  his  (Jiovernment 
were  ready  to  listen  to  any  proi)ositions  Her  ^lajesty's  government  had 
tiiuiiiko,  but  they  did  not  see  how  their  own  law  on  this  subject  could 
be  improved,"  or  (according  to  Mr.  Adams's  own  report)  that  the  Gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States  considered  their  own  law  as  "  of  veiy 
sntlicieiit  vigor." ^  Earl  llnssell  thereupon  said  that  the  cabinet,  under 
tlie  advice  of  the  lord  chancelloi",  (Lord  Westbury,)  had  come  to  the 
siime  conclusion  with  reference  to  the  la\y  of  Great  IJritain,  "  so  that 
111)  further  proceedings  need  be  taken  at  present  on  the  subject."  I'^arl 
ratssell's  overture  was  not  founded  on  any  opinion  of  the  insuflicieucy 
of  the  liritish  Itiw  for  the  performance  of  the  international  obligations 
of  Great  Britain,  but  simp.^,  on  tlie  advice  of  the  lawoilicers  tliat  cer- 
tain amendments  might  be  possible  which  would  increase  the  power  of 
the  executive  government  to  deal  with  cases  within  the  scope  of  that 
law.  There  could  be  no  possibility,  however,  of  carrying  such  amend- 
ments through  Parliament  unless  similar  amendments  had  been  simul- 
taueoiisly  made  iu  the  law  of  the  United  States,  and  the  reply  of  the 
United  States,  throwing  upon  Great  Britain  the  whole  responsibility  of 
making  propositions  in  the  matter,  gave  no  assurance  that  those  propo- 
sitions, if  madi^,  would  lead  to  any  useful  result.  If  anything  had  been 
needed  to  confirm  this  impression,  it  would  be  found  in  Mr.  Seward's- 
answer,  when  informed  of  what  had  passed.  Writing  to  ]Mr.  Adams  on 
the  2d  of  March,  1803,  he  says: 

It  riMiiains  for  this  Government  only  to  say  that  it  will  bo  your  dnty  to  nrgo  npoii 
Hit  Miijesty's  government  the  dtssire  and  expectation  of  the  PresichMit,  that  hencefor- 
ward Her  Majesty's  governniertt  will  rake  the  necessary  measures  to  onforco  the  exeen- 
ti"iii)f  the  law  a.v  failh/ully  as  this  Gocentiiwiit  has  e.ccciited  the  corresponding  stalnles  oj 
''le  I'nited  dtalcs.''^ 

^'ot  content  with  instituting  a  comparison  between  the  neutrality  law 
of  Great  Britain  iind  that  of  the  United  States,  the  American  conip^ri..,,.  witu 
'•use  has  gone  ou  to  compare  both  with  the  municipal  law  f"'""''"-- 
of  other  states;  which  comparison  it  seeks,  by  some  strange  manipula- 
tion, to  turn  in  favor  of  the  United  States,  though,  as  we  have  seen,  the 
lii'i'sof  the  two  countries  were,  at  the  time  iu  question,  substantially 
the  same. 

'United  States  Appendix,  vol.  ii,  p.  92. 

■uritish  Appendix,  vol.  vi,  No.  1,  p.  48;  United  States  Documents,  vol.  i,  p.  663. 


mm 


'L'uited  States  Dociyneuts,  vol.  i,  p.  C()t) 


■  'f 


278 


ARBITRATION    AT    GKNEVA. 


TTavinjtj  pone  carofnlly  tlir()iif;li  tlio  laws  of  tliP  loading  innritiim. 
iiatioiiis,  I  fiiul  hoik;  iii  wliidi  tlio  ('(|ui|)|Hnj^'  or  arniiii}*'  of  vchscIs  for  the 
use  of  a  belliyeient  was,  prior  to  the  breakiiij?  out  of  tlui  AiiicricniMMvil 
wai',  proliilnted.  except  under  ciremiistanees  wlii«!h  would  mako  it  a 
violation  of  neutrality  according  to  international  law.  Alter  the  l)iviik 
in{4'  out  of  the  war,  in  one  or  two  countries,  as  in  France  and  linizil,  the 
law  in  this  resi)ect  was  put  on  the  same  footinj^  as  the  law  of  Gnat 
Britain  and  America  prior  to  the  dispute.  In  sonie,  as  in  Italy,  it  lias 
been  altered  siiu^e.  In  these  cases  the  altered  law  is  referred  to  in  tlic 
arj;uinent  of  the  United  States  as  though  it  had  existed  at  the  tiineol 
the  war. 

In  the  laws  of  those  states  which  had  hitherto  taken  but  little  jiart 
in  maritime  alf<iir«,  no  law  on  the  subject  of  e(|uipi)iiij>:  oi 
aruung  ships  was  perhaps  to  be  expected.    I  only  ohservc, 
therefore,  as  it  were  in  passing,  that  Austria  had  no  law  relative  to ' 
this  subject. 

In  answer  to  an  inquiry  made  on  the  part  of  FTer  Majesty's  govoiii 
Tnent,  the  Austriau  minister  for  foreign  ali'airs  thus  responds : 

Apart  from  tlio  priiiciitlos  wliicli  lio  .at  tlio  foniulatioa  of  tliis  declaration,  (thrdiT- 
laratioii  of  Paris  of  l^")*),;  tlicrc; exists,  liowevt-r,  no  law  in  Austria,  nor  aiiv  other  (nilii 
j^cncnilly  bindiu}^,  which  could  bo  made  to  apply  to  violations  of  neutrality  l)y  Austiiiin 
subjects. 

Till',  imperial  fvoverninent  have  endeavored  to  supply  this  want  in  ensos  of  w.n 
betwei!!)  other  Stati'S,  by  itronHili;iitin}i;  in  legal  forms  special  regulations  for  tin;  iiitsi!- 
vation  of  neutrality  ai)i>licable  only  to  the  war  in  (luestion.  Thus,  in  the  year  l-^rit.iii 
eoiiseiiuence,  of  th(!  war  tiuMi  (existing,  the  ministerial  ordonnauce  of  May 'io,  lri54,  wa^ 
promulgated,  of  which  cojjy  is  inclosed  herewith. 

In  such  spiicial  declarations  the  giiuerally  acknowledged  principles  of  international 
law,  as  well  as  the  known  views  of  the  bidligercnt  ])owerson  certain  points,  liavc  Vuvn 
taken  into  consideration,  in  order,  as  much  as  possible,  to  obviate  any  coniplairtsni' 
infrnigenient  of  neutrality. 

There  does  not  exist,  however,  a  law  of  this  kind  applicable  to  all  future  occasions 
and  more  jiarticularly  there  are  no  general  laws  in  Austria  prohibiting  tiie  coiisiini- 
tion,  eipiipmont,  or  manning  of  ships  (in  Austraiu  harbors)  which  are  dcstiucil  I'm 
belligerent  powers,  or  aie  suspecttnl  of  being  so.' 

There  is  nothing,  therefore,  to  prevent  the  equipping  or  armiiii?  oi 
ships  for  a  belligerent  by  the  laws  of  Austria. 

lu  like  manner  it  ai>pears,  from  the  note  furnished  to  Iter  Majostvs 
representative  at  Berlin,  that  no  law  exists  in  Prussia  pro 
hibiting  the  building  or  sale  of  ships.^ 
The  Swiss  law  on  the  subject  of  neutrality  has  been  introduced  iiitlic 
United  States  argument  in  terms  of  laudation;  butasiiitlit 
nature  of  things  it  can  have  nothing' to  do  witli  inaritiiiic 
neutrality,  I  presume  it  has  only  been  brought  forward  out  of  compli- 
ment to  our  Swiss  colleague,  ami  I  need  say  nothing  further  on  tho.siili 
ject. 

I  pass  on  to  maritime  nations.     And  first,  as- to  France.    It  is  certain 

that  there  is  no  prohibition  in  the  French  codes  against  tlif 

buildiTig  or  equii)ping  of  ships  for  a  belligerent.  ^Tlieoniy 

])rovision  relative  to  a  breach  of  neutrality  by  a  French  subject  is  to  lie 

found  in  the  eighty-fourth  and  eighty-iitth  articles  of  the  code  pt'Hiil' 

which  are  in  these  terms : 

Art.  84.  Quicnnciuo  aura,  par  des  actions  hnstilcs  non-appronvdes  par  lo  gouverm 
ment,  exposd  I'dtat  h  une  ddclaration  de  guerre,  sera  puui  du  baunissomont ;  et,  si  -i 
guerre  s'en  est  suivie,  de  la  deportation. 

Aht.  85.  Quiconque  aura-par  des  actes  non  appronv<!S  par  le  gouvernoment,  exiwi 
des  Frauf ais  il  (Sprouver  des  ret)resailles  sera  puni  du  baiinissement. 


Law  of  rniM!-ia. 


'Report  of  neutrality  laws  commissiou,  p.  39,  British  appendix,  vol.  iii. 
■»  Ibid.,  p.  65. 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDER    COCKBURN. 


270 


01'  ariiun;?  ot 


rnouient,  expus 


On  these  aiticU'S  ^\.  Troitt,  the  learned  ctmiisel  to  the  British  ernbaHsy, 
iiiiikes  the  tblh>\vinji-  ob^Jrvati()lls  : 

Viiim  vdtKlrc/  Men  ri'iiiiiniuor  la  )4(Mi(^i;tlif(^  iln  oi's  cviircHsioiis.  (inlcttnquc,  ncflmix  ho*- 
;i,',»;  Ic  lo>iisliit<"ii'  n'lis  pas  vdirlmli'-liiiif  ciMiiril  tUilluit  ciitciKlro  pur  mtioiin  lio&tikH  ;  il 
,;i;ilaiiw6  CaitpriTUiUoii  xoiinriiiiw  aiixjiinen, 

II  lie  H'aK'f  poiiil  <laiiM  It-s  articlt's  5^4  ofc  K">  du  code  pdnal  <ltis  machinatioiia  ot  iiui- 
■KiMivri's  all  i>n)(it  (I'liin^  piiissaiicc  i^tranjfrrc,  ct  Jiyaiii  pour  (dijcf  do  proviiriiicr  dcs  lios- 
lilitf'a.  Ci's  macliiiiatioiis  pratiqiK's  dans  nut!  iiitriitiim  vt  un  lint  criniiiiclH  ruiitrcnt. 
il;iiis  it'8  (lirt'orciitt's  cspi-LM's  d<!  traliison,  IcstiiKdlcs  soiit  piiiiics  par  los  articles  715  a  (^:{ 
ilii  im'ine  t'odo.  Los  articles  84  ct  8r>  s'appli(iii(!iit  aiix  simples  cas  d'iinpnidciicu,  do 
tiMiioritd,  dc  iit'i;;li<;ciic(i;  c't^st  iiioiiis  riiifiMitiuu  que  le  fait  iiiaKMiel  qui  est  puui.  La 
iiiint!  voit  que  /('  n'miUat ;  ain.si :  "  \m  Frances  a-t-elhs  etc  exposee  a  uue  declaiatiin  de 
.'iicrre,  la  <;uerre  a-t-elle(^t<'^  dt'-dar*'  ?  Lcs  Fran^ais  out-ils  etc  exposes  a  ile  nqiresail'es  ;'  " 
0'8  seultsH  (|uc8tions  losolues  allumativeineiit  cutniiiuiront  rapplicatiou  d'une  dcH 
pi'iiiessi  K('vei((s  proiioueces  [lar  la  loi,  ot  ou  outre  le  paiyuu-ut  do  doniuiages-iulerets 
i|iii  peiivoiit  toujour  etre  reclaniea. 

II  fiuit  done  trois  couditioua  pourqu'il  y  ait  lieu  il  I'applicatiou  doa  articles  84  ct  85 
(ill  code  pdnal : 

I.  Que  Taction  soit  hostile. 

t  Quo  I'actiou  u'ait  pas  ^{6  appronv<5c  par  \c,  {jonvorueuient. 

II.  Que  la  France  a  t5to  exposeo  a  iiuc  declaratiou  de  guerre  ou  dos  Frautais  exposes 
iidMrepr^saillea. 

,le  ladeise  ces  trois  circonstaiiccs  parceque  c'est  le  pouvoir  judiciaire  seiil  qui  est 
.ili|iel6  i\  les  rdsoudre  et  a  decider  de  la  ciilpahilite. 

8i  le.s,jiifi<!S  decideut  (jiie  telle  acti(Mi  u'est  point  iiuo  action  hostile,  et  par  coiise(|ueiit 
iioiivioiatrice  d(*  la  utnitralite,  le  <^ouveriieiiieiit  devra  <-especter  cette  di5cisioii  et  iiouna 
I'lipiinscr  an  bellij^eraiit  qui  se  {)laindrait. 

Sidevaut  lea  juyes  l'accus('' excipiiit  d'une  apin-obatiou,  soit  tacite,  soit  expreaao  par 
;ei;ouvi'riieiuent,  I'actiou  iiicriuiinee  ne  jxuu'rait  plus  etre  puuit;. 

Eiiliii,  si  Paction  hostile  n'a%'ait  pas  pour  coiise([ueiico  des  represailiea  ou  uue  eventit- 
.ilitodc  j;ucrre,  elle  cesse  d'etre  criuiiiielle.' 

Writing  to  Mr.  Fane,  then  British  minister  at  I\iriti,  ^\.  de  Moustier, 

the  minister  for  foregn  afiUirs,  says : 

A  propreinent  i^arler,  il  n'y  a  pas  de  disiiosition  dans  la  lej;islation  francuise  ([ui 
iiiiirqued'uiitiuianiere  precise  les  liniites  de  la  neutralite  a  oUservei- eutrt;  deux  piiis- 
>aiico.s  dtrauij;e,res  <|ui  sont  en  otat  de  jjuerre,  lesiiuestions  do  cetUi  nature  etant  d'uu 
lanicteie  nuxte,  et  troiivaut  leur  solution  dans  lea  priucipes  gcndraux  du  droit  iuter- 

Uiitioiuil.- 

It  is  clear,  therefore,  that  the  French  law  Aveiit  no  further  than  to  pro- 
vide for  the  pnnishnient  of  any  infraction  of  international  law  which  has 
the  effect  of  exposing  France  to  a  declaration  of  war  or  to  reprisals. 
Now,  as  we  have  se(Mi,  the  sale  even  of  armed  ships  is  not  an  offense 
against  neutrality  and  could  not  produce  the  consequences  referred  to  in 
the  articles  of  the  codf;.  It  is  true  the  government  has  the  power  of 
preventing  the  arming  of  vessels  in  its  own  hands,  if  it  thinks  proper  to 
use  it,  as  the  exportation  of  arms,  excei)t  with  the  permission  of  the 
lioveriiinent,  is  i)rohibited  under  heavy  })enalties — not,  indeed,  with  the 
motive  of  preventing  breaches  of  neutrality,  but  from  motives  of  policy 
ttt  a  very  different  cliaracter.  If,  indeed,  the  construction  of  an  armed 
vessel  formed  part  of  an  enterprise  having  tor  its  immediate  object  ho.;- 
tile  ojjerations  against  a  belligerent  i>ower,  then,  as  I  have  already 
iMiinted  out,  the  whole  would  amount  to  a  violation  of  neutrality. 

But  an  imperial  decree  of  the  10th  June,  18GI,  passed  with  a  view  to 
the  war  which  had  then  broken  out,  contained  in  its  3d  article  the  fal- 
lowing provision : 

II  est  iuterdit  k  tout  Francais  do  prendre  commission  de  I'nne  des  deux  parties  ponr 
aniierdes  vaisseaux  en  jfuerre,  ou  d'accepter  des  lettrea  de  marque  pour  faire  la  course 
"liintinie,  on  de  concourir  d'une  niauierc  quelcomiuo  a  l'e';uipemiiit  ou  a  I'aruiement 
'1  iirt  iiavire  dc  guerre  on  corsaire  do  I'nne  «les  deux  parties  belligc^rantes.'' 

'Report  of  Neutrality  Laws  Commissiou,  p.  45,  British  Appendix,  vol.  iii. 

'  Ibid,  p.  46. 

'British  Appendix,  vol.  iii,  p.  22. 


L 


i'. 


280 


AKIUTRATH    ,    AT    flKXKVA. 


r.iw  Id'  lUItinirn, 


Tims,  llio  law  of  Friincc,  in  n's])ect  of  tlio  oqni]»i>iii};  and  nrnniif;  of 
sliips  of  war,  was  placed  on  tlie  sanio  footing'  as  that  of  Groat  l>iitaiii 
and  Anuuica. 

l»(!lgiuin,  wliicli,  as  it  is  known,  lias  adopted  tlie  Freneli  (iodes,  has  lil<(.. 
wise  the  (!ij;ht.v-lonrth  and  eiglity-lifth  articles  of  tlicOndM 
penal;  bnt  with  tin^  i'xception  of  s(n(M'e  laws  a^'ainst  piiv.i- 
teeiin<>",  or  tlie  reception  of  privateers,  the  ])rolul>itivc  and  provt'iitiw 
l)ower  of  the  law  depends  on  the  articles  in  cpiestion. 

The  Netherliinds,  in  like  manner,  havingalso  adopted  the  French codi'. 
i.nv  „f  the  Neth-  I'll ^'<'  tlio  eiju'li t.v-four t li   and   eighty-llfth   articles;  Imt  im 
'"■'""'"•  spetiiid  i)rovision  as  to  e(|ui|»pinji;  or  arming  of  vessels  in  tin- 

way  of  trade  existed  i)rior  to  the  year  18(i(»,  as  appears  from  tlie  express 
statement  of  M.  van  Zuylen  de  Nyevelt,  the  Netherlands  minister  tm 
foreign  ati'iiirs,  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Ward,  found  in  the  appendix  to  tlii- 
Urilish  case.' 

It  is  true  that  INF.  de  Zaylen  miikos  the  following  observation: 

(pliant,  mix  iiKiyeiiH  coiu^ti Is  doiit  Its  goiivcriKMiieiit  iiourniit  (lisposfti-  pour  cinin'clur 
tics  vinliitioiiH  (It!  sa  iniulralitt',  l(<s  art  ides  HI  ol,  s^'t  dii  codt)  ])i'iial  pciivc^nt  iinssi  ilm, 
(lii('l(|iii's  cas  siTvii'  a  cis  liiit.  C('ii?v,  jiar  ((xciiii)l(',  (|ui  tsK.'Iinrait'ut  «rr'(iiii]>cr(>ii  de  vimhIi. 
(Ifs  v;ii,s-;i'aiix  di'  j^iicrrc,  <laiis  iios  pm-fs  pDur  Ic  citiiipto  di\s  l>('lli;;i''raiit.s  ponrniit'iit  T'l  • 
]>i>iirsiii vies  ml  viii'l a  di!  (Mis  articles  ;  Ids  navircs  ilurs  scraioiit  suisis  c(janiii)  piece  d" 
convict  ion  et  par  la  luenie  Jciir  sortie  serait  cniitc'lice. 

But  it  is  to  be  remarked  that  the  foregoing  observation  as  to  the  pns 
si'itle  application  of  the  eighty-fourth  and  eighty-lifth  sections  of  the 
])enal  code  to  the  equipi)ing  or  side  of  ships  is  given  oidy  as  a  niiitteref 
opinion;  no  instance  appears  to  have  occurred  in  which  the  e(iiiii>|)iiiL; 
or  sale  of  a  vessel  of  war  has  l)een  held  to  be  an  offense  within  tlicse 
articles.  It  uiust  obviously  depend  on  whether  what  was  done  aniouiithl 
to  a>  violation  of  international  law  aifordinga  Just  cause  of  war. 

The  regulations  issued  by  the  Dutch  governnuMit  inl.SOli  donottniuli 
thc!  case  of  the  e(iri[)ment  or  sale  of  ships,  but  only  the  admission  of 
belligerent  vessels  into  Dutch  ports.  It  amy  be  retnadced,  in  piissin^. 
tiiat  it  is  expressly  provided  by  article  4  of  vlie  regulations  that  "slii|is 
of  war  may  remain  an  unlimited  time  in  Dutcih  harbours  and  estuaries, 
and  may  also  provide  themsehes  with  an  uidimited  supply  of  coal."' 

Spain  has  two  i)rovisions  corresponding  to  the  articles  of  the  French 
code,  viz,  article  I4S  of  the  codigo  peual,  and  article  -IS 
of  a  statute  of  1822  :^ 

Art.  118.  Wbosocvcr  shall,  witboiit  having  heon  perniitted  to  do  so  hy  coinpoteiit 
authority,  have  ])rovoked  or  j^iven  motive  to  a  dcK-laratiori  of  war  aj^ainst  Spain  on  tli" 
j»art  of  anotluir  power,  or  shall  have  cx|)ost!d  Spanish  suhjeets  to  sult'er  vexutioitsm 
reprisals  a^^ainst  their  persons  or  i)ropertios,  shall  be  jjanished  with  inii)risoiniieiit; 
and  if  such  person  be  u  public  functionary,  ho  shall  be  punished  with  temporary  rocli'- 
sion. 

Ar.T.  '258.  Whosoevor  shall,  without  the  knowlcdfro,  authority,  or  pisrniissiou  of  tlie 
<;ovcrnnient,  have  coniniittc.d  hostilities  atjainst  any  allied  or  neutral  i)ower,  or  sbll 
have  exposed  thtj  State  to  snfler  for  that  cause  a  declaration  of  war,  or  if  sne.h  liustili- 
ties  shall  have  bcien  the  ground  for  reprisals  a;;aiiist.  Spaniards,  he  shall  be  con- 
<lenincd  to  <rive  public  satisfaction  for  such  oft'enso,  .and  to  roclusion  or  inii>risonniciit 
for  ii  ttirin  of  from  two  to  six  years,  aiul  shall  pay  a  lino  eciual  to  one-quarter  of  tli' 
amount  of  danniges  he  shall  have  occasioned,  without  prejudice  to  any  further  pmii=li' 
ment  which  he  may  be  liable  to  incur  for  the  violonco  coiiunitt^id.  If  said  hostilitii' 
shall  have  brought  on  an  immediate  declaration  of  war,  or  if  such  declaration  shall  luive 
preceded  the  time  of  the  trials,  the  offoiuler  shall  bo  punished  with  transportation. 

But  there  is  no  law  wbich  touches  the  equipping  or  arminj.j  of  ships 
of  war  for  a  belligerent.    The  decree  relating  to  neutrality  issued  ou  tlie 


I.:iw  nf.Si'tin. 


'  Report  of  nentr.ality  laws  commission,  p.  63,  British  appendix,  vol.  iii. 
*  Appendix  to  United  States  Counter  Case,  p.  10U2. 


OPINIONS    OF   SIR    ALFA'ANDER   COCKIURN. 


281 


i„r;isioii  of  tliC!  Arnpricnn  civil  M-ar  is  set  out  in  llic  Hrilisli  A|»jM'!Hlix,' 
It  coiitiiins  no  pi'oliihitioii  I'dntiii^'  to  tlic^  (Miuippiii^  or  iH-iiiiii<>'  ol  .ships. 

It  is  stated,  iiitlccd,. in  tiio  Uiiitod  .States  arjiiiiiMMit^  tliat  tlio  ('odij'o 
iiriiiil,  in  artich^  lol,  forhids  tin*  cxpcditiiij;' or"(rrnis(M's."  Is  it  i)(»ssil)lt< 
fli;it  tJH'  writers  are  i;,Mioraiit  that  th«^  term  "destiiiare  biKpies  al  (v;/«(>" 
(liii'S  not  reter  to  <!niisers  but  to  privateers 'i 

l'(irtii,iLi;al  has  atioirespimdiii;*'  provision  in  the  one  hundred  ancl  forty- 
(.i;;litli  artieh^,  tiie  JOuipiroof  Jirai^il  in  tlie  eij;hty-third  arti-  , ,,  ,„  ,.^,,„,, 
lit,  of  tlie  penal  code  of  the  res])eetive  countries.  In  the  "H'^'"' 
Hiiiziliiin  eo«le  the  offense  consists  in  "(ioniniittiuf;,  without  the  order  or 
tliPiUithori/atiou  of  tiie  s'overnnient,  hostile  acits  against  tlui  subjects  of 
iiiintlicr  nation,  so  as  to  endanj^er  peac(i  or  provoke  rejirisals." 

Ill  tliere[)(»rt  [uesented  to  His  Majet^ty  the  Emperor  of  lira/ilon  these 
hiws  hy  l>.  Hilva  Kernlo,  set  out  in  tlui  later  United  States  docuinents,-' 
tliiTC  is  the  following    ery  pertinent  (J)servation  : 

Thus,  it  rciiiJiins  iiiidiTstooil  tliiit  if  the  i'.vvt  in  itsulfwcrn  not  siirli  a.s  to  jjivc  just 
iiMsoii  tor  wai',  iu;(!(ii'(Unj^  to  intcriiatioiiii,!  riijlit,  it  could  iiiivt;!'  bo  ri)])iitii<l  iicriiiic  (jvimi 
wiiP  it  not  iiiitli(irl/t'(l  liy  the  ^11  .iiiiiiirnt,  ami  wen;  it  eventually  Ibllowt'd  by  war. 
MR'li  a  t'iiot  is  not  then  a  '.'(Niwon  luit  a  pretext  for  war. 

hi  this  elaborate  report,  in  which  the  effect  of  the  f''«rejt;oino;  law  i.s 
fully  discussed,  1  find  no  reference  \jhatever  to  the  t'qiiij  luent  or  arni- 
iiiH'  of  ships,  as  beiu};'  within  it. 

Tlie  {iovernnu'ut  of  Brazil,  like  that  of  France,  upon  the  breaking  out 
nf  the  civil  war,  made  special  provision  by  law  for  ^l  ieufu.ciug  of  neu- 
inility.  IJy  a  circular  of  the  1st  of  August,  18IJ1,  tiie  presidents  of  the 
(lilferi'iit  prov'nf'"s  were  instructed  as  follows : ' 

The  C'linfedorate  States  have  no  reeo;>;nizi5d  exintonco  ;  but,  bavinjj  constitutivl  a  dis- 
tiiM't  |^'(i\'  1  nuent  ilcfaiio,  the  inii)erial  govornnient  eaiinot  considi'r  their  naval  anna- 
iinMits  lis  acts  of  pirai-y,  nor  ri'fuse  tlieiu,  with  tlio  necessary  restrictions,  the  cluiraeter 
of  l)L'lli<;i'rents,  whieli  they  have  assumed, 

111  coiiforniity  with  this,  Brazilian  sulijef'ts  arc  to  abstain  from  all  parti(!i])ati()n  ami 
;iiil  m  favor  of  one  of  tin;  Ixdligcu'cMits,  and  they  niiist  not  take  part  in  any  acts  which  (;aii 
111' wuisidcred  as  hostile  to  one  of  the  two  parties,  and  contrary  to  the  obligations  of 
thi-  neutrality. 

Thii  uxportation  of  warlike  articles  from  the  port.sof  the  empire  for  the  new  (Jonled- 
iiit"'  States  is  absolutely  prohibited,  whether  it  is  intemhid  to  bo  dono  under  the  15ra- 
ziliuii  tla;;;  or  that  of  another  nation. 

Till' same  trad(!  in  contraband  of  war  must  bo  forbidden  to  Urazilian  ships,  althoni>h 
liny  may  be  destined  for  the  ports  subject  to  the  (.ioverumout  of  the  North  Aniorican 

riiioii, 

NDsliip  with  the  tla<^  of  one  of  the  hellij^'erents,  and  which  may  be  omployt>d  in  this 
wai,  or  intended  foi-  it,  can  be  provisioned,  eqnippeil,  or  armed  in  the  ports  of  the  em- 
pire; the  furnishinjj;  of  victuals  and  naval  i^rovisions  indispensable  for  tho  coutinua- 
tMMi  111'  the  voyage  not  beiiij^  imduded  in  this  ))rohibition. 

Nil  .slii|i  of  war  or  tniviitetir  shall  be  allowed  to  ent«fr  and  remain  with  prizes  in  our 
imrts 'ir  bays  more  than  twenty-four  hours,  excc])t  in  case  of  forced  arrival,  and  they 
•iiiill  ill  no  way  be  allowed  to  dispose  of  the  said  prizi.'s,  or  of  objects  coming  from 
ihi'iu, 

Tlius,  going  far  beyond  other  nations,  Brazil  prohibited  not  only  the 
sale  of  ships,  but  all  trade  iu  articles  contraband  of  war  even  in  its  own 
ports. 

Serious  disputes  having  arisen  in  the  course  of  tho  ensuing  year  be- 
tween the  Governments  of  the  United  States  and  Jirazil  on  tlie  subject 
of  confederate  crui.sers  received  in  x>orts  of  the  euij>ire,  th  ^  Govern- 
"lent,  iu  order  to  prevent  as  far  as  possible  the  occasion  of  su(;h  trouble- 
some retnoustrances,  published  the  still  more  stringert  regulations  con- 


'  British  Appendix,  vol.  iii,  p.  24, 

*  Ibid.,  p,  ()8. 

3  Appendix  to  tho  United  States  Counter  Case,  Part  IV,  p.  988. 


JKlil'^WAf.  Jf:    Jill 


4i     ■' 


282 


ARBITRATION    AT   GENEVA. 


I.riw  (,f  Itiily. 


taiiuMl  in  tho  circular  of  the  23d  of  June,  1803,  set  out  in  tlie  seventh  vol 
luneof  the  appendix  of  the  United  States,  rej^jahitiona  uiueh  more  rifjoi 
ous  than  those  wliich  have  been  a(h)pted  by  any  otlier  nation.'  But,  as 
these  rejiidations  rehite  entirely  to  the  re(!eption  of  belligerent  vossds 
in  Brazilian  ports,  it  is  unnecessary  to  dwell  ujwn  them  here. 
Italy  has  in  the  one  hundred  and  seventy-fourth  and  one  hundred  and 
seve'jty-ttfth  articles  of  the  penal  code,  provisions  cone 
spouding-  to  those  of  the  French  code:^ 

Art.  174.  If  any  pcraou  whosoever  Hhall,  by  acts  not  autliorizecl  by  tlio  govim. 
jnent  of  th(!  Kiwg,  hiive  exposed  tlie  state  to  a  ileclaration  of  war,  he  shall  be  piniiHiici 
with  banishment;  if  the  war  haa  actnally  occurred,  ho  shall  be  punished  with  tiiu 
porary  penal  servitude. 

AuT.  175.  If  any  person  whosoever  sliall,  by  acts  not  approved  of  by  tlio  governiiitiit 
of  the  Kin<i;,  have  exjiosed  the  sulyects  of  the  kinffdom  to  reprisals,  he  shall  be  pun. 
)sli(>.d  with  banishmejit  even  for  a  term  often  years  or  with  imprisonment,  wifliuiu 
l»rejiidice  to  any  further  penalty  to  wliich  ho  may  be  liable  on  aecount  of  the  u^'tsln' 
has  committed.  If  the  oliender  be  a  public  functionary,  he  shall  bo  punished  wiih 
banishment. 

So  stood  the  law  at  the  time  of  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  wm 
between  the  Northern  and  Southern  States  of  America.  In  the  courst- 
of  it  the  King  of  Italy,  in  an  ordinance  of  the  Otli  of  April,  18(J-1,  but.  so 
far  as  I  have  been  able  to  discover,  then  for  the  lirst  time,  ado])ted  the 
regulations  established  three  years  before  by  the  Emi>eror  of  the  Freiuli. 
By  a'rlicle  IV,  "no  Italian  subject  shall  take  commission  from  either 
belligerent  power  to  arm  ships  for  war,  or  accept  letters  of  marque  to 
cruise,  or  assist  in  any  way  in  fitting  out,  arming,  or  preparing  for  war 
a  vessel  or  privateer  of  the  said  belligerents."'' 

The  naval  code,  which  was  published  in  1800,  in  the  chapter  relatiii;; 
to  the  neutrality  of  the  state  toward  foreign  powers,  (chap,  vii,)  has  tlif 
following  provisions  :^ 

In  case  of  war  between  powers  toward  which  the  state  remains  neutral,  priviiteiir^ 
or  vessels  of  war  with  prizes  shall  not  bo  received  into  the  harbors  or  roadsteiuU. 
except  in  cases  of  stress  of  weather. 

They  will  have  to  leave  as  soon  as  the  danj^er  has  ceased. 

No  ship  of  war  or  privateer  1>el()ngin<j  to  a  bellioerent  will  bo  allowed  to  reiiiain 
louffer  than  twenty -four  hours  in  a  port,  harboi-,  or  roadstead  of  the  state,  or  in  tin 
adjacent  waters,  even  when  alone,  except  in  ease  of  necessity,  arisinji;  from  bad  weatlu :. 
of  shipwreck,  or  of  an  absence  of  the  means  necessary  to  carry  on  the  navigation  with 
safety. 

In  no  case  will  they  be  permitted  durinj;  their  stay  in  tho  port,  harbor,  or  roadstcinl 
of  tho  state  to  sell,  exchange,  or  barter,'or  even  give  away  any  of  tho  prizes  (taken  in 
war.) 

The  ships  of  war  of  a  friendly  power,  oven  when  belligerent,  are  permitted  to  tniiili 
or  even  to  7'emain  in  any  harbor,  port,  or  roadstea<l  of  the  state  on  condition  tliatlii'' 
object  of  their  mission  be  exclusivi'ly  a  scientific  one. 

in  no  case  can  a  bellig(>rent  ship  avail  itself  of  an  Italian  port  for  the  purposes  nl 
war,  or  of  obtaining  arms  and  munitions.  It  shall  not  be  able  under  the  i)n't.'.ns('ni 
repairs  to  execute  any  aUerations  (u-  other  works  designtul  to  augment  its  warlike fdni'. 

Nothing  shall  be  furnished  to  vessels  of  war  or  to  belligerent  privateers  beyoiui  iirli- 
cles  of  food  and  commodities,  and  the  actual  means  of  repair  necessary  to  the  susteiiaiiiv 
of  their  crews  and  the  safety  of  thtdr  navigation. 

In  the  case  in  which  vessels  of  war,  whether  privateers  or  merchantmen  of  the  tw" 
belligerent  nations,  are  both  together  in  a  port,  harbor,  or  roadstead  of  the  state,  thin' 
shall  be  an  interval  of  at  least  twenty-four  hours  between  tho  succeasivo  departuivsi' 
the  vessels  of  one  belligerent  and  those  of  the  vcsstds  of  the  other. 

This  interval  can  be  increased  according  to  the  circuiustauces  Irought  before  tlif 
maritime  authorities  of  the  plaeo. 

The  capture  of  prizes  as  well  as  any  other  act  of  I'.ostility  between  two  bellijjen'ii 
ships  within  the  territorial  waters  or  tho  adjacent  waters  of  tho  islands  of  tlicHtiii' 
will  constitute  a  violation  of  territory. 

'  United  Stares  Documents,  vol.  vii,  p.  110 ;  British  Appendix,  vol.  ill,  p.  H?4. 

'  American  MS.,  Part  IV,  p.  iW. 

'J  Report  of  Neutrality  Laws  Commission,  p.  62,  British  Appendix,  vol.  iii. 


OPINIONS   OF    SIR   ALEXANDER   COCKBURN. 


23 


Law  of  Dcntiiiirk. 


I,.iw  ol  SwiMlfi;, 


In  all  these  countries,  at  the  time  to  which  our  attention  has  to  be 
(lirccUMl,  the  (|uestion  whether  there  had  been  a  breach  of  the  municipal 
hiw  by  a  subject,  turned  on  whether  there  had  been  a  breach  of  neu- 
trality, such  as  to  expose  the  nation  to  war  or  reprisals.  The  ecpiippinj^ 
orariniii{?of  vessels  tor  sale  in  the  way  of  coinnu^rce  does  not  come  into 
iiuestion  at  all.  It  is,  therefore,  manifest  that  the  municipal  law,  both 
of  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States,  was  far  more  stringent,  thouj>h 
the  puaishtnent  under  the  foreiy,n  law  in  case  of  a  breach  of  the  law- 
was  more  severe,  by  reason  of  the  greater  gravity  of  the  result,  when  a 
nation  becomes  exposed  to  war,  or  possibly  actually  involved  in  it. 

1  next  turn  to  the  law  of  the  northern  nations  on  the  subject  of  neu- 
trality. 

Tlie  law  of  Demark  relating  to  ships,  with  reference  to  neutrality, 
is  fully  set  out  in   the  third  volume  of  the  British  Ap- 

Denmark  appears  to  be  one  of  the  very  few  countries  that  have  gone 
the  length  of  prohibiting  to  the  subject  the  carriage  of  articles  contra- 
hand  of  war.  But  though  unusually  strict  in  that  respect,  and  minute 
as  to  its  regulations  in  many  others,  the  law  contains  no  prohibition  of 
the  equipping  or  arming  of  ships  of  war  for  the  purpose  of  sale. 

The  Swedish  ordonnance  of  April  8, 18;")4,  while  it  expressly  prohibits, 
hytlie  eighth  section,  the  arnung  or  equipiying  of  vessels 
tor  the  i)in'pose  of  prhateeriiuj^  is  wholly  without  any  pro- 
hibition against  doing  so  with  reference  to  ships  anued  or  e(]uipped  for 
a  belligerent  state.^ 

The  only  article  in  the  Russian  code  relating  to  neutrality  is  the 
two  hundred  and  tifty-ninth,  which  is  as  follows:" 

If  any  Kiissian  subjoct  in  time  of  peaco  sliall  l)yopen  fi)rco  attack  flic  iiil»i)l)itanf.s  of 
iiiR'ighbdriiif!;  state  or  those  of  any  other  foreign  country,  and  yliail  tiiereUy  snli.jcet 
liisowM  country  to  tlnMlangcir  of  a  rnptnrtj  with  a  friendly  power,  or  evtni  to  an  attaek 
l>y  sticii  forcii;!!  snbjeets  on  the  territory  of  Russia,  for  sncii  a  erinie  a-rainst  interna- 
tional law,  the  olt'ender  and  all  those  who  partieioate  voluntarily  in  his  ent(!rprise, 
with  a  knowledge  of  its  fili.jects  and  illegality,  shall  be  sentenced  to  lose  all  their  civil 
nj,'iit,s,  luid  be  condemned  to  hard  labor  iu  a  fortress  for  a  term  of  eigiit  to  ten  years. 

With  the  exception  of  this  article,  says  M.  de  Wcstmann,  in  answer 
to  an  odicial  inquiry  from  the  British  government,-'  "  La  legislation 
iiisse  lie  renferme  pas  de  dispositions  ayant  pour  but  d'emiiecher  sur 
ioterritoire  de  la  Bussie  I'accoinplissement  d'actes  dont  les  puissances 
hellifi'eraiites  pourraient  se  plaiudre  comme  d'une  violation  du  priucipe 
lie  iKiutialite." 

There  being  thus  no  law  in  Bussia  relating  to  ships  of  war,  and,  as  1 
have  shown,  none  such  in  Prussia,  1  was  surprised,  after  reference  to  the 
itlicient  regulations  of  the  Dutch  government,  Ibllowed  afterward  by  an 
assertion  that  by  those  regulations  the  construction  of  cruisers  was  pro- 
hibited, (which  it  is  not,)  to  see  it  stated  that  "similar  laws  were  to  be 
iiiuiid  in  Bussia  and  in  Prussia,"  as  to  the  latter  of  which  it  is  added, 
(ilia  friendly  spirit  no  doubt,)  that  it  "  once  had  occasion  to  a[)ply  its 
laws  to  the  acts  of  luitish  agents." 

i5at  while  tlie  codes  of  so  many  maritime  nations  are  silent  as  to  the 
quipping  or  jirming  of^i^hips  of  war  in  the  way  of  trade,  the     ,,„^,  ,„  i„  p,„,,. 
'Dtles  of  several — lor  example,  Belgium,  Denmark,  Sweden —  '''" 
prohibit  the  fitting  out  <>,  privateerH.     Here  again  the  argument  of  the 
l^'iiited  States  talis  into  the  same  strange  mistake  as  before.     It  rep- 

'  Ki'port  of  Neutrality  Laws  Commission,  p.  10,  British  Appendix,  vol.  ill. 
"I bid.,  pp.  06.67. 
'Ibid.,,,  65.  ■ 


284 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


resents  these  g^overnments  as  preventing  not  only  the  armament,  but 
also  the  constrnction  of  crnisirs.^  I  can  hardly  snpjiose  the  wriiir 
ignorant  of  the  nier.ning  of  the  term  corsaire,  the  term  used  in  the  hiws 
in  question,  and  wliioli  never  has  but  one  meaning,  that  of  privateer,  or 
in  French  i)hrase  t]iatofa  "  vaisseau  anne  en  course  par  den  imrf''euUe)x 
niais  avec  I'autoi  isation  da  gouvernenient."^  Neither  of  these  countiics 
has  any  law  against,  the  construction  of  cruisers.  Such  a  statement, 
therefore,  ought  not  to  have  been  made. 

The  argument  of  tl^e  United  States  winds  uj)  the  comparison  of  tlio 
J>iitish  law  with  tli>».t  of  other  countries,  with  the  following  reniaikable 
ol.tse?-'vations '?    •    '  , ..- ) 

Tl>e  institntioiis  of  Itiily,  Brazil,  Switzoi].an<l,  France,  Spain,  Portugal,  the  Xotlicv. 
lands,  and  all  other  <rr)v«'rnui(!iit.s  of  Europe,  iu(lee<l,  except  Great  Britain,  exltI•(■.ssl_v;l^- 
suiue,  as  to  the  institutions  of  the  United  States,  that  volunteer  and  unuullioiizt,', 
military  and  naval  expeditious,  undertaken  in  a  neutral  comitry,  are  to  be  restraiiuil, 
because  tending  to  involve  such  country  in  war  with  the  country  aggrieved.  Infriiii;i'- 
ments  of  the  law  are  punished  mainly  tor  that  ivasou,  including  the  protection  of  the 
national  sovereignty. 

Hence,  in  all  tliose  countries,  except  Great  Britain,  the  jxoitVii'c  law  is  a  secondaiy 
fact;  the  i>riniary  fact  being  the  i)reventiv(i  action  of  the  government. 

The  United  States  ])erfectly  understood  this,  the  true  relation  of  things,  and  while 
tliey  indicted  persons,  and  arrested  ships,  they  <lid  not,  wIumi  occasion  recjuired  iiction, 
I'ely  on  such  merely  punitive,  or  at  most  auxiliary,  nutans,  but  called  into  play  the 
armed  forces  of  land  and  sea  to  support  the  Executive  in  summary  acts  of  pn^viMiiinii 
by  force  for  tlie  niaiutenanco  not  only  of  the  sovereignty  but  of  the  ueutrality  of  the 
Government. 

Neither  Lord  Russell,  in  his  correspondence  witli  Mr.  Adams,  nor  the  framers  of  the 
Britisli  cas(',  apjiear  to  have  had  any  clfliv  co'u;ei;tion  of  tlicse  liigher  relations  of  thi' 
subject,  although  distinctly  and  explicitly  stated  iii  the  best  works  of  iuter;uitioii:il 
law  of  Great  Biitain  herself. 

Great  Britiiin  alone  pretends  that  punitive  law  is  the  measure  of  neutral  dntins;  nil 
other  governments,  including  tlur  United  States,  prevent  \wvi\  to  the  niitioiud  ]M'\\y 
thi'ough  means  of  prerogative  force,  lodged,  by  implied  or  express  constitutional  law, 
in  the  hauds  of  the  Eexcutive. 

A  stranger  niisrepresentation  could  sotircely  have  been  penned.  The 
assertion  that  the  institutio)  *  of  Great  Britain  do  not  Jissuine  that  vol- 
unteer iind  unauthorized  military  and  naval  expeditions,  undertaken  in 
a  neutral  country,  are  to  be  restrained,  is  without  the  shadow  of  ti  t'onntLi- 
tion.  It  is  e(]iially  untrue  and  unjust  to  say  that  Great  Britain  prettMids 
tliat  punitive  hiw  is  the  measure  of  neutral  duties.  Great  Britain  pro- 
tends notliing  of  the  kind.  The  best  answer  to  these  unwarranteil  as- 
sertions is  tlie  fact,  that  the  Alabama  was  attempted  to  be  seized;  tliaf 
the  Alexandra  was  seized ;  as  were  the  Pampero  and  the  Birkenhead 
rtims,  and  the  Fh)rida  at  Nassau  ;  by  virtue  of  the  preventive  power 
alone;  and  that,  if  in  any  of  those  cjises  resistance  had  been  offered, or 
force  required,  force  woidd,  as  a  matter  of  course,  have  been  resorted 
to  immediiitely  to  enforce  the  law. 

But  while  the  United  States  thus  impugn  the  efficacy  of  the  British 
law,  and  dwell  upon  the  executive,  as  contradistinguished  from  le!,'a!. 
l)ower  possessed  by  their  own,  and,  as  they  allege,  by  foreign  govern- 
iiuMits — of  which,  by  tlie  way,  they  offer  no  proof  whiitevcy: — atanotlur 
tiiue,  with  startling  inconsistency,  they  assert  that  the  govermneiit •  i 
Great  Britain  possesses  this  very  executive  j)ower,  and  make  the  omis- 
sion to  put  it  ir.  force  the  subject  of  vehement  comphiint. 

The  imaginat'on  of  the  writer  must  have  been  singularly  lively,  while 

'  Argument  of  the  United  States,  p.  72. 

'^\MXv6,  ad  rrb.;  and  see  Merlin,  " Rdpertoire,"  tit,  "Prises  maritiiues." 

'Pages  71,  72, 


OPINIONS    OF   SIR    ALEXANDER   COCKBURN. 


285 


is  a  secondrii'v 


('  into  i)lay  tli.; 


bis  conscience  must,  luive  slept,  who  could  venture  to  put  on  paper  the 
tullowiiig  pab*sages  :^ 

No  imlependent  stato  exists,  either  in  Enropo  or  America,  encumbered  with  consti- 
tutional i'lcapacity  in  this  resjiect. 

Violations  of  neutrality  are  issues  of  war  and  peace.  Whatever  power  in  a  state 
il.'cliui^s  war,  or  makes  peat-e,  has  Jnri..diction  of  the  issu'^s  of  peace  and  war,  ini'ludiiig 
oteonvsc  all  violations  of  neutrality. 

Ill  point  of  fact,  such  authority  is  not  a  quality  of  despotic  jrovernmont  only:  it  Ite- 
loiMrseiiiially  to  the  most  constitutional  f^overnmonv,  as  ai»i)ears,  for  instance,  in  tiio 
imirtical  institutions  of  constitutional  republics  like  Switzerland  and  the  United  States, 
aiidin  constitutional  monarchies,  like  Italy  ami  Brazil. 

The  selection  by  the  counsel  of  the  United  States  of  the  counti'ies  of 
tlie  four  other  members  of  the  tribunal  was,  I  presume,  accidental.  Jiut 
let  us  go  on: 

The  counsel  of  the  United  States  submit  these  propositions  as  undeniable  and  ele- 
meutaiy  truths. 

Vcttlie  case  and  counter-case  of  the  British  govcn-nnu-nt  assume  and  persistently 
iiij^iie  that  the  sole  instrumijiit  possesstid  by  the  Britisii  government  to  enlbrc(!  tlie 
IMii'oiinance  of  neutral  obliuations,  iit  tlie  time  of  tlie  occurrences  in  (piestioii,  was  a 
piirticnlar  act  of  the  Brilisli  Parliament. 

Every  soyernment  in  Europe  or  America,  excejit  Great  Britain,  asserts  ami  exercises 
authority  to  prevent  its  liege  subjects  (and  «  ./''y/'/wrf  eommoram'  aliens)  fiom  doing- 
nets  which  tend  to  involve  it  in  a  war  with  any  otlier  government. 

But  the  British  govormuent  maintains  tliat  the  soveicign  stati;  of  Great  Britain  and 
Iielaud,  the  imperial  mistiess  of  the  Indies,  llu;  i)rondest  in  fame,  tlie  rittlii'st.  in  re- 
stuiice«,  and  (including  ht!r  ■transmarine  iiossessions)  the  most  po[iulous  (if  the  great 
Mates  (if  Europe,  does  not  jiossess  const  itutinnal  power  to  pr(!\'e.iit  merccMiary  law- 
liveakt'i's  among  her  own  snbjj'cts,  or  bands  of  (l(;speriite  foreign  rel>els,  commorant  on 
litT soil,  from  dragging  her  into  acts  of  tb. grant  violation  of  neutrality,  and  thus  af- 
I'.iidiii;;-,  or  tending  to  allbrd,  Just  cause,  of  war  to  other  foreign  states  '. 

Ami  audi  is  the  defense  of  Great  Jbitaiu  in  answer  to  the  reclamations  of  tin;  United 
States.      , 

h  would  be  difficult  to  find  any  other  examjile  of  a  great  state  defending  itself 
aiaiiist  charges  of  wrong  by  setting  up  the  plea  of  its  eonstilutioual  incompetency 
and  iiii'apiicity  to  dis(;harge  the  most  common-place  duties  of  a  sovereign  state. 

Great  Britain  is  not  in  that  condition  of  constitutional  disability  wiiich  her  uiinis- 
tii's  pretend. 

We  find,  on  the  most  cursory  observation  of  the  constitution  of  Great  Britain.  th;it 
llu' declaration  of  war,  the  conclusion  of  peace,  the  conduct  of  foreign  atlairs,  tliat  all 
tlit'Sf,  things  are  in  (Jretit  lU'itaiu  elements  (ti:'  the  pn.'rogative  of  tlie  Cr(,wn. 

W(\  cannot  beVnn'e  and  do  not  concede  that  in  all  these  gr(.'Mter  preri.tgati  ve  jiowers 
tluiri' is  not  included  the  lesser  one  of />»((v;(//»,7  unauthorized  jirivate  jiersons  from 
riit;asiiig  in  juivate  war  against  a  friendly  i'oreign  state,  and  thus  committing  Great 
lliitaiu  to  causes  of  public  war  on  the  part  of  such  foreign  state. 

If  the  exercise  of  such  power  by  the  Crown  involves  derogation  of  the  riglits  of  pri- 
vate persons  whi(di  ministers  fear  to  commit,  they  slionld  obtain  a  ])ropei  act  of  Par- 
liauieiit,  (dtlier  for  antecedent  general  authorization  or  for  substMiuent  protection,  all 
whieli  is  within  the  sco[»e  of  the  theoretic  omnipotence  of  Parliament. 

The  British  ministers  do  not  uernjih;  to  susjiend  tln^  ]>rivileges  of  the  writ  of  habeas 
cor;)»s, whellu-r  with  or  without  previous  parliamentary  antlioiization,  and  wlu^tlier 
ill  tlio  United  Kingdom,  or  in  the  colonies,  <m  occasion  of  jietty  a(!ts  of  rebellion  or 
ifvolt,  that  is,  the  eiuse  o(  dnmcHHc  war :  a  fortiori  they  should  and  may  arrest  and 
liievciit  .subjects  or  commorant  foreigners  engaged  in  tlie  conunissiou  of  acts  of  foreign 
«ar  to  the  prejiidicti  of  another  government. 

Is  it  possible  to  deny  or  to  (h)ubt  that  British  ministers  might  .as  well  do  this  as  the 
ministers  of  Switzerla'ud,  Italy,  Brazil,  and  the  United  States  in  ]ik(5  eirenmstances  ? 

Again  Switzerland,  Italy,  Brazil,  and  the  United  States — 

Has  the  Queen  of  tjie  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Ibitain  and  Ireland  less  executive 
power  than  the  President  of  the  United  States  ?  And  if  she  have  less,  could  not  the 
dilicieiit  power  be  granted  to  her  by  act  of  Pjirliamelit,  just  as  readily  as  similar  ex- 
ecutive power,  in  this  relation,  has  been  grant»;d  to  the  Presideut  of  the  United  States 
»y  their  Congress  ? 

Hut  there  is  no  such  deliciency  of  power  in  the  Uritisli  uiinisters.  Tlieir  own  eon- 
duet  ill  pertinent  cases  proves  conclusively  that  they  have  tho  power,  and  can  exercise 


'  United  States  Argnuient,  pp.  43-45. 


286 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


!  ... 


it,  when  tlioy  cliooso,  without  affording  opcusion  of  any  sorions  doubt  or  denial  of  the 
constitnlioniility  of  their  acts. 

IJc  it  rcnienilHjrcd  tliat  tlie  excuse  of  the  British  government,  for  omitting  to  (li-tain 
tlie  Alabaina  and  other  confederate  cruisers,  was  the  alleged  want  of  iiowe.r  to  ait 
ontsich*  of  the  foreign-enlistment  act. 

And  yet,  subsecpiently  to  the  escape  of  the  Alal)air.:i  from  the  port  of  Liverpool,  on 
occasion  of  the  constrnction  in  the  ports  of  Great  Britain  of  certain  other  vessels  fnr 
the  confederates,  eonnnonly  .'poken  of  as  the  I^aird  rams,  the  British  gDveriiniiMit 
seized  them  ni)on  its  own  resi)onsil>ility  in  virtue  of  tho  premgativ*!  jiowcr  of  tli> 
Crown,  and  so  pnsvented  their  de])artnre  to  make  war  against  the  United  States. 

Sittiii,U'  on  tliis  tribiiiinl  as  in  some  sense  the  representative  of  Orent 
Britain,  I  cannot  allow  these  statements  to  go  forth  to  the  world  wirti- 
ont  givin<i;'  them  the  most  positive  and  unqnalified  contradiction.  Tiicv 
are  wliolly  uncalled  for,  as  being  unnecessary  to  determine  the  (luostioii 
whetlier,  in  particular  instances,  (Ireat  Britain  had  been  waiitinj,'  in 
diligence.  They  are  not  only  unjust,  but  in  tho  highest  degree  inigeii 
erous,  (I  use  the  mildest  expression  I  can  find.)  on  an  occasion  when 
(ireat  Britaiti  is  holding  out  the  hand  of  friendshii)  and  conciliation  to 
America,  and  though,  perhaps,  at  a  heav^y  sacritice,  is  seeking  to  bun 
all  sense  of  i)ast  grievance  by  submitting  the  claims  of  the  United  States 
to  peaceful  aiul  friendly  arbitration.  But  it  is  not  only  that  these  oh 
servations  are  ungenerous  and  unjust.  There  is  in  this  extraordinan 
series  of  propositions  the  most  singular  confusion  of  ideas,  niisrcpiv 
sentation  of  facts,  and  ignorance,  both  of  hwv  and  history,  which  were 
perhaps  ever  crowded  into  the  sanie  space,  and  for  my  part  I  caiiiKit 
help  expressing  my  sense,  not  only  of  the  gross  injustice  done  to  tnv 
country,  but  also  of  the  alfrotit  oft'ered  to  this  tribunal  by  such  an  at 
temi)t  to  ])ractice  on  our  supposed  credulity  or  ignorance. 

It  is  not  true  that  "the  case  and  counter  case  of  the  British  govern 
ment  assume  aiul  persistently  argue  that  the  sole  instrument  possessed 
by  the  British  government  to  enforce  the  perfornumce  of  neutral  ohii 
gations,  at  the  time  of  the  occurrences  in  question,  was  a  particular  act 
of  the  British  Parlianu'tit. 

It  is  not  true  that  the  British  government  has  ever  "  maintained  tliat 
Great  Britain  did  not  possess  constitutional  power  to  prevent  nicirc 
nary  subjc(!ts  or  foreign  rebels  from  dragging  her  into  acts  of  flagrant 
violation  of  neutrality." 

It  is  not  true  that'^a.  great  state"  is  here"defiMuling  itself  against 
charges  of  wrong  by  setting  up  tlm  plea  "  its  constitutional  incompc 
t(!n(;y  and  incapacity  to  discharge  the  most  common-place  duties  of  a 
sovereign  state." 

The  transparent  fallacy  which  runs  through  the  whole  of  this 
series  of  declatmvtory  assertions  consists  in  confounding  infractioii> 
of  the  municipal  law  with  infr.aetions  of  neutrality  properly  sd 
called.  Though,  by  convention  between  the  two  governments,  tlic 
equip])ing  of  a  ship  without  arming  may  have  acquired,  ex  p» 
facia,  for  the  i)urpose  of  the  ])resent  arbitration,  the  character  of  a  vio 
lation  of  neutrality,  no  agreement  can  change  the  substantive  reality  of 
tinngs  belonging  to  the  past.  Now,  at  the  time  the  occurrences  took 
jdace  on  which  the  present  claims  arise,  to  equip  a  ship  in  the  way  ot 
tragic,  though  intended  for  the  service  of  a  belligerent,  was  not,  as  I 
have  already  shown,  and  as  Mr.  Adams  himself,  in  all  fairness,  fnlb 
admits  an  offense  against  international  law,  and  therefore  was  not  a  vio 
hitioTi  of  neutrality.  While,  therefore,  in  a  case  of  actual  violation  ot 
neutrality,  as  by  sending  forth  an  armed  ship,  or  a  ship  immediatph 
about  to  be  armed,  for  the  purpose  of  immediate  warfare,  the  executive 
I  ?t\\{^v  im^ht,  c.v propria  rtgfore,  interfere,  and  if  necessary  by  force. t" 
prevent  such  a  proceeding,  the  seizure  of  a  vessel  unarmed,  and  not  im 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALKXANDER   COCKBURN. 


287 


Dr  denial  of  the 


intaiued  tliiit 
•event  iiii'icc- 


mediately  about  to  go  forth,  and  in  respect  of  which,  therefore,  no  breach 
1,1  neutrality  had  taken  place,  could  only  be  done  by  virtue  of  the  munici- 
pal law  as  constituted  by  the  act  of  Parliament.  But  if  a  seizure  was  to  be 
made  under  the  act,  it  was  necessary  that  proof  should  be  forthcoming 
ti)  justify  and  uphold  it.  Tiierefore  it  was  true  that,  as  regarded  the 
iijiiippiiig  of  ships,  the  powers  of  the  executive  were  limited  to  cases  in 
which  proof  of  a  breach  of  the  act  was  forthcoming.  Therefore  it  was 
that, ill  the  case  of  the  Florida,  the  government,  thiidiing  there  was  not 
siitlicieiit  evidence  of  belligerent  i)urpose,  abstained  from  seizing,  and 
ill  that  of  the  Alabama  delayed  the  seizure  for  a  time.  Therefore  it 
was  that,  in  the  later  cases  of  the  Alexandra  and  the  rams,  the  govern- 
iiioiit,  being  advised  that  the  evidence  was  sudicient,  proceeded  to  seize. 
Iloiiiu*,  in  discussing  the  question  whether  it  was  at  that  period,  and  in 
the  tlieii  admitred  state  of  international  law,  the  duty  of  the  government 
Ti)  seize  the  vessels  in  (piestion,  it  is  necessary  to  refer  to  tiie  foreign-en- 
hstiiuMit  act  to  ascertain  what  were  the  powers  of  the  government.  The 
liistiiution  is  a  very  obvious  one,  and  one  which  persons  must  be,  I 
shduld  think,  willfully  blind  not  to  see. 

Tlie  assertion,  coming  from  the  quarter  from  which  it  proceeds — the 
i,fi)veniMUMit  of  a  great  republic,  where  all  executive  power,  I  should 
h;ive  imagined,  would  be  clearly  delined  by  law  and  exercised  in  sub- 
Didination  to  it — that  the  British  gov^ernment  should  have  proceeded, 
independently  of  and,  if  necessary,  in  defiance  of  the  law,  to  seize  shii)s 
and  arrest  subjects  as  well  as  foreigners  engaged,  as  it  is  termed,  in  acts 
iif  foreign  war  to  the  prejudice  of  another  government,  surprises  me,  1 
must  say,  not  a  little;  but  when,  as  the  ground  of  such  an  assertion,  1 
am  uM  that  "British  ministers  do  not  scruple  to  suspeiul  the  privileges 
III  the  writ  of  habeas  oorpuH^  whether  with  or  without  previous  parlia- 
meutary  anthorizatioi"!,  whether  in  the  United  Kingdom  or  in  the  colo- 
nics, on  occasion  of  i>etty  acts  of  rebellion  or  revolt ;  that  is,  the  case  of 
ihitimtic  icar^^''  I  find  myself  lost  in  amazement,  and  seek  in  vain  to 
ihsoover  what  can  i)ossibly  be  meant  by  so  strange  a  statement.  War, 
wliethor  it  be  domestic  or  foreign,  is  of  course  war;  and,  in  regard  to 
those  wlio  are  actually  engaged  in  war,  the  law  of  war  necessarily 
sn|iersedes  the  civil  law  and  civil  rights,  and  would  per  no,  suspend 
the  privileges  of  the  kabeas-coriniH  act.  But  if  it  is  meant  that,  even  in 
time  of  war,  the  executive  could,  as  regards  persons  not  taking  part  in 
the  war,  or  not  coming  within  the  operation  of  martial  law,  suspend  the 
kbeas-corpus  act  without  an  act  of  Parliament,  the  assertion  is  equally 
luitounded  and  surprising,  whether  looked  at  in  an  historical  or  in  a 
h'i;al  point  of  view. 

But  a  discovery  has  been  made  by  those  who  drew  up  the  United 
States  argument  which,  I  must  say,  appears  to  me,  as  an  English  law- 
It  is,  that  that  which  could  not  have  been 


yor,  sin- 


sing  strange. 


ihuie  tcward  seizing  vessels  under  the  foreign-enlistment  act  for  want  of 
fvideii(!e  necessary  to  support  a  seizure  under  that  act  might  have  been 
done  with  a  high  hand,  by  virtue  of  the  prerogative  of  the  Crown;  in 
"upport  of  vv'hi(!h  strange  doctrine  the  following  instances  are  given,  in 
wiiich  it  is  alleged  that  what  was  done  was  done  by  virtue  of  the  pre- 
rogative.   Such  are : 

Tilt!  Queen's  proclamation  of  neutrality  of  May  13, 1801. 

Tho  rt'gnlatious  issned  by  the  govcnunent  of  Her  Majesty  in  regard  to  iAm  reception 
iif  cruisers  and  their  prizes  in  ports  of  the  empire,  .Tune  1,  18()1,  .Inne  2,  IHtir) 
The  executive  orders  to  detain  tlio  Alabama  at  Queenstown  and  Ni 


I'^ii'i. 


issari,  August  'i, 


J\m  executive  orders  to  detain  the  Florida  at  Nassau,  August  2,  18(52. 
Tho  executive  orders  to  detain  tlio  rams  at  Liverpool,  October?,  18G3.» 


.■  r 


288 


ARBITRATION   AT   GENEVA. 


Uk 


Tilt!  (l('l)ato  aiul  vote  in  Paiiiiirric'iit, justifying  the  (letontiou  of  tlio  rams  by  tho  "ov. 
cniiiu'ut  "on  tiicir  own  responsibility,''  Ft'brnary  2'.),  18(52.  " 

Tho  execntivo  order  that  "lor  the  future  no  siiip  of  w„r  belonging  to  either  iif  tin. 
belligerent  |>o\vor8  of  North  America  hIkiU  be  allowed  to  enter  or  to  roniiiiii  or  to  li. 
in  any  of  Her  Majesty's  ports  for  the  purpose  of  being  dismantled  or  sold,"  Seiitvn 
berH,'l^G4. 

Th(!  tinal  oxecutivo  orders  to  retain  tho  Slienando.ah  in  port,  "  by  force  if  nccessaiv' 
and  to  "  forcibly  seize  her  upon  the  high  soaa,"  September  and  October,  18i)5.' 

In  juldition  to  which  the  fltial  decision  of  the  government  with  regard 
to  tho  Tnsc/aloosa  is  referred  to,  as  also  tlie  opinion  of  the  hiw  officers 
advising  the  seizure  of  the  Ahibania  at  Liverpool,  and  the  rejection,  at 
the  instance  of  the  law  officers,  of  the  clause  proposed  to  be  inserted  in 
the  neutrality  act  of  1870,  for  prohibiting  the  entry  of  vessels,  equipped 
in  contravention  of  the  act,  into  British  ports. 

While  1  quite  see  how  likely  statements  of  this  sort  are  to  prodiioeaii 
eftect  on  the  minds  of  persona  not  familiar  with  the  constitutional  law 
of  Great  Britain,  lam  at  a  loss  to  understand  how  counsel,  familiar  with 
English  law,  can  take  upon  themselves  to  make  them. 

The  limits  of  the  royal  prerogative  are  ascertained  and  defined;  they 
certainly  do  not  include  a  power  to  interfere  with  the  liberty,  proi)eit,v, 
or  industrial  pursuitsof  the  subject,  excei)t  where  such  power  is  expressly 
conferred  by  law.  In  tho  instances  given,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Quetn's  prochimation,  as  to  the  eifect  of  which  I  have  already  spoken, 
and  the  regulations  as  to  the  admission  of  belligerent  vessels  to  British 
I)orts,  and  the  accommodation  there  to  be  attbrded  to  them,  which  are 
niuloubtedly  matter  of  royal  prerogative,  and  the  order  in  respect  of 
the  Shenandoah,  which  was,  as  will  hereafter  be  seen,  a  most  exceii- 
tional  case,  every  instsince  enumerated  was,  though  in  one  sense  an  act 
of  the  executive,  yet  an  act  done  by  virtue  of  power  conferred  by  the 
foreign-enlistment  act,  and  not  by  virtue  of  the  prerogative.  As  an 
English  judge  and  lawyer,  I  affirm  that,  short  of  their  going  out  as  a 
hostile  expedition,  in  which  case  force  n.ight  undoubtedly  be  used,  these 
vessels  could  not  have  been  seized  under  the  exercise  of  prerogative 
power. 

Throughout  the  statements  of  the  United  States  a  comparison  is  drawn 
between  the  conduct  of  the  United  States  and  that  of  Great 
Britain  in  reference  to  the  maintenance  of  neutrality. 
When  the  British  government  retorts  with  instances  of 
American  default  in  this  respe<;t,  the  answer  comes  that  it  is  Great 
Britain,  not  the  United  States,  that  is  now  on  its  trial.  And  this  is 
perfectly  true ;  but  when  the  plaintiff  seeks  to  prejudice  the  defendant 
in  the  eye  of  the  judge  and  of  the  world,  and  at  the  same  time  to  secure 
favor  tv  himself  by  holding  up  his  own  conduct  as  righteous  and  immac- 
ulate, whereby  to  make  that  of  the  defendant  appear  more  black,  it  is 
but  fair  that  his  pretensions  should  be  submitted  to  the  criticism  to 
■which  he  justly  exposes  himself. 

The  argument  of  the  United  States  asks  at  the  hands  of  this  tribunal 
for  a  rigorous  enforcement  of  the  obligations  of  neutrality  against  Great 
Britain,  on  the  ground  that,  while  the  latter  has  been  unmindful  of  its 
duties  as  a  neutral,  the  United  States  have  maintained  a  consistent  and 
unvarying  course  in  the  most  exemplary  fulfilment  of  those  duties.  1 
select  one  from  many  passages  in  which  a  comparison  between  the  two 
nations  in  this  respect  is  invidiously  made : 

Qiialin  ah  incepto  talii  adfinem.  With  consistency  unwavering,  and  at  wbatever  haz- 
ard of  domestic  or  foreign  inconvenience,  even  if  it  were  friendly  powers  like  Friinue 
and  Great  Britain  with  which  we  were  thus  brought  into  contention,  the  "■•'*"'' 

«  '  United  States  Argument,  pp.  324,  325. 


Cninpnriso"  lio- 
twet'ii  tiient  Hrituin 
mill  riiilcd  Stiite.s  i^(^ 
to  oI.serViilujL'  of 
ncMitriility. 


UiiitPil 


OriNIONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDER    COCKnURX. 


2S9 


.ms  Ity  tho  ^ov. 

to  either  of  the 
■eniiiiii  or  to  !i.. 
L-  sold,"  Scpte;!!. 

ce  if  nccessavv,'' 
r,  18G5.1 

t  with  regard 
}  law  ofllcers, 
>  rejection,  at 
t)e  inserted  in 
lels,  equii)[)e(l 

to  produce  an 

titutioiml  law 

familiar  with 

[lefined;  tlit'v 
rty,  property, 
Br  is  expressly 
leptioii  of  the 
ready  spoken, 
■sels  to  British 
in,  which  are 
in  respect  of 
t  most  exceii- 
B  sense  an  act 
iferred  by  tlie 
itive.  As  an 
oinj^  out  as  a 
bo  nsed,  tliese 
ft'  prerogative 

rison  is  drawn 

that  of  Great 

)f   neutrality. 

instances  of 

it  it  is  Great 

And  this  is 

he  defendant 

inie  to  secure 

s  and  ininiae- 

e.  black,  it  is 

criticism  to 

this  tribunal 
against  Great 
[lindfnl  of  its 
onsistent  ami 
•se  duties.  I 
ween  the  two 


t  -whatever  liaz- 
ers  lilce  Frunze 
ion,  tlie  Uiiitnl 


Miiti's  have  steadily  adhered  to  priueiph's  of  international  neutrality;  ami  we  may 
,f,ll  tlitnefore,  (h-iuand  the  observanee  of  those  principle.s,  or  reparation  fur  their  non- 
observance  on  the  part  of  Great  Jhitain.' 

It  becomes,  therefore,  perfectly  lejiitimate  to  take — as  is  done  in  the 
British  counter-case — a  retrospect  of  the  history  of  American  neutrality 
so  vauntingly  extolled  in  the  papers  before  us.  It  cannot  be  fair  or  Just 
that  a  country  in  \vho.se  ports  privateering  against  the  commerce  of 
trieiiilly  nations  has  been  openly  carried  on  upon  the  largest  scale,  and 
from  whose  shores  armed  expeditions  and  raids  have,  in  so  many  in- 
stances, gone  forth,  shduld  seek  to  enlist  the  favor  of  this  tribunal  in 
order  to  swell  the  damages  against  Great  Britain,  by  holding  itself  up 
as  a  model  of  neutral  perfection.  It  is  not  so  much  for  this  purpose, 
however,  that  I  advert  to  the  history  of  the  past,  as  it  is  for  that  of 
showing  that  there  is  no  foundation  for  the  assumed  superiority  of 
American  laws  or  institutions  in  respect  of  the  fulfilment  of  neutral 
obligations.  The  use  of  a  review  of  American  history  in  this  respect 
will  readily  be  seen. 

America  undoubtedly  has  the  credit  of  being  the  first  nation  that,  by 
positive  legislation,  sought  to  restrain  its  subjects  within  r.,..i,i„,unofir;u, 
the  strict  limits  of  neutrality.  But  those  who  nuike  this 
boast  as  against  ( Ireat  Britain  should  also  remember  that  it  was  through 
the  acts  of  American  citizens  that  such  legislation  first  became  neces- 
sary. Tlie  large  and  just  mind  of  the  greatest  of  American  statesmen 
saw  at  once  the  reproach  and  the  danger  arising  to  his  country  from 
her  ])orts  being  used  for  the  building  ami  ecjuippiug  of  privateers  by 
American  citizens,  and  for  sending  them  out,  manned  With  xVmerican 
iiews,  commissioned  by  the  French  government,  to  make  war  on  British 
vessels,  while  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  were  at  i)eace.  For, 
;is  I  have  already  observed,  this  was  the  mischief  against  which  the  leg- 
islation of  17!>4  was  directed. 

At  that  tin)e  no  complaint  had  arisen  of  ships  of  war  being  built  for  a 
iM'llJgereiit,   The  complaint,  again  and  again  made  by  the  British  minis- 
ter, was  of  ''  the  practice,"'  as  Air.  Jelferson  calls  it,  "of  commissioning, 
iijuippiiig,  and  manning  vessels  in  American  i)orts,  to  cruise  on  any  of* 
ilie  belligerent  parties."-    The  Government  of  General  Washington  was 
perfectly  sincere  in  its  desire  to  prevent  American  ports  from  V)eing  used 
fortius  purpo.se;  and,  had  there  always  been  Washingtons  at  the  head 
of  att'airs,  the  well-founded  complaints  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  in  1S1(> 
|;ind  1817,  might  never  have  arisen.     I  say  "  well-founded  complaints," 
for  the  few  vessels  built  or  equi[)ped  in  Great  Britain  during  the  late 
liivil  war  bear  but  a  small  proportion  to  the  organized  and  systematic 
[privateering  which  was  carried  on  Ironi  American  ports  at  the  period  I 
|;imreterriiig  to. 

I  lirst  take  the  case  of  Spain,  as  it  appears  in  the  corre- 
spondence .set  Out  in  the  third  volume  of  the  British  Appendix. 

On  the  2d  of  January,  1817,  Don  Luis  de  Onis,  njinister  of  Spain  to 
[the  United  States,  thus  addresses  ^Iv.  ^Monroe,  then  Secretary  of  State  : 

Wasiiixgtox,  January  2, 1S17. 

J^iK:  The  mischiefs  resultina;  from  the  toleration  of  the  armament  of  privateers  in 

YY  poitsof  this  Union,  and  of  bringing  into  them,  with  impunity,  the  plunder  made  by 

these  privateers  on  the  Spanish  trade,  for  the  purpose  of  distributing  it  among  those 

iiimliants  who  have  no  scruple  in  engaging  in  these  piracies,  have  rison  to  such  a 

liii),'ht,  that  I  dihould  be  wanting  in  my  duty  if  I  omitted  to  call  your  attention  again 

;  '0  this  very  important  subject. 


tuinpl mil-.  iifSpn-n. 


m 


19  b 


'  United  States  Argument,  p.  94. 
-  liritish  Appendix,  vol.  v,  p.  *242. 


m 


m 


200 


AUniTRATIOX    AT    GENKVA. 


It  is  notoriixis  tliat,  iiUli(>u;;li  the  spociiliitivo  system  of  rittiii<;  out  pi'iviitccis,  ami 
imtlin^!;  tliciii  uiidor  a  torciyii  lla^j;,  oiio  disiivowcd  liy  all  luitions,  for  the  iinr|msi.  „| 
(l(;stroyii)j^  the  S|>aiiisli  eoiiiiiifrec,  has  been  more  or  less  jmrsiied  in  ail  Jiorts  ol' tli,. 
L'liioii,  it  is  more  (ispeeially  in  tlioso  of  Nt!\v  Orleans  and  IJaltimoro,  whert!  tlit;  ;,'rt.'ati>t 
violations  of  the  rtjspect  clue  to  a  friendly  nation,  and,  if  I  may  say  so,  of  tliat  ihwi, 
themselves,  have  been  committed  ;  whole  S(|nadrons  of  pirates  havin;^  been  tittoddm 
from  thonce,  in  violation  of  the  solemn  treaty  existinj;  between  the  two  niitioiis,  and 
lirin;rinj;  back  to  them  thii  fruits  of  their  jiiracies,  witlioiit  bein;^  yet  clieclvcd  in  tinsc 
courses,  »;itlier  by  the  nu'Iamations  I  have  made,  those  of  His  Majesty's  consuls,  orth,. 
decisive  and, judicious  orders  issued  by  the  I'resident  for  that  purpttse. 

Aftor  sotting-  forth  deiuetlations  done  by  three  American  privateers. 
he  continues : 

The  consul  at  New  Orleans  informs  me  that  the  pirate  Mitchell,  with  the  vessels  in. 
der  his  conuuand,  litt.ed  out  by  diH'erout  merchants  at  that  jtort,  of  whom  a  Mr.  l)ii|i,iv 
is  supjjostyd  to  be  the  princii>al,  has  lat»^ly  taken  several  Spanish  jtri/es  to  (ialvcstmi, 
and  that  from  the  i)rocee(ls  of  their  sales  he  has  remitted  to  the  said  deputies  Sl(),',(iii(\ 
which  ho  has  deposited  in  the  Bank  of  Louisiana,  after  deducting  the  shares  of  tin' 
captain  and  crew,  amounting,  as  is  snjtposed,  altogether  to  !t!'200,00U.  The  same  iousul 
adds  that  two  of  the  prizes,  one  from  Campeachy,  and  the  other  from  Guateuialii,  wir.. 
burned,  Jind  their  crews  landed  by  that  savage  monster,  near  lioquilla  de  Piednis,  that 
they  might  be,  as  they  actually  were,  put  to  death  by  his  great  friend,  Yilla]iiiito, a 
noted  rebel  ringleader,  Avho,  being  pursued  by  the  King's  troops,  had  retreated  tntlif 
seashore  to  make  his  escape.  Of  ninety  men  composing  these  crews,  only  uiiie  wcie 
saved. 

The  consul  at  Norfolk  informs  mo  of  the  arrival  there  of  a  privateer  schooner  from 
Buenos  Ayres,  one  of  .several  titted  out  at  Baltimore,  and  wholly  owned  there;  tli;it 
from  what  he  has  been  able  to  ascertain,  among  other  vessels  she  plundered  a  S|panisli 
shij),  laden  with  a  cargo  of  coidiineal,  iiuligo,  and  specie,  to  the  amount  of  moro  tliaii 
S'200,000,  and  })roceeded  to  Baltimore  to  divide  the  .spoil  among  the  concerni.'d.  The 
said  consul,  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty  and  exercise  of  his  rights,  addressed  an  appli- 
cation to  the  collector  of  tlie  customs,  copy  of  which  is  annexed,  and  also  of  the  answir 
of  the  collector,  by  which  you  will  perceive  that  he  declines  this  just  reclamation.  I 
could  cite  innumerable  other  cases,  as  well  attested  as  those  I  have  just  stated,  but  I 
omit  them,  as  their  d(;tail  would  fatigue  you,  without  tending  to  denunistrate  iiiiin; 
etfectually  that  they  proceed  from  the  non-observauco  by  the  ofllicers  of  tlus  Govfin- 
nicnt  of  the  President's  proclamation,  and  of  the  treaty  of  limits  and  navigation  betwwii 
the  two  governments.' 

On  the  10th  of  January  Don  Luis  writes  again  : 

I  have  just  received  informatifin  from  the  King's  consul  at  New  Orleans  of  ilociiii- 
,ture.  within  sight  of  the  IJalize  of  tliat  pcu-t.and  at  little  more  thanmusket-slu)t  fioiiitl.f 
laiul,  of  the  Spanish  schooner  Hi polita.  Captain  Don  Buenaventura  March,  by  tlio  piiato 
Jupiter,  under  the  Margarita  Hag.  To  enable  you  fully  to  judge  of  the  atrocioiisn™ 
of  this  ca])tuie,  manifestly  in  vi(dation  of  the  territory  of  ifche  rnited  States,  I  have 
tli(!  honor  to  inclose  the  declaration  of  the  captain  of  the  said  schooner,  made  lieture 
His  Majesty's  consul  at  the  aforesaid  port,  by  which  it  appears  he  was  at  anchor  in  tlif 
I'ass  of  tlio  Mississii)[ii,  and  with  ))rati(|ue  fi(un  the  J5alize  on  board,  wlii'u  lio  v:i< 
boarded  by  the  aforesaid  i)irate,  and  so  inhumanly  treated  by  him  as  to  be  left  weltti- 
ing  in  his  blood  upon  tlie  deck.  • 

Jt  would  be  smierlluous  to  atlVct  your  sensibility  by  a  detail  of  the  multiplied  iiijiiiiis 
and  (uitrages  incessantly  sustained  l>y  His  .Majesty's  sulijects  in  these  ports;  tlu'V  li;ivi' 
already  been  admitted  by  tin;  I'resident  in  his  message  to  Congress,  reconnneiidiiii,' the 
a<li)pti(tn  of  such  measures  as  in  tlieir  wisdom  may  ai>]>ear  best  caleidated  to  rcpit''^ 
llieni,  Ihcreliy  olfering  to  the  King,  my  master,  a  pledge  that  His  Kxcelk^ncy  admits tln' 
necessity  of  indeiiinilying  them  as  far  as  jiossible.  It  is,  however,  with  great  n'^it-: 
that  i  have  to  remailc  on  the  delay  in  carrying  such  urgent  measures  into  exociitiuii. 
and  that  the  injuries  complained  (d' ha\'e  not  bi'en  iirevented  by  a  due  ohserv.iiici'ut 
the  laws  of  nations,  and  of  the  existing  treaty,  which,  .by  the  Constitution,  has  th'' 
force  of  law  in  all  the  courts,  in  conseinience  of  its  ratitica'tion  l>y  the  rresideiit  Hiiu 
the  Seuate.- 

()n  the  10th  of  FoUruary  ])on  Luis  comp]ain?(  of  five  more  privateer?, 
belonging  to  jjorts  of  the  States,  Jis  lia\iiig  taken  prizes,  tuid  beiiij;'  en- 
gaged in  cruising  against  Spanisli  sliips.- 

On  the  I'Otli  of  ]\Iarcli  lie  writes: 

I  have  just  been  informed  that  there  have  entered  at  Norfolk  two  pirates,  uiulfrt'm' 

'  British  Appendix.  v(d.  iii.  p.  'J'J. 
-  Ibid,,  vol.  iii,  p.  mi. 


iJ 


OflXIONS    OF    SIU    ALKXANDER    C0CKI5URN. 


291 


er  scliooiier  frwii 


l];i.Mif  ISiK.'iios  Ayrcs,  the  priiH'i|»al  of  which  iscalh'il  tho  IiulciiciKlcncia  dt-l  Sii<l,  ariiifd 
,vjt^l,  K;  n;iins  and  loO  men  ;  her  ciiptain  is  tlir  wcll-kimwii  piiatc  callt'd  C'immiodoro 
(.liiivtor-  Tho  second  is  tho  .sciiooucr  J{oni]>,  wiiicli,  to  enter  int(»  that  port,  has  clianyed 
lif!  iiaii"-  to  that  of  Atievichi ;  she  has  a  crew  of  711  men,  and  appeared  to  hts  eoniinaiuh'd 
livii  person  cidled  (jrrinin)hls.  JJotli  vessels  were  built  and  litted  ont  at  Baltimore,  helon<; 
tddtizeuH  >f  that  place,  and  others  in  this  repulilic,  and  their  crews  and  captains  are 
ot  tlie  wuiie.  Their  entrance  into  Norfolk  has  lieen  public,  to  revictual.  and  return  ti> 
ili(iitTaise  against  the  subjects  of  the  Kinji,  my  master  ;  but  their  jnincipal  oltject  is 
iii|iiace  in  safety  the  fruits  of  their  i)iracies,  which  must  be  of  };reat  importaiu-e,  if  wo 
iitti  11(1  to  tho  infornnition  from  Havana,  which  states  that  they  have  robbed  a  sin;j;]e 
>|iiinisli  vessel,  coniiny  fioin  N'era  C'rn/.,  of  slHl,()0();  and  to  the  fact  that,  on  the  iJlsl  of 
ilic  present  month,  they  had  deposited  >i(i(»,(iUO  in  the  ]Jank  of  Norfolk,  had  landed  a 
number  of  packaj^es  of  cochineal,  and  had  declared  that  they  had  taken  to  tins  amount 
lit' s',110,0""-  I  am  informed  that  the  person  called  C'onnnodore  ('hay tor  was  about  to 
Mt  out  for  Baltimore,  ])robably  to  settle  accounts,  and  divide  his  robberies  with  tho 
lursons  interested  in  tho  outtit.  It  is  a  circumstance  worthy  of  remark,  that  these  two 
liinites  saluted  the  fort  at  Norfolk,  and  tliat  it  returned  the  salute  njtou  the  same  terms 
as  would  have  been  done  with  a  vessel  of  Avar  of  my  sovereign,  (»r  of  any  other  uutiou 
aikiiowledged  by  all  independent  powers.' 

At  the  same  time,  .another  vessel,  the  Orb,  is  matle  the  subject  of 
eiiually  strong  compUiiut : 

The  pirate  Orb,  fitted  out  at  Haltimore,  under  tho  name  of  the  Congress,  and  (lag  of 
lliieiios  Ayres,  coumianded  by  Joseph  Almenla,  a  rortnguose,  and  a  citizen  of  this  re- 
imlilic,  has  had  the  audacity  to  return,  and  enter  the  said  port,  there  to  <leposit  a  part 
of  bis  robberies.  The  piratical  character  of  this  vessel  is  as  fully  acknowledged,  as  it  is 
proved  that  she  was  armed  and  manned  with  people  of  this  country,  and  of  others  in 
the  ftbove-meutioned  port,  and  that  she  had  nuide  dift'en.'iit  prizes  in  tho  neighborhood 
(if  Cadiz  and  other  ports;  since  there  now  is  in  the  port  of  New  York  the  Span isli 
IKilaire,  the  Leona,  captured  by  her,  whose  cargo,  consisting  of  §'200,000,  is  concealed, 
where  it  is  not  known  ;  and  in  the  same  port  of  IJaltinioro  there  are  deposited  tl:e  pro- 
aids  of  the  Spanish  brig  Sereiio  and  her  cargo,  captured  by  the  same  vessel.  No  evi- 
iliiicecan,  in  my  judgment,  be  oll'ere<l  which  gives  greater  certainty  to  facts  so  notorious. 
If  by  chance  anything  could  be  added  tln-reto,  it  would  be  the  ac^knowledgment  of  their 
atnieities.  Nevertheless,  I  have  the  nu)rtificatn)n  to  say  that  neitiier  this  notoriety  nor 
llie reclamations  of  His  Majesty's  consid  at  that  port  h.ave  as  yet  been  suflicient  to  jtro- 
il me  those  steps  which  are  re(|uired  by  humanity  to  sci:ur(!  the  ])erson  of  this  notorious 
jiiiate,  to  take  the  declarations  of  the  crew,  and  to  prevent  their  enjoy  ing  tl.iir  plunder 
to  the  prcjiulice  of  tho  lawful  owners. - 

One  cannot  help  being  strnck  with  the  similarity  of  the  complaint.s 
of  the  Spaniard  with  those  of  which  we  have  lat(,'ly  heard  so  much. 
The  ships  are  "pirates;"  tiie  facts  are  "notorious;''  "no  further  evidence 
Mil  bo  necessary." 

hi  like  manner  we  have  ^Ir.  Hush  answering  as  though  it  had  been 

tVom Downing  street: 

I  have  had  the  honor  to  receive  your  two  luiti's,  (latc(l  flic  2(it]i  of  this  moulh,  stating 
tliiityoti  have  lieen  infonned  that  two  armed  vessels  wliiili  have  been  ctimiuitting  nn- 
aiithorized  depiedations  upon  the  comnu'ice, ol'  S^tain  have  re(;ently  arrived  at  Norfolk, 
awl  that  a  third,  liable  to  the  sann;  cliargi.',  has  arrived  at  lialtimore,  thus  bringing 
ilitiiKSflvcs  within  the  reach  of  those  laws  against  which,  in  tlie  a'tove  and  in  other 
.  «:iys.  it  IS  alleged  they  have  ollended. 

i.'iiiilbrniably  to  tins  constant  desire  of  this  Government  to  vindicate  the  authority  of 
•ts laws  and  the  faith  of  its  treaties,  I  have  lost  no  timt>  in  writing  to  the  proper  ofli- 
'I'K  biitli  at  N(niolk  and  lialtiniore,  in  Older  that  lull  iiH|uiry  may  be  made  into  tho 
I  iilii':;i\ti((iis  contained  in  your  notes,  ami  ad('i|uati!  lediess  and  punishment  enforced, 
\Am\\  it  appear  that  the  laws  luive  been  iiifriiigi'd  by  any  of  the  acts  coiuidained  of, 
I  I  use  the  present  occasion  to  acknowledgt}  also  the  receipt  of  your  note  of  the  lltli 
("I  this  mouth,  which  you  did  me  the  honor  to  addn.'ss  to  me,  conmmnicating  information 
I'wt  had  reached  you  of  other  .ind  like  infractions  of  our  laws  within  the  port  of  lial- 


;;ittiMuU.(l  t 

hiKiit 


led  to,  you  will  perceive  a  st)irit  of  just  conciliation  on  tho  part 
as  well  as  a  prompt  sensibility  to  the  rights  of  your  sovereign.  -' 


of  this  goveru- 


'  r.ritish  Appendix,  p.  lO.j. 
-  Ibid.,  vol.  lii.,  p.  lOfJ. 


:   1 


M. 


292 


ARDITKATIOX    AT    GENEVA. 


'C'^ 


H'Ci::,' 


Don  Luis  replies  as  ^Iv.  Adams  or  Mr.  Dudley  might  have  done: 

Uy  your  noto  of  y»'st«'nlay  I  am  aitpiiscil  that  tlus  I'rcsiilont, on  Iteiu^  iiiforincil,  liv 
tlu!  notes  to  whicli  yoii  luivi'  roplit'd,  of  tlio  mnliKiity  witli  wljicli  tlio  pirates  aniiwl  iii 
tliis  country  inti'odiice  into  it  the  fruits  of  their  roblu-ries,  has  been  ph'ased  to  jrjvi. 
Huitabh)  orders  to  tht;  authorities  at  Norftdk  aiul  Italtiinorv,  tiiat  Iiuvin^  as(  crtaiiu'd 
tlic  facts  whicli  I  have  bronj^lit  to  Ids  knowledge,  they  shouhl  duly  proceed  a<conliii.t 
to  law  ay;ainst  the  violators  of  the  laws  of  this  republic.  The  district  attorney  lorthii 
United  States  at  Halliniort!  has  replied  to  the  Kinjj's  consul  there,  that  he  has  iioivi 
<lenco  upon  which  he  can  itiocecid  aj^ainst  Captain  Ahneida;  but  if  a  witness  should 
olfer,  who  will  dejtoso  to  the  facts  leterrcd  to,  he  will  proceetl  to  order  an  einltaii^otn 
be  laid  on  his  ves.>  d.  I  am  i>erfeetly  aware  that  fj;""'^  ord(;r,  the  i>ersonal  Heeun"ynt 
iudividmils,  and  thi!  ])reventiou  of  any  violence  beiuj^  committed  ui>on  them,  rt'i|iiirf 
that  suits  should  be  instituted  accordiuf^  to  the  rules  of  court;  but  when  a  crinicis 
notorious  to  all,  and  is  doubted  by  none,  w  hen  the  tranquillitj'  and  security  of  tho  State, 
the  luMior  of  the  nation,  and  the  resptict  that  indeptMidcnt  jtowors  owe  to  each  otlit'r,ap' 
interested  in  puttinj;'  a  stop  to  crimes  so  enormous  as  those  I  have  had  the  honor  to 
denounce  to  yon,  it  api»ears  to  me  that  the  nnij^istrates  are  authorized  to  collect  a 
eumniary  body  of  information,  to  innuire  whether  the  public  opinion  is  doubtful,  ainl 
if  there  l>e  {ground  to  institute  a  suit.  The  cidlectorof  the  customs  cannot  be  iKiinraiit 
that  the  three  vessels,  which  I  have  named  to  you,  were  built  and  fitted  out  at  Haiti- 
more;  that  they  were  cleared  at  that  custom-house  as  Americans;  that  their  crews 
were,  at  their  departun-,  composed  of  citizens  of  this  Union,  as  were  their  captaiih; 
and  that  the  etlects  which  they  have,  landed  can  oidy  come  from  Spanish  couutiies. 
What  stronj-er  testimony,  if  more  is  wanted,  than  their  own  declaration,  can  be  desireil 
to  ])rocecd  ajiainst  these  i)irates  .' 

Tlie  shii>'s  pai)ers,  tlus  declarations  of  the  crews,  the  lojjj-hook,  are  all  testimony 
which  can  throw  lijilit  upon  the  truth  or  falsehood  td"  the  crime  alh'j^eil,  and  niake  it 
imncccssaiy  to  tronl)le  them  until  it  be  ascertained  that  tiiere  is  ground  for  procui'ilin,' 
judicially  ayainst  them.' 

Next  coincs  a  eoiiiplaiiit  of  the  ('ai)tnre  of  a  Spanish  hri^'  bytlie 
pirate  Aliix'ida,  eommandin<j;  the  Orb  or  Congress,  with  depositions  of 
sailors  of  the  eaptiired  ves.sel.- 

Theso  letters,  likt^  those  of  ]Mr.  Adams,  are  accompanied  l)y  others 
from  the  local  consuls,  with  copies  of  corres))ondence  between  \hm 
fnnctionaries  and  the  collectors  of  the  ports.  Thns  Don  Antonio  Mlla 
lobos  having'  called  on  IMr.  .Mallory,  collector  of  Xorfolk,  to  seize  twn 
noted  ])rivateers,  the  Independencia  del  Siul  and  the  Atrevida,  siiyiii;; 
that  these  vessels  had  been  "improving  their  etiniinnent  and  coiisideia 
l)ly  augmenting  their  crew,*'  ]Mr.  ^Mallory  Avrites,  as  Mr.  Edwards  iniglit 
have  done : 

In  rei>ly  I  conceive  it  projier  only  to  remark,  that  these  vessels  have  not  liei'U  un- 
noticed by  me,  and  that,  in  my  eondiu't  toward  tiu'in,!  shall  endea\()r,  as  1  liiivc  doin'. 
to  obstM've  that  course  which  my  ol'lieial  duties  appear  to  me  to  have  prescribed,  lii 
jtursning  which,  that  1  may  have  the  aid  of  every  light  to  guide  ine  which  facts  tm 
atlord,  and  as  the  allegations  thus  maih;  by  you,  in  an  ol'licial  form,  must  be  ])n'siiiiit'il 
to  be  l)ottomed  on  i)OHitive  facts,  which  have  come  to  yoiir  knowledge,  you  will  liiive 
the  goodness,  I  trust,  to  fnrnisii  me,  with  as  little  delay  as  po.ssible,  v,-ith  the  cviikutf 
of  their  existence  in  your  possession.' 

The  Spanish  Dndley  replies  : 

With  regard  to  the  evidence  you  reriuire  I  will  not  hesitate  to  say  that,  as  tliefact< 
I  have  stated  are  matter  of  public  notoriety,  known  to  everybody,  and  I  had  no  reasmi 
to  supi)ose  that  you  were  ignorant  of  them,  I  did  not  deem  it  incumbent  on  riio  toaiM 
any  proof  to  the  simple  narration  of  them  ;  and  I  was  confident  that,  by  goia^nntu 
])oint  out  to  you  the  stipulations  and  laws  which  are  infringed  in  consequence  ot'tlw* 
facts,  you  will  think  yourself  authorized  to  interfere  in  the  manner  requested. 

I  will  assert,  sir,  as' a  known  fact,  tliat  the  brig  now  called  Independencia  del  Suili* 
the  same  vessel  which  was  formerly  known  under  the  name  of  the  Mammoth  privateer, 
belonging  to  Baltimore,  armed  and  e(|uipped  in  that  port,  from  which  .she  sailed  uuder 
the  command  of  the  same  James  Chaytor,  who  still  commands  her;  that  the  very  same 
James  Chay  tor  was  necessarily  then,  and  cannot  have  cea3ed  since  to  bo,  a  citizen  ol 
the  United'States,  is  settled  and  has  a  fiimily  in  Baltimore,  whence  his  wife  ciunedojvii 
.1  few  days  ago  in  the  packet  Walter  Gray,  and  is  now  in  this  town  on  a  visit  tomr  j 
husband";  that  he  has  enlisted  men  in  this  port,  many  of  whom  are  not  ,so  obscnreii! 

•British  Appendix,  j}.  107. 
=  Ibid.,  p.  lOS. 
'Ibid.,  p.  112. 


OPINIONS    OF    SlU    ALKXANDKU    COCKIU'KN. 


2[)S 


i;i^t  to  be  lifiioriilly  known.  I  will  mcntiini,  ih  an  cxunii'l*'.  Mi'.  Vumi;;,  dl'  rorlsnioiitli, 
wlmis  iii>\v  actinj;  MS  lirst  licntfiiant  on  lioaiil  tin?  saitl  Ini;;.  1  will  a-isi-rt  as  a  I'ai-t 
ilmt  tilt'  Atrcvida  Ih  tlio  very  scliooncf  known  In  tnii'  nndiT  tlin  name  of  tlit;  I{onii>,  tlio 
..iiiietiiat  nndorwcnt  u  trial  tor  piracy  hctoro  tlic  l-'cdcral  court  in  tiiis  Stale;  tliat  her 
iirtseiit  fonnnanilt'i',  Captain  (liinnolds,  is  a  native  of  one  ot"  tlin  nei:riii,(,i-iiiir  towns, 
mdveiy  well  known  in  this  jdai'e  ;  am)  fnially,  that  this  vessel  has  lieen  at  one  of  tho 
wharves  altering  iit;r  eoppei',  which  I  call  an  improvement  in  her  e(|nipnn'nt. 

If  these  piilili(!  facts,  iallini^  within  the  knowleilMC  of  cvcfv  imiividiial,  reipiire  nioro 
]ir(ii)f  than  the  pnlilic  notoriety  of  them,  I  must  ic(|iicst  to  he  intornied  as  tothenatnro 
III' that  proof,  and  also  whether  yon  are  not  warranted  to  act  npoii  jnst  ;;ronnds  of 
.ihliicion  withont  that  [jositive  eviilenee  which  is  oiily  necessary  hi'i'ore  ii  eonrt  of 
jiistii't'.' 

The  collt'ctor  «li(l  not  look  upon  the  facts  as  siinit-iont  to  warrant  any 
iictiou  on  his  part. 

The  corrcspontleiicc  o-otvson  in  innoh  tho  same  strain.  On  the  10th  of 
September,  J)on  Luis  writes  to  3Ir.  J.  i^.  Athinis : 

A  (.'Diiiplaint  having hcen  laid  hefore  His  Catholic  ^[ajesty's  {^ovenunent  hy  a  part  of 
tlii'i'iew  (d'the  Spanish  i)olaci'a  Santa  Maria,  <'aptnred  ^)u  her  passa;;e  from  llavami  to 
(';iiliz  liy  tli(!  pirate  called  the  I'atriota  .MexieanK.  tjommandeil  Ijy  .losi'  (inillermo  j'.ste- 
l';iii(W,  manned  with  citizi-ns  of  these  States,  and  covered  hy  their  llau',  nnder  which  ho 
iliascil  and  bronj^ht  to  the  said  polaeea,  until,  having  ascertained  her  capture,  ho 
liiiistcd  the  insurgent  llai;,  I  hav(!  received  the  comman(ls  of  the  Kinj;'  my  master  to  re- 
i|Ui'st  of  the  I'resi(h'nt,  thronj^h  yonr  medinm,  tin?  most  decisive  nu'asnres  for  imttingau 
mil  to  the  abuses  jn-acticetl  in  tho  ports  of  this  I'liion,  by  annin'^  privateiM-s  to  crniso 
;i;;aiiist  the  Spanish  trade,  thns  prostitntini;'  the  tla^  (d'the  I'nitcd  States  by  these  pre- 
ilaMiy  acts,  and  tram|)iin,m  nndi-r  foot,  with  an  nnparalhded  audacity,  national  riy;hts 
;i:iil  tlio  existin;;'  tnsaty  l;etw(!en  Sjjain  and  these  States. 

Itiicretoro  now  reiu^w  those.  nrj;-ent  reclaniaticms  which,  on  former  occasion.;.  I  havo 
•'iliinittcd  to  the  I'resident,  thronffji  yonr  department,  on  this  important  p(dnl  :  and  I 
irihi  that  the  nunierons  instances  of  these  abases  and  Ii(nrilde(h'pn'dations  will  induce 
liiMXecllcncy  to  adopt  enerii'etie  measures  to  restrain  these  excesses,  whiidi  so  deeply 

iiiiindiiiit  the  neutrality  of  the  Tnited  Stales  in  the  eyes  of  all  nations,  and  are  wiiolly 
:iliii;;Miiiit  to  the  friendship  and  j;ood  understandin,!;-  hap|)ily  subsisting;'  between  them 
;i!iil  lli.s  Catholic  Majesty. 

In  ii  letter  of  tho  LM  of  Xoveinbor,  he  writes  : 

It  is  very  disin^reeahle  to  nu"  to  have  to  repeat  to  yon.  .^ir.  what,  uut'ortnnatrly.  I  havo 
liirii  several  times  under  the  lu'^essity  of  sninhitliu';' to  the  President,  through  tho 
iiitdiiun  of  your  predecessors,  namely,  that  the  act  of  Con;;re>s  of  the  :>d  of  Marcdi,  l~'17, 
liisiii  no  wise  lessened  tilt?  abuses  hy  which  the  laws  are  evaded,  and  which  render 
'liiiicly  illusory  the  laudable  imrposes  for  which  they  were  enai'ted.  I'rom  the  j;reater 
iNiii  iif  the  ports  of  tliesi!  States  there  fre(|ucntly  sail  a  considerable  number  id"  vessels 
Willi  tile  jircnu'ditatcd  intention  of  iittackiui;' the  Spanisii  ('oiiinierce.  ^vhich  carry  their 
iiiiiiaiiieiit  concealed  in  the  hold.  It  rarely  liai)pens  that  they  can  be  arri'stcd,  inasmuch 
ii'- till,' collectors  of  the  customs  say  that  they  have  not  !it  their  disi)osition  the  naval 
iiiRi;  necessary  to  ell'i^ct  it ;  on  the  other  hand,  ai'iiicd  vessels,  nnder  the  flaj;'  of  the  in- 
>tiri;ciits,  enter  into  tho  i>orts  (d' thti  Union.  an<l  not  mijy  sii]iiily  themsehe  itli  all 
!iM:essarios,  but  also  considerably  increase  the  nu'ans  they  already  ha\e  of  aestroyinjjj 
'Iietr;ule  of  Spain,  as  has  rcccnlly  been  tho  case  at  New  York,  whercdiy  (the  so-called) 
liiivatcers  of  His  .Majesty's  revolted  provinces,  which  are  in  leality  nothin;;  more  than 
I'ii'an's,  manned  by  tho  scum  of  all  countries,  enjoy  ;j,ivater  privilej^'cs  than  the  vi'ssels 
"t  iiiik'pcnilent  powers. -' 

The  same  state  of  thing-.s  continues  in  1S18.     On  the  Oth  of  June,  Don 
Uiis  (le  Ouis  iiHorms  ]\Ir.  Adams  : 

At  my  passaj^e  throu<j;li  lialtimore,  on  my  way  to  I'liil.idelphia.  it  was  representeil  to 
iii'liy  His  Catholic  Majesty's  cmisul  for  the  Siate  of  Maryland  that  there  were  in  that 
piii't  tour  jiirates,  or  privateers,  if  you  please  so  loeall  them,  namely,  the  Imlepenchjnciii 
||'l  Slid,  Captain  (irinnold;  the  Puerrcdon,  «/('((.s  JIamfore,  ('aiUaiii  Panics  ;  tin'  Repnb- 
''I'^iiio.  Captain  Chase  ;  and  the  schooner  Alerta.  (,'apiain  Chaytor.  Tiioe  pirates,  de- 
""iiiiiiated  privateers,  or  vessels  of  war,  ot  the  jiretiiided  novernment  of  liaenos  Ayres, 
liavu  nitered  the  port  of  Paltimore  I'm'  the  purpose  of  dividing;'  thesi)oil  resnltiuf;  from 
'Inir depredations  on  Spanisii  commerce,  and  of  relittinu;  and  ariuiiii;  to  renew  theso 
''Xfi's.scs  (111  the  lii<;h  .seas.  It  is  a  matter  of  universal  notoi'iely  at  HaUim  ire  that  three 
"t  till' iiliiive-nanie('i  vossels  were  litted  out  there,  and  the  fourth  is  a  schooner  ciptnred 
''Vthiiu  from  Spanisii  suhjects  ;   it  is  no  less  so  that  their  coini'ianders  and  the  greater 

'  British  Appendix,  vol.  iii,  p.  113. 
-Ibid.,  p.  lis. 


*lvl 


2!)4 


AU15ITUAT10N    AT    (iKNKVA. 


IfW 

mt 

i:';*' 

■:■•{■ 

■  I'«"J 

is  ■ 

i  {ill 

'''  \' 

'  ''4' 

i              * 

ifjii 

iiint  i>l'  till'  cifws  lur  Aincricaii  ciii/i'iis,  mnl  iIkiI  tlicic  is  siaif  iy  ii  siiiylc  iii(li\i(ii|;,| 
b('li>ll<;ill;<  Id  liiirliiis  A.\  Irs  to  lie  I'lillliil  inniili^  lliclii.  * 

I  iiiii  awaif,  sir,  tliat  ytui  will  tell  inr  that  tin-  cniiits  •,ir  open  to  tlii'  n'i(i;;iii;»;ii„„ 
ol'  claiiiiH  ot'  t  iiis  nat  nri'.  ami  n-aily  to  apjily  I  in-  law  to  iicli  casfM  as  occur  and  aiv  mu,. 
]iortr(l  Ity  siiitalilc  tcstiiiiiiny  ;  lint  I  am  imdcr  tlic  p.-ccs^ily  ol'dcclaiinn  (n  \iia  tli;ii  n 
is  in  \ain  to  seek  siidi  tcstiiiioiiy.  Imwcvcr  clr.ir  it  may  lie  to  cNciyliodv .  |  li^,, 
(IciiioMstratcil,  ill  flic  iiiosi  poiiilcil  maiinci;  lo  His  Majesty's  consul  tlic  proinictviii 
direct  in;r  Ills  at  I  cut  inn  to  |ioints  of  so  mnc'i  imiioilaiu'i' :  Imt  lie  lias  proved  tn  nir  {\\y 
ii  }{i'i>at  portion  ol' t lie  commercial  pi'>'|ile  ol'  I'laltimoie  liein^  iiileresteil  in  i|ii>  d.,. 
wliiidi  iiroiliicc  my  prcseiil  reclanr';  ions,  no  one  is  williii;;' to  come  forward  and  iiii,| 
testimony  aj;ainsi  wlial  is  lermi'.'i  the  ycncial  iiitei'ot  :  ami  liiiis  the  wise  nieiisnivMii 
jiovcrnnieiit  aii'  cimled.  jnsl',  e  is  jiaraly/cd.  and  the  suits  ]irocrastiiiated  and  defciiv,| 
I'loin  coiirf  to  court,  will;  a  view  to  deprive  His  Majesty's  snhjecis  of  that  Justice  Willi;, 
tlie.v  have  an  iiiido".ltte<l  riehi  to  seek  in  the  lril)iiiials  on  all  their  claims.' 

lliiviii.q;  sfiitcd  tlittt  th«'  vessels,  in  iidditioii  to  the  object  of  "convey 
in;;'  to  the  piiities  interested  lit  litiltiiiioi'e  the  iiroceeds  ol"  tlieir  siiolja 
tioiison  theSpimish  commerce,  iiiid,  Jimi)ii<>' others,  thtit  of  the  I'liilipiiim 
Compiiiiy's  ship  Triton,  to  tliii  iuiioinit  of  .*l,r»()(),()(»0,  ci»i)tiire(l  liy  tin 
]>ir{ite  IndepeiitU'iiciii  del  Slid,  ami  ciirried  to  IJuenos  Ayres  to  he  soli! 
tliere,  htive  u  ]>roJect  in  iittinj^'  out  anew  iind  of  jittackinj;  some  posMv 
sions  of  the  Kino',  my  master,  on  this  continent,  to  which  they  iimy 
more  etisily  send  tlieir  i)rizes  ;  tinit  these  same  iiriviitecrs  htivt^  hioui:]]- 
in  two  Spiinish  [>ri/es,  which  are  at  this  moment  in  the  ])ort  of  Jlaltiinoiv, 
one  of  them  ii  vessel  beloii'^iny  to  the  roytil  ntivy,''  he  continues: 

I,  therefore,  demand,  in  the  name  of  the  Kiiij;',  my  master,  trte  restoration  of  iliii>. 
prizes,  as  haviii^f  lieeii  niach' Ity  American  cili/.ens.  and  vessels  lifted  oiif  in  this  cniiiiin, 
in  viidation  (d'tlie  existing;  treaty  between  the  two  powers,  and  that  the  sailing' nfth' 
8aid  jtrivateers  Im^  sti)))pcd.  and  tlii'y  compelled  to  "ivc  seciii'ity  for  the  result  ofiiiiix- 
jicdition,  of  which,  without  knowiiijj;  posilixcly  that  they  intend  to  execute  it,  I  li.iv, 
the  stroii;4'cst  j^roiinds  for  prcsiimin;;-  tliey  mean  to  do.- 

The  correspondence  closes  witli  ii  letter  of  Don  Luis  to  ^Ir.  Adams  nt 
the  lOlh  of  Xovember,  I.SIS,  in  which  he  thns  writes: 

AVh.'itcver  may  liii  the  forecast,  wisdom,  and  Justice  conw])icnoiiH  in  the  hiwsef  I'u. 
United  States,  it  is  universally  notorious  that  a  system  of  pillae'e  and  ae'^jressinii  li.i- 
hecii  <n'j;ani/ed  In  several  j)arts  of  tlie  I'liion  a;;ainst  the  vessels  and  in'operty  nf  lli' 
.S]tanish  nation  ;  and  it  is  ('(pially  so  that  .all  the  leeal  suits  hitherto  instituted  by  Hi- 
Catholi(!  Majesty's  consuls  in  the  courts  of  their  respective  districts  for  its  iircveiiiiini. 
or  the  recovci'y  of  the  ])ropcrty,  when  hronjiht  into  this  country,  liavc  been,  aiidstiu 
ari^  conii)l(>t(dy  nnavailin<;.  The;  artiliccs  and  evasions  liy  means  of  wliiidi  tlic  leiiir 
of  tilt!  hiw  lias  on  these  occasions  been  constantly  eluded,  are  sntliciently  known,  iiiiil 
oven  the  combination  of  interests  in  jn'rsons  who  are  well  known,  iimonj;-  whom  iii. 
soiiu)  iioldinjt  pnblic  olliccs.  With  a  view  to  alford  yon  and  the  l'r<;sident  nunc  mm 
})leto  demonstration  of  tlu^  abuses,  aj^j^ressions,  and  jiiracies  allndisd  to,  1  iiulosc  ymi 
correct  lists,  extracted  from  anthentic  documents  deposited  in  the  archives  of  tliisli 
Ration,  exhibitinjj  the  number  of  jirivateers  or  jdrates  lifted  out  in  1  he  I'liitcd  Stiiti- 
ajfainst  Spain,  ami  of  tin;  jirizes  brouj^ht  by  them  into  the  ports  of  the  I'liioii.  iiswill 
as  of  those  .sent  to  other  jtorts.  to}>'ctlier  with  the  result  of  the  claims  made  by  tlir 
»S[)anisli  consuls  in  the  conrts  of  this  country.  Amonj;  them  you  will  Iind  the  casini 
two  armed  shijjs,  the  Morazio  ami  (Jnriazo,  built  at  New  York,  and  detained  liy  Hi' 
Majesty's  cousnl  there  on  the  "ground  of  their  havinj;  on  boai'd  thirty  jdeces  of  {'iiiiiio!i 
concealed,  with  their  carriafics,  and  a  crew  of  1(10  men.  On  which  occasimi  it  was  jm- 
tended  that  it  could  not  be  prove<l  that  these  f>nns  were  not  an  article  of  coiiiini'ivr 
and  they  liuall.v  jmt  to  ,sea  without  them,  the  extraordinar.v  number  of  ollii'i'is  iiii'l 
crew  passinji'  for  jnisst'Ujiers.  'i'ho  number  of  ]iri\;iteers  or  ])irates  titled  out  and  inn- 
.tected  in  the  ])orts  of  this  iei>ublic,  a.s  well  as  of  the  Spanish  ])rizes  made  by  tlieiii. 
*ar  exceeds  that  contained  in  the  within  list,  but  I  only  la,v  before  your  (JoveniiU'ii; 
those  of  whieli  I  havi;  <,'ertaiii  and  satisfac'tory  proofs.  The  ri^ht  of  Spain  to  an  ii'''- 
quale  indemnity  for  all  the  spoliations  committed  by  these  privateers  or  iiirates  on  tl)' 
Crown  and  snlijects  of  His  Catlndic  Majesty  is  undeniable;  but  I  now  .submit  it  \o\Mt 
(ioverninent  only  to  |)oint  out  the  extreme  uecssity  of  ])uttin<;'  an  end  to  tlicsi' I'l"- 
tinned  acts  of  hostility  and  depredati(/n.  and  of  euttin;;-  short  these  enoriinms  amlil'' 
Riant  abuses  and  evils,  by  tlu^  adojition  of  such  ett'eetiial  i)reeautions  and  reiiRilii'^^i" 
willi>nt  it  out  of  the  power  of  euimlity  m'  ingenuity  to  ilefeat  en-  elude  theiii.' 


'  Ibitish  A]>pemlix.  vol.  iii.  p.  I'J" 
-Ibid.,  ]).  1-24. 
■Ibid.,  p.  i:!I. 


OliNloNS    OF    SIi:    AI.I'.XANDKK    (OC'KmKN. 


oqr, 


illKlc    illllivi(lll;il 


31  r.  Ailanisot 


(  ..nil.|.iiit<i.l  I'l 


The  letter  is  iiccoiiipiinuMl  by  a  list  of  thirty  iJiivatccis  lK'l<niji;iii;;  to 
ilii>  ports  of  Now  Orlciins,  (Miailcston,  IMiila<l«'l|»liia,  JJaltiiiion-.  ami 
>V\v  Vorlc,  with  a  fcninidahU'  list  of  |ui/('s  iiia(U^  l>y  them. 

Dniiiij;'  tliis  time  similar  coinplaiiits  liiol  been  coiistiiiitly  addriissi'd  to 
till'  riiilcd  States  (loverimient,  on  hehiilf  of  that  of  I'ortii- 
MiilJiy  tiic  luiiiister  of  the:  latter  power,  the  Chevalier  ( "or- 
iriMJc  Serra.  I'orlii^al  beiii;;' at  that  time,  involved  in  war  with  the 
Aiii^MS  <>(»veriimeiit,  privateers  were  in  like  manner  fitted  ont  and 
iiiiiiiiicd  by  American  citi/ens  nuainst  the  commeree  of  l*oi'tn;;'al. 

OiitlieSth  of  March,  bSlS,  the  I'ortn^^ese  ndnistor  writer-  to  .Mr.  Adams 
(hilt  lie  isorilered  to  lay  before  the  eyes  of  the  LTnited  States  (iovernment 
ilu'ciise  of  three  l'ortn;4'ese  ships,  (of  which  he  <;ives  the  details,)  •'  (tap- 
tni't'd  hy  pi'ivateeis  titled  in  the  (Jnit«'d  States,  manned  by  American 
(lews,  and  comnninded  by  Anu'iican  captains,  thonjih  nndi-r  insniji'ent 
ciilors."  JI(^  incloses  ;in  extract  from  the  docnments  provinj;  these  facts, 
;iii([  offers  to  place  the  docnments  themselves  at  the  disposal  of  Mr. 
Adams.' 

Mr.  Adams,  .settin.i;',  as  it  were,  an  «'.\ample  to  future  J'.ritish  foroi;;u 
x'l'R'taries,  answers : 

Tlui  (Idvcriiiiu'iit  of  tlic  I'nitcMl  Slates  Iiiiviot;  used  all  tlit;  means  in  its  power  to  jire- 
vint  the  litliii^'  out  aiitl  arniiiijf  dt'  vessels  in  tlwir  jioits  to  eiiiise  against  any  nation 
Willi  wlmm  they  ai'n  at  peace,  and  liavinj^  t'aitlil'iilly  eanied  into  e\eention  tliu  laws 
iiiactcd  to  preserve  inviolate  the  neutral  and  )>aeilie  ohlit;atioiis  of  this  I'nion,  cannot 
(oiisidcr  its(dl'  Itonnd  to  iiidenmily  individual  foreiy,iiers  lor  losses  by  captures,  over 
«!iiili  the  I'uited  States  have  neitlier  control  nor  jurisdiction.  l''or  such  events  nona- 
liiiii  ciiii  in  priucii)le,  iioi'  does  in  jjractice,  ludd  itselt'  responsilde.  A  lecisive  reason 
tditiiis,  if  there  werti  no  other,  is  tht^  inaltility  to  provide  a  tribunal  Ix  t'oie  which  the 
fails  cull  l)e  proved. 

Till' (hicunients  to  Nvliicli  you  rcL'r  must,  of  course.  In;  cr-jx'  c '■.{.liements,  which  in 
i'lMtiiijiil  or  in  brazil,  as  well  as  in  this  country,  could  only  si  r\  e  as  a  foundation  for 
adidiisiu  daniai;'es,  or  for  the  prosecution  aiul  tiial  of  tht;  pers(uis  supposed  to  lia\'e 
roiiiniitted  the  depredations  and  outrajies  alle;;ed  in  them.  Should  the  jtarties  couie 
within  the  Jui'  ilictiou  of  the  United  States,  there  are  courts  of  admiralty  comi)etent 
tiiastcrtaiu  tli  facts  upon  liti^^ation  between  them,  to  iiunish  the  outia^'es  which  nuiy 
l"'(liily  i)roved,  ami  to  restore  the  jiroperty  to  its  I'iiflitfiil  owners,  should  it  also  be 
liriiiijrlit  within  our  jurisdiction  and  found  upon  judicial  infjuiry  to  have  been  taken 
ill  till' inauuer  rei)r(!sented  by  your  letttir.  J5y  the  niuversal  laws  of  nations  the  oldi- 
;;:itioii.s  of  the  American  (iovornnuMit  extend  no  further. - 

A^'ain,  on  the  loth  of  October,  the  Chevalier  de  Serra  writes : 

W.vsiiiXGTOX,  October  15,  lr;18. 

>ii!:This  very  ninnicnt  I  perceive  the  iutellifience  that  a  ship  is  tittinj;  in  the 
I'lUiixi'iit  to  cruise  af^ainst  the  J'ortu^fuese  conimer<'e,  and  the  shijisu  tittinj;  is  no  other 
than  the  J'ortnguese  tinebrijj;  Soam  Sexto,  taken  si))ne  weeks  before  by  the  Haltimorean 
inivatcer  Fortuna,  sent  into  beaufort,  North  Carolina,  and  the  jjoods  ship])ed  for  New 
York  iind  Baltimore  where  they  are  under  reclamation.  Cajjtain  Taylor  left  Baltimore 
I'll  Sunday  to  take  char<;e  of  her,  and  the  niyht  before!  the  last  a  great  deal  of  stores 
lift  Ijaltiniore  I'orthis  ship. 

You  know  perfectly  to  what  extent  tlio  sujireine  Executive  can  exert  liis  ]iower  io 
picvcnt  such  a  breacli  of  all  moral  and  international  law  ;  and  I  dare  not  (l<uibt  that 
it  will  hv  exerted,  persuaded  as  I  am  of  the  honorable  feelings  of  this  Governu'ent. 
I  am,  &c., 

JOSFFH  COKKEA  DE  SEIJRA. 

I'.  S.— There  exist  now  in  baltimore  many  persons  who  are  able  to  identify  the  ship.' 

The  reply  comes — that  the  vessel  shall  be  seized  ?    Xo. 

Washixgtox,  October  2;i.  ISlr?. 
/"ii::  I  have  had  the  lionor  of  reeei-ing,  and  liave  laid  before  the  I'resident  of  the 
I  iiited  States,  your  letter  of  the  lotl    'ustant.     I  aiu  directed  by  him  to  inform  j'o.i 


'  JJritish  Appei  '.lix,  p.  141». 

-  Ilritish  Aitpendix,  vol.  iii,p.  l.'iO,  No.  G. 

•'  Ibid..  No.  7. 


296 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


f  iituyiif 


E     ;'ii 


^^U 


that,  if  yon  will  ful•ni^4ll  a  list  of  the  names  of  the  persong  ehargeahle  with  a  vinln. 
tioii  of  tho  laws  of  the  United  States,  in  fitting  out  and  arinin<'  a  vessel  within  the 
United  States  for  the  i)nii)ose  of  cruising  against  tho  suhjects  of  your  sovereign,  and 
of  the  witnesses  by  whose  testimony  the  charge;  can  he  substantiated,  directions  will  Ijc 
given  to  the  attorney  of  the  United  States  for  the  district  of  Maryland  to  institute  suits 
against  the  persons  complained  of,  iu  the  proper  court  competeut  to  their  trial. 
I  pray  yon,  Ac, 

JOHN  Q.  ADAMS. 

Yet  there  can  be  no  doubt  that,  dnriiift'  this  time,  the  United  States 
Governnient  were  honeatlj'  sincere  iu  their  desire  to  put  down  the 
scandal  occasioned  by  this  wholesale  system  of  privateering.  Several 
vessels  were  seized,  of  Avhich  some  were  actually  condemned,  others 
released  only  on  giving  security ;  but  the  ])ractice  continued,  vessels 
being  enabled  to  elude  all  the  vigilance  and  activity  of  the  ofticial.s.  As 
late  as  the  2.'3d  of  Xovetnber,  1819,  the  Chevalier  de  Serra  writes  in  a 
disconsolate  strain,  representing  the  evil  as  increasing  rather  tliaii 
diminishing : 

riin.ADKU'UIA,  Xoi'Clltlil-  '2'.),  Iflll. 

SiK  :  I  have  tlu'  honor  of  snlmiittiiig  tlic  following  facts  and  eonsideratioii.s: 

During  luoretlian  two  years  I  liav(3  been  obliged  by  my  duty  to  oppose;  the  systciii- 
atic  and  organized  deiu'edatienis  daily  eommitti'd  on  the  property  of  Portngnesc  suh- 
jects by  peoph;  living  in  the  United  States  and  with  ships  litteel  in  ports  of  the  fnicm, 
to  the  ruin  of  the  eouinitiree  of  rortugal.  I  do  justice  to,  and  am  grateful  lor,  thr 
proceedings  of  the  Executive,  iu  oi(l(>r  to  put  a  stojt  to  these  depredations,  but  thiMvil 
IS  rather  increasing.  I  can  present  to  you,  if  riMpiired,  a  list  of  fifty  I\)rtugucs(;sliiii>. 
almost  all  richly  laden,  some  of  them  East  Imliameu,  which  have  been  taken  by  tlM>r 
people  during  the  period  of  full  i)eace.  This  is  not  tin;  whohs  loss  we  have  sustiiimil. 
this  list  comprehending  only  those  captures  of  which  I  have  received  ot'licial  cum- 
plaints.  Tins  victims  have  been  many  move,  besides  violations  of  territory  by  huuiin,' 
and  plundering  ashore  with  shocking  circumstances. 

One  city  alone  (Ui  this  coast  has  armed  twenty-six  ships  which  ))r(>y  on  our  vitiil-, 
and  a  week  ago  three  armed  ships  of  this  niiture  were  in  that  port  waiting  for  !i  tavur- 
able  occasion  of  sailing  fur  a  cruise.  Certainly,  the  people  who  commit  these exccssi> 
are  not  the  United  States,  but  nevertlieh-ss  they  live  iu  the  United  Sta,  's  and  eiiiiilny 
against  us  the  resources  which  this  situation  allows  them.  It  is  imi)ossible  to  viiw 
them  otherwise  than  a  wichj-extended  and  powerful  tribe  of  iulidels,  worse  still  tli:i:i 
those  of  North  Ali'ica.  Tlit;  \(Utli  Africans  make  prizes  with  leave  of  their  govnu- 
ment  according  to  their  laws  and  after  a  deelaratiou  of  war  ;  but  thesi;  worse  iiilidi!- 
of  whom  I  speak,  make  i>rizes  from  nations  friendly  to  the  United  States  again>t  llh 
will  of  the  (iovernment  of  the  United  States,  ami  in  spite  of  the  laws  of  the  rnitnl 
States.  They  are  more  powerful  than  the  AlViean  iulidels,  because  the  whole  (■o;i>l  I'l 
]5arbary  does  not  jiossess  such  a  strength  of  privateers.  'They  ai'e  numerous  and  wiili'y 
scattered,  not  only  at  sea  for  action,  bur  a>lioie  likewise  to  ke'cji  their  ground  ii!,';iiii>i 
the  obvious  and  plain  sense  of  your  laws,  since  most  generally,  wherever  Micy  luivc 
been  called  to  the  law,  they  have  found  abettors  who  have  hel[ied  them  to  iuvailc  tin 
laws  Viv  formalities. 

I  shall  not  tire  yiui  with  the  numerous  instances  of  these  facts,  but  it  may  he  ensilv 
c<uiceived  how  I  am  heartily  sick  of  receiving  frei|uent  communications  of  J*(iitii;,'iii'>'' 
projierty  stolen,  of  deliiU|Uents  inconceival)ly  ac(|uitted,  letters  from  I'ortuguesc  nici- 
chants  deeply  injured  iu  their  fortunes,  and  seeinu'  me  (as  often  has  Iieeii  the  eiiscinii- 
))ressed  by  ]U'ayers  for  bri'ad  fi(nu  I'ortugriese  sailors  thrown  penniless  on  the  shorts 
after  their  ships  had  been  I'aptured. 

The  Executive  having  honorably  exerted  the  jiowers  with  which  your  Const itiiti";: 
invests  him.  and  the  evil  he  wished  to  stop  being  Ibund  too  refraetor,v,  it  would  he  nui 
and  fruitless  importunity  if  I  contiuueil  with  indiviilual  complaints  exce])t  by  i»i>iii^' 
orders.  This  (Government  is  the  only  lU'oper  .judge  of  what  constitutiouMl  (I:s|iiisiliii!i- 
or  arrangements  may  be  established  lor  the  euforceiueut  of  the  laws,  and  he  aloiu'  lii- 
the  means  of  obtaining  them,  which  an;  constitutionally  shut  to  any  foreign  min- 
ister;  I  trust  in  the  wisdom  and  justice  of  this  (iovernment  that  he  will  liud  thei>ni|"t 
means  of  putting  an  end  to  this  moustrous  iutidel  conspiracy,  so  heterogeueuu;!  I'l 
the  very  nature  of  the  United  States.     . 

Uefore  such  ceuivenicnt  means  are  established,  tlie  (>lforts  of  a  rortuguese  minister 
on  this  subject  (t)ie  only  om^  of  importance  at  pr<'sent  between  the  two  nations)  arc  "i 
little  profit  to  the  interests  of  his  soveiei;;!!.  lielyiug  ciuitidently  on  the  sun'cs'iliii 
efhu'ts  of  the  (Jovernnieut  to  bring  forth  such  a  desirable  order  <d' things,  I  choose  tii> 


Dritish  Appendix,  vol.  iii,  p.  I'jO,  No.  8. 


OriNIONS    OF    SIR   ALEXANDER    COCKBURN. 


297 


>le  witli  a  vi,il;i. 
essel  witliiu  tlu- 
r  sovorcMgn,  and 
ire(!tinns  will  hv 

to  institute  suits 
leir  triiil. 

I  Q.  ADAM.S, 

In  i tod  Statw 
•ut  down  till' 
ing.  Several 
?mne(l,  others 
iuiied,  vessels 
}  ofticials.  As 
51  writes  in  a 
rather  tliaii 

■vmhcr  2:\  lei'j. 

orations: 
posi;  the  system- 
Portiijfncsc  suh- 
•ts  of  the  I'nidii, 
Kriitcfiil  for,  the 
oils,  but  till' evil 
\)rtii;;;ii('S(;sliiii>. 
1  tukt'ii  by  tiiiM- 

S  llilVt'  SUStllilli'll. 

vcd  ol'li('i;il  ciiiii- 
itory  by  laiHiiii: 

vy  on  our  vitiil-, 
itiiiy;  torn  t'avdr- 

it  th('Sl,'(.'XC('^^l■^ 

ii  'S  iind  eiiiiilny 
)ossibl(!  to  vii'iv 

wors(.'  still  than 
f  tiu'ir  ^'(iVfni- 
0  '.vorsf  iiiliiJiK 
ti's  u^'itiiist  till' 
H  of  the  riiitiil 
whole  coast  I'l' 
rolls  iind  wiili'y 
ground  iii;aiiht 
(■%•(■!•  :hey  liaw 
11  to  invade  lliu 


t  iiiMV  be  easily 

s  of  i'ortii,i,'iifM' 

Ortnouese  iiii'i- 

11  the  ease)(iii- 

s  on  the  sliui'tt 

ur  Constitutiim 
would  be  men 
•ejit  by  iiosiiivi 
nal  (lis]iosiliiiii- 
id  ill!  iiioiie  li:i- 
t'lireiiiii  mill- 
Iind  the  pi"!"'' 
'tero,i;eiieoii.s  I" 

ii;-ii('se  ininistiT 

iratioiis)  are  I'l 

the  siiei'esst'iii 

;s.  I  choose  tlii- 


niomeiit  to  pay  a  visit  to  Br<azi],  where  I  jim  authorized  by  His  Majesty  to  jjn.  My  ago 
and  uiy  private  att'airs  do  not  allow  much  delay  iu  niakinij  use  of  this  perniissiou,  and 
i  iiiteild  to  profit  by  the  first  proper  occasion  that  inaj' otter.  The  arrangements  for 
jiiv  departure  will  require  my  personal  exertions,  and  it  will  not  be  consequently  in 
iii'v]m\VL'r  to  make  an  early  or  long  residence  in  Washington  this  winter.  As  soon  as 
I  shall  be  able  I  will  present  myself  thta'e  to  pay  my  due  obeisance  to  the  President  of 
the  United  States,  and  my  respects  to  you. 
Accept,  &.C., 

JO.SEl'lI  CORREA  DE  SERRA.i 

Tlie  United  States  Government  took  the  very  proper  step  of  getting 
an  act  passed  prohibiting  the  entrance  of  privateers  into  certain  ]>orts 
of  tbe  United  States;  but  this  does  not  appear  to  have  had  the  ell'ect 
of  stopi)ing  the  evil;  privateering  api)eai's,  if  we  may  judge  by  the 
Lontiinied  comi)laints,  to  have  gone  on  as  before. 

On  the  Stli  of  June,  1S20,  the  Chevalier  de  Serra  calls  attention  to  a 
ship,  taken  bj-  one  of  the  privateers,  having  been  sold  by  Judicial  au- 
thority "in  Baltimore,  under  the  hammer,  to  Captain  Chase,  a  notori- 
ous privateersman,  standing  und-ir  an  indictment  for  piracy/' 

lie  adds : 

It  is  to  be  imiiiediatoly  fitted  as  .a  privateer  (and  a  forniidablo  one  it  will  prove,  by 
its  si/.e  and  strength,  whi(di  are  those  of  a  good  frigate)  to  cruise  against  the  J'ortii- 
L'liese  ludianieii,  and  the  coinniand  of  it  will  be  given,  as  it  is  assiind,  to  the  notorious 
Ciilptaiu  Taylor. 

1  have  not  the  least  doubt  that  the  supieme  E  C(>cutive  of  this  nation  has  both  the 
pdwer  and  tlie  will  of  putting  a  stop  to  this  hostile  arinuineiit,  particularly  when,  as 
in  this  case  he  has  timely  information  whiidi  will  be  successively  jiiit  under  his  t.'ycs, 
,it  the  very  stage  of  this  ininiieal  aitenipl  on  the  i'oitugncse  commerce. - 

Again,  on  the  IGtli  of  July'i 

VVii,mix(;t<)x,  ./«/// Ifi,  18-20. 


V;l 


Sii;:  lam  ordered  by  my  sover(dgn   to  lay  before  this  (iovernmenr  tin;  nami>s  and 
liie  of  nineteen  I'ortiigiiest;  ships  and  their  cargoes,  taken  by  private  armed  ships, 


litted  iu  the  ports  of  tins  I'nioii  by  citizens  of  these  .States,  Tiie  valsies  have  been 
iiscertaiued  by  the  jiroper  courts  of  justice,  and  revised  w'''.i  all  care  and  attention  by 
the  royal  board  of  conimeree.  [ii  uroi'iortioii  as  the  value  id"  the  other  shiiis  stolen  is  in 
tlif  same  manner  ascertained,  their  names,  and  the  amount  of  los  n's,  will  be  laid  before 


this  I 


iovcruuient. 


Ilie  value  of  the  nineteen  ships  is  stated  at  -SGI 0,1. "iS. 
ill  this  letter  the  chevalier  projtoscs  the  iippointineut  of  cDiir.iiission- 
ersto  "confer  and  agree  u[)ou  what  reason  and  justice  demand."    The 


pro 


iiosiil  Wits  declined. 


The  reply  was : 

The  aitiioiiitiiK'iit  of  eoiiinii>-.ioiM'rs  to  confer  and  agrei>  with  the  ministers  id"  Iler 
Must  raithl'ul  Majesty  ii]>oii  the  siibjcet  to  wliicu  ynur  b'trer  refers,  would  not  be  coii- 
M-teiit  with  the  Oonstilulion  of  the  I'liited  States  imr  with  any  praeti<'e  usual  among 
livili/rd  nations.  'J'lie  judicial  ]iower  id"  tin-  I'liiled  St;ites  is,  by  their  (Jciastitntio'i, 
vistetl  iu  tiieir  Siinreuie  Court,  and  in  tribunals  subordinate  to  the  same.  The  jin'iges 
»t  these  triliiiiials  are  amenable,  to  their  ctmiitrv  by  inipeaidinient,  and  if  any  i'ortii- 
;'Mes(.  subject  has  siilfered  wrong  by  any  act;  of  any  citi/eii  of  the  Unitcil  .States  within 
llieir  jurisdiction,  it  is  before  these  tribunals  that  the  remedy  is  to  be  sought  and  oli- 
fiiiiieil.  l'(u-  any  acts  of  citi/.eiis  of  the  I  Jiited  States  coimiiirted  out  of  their  jiirisdu> 
liuii  and  beyond  their  control,  the  tJoveriimciit  of  the  I'nited  States  is  not  responsible. ^ 

The  proposal  was  renewed  in  I8i'2,  but  again  decliuiMl.  The  (rovern- 
iiieiit  liiid  done  all  it  could  do.  "  Kvery  attention,  comp.itible  with  the 
lights  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  iiud  with  the  laws  of  nations,  liad 
h^'en  paid  by  the  Government  to  the  comi»liiints  of  M.  Correal  of  captures 
made  liy  privateers  titte<l  out  within  the  United  States  and  partly  manned 


'  liiitish  A])pciidi.\.  vid.  iii,  p.  1.'."). 
-  Ildd..  p.  l.-.C,  No.  i;». 
'  Ibid,.  No,  '^^K 
'  Ibid,,  p,  .">T. 


298 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


Ijji 


by  tlioir  citizens.*'  "  Tlio  liuys  for  securing  tlie  faithful  iierfoniiiuicc  ot 
the  duties  of  neutrality'  had  been  revised  and  enforced  :  decrees  of  ic-tj. 
tution  had  been  ])ronounced  by  the  Judicial  tribunals  in  all  cases  ofi'oi. 
tugnese  capture*!  vessels  brought  within  the  Jurisdiction  of  the  Unitwl 
States;  and  all  the  measures  Avithin  the  competency  of  the  K\ociiti\> 
had  been  taken  by  that  depailment  of  the  (jovernment  for  repivssin;^, 
the  fitting  out  of  ])rivateers  Ironi  United  States  ports,  and  tlic  oiilist 
ment  of  citizens  in  them."' 

^Ir.  Adams  adds,  in  a  letter  to  the  United  States  minister  at  Lislwn; 
''These  measures,  however,  do  not  appear  to  have  been  altogetlior  sut- 
isiactory  to  the  Portuguese  government,  douhfles.s  because  they  arr  nut 
.sir(jieic}itl}/  understood  hij  theniJ''^  Tiie  Tortuguese  minister  thonglittlmt 
the  short  and  simple  process  would  have  been  to  seize  the  shi])s.  l)y  vii 
tue  of  the  executive  power:  but  the  Mr.  Adams  of  that  day  thought  ni 
•'  the  rights  of  American  citizens  and  the  law  of  nations.*' 

The  pleadings  of  the  United  States  say  little  or  nothing  in  answer  tn 
the  facts  relating  to  Portugal.  As  to  those  relating  to  Spain,  they  siiy 
in  a  somewhat  off-hand  way,  "  Wliat  then.'  if  we  <li<l  injury  to  Simin 
we  repaired  it."^  The  British  Counter  Case  answers  that  the  reparatidii 
consisted  in  setting  off,  in  a  subsequent  treaty  between  the  two  nations, 
some  unascertained  claims  against  the  serious  claims  for  actual  lo^sis 
sustained  b}'  the  Spanish  commerce  through  the  acts  of  American  pii 
vateers.^  I  agree  with  the  United  States  that  Spain  having  consciiti'il 
to  be  satisfied  with  this  reparation,  nothing  more  is  to  be  said  on  tliiit 
head.  Xor  do  I  thiiik  that  matters  which  happened  half  a  century  ajii 
can  with  any  fairness  be  brought  forward  to  the  i)rejudice  of  tlie  Uiiitiil 
States  in  answer  to  the  present  claim,  not  even  though  provoratioii 
might  have  been  given  by  the  assertion  of  Ameiican  superiority  so  os- 
tentatiously obtruded  in  the  ])leadings  of  the  Unite<l  States,  liuttlicsc 
instances  of  infractions  of  inaritime  neutrality  on  so  large  a  scale  aw 
important  for  a  very  different  purpose;  they  show. the  difliculty  of  iv 
pressing  offenses  of  this  sort ;  they  show  that  the  asserted  supeiioiin 
of  the  American  law  is  an  empty  boast ;  and  tV  y  entirely  bear  out  my 
view  as  to  the  allegec"".  jiower  of  the  President  ti.  make  up  for  any  (Uti 
cienc}'  in  the  ordinary  law  as  administered  by  the  courts.  In  the  Ion;' 
series  of  complaints  made  by  the  representatives  of  Spain  and  l*ortn,i;al 
as  to  the  thirty  privateers,  of  the  issuing  of  which  from  the  ports  oftlit 
United  States  Don  Luis  de  Onis  thus  incessantly  complains,  oi"  as  tn 
the  twenty-six  which  the  Chevalier  de  Serra  mournfully  enumerates  as 
capturing  Portuguese  vessels,  no  instance,  so  far  as  1  am  aware,  occurs 
in  which,  when  the  Government  oflicials  alleged  that  the  evid<Mice  was 
insuliicient,  the  l*resident  intervened,  by  virtue  of  the  discretioiimy 
power  said  to  be  vested  in  him  to  arrest  a  vessel. 

The  temporary  act  passed  by  the  American  Congress  in  18.'5S,  on  the 
„r  occasion  of  the  Canadian  insurrection,  has  been  more  than 
once  referred  to  in  the  course  of  the  present  controversy.' 

The  circumstances  under  which  that  act  was  passed  are  stated  in  tlio 
proclamation  of  President  Van  I>ur<.'n,  of  the  r)th  of  January,  IS.jS.  in 
which  he  said  that  information  had  *' just  been  rec«Mve«l  that,  notwitli 
standing  the  prochunation  of  the  governors  of  the  States  of  New  York 
and  Vermont,  exhorting  their  citizens  to  refrain  from  any  unlawful  arts 
within  the  territory  of  the  Uniteil  States,  and  notwithstanding  the  iii't'> 

'  Hrilisli  Apix'iidix,  vol.  iii,  p.  Iti'i. 

'-Argument  (it'tlir  rnitcd  Slates,  p.  815. 

•'  Hritisli  C'oiinttT  t'itsc,  )■.  :!'>. 

'See  Case  ol'tlic  I'liiUd  States,  p.  I'M.     Argument  of  tlie  I'liited  Spates,  p.  ^T. 


■Vincricnn 
1-:k 


Ol'IXIONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDER    COCKIsrHX. 


200 


(■iicc  of  the  civil  oflicers  of  tlio  United  Stiites,  *  #  #  arms 
;iii(l  imuiitions  of  war  and  other  supplies  hav«^  been  procured  by  the 
(Caiiiidian)  insurg-ents  in  tlio  United  States;  that  u  military  foree.  eon- 
sistiiijir  in  part,  at  least,  of  citizens  of  the  United  States,  had  been  actu- 
ally orftiiniy.ed,  had  congregated  at  Xavy  Island,  and  were  still  in  arms, 
iimler  tiie  command  of  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  that  they 
were  constantly'  leceiving-  accessions  and  aid."' 

As  (.'ongress  sits  from  .lannary  to  ]\[arch,  the  necessary*  law  which  the 
circmnstances  called  for  might  have  been  i>assed  at  once,  but  it  was  i\v- 
laved  till  March  10,  18,38,  and  does  not  appear  to  have  been  api)roved 
li\  the  rresident  until  the  liOtli  of  April ;  even  then,  it  seenis  either  to 
liave  been  inetlicacious  or  feebly  enforced,  as  on  the  L'lst  of  November, 
tlio  President  issued  another  proclamation : 

Wbeipas  there  is  too  mncli  reason  to  Ijelieve  that  citizens  of  tlie  I'nited  States,  in 
I'.isic^'artl  of  tlie  solemn  waininj''  lierotofore  j^iven  to  tliein  liy  tiie  inochiniation  issued 
livtliL'l'.xeentiveof  tlieGenerul  (iovernnient,  and  hy  some  of  tlie  j;overnorsof  the  States, 
liiive  combined  to  disturb  the  peace  of  a  nci^fliborinij  iind  friendly  natiori ;  and  whereas 
jiitoriiiation  has  been  j^iven  to  me,  derived  from  ollieial  and  other  sources,  that  many 
(itizL'iis  in  ditferent  ])arts  of  tin;  United  States  are  associate  1  or  associatinj;;  for  the 
siiiue  pnrjiose  ;  and  whereas  distnrh.anees  have  actually  broken  ont  anew  in  different 
IKUtsof  tiie  two  Canadas  ;  and  whereas  a  hostile  invasion  has  been  made  by  citizens 
(if  till'  I'nited  States,  in  conjunction  with  Camidians  and  others,  who,  after  forcibly 
seizinjf  upon  the  property  of  tlu-ir  peaceful  n('ij;hl)ors,  for  the  j)urpose  of  etfeetin;^  tlnir 
unlawful  designs,  are  now  in  arms  against  the  authorities  of  Canada,  in  i)erfeet  disr'^- 
;'aiilof  their  own  ol)li.!iations  as  American  citizens,  and  of  tlie  obligations  of  liie  CJo,- 
(iniiuMit  of  their  country  to  foreign  nations. 

It  may  here  be  remarked,  in  passinj:^,  that,  while  oi)en  assistance  was 
tlins  afforded  from  the  United  States  to  the  Canadian  insurgents,  in 
1838,  during  the  whole  period  of  the  civil  war,  the  confederates  never 
once  succeeded  in  directing  any  hostile  operations  of  importance  from 
Canada  against  the  exjjosed  American  frontier ;  and  that  in  October, 
ISlit,  when  a  few  adventurers  made  the  attack  on  the  bank  at  St.  Al- 
baii's,  (a  town  near  the  Vermont  boundary,)  prompt  measures  were  taken 
to  prevent  any  such  attempt  being  renewed  Irom  the  Canadian  side, 
and  an  act  was  i)assed  by  the  Canadian  I'arliament  when  it  met  in 
February,  18G5,  ipiite  as  stringent  in  its  provisions  as  the  act  of  Con- 
l^ress  of  1838. 

Lopez,  a  Spanish  adventurer,  liad  formed  a  i)lan  in  1819  for  an  attack 
onCuba,  with  the  obj'ect  of  annexing  it  to  the  United  States,  ev,..  iiM.n  .r  i.o- 
The  idea  of  Cuban  annexation  was  then  in  great  favor  with  i<'-^«""»ieiiM. 
an  important  political  party,  Avho  ho]»ed  to  secure  the  entrance  of  a 
slave-holding  State  into  the  Union,  and  thus  counterbalance  the  grow- 
ing power  of  the  Northern  or  free  States.  Lopez  accordingly  met  with 
luiicli  popular  support. 

On  tlie  11th  August,  1841),  the  President  of  the  United  States  issued 
ii  proclamation  stating  that '"there  was  reason  to  believe  that  an  arnu'd 
expedition  was  about  to  befitted  out  in  the  United  States,  with  an  in- 
tention to  invade  (he  island  of  Cuba  or  some  of  the  provinces  of  Mexi- 
(•(•."and  that  "the  best  information  which  the  Executive  had  been  able 
to  obtain,  pointed  to  the  island  of  Cubans  the  ooject  of  this  expedi- 
tion;" and  calling  ajton  "  every  otiicer  of  this  (lovernment,  civil  or  mili- 
fi>i,v,  to  use  all  efforts  in  his  power  to  arrest,  for  trial  and  punishment, 
every  such  offender  against  the  laws  i)roviding  foi  the  performance  of 
our  sacred  obligations  to  friendly  powers." 

On  tiie  7th  3Iay,  18.")0,  JjO)>e/  lell  >»ew  Orleans  in  a  steamer  with 
•iboiit  live  hundred  men,  accompanied  by  two  other  vessids,  and  on  the 
btli  landed  at  Cardenas,  a  small  town  on  the  northwest  side  of  the 
inland,  and  occupied  the  town  ;  but  troops  iirriving  shortly  afterward 


I 


300 


ARBITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


!_ii 


from  Ilaviina,  lie  was  compolletl  to  re-embark,  and  escaped  to  the  United 
States.' 

It  appears,  from  tlie  appendix  to  the  American  Counter  Case,'  tluit 
on  the  25th  of  May  orders  were  given  for  the  arrest  of  Lopez ;  but  tlic 
appendix  is  silent  as  to  the  result,  which  was  that  jio  delay  beiu};  sniiitcd 
by  the  district  Judge  to  procure  evidence  against  him,  he  was  dischaigcd 
amid  the  cheers  of  a  large  crowd. 

The  Spanish  authorities  libenited  forty-two  of  Lope/Zs  baiul,  wliom 
they  had  taken  prisoners,  and  they  were  taken  back  to  the  Ciiitol 
States  in  the  United  States  ship  Albany.  A  further  attempt  seems  to 
have  been  made  to  bring  Lopez  and  his  followers  to  justice,  as  on  tlic 
21st  of  July  the  grand  jury  at  New  Orleans  found  a  true  bill  ajrainst 
b.m  and  tifteen  others  for  violating  the  act  of  1818;  bu^  the  Ainciican 
Government  failed  in  making  out  their  case,  and  finally  abandoned  tlie 
prosecution.' 

On  the  2i5th  of  April,  1851,  the  President  issued  another  proclaniii 
tion,  stating  that  "■  there  was  reason  to  believe  that  a  military  expedi 
tion  was  about  to  be  fitted  out  in  the  United  States,  with  intention  tu 
invade  the  island  of  Cuba,"  and  warning  all  persons  of  the  i)ena]ti(s 
they  Avould  incur  by  joining  in  it.  The  President  concluded  by  "call 
ing  upon  every  oflicer  of  this  Government,  civil  and  military,  to  use  all 
efforts  in  his  power,  to  arrest  for  trial  and  punishment  every  such  olieudtr 
against  the  laws  of  the  country."' 

Nevertheless,  in  the  following  August,  Lopez  started  on  a  fresh  expe- 
dition, of  which  the  following  details  are  taken  from  the  I'resident's  uk-s 
sage  to  Congress  of  December  2,  1851  : 

Lopez  left  New  Orleans  for  Cuba  on  the  3d  of  August,  in  the  stoanur 
Pampero  with  four  hundred  men,  "  with  evident  intenf'ons  to  make  war 
upon  the  authorities  of  the  island."  The  steamer  left  stealthily,  ami 
without  a  clearan(!e,  and,  after  touching  at  Key  AVest,  proceeded  to  tiif 
coast  of  Cuba.  Loi)ez  and  his  band  were  soon  overpowered  by  the 
Spanish  troo])s,  and  liopez  himself  was  publicly  executed  at  Uavaua. 

The  President  adds  : 

Wliat  ^ivi's  a  pooiil  iar  cviininality  to  tliis  invasion  of  Ciilia  is,  that  under  tlic  lend  if 
8ii;iiiish  sulijt'cts,  and  with  the  aid  of  citizens  of  th(^  I'nited  Stutes,  it  had  its  (irii;i::, 
\\ith  many,  in  motives  of  en|iidity.  Money  was  advanced  by  individuals,  ijiobidily  ia 
con.sidenilde  amounts,  to  puichasis  Cuban  bonds,  as  they  have  been  called,  issued  liy 
Lopez,  sold,  doulitless,  at  a  very  lai'j;('  discount,  aiul  for  the  jiaynu'ut  of  wiiicli  tL- 
])t\ltlic  lauds  and  public  i)ropcrty  of  L'uba,  of  whatever  kiml,  and  the  iiscal  resmiRT- 
of  the  people  and  n'overnnuMit  of  that  island,  from  whatever.fource  to  In;  (h'rivcil,  wiiv 
l>ledj;ed.  as  well  as  the  j^ood  faith  of  the  jfovernment  expected  to  Ije  established.  Al! 
these  means  of  payment,  it  is  evi(U'Ut,  were  only  to  l)e  (d)tained  by  a  process  of  biwwl- 
.shed,  war,  and  revolution.  N(Uit>  will  deny  that  those  who  .set  on  ibet  miiitiiry  cxpiili- 
tious  ajfiiinst  foreign  stat(>s  l»y  means  likt^  tiiese  are  far  more  culpable  than  tiie  iijii"- 
rant  and  tiu)  necessitous  whom  they  induce  to  <^o  forth  as  tlu^  osteusilde  parties  in  lln' 
proceiuliuij:.  These  orij^imitor-i  of  tin;  invasion  of  Cuba  .si'em  to  have  deteriniiitil.wiili 
co.jluess  and  systimi,  up  >:i  an  uii  Uu'takiiiu;  wliicli'  should  disagree  their couutiy.viuhiii' 
itn  laws,  !ind  i)nt  to  hazard  the  lives  of  ill-informed  and  deluded  men.  You  \viilc"ii- 
BJder  whether  further  le^;islation  be  necessary  to  prevent  the  perpetration  ()f^iii!i 
ott'enses  in  future.  ■' 

No  such  furtlu'r  legislation  was,  however,  carried  out;  though  it  wa- 
not  long  before  the  need  for  it  was  again  put  to  the  test. 

This  time  the  scene  of  oi)erations  was  on  the  Pacific  coast,  ami  the 

'  British  Appendix-,  vol.  iii.    Report  of  Neutrality  Laws  Commission,  p.  '.i4. 

-  KiHilish  text,  1).  t)(i(j;  French  text,  p.-:{^'.l. 

'  British  Appemlix.  vol.  iii.     Rejiort  of  Neutriility  Tiaws  Commission,  p.  '.>\. 

4  Ai>i>eiHlix  to  American  ('(uinter-Case,  Kufilish  text,  p.  70.") ;  Freiudi  text,  p.  I'J". 

■•  British  Appendix,  vid.  iii.     Report  of  the  Neutrality  Commission,  p.  ',54. 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDER    COCKIU'RN. 


301 


t  .'Ml    :ikt  iin-*t    Mc^jiM 
anJ  Ct.Mitr;il  Anifriciu 


•  such  offoiuU-r 


houji'li  it  wa- 


leader  chosen  to  conduct  it  was  the  well-known  Walker; 
the  plan  being  to  gain  possession  of  the  Mexican  posses- 
sions in  Lower  California. 

The  attemi)t  was  made  in  October,  1S53,  by  an  expedition  from  San 
Francisco.  The  invaders  seized  the  town  of  La  Taz,  killed  seven  of  its 
defenders,  and  wounded  others,  and  committed  various  excesses.  They 
were  re-enforced  by  another  expeditioii,  which  sailed  in  the  Anita  from 
Sail  Francisco,  in  December,  but  they  were  eventually  driven  out  of  the 
country. 

This  expedition  seems  to  have  given  rise  to  a  new  name,  that  of  "fili- 
busters," which  has  since  been  used  to  designate  those  who  engage  in 
oiitrages  of  this  description,  having  their  origin  in  America. 

Filibusteriiig  became  a  sort  of  profession ;  and,  under  the  name  of 
"transit"  and  ''emigration"  companies,  schemes  were  next  openly 
planned  for  attacking  Central  America. 

AValker  sailed  for  San  Francisco  on  the  4th  of  May,  1855,  arrived  at 
Kealojo  on  the  15tli  of  .Tune,  and  assumed  tlie  title  of  president  of  Ni- 
caragua, in  which  cajiacity  he  was  recognized  by  the  United  States 
representative.  Having  been  surrounded  at  Bivas  by  the  native  forces 
in  May,  1857,  through  the  mediation  of  the  commander  of  the  United 
States  ship  of  war  Saint  Mary's,  he  was  allowed  to  surrender  unmo- 
lested, and  to  be  conveyed  away  on  board  tliat  vessel  with  the  remnant 
of  liis  followers. 

On  returning  to  the  Unito<l  States  he  organized  a  fresh  expedition, 
tliistiine  at  New  Orleans.  The  attention  of  the  authorities  was  called 
to  it,  and  a  circular  was  issued  on  the  18th  of  Seiitember,  1857,  which 
states  that  "  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  lawless  persons  are  now  en- 
'j^AgnX  witiiin  the  limits  of  the  United  States,  in  setting  on  foot  and 
liri'pariiig  the  means  for  military  expeditions,  to  be  carried  on  against 
tlie  territories  of  ^Mexico,  Nicaragua,  and  Costa  IJica  ;"  after  which  it  pro- 
twds  to  call  upon  the  district  attorneys  and  marshals  "  to  use  all  due 
'I'l/Vpict',  and  to  avail "  themselves  "  of  all  legitimate  means  at  "'their 
"cominaiid"  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  181S. 

In  October,  Lord  Napier,  Her  Majesty'.-;  minister  at  Wasliingtoii,  had 
warned  the  American  Secretary  of  State  tliat  two  thousand  men  had 
Iwn  enrolled,  arms  purchased,  £1*50,000  subscribed,  and  that  shipping 
was  being  hired. 

On  the  10th  of  November,  Walker  was  arrested  and  was  held  to  bail 
in  iiiL*,0UO ;  but  on  the  very  next  day  he  embarked  with  three  hundred 
unarmed  followers  from  New  Orleans  for  ^Mobile  l>ay,  Avhere  he  was 
joined  by  fresh  recruits  in  another  vessel,  tiie  Fashion,  in  which  he 
sailed  for  Nicaragua.  Some  of  his  band  occupied  Fort  Castillo.  He 
was  himself,  with  the  others,  detained  by  the  United  States  Commo- 
itorc  raulding  in  the  San  Jn.m  Iviver  and  taken  to  Aspinwall,  whence 
lie  returned  to  the  United  States.^ 

Tlie  counsel  of  the  United  States  have  taken  credit  for  their  Govern- 
ment for  this  iiroceeding  on  the  part  of  the  commodore.  They  say, 
'•wlieii  wrongdoers  manifested  obstinate  persistence  of  wrong,  the  mil- 
itary and  naval  ollicers  of  clfaracter  and  discretion,  like  General  Scott, 
Admiral  Paulding,  and  General  Meade,  were  employed  to  apply  to  such 
persons  the  only  method  of  ])revention  applicable  to  the  case,  namely, 
torce,  to  maintain  the  domestic  order  and  foreign  peace  of  the  Go\  em- 
inent.'' 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  however,  the  proceedings  of  the  commodore  were 
'It  the  time  Justly  censured  as  having  been  in  excess  of  his  authority. 

'  Aiiiciican  Couuter  Case,  Aj)i)eii(lix,  p.  614. 


i* 


-  *■ 


'I 
■fe 


302 


ARBITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


mm 


•r 


if    * 


The  Presidoiit,  in  liis  message  to  Congress  of  the  7th  of  Jaiiuarv,lS.J8,' 
uses  this  hiugiiage : 

In  capturing  General  Walkor  and  his  coininand  after  they  had  landed  on  tlio  soildi 
Nicaragua, Conunodore  Paulding  has.  in  my  opinion,  coniniittcd  a  grave  error.  '  *  • 
The  error  of  this  gallant  ollicer  consists  iu  exceeding  his  •••'  ructions  and  landiii"  liis 
sailors  and  nnirines  in  Nicaragua,  wluither  with  or  witluv  or  consent,  for  the  i)in|i(isi. 
of  making  war  npon  any  military  force  whatever  w'..cu  he  might  lind  in  the  ((Mnitn, 
no  matter  from  whence  tliey  came.  *  »  *  Under  these  circumstances,  ^>  lieu  Maisliiii 
Rynders  presented  himself  at  the  State  Department  on  the  2!)th  nltimo  with  (JcihthI 
Walker  in  custody,  the  Secretary  informed  him  "  that  the  Executive  Department  (il'tlii^ 
Government  did  not  recognize  General  Walker  as  a  prisontsr ;  that  it  had  no  diroctioih 
to  give  concerning  him,  and  that  it  is  only  through  the  at^tion  of  the  judiciary  that  In 
could  he  lawfully  held  in  custody  to  answer  any  charges  that  might  be  brought  aijaiibt 

im. ' 

The  protest  of  the  Nicaragnau  and  Costa  llicf.u  governments  will  he 
found  iu  the  correspondence  presented  to  Parliament  respecting  Central 
America,  together  with  a  description  by  Lord  Xapier  of  the  grievous 
injury  inflicted  by  the  filibusters  upon  those  countries.  General  Cass 
replied,  on  behalf  of  the  United  States  Government — 

That  nnlawful  warlike  enterprises  have  been  carried  on  from  the  United  States,  cnm- 
posed  of  persons  from  different  countries,  against  the  territory  of  Nicaragua,  is  not  tn 
be  denied.  But  during  the  whole  progress  of  these  illegal  efforts  the  Governiiieiit  nf 
this  country  has  faithfully  performed  the  duty  imposed  upon  it  by  the  laws,  as  well 
through  public  proclamations  against  such  enterprises  as  by  giving  the  necessary  di- 
rections to  the  proper  officers  to  prevent  their  organization  and  departure, as  by  invok- 
ing the  action  of  the  judicial  tribunals,  and  also  by  the  employment  of  its  naval  force. 

He,  at  the  same  time,  "  denied  that  a  fresh  invasion  was  preparing." 
This  was  on  the  25tU  of  July.  In  October  President  Buchanan  foiiiul 
it  neces.sary  to  issue  a  proclamation,  containing  the  following  passages. 
which  show  that  General  Cass'  information  was  far  from  correct,  ni 
that  the  Government  otiicials,  from  whose  reports  he  had  gained  it,  must 
have  been  singularly  blind  to  what  was  taking  place: 

Whereas  information  has  reached  me,  from  sources  which  I  cannot  disregard,  tli;i; 
certain  persons,  in  violation  of  tin;  neutrality  laws  of  the  United  States,  are  niakin!,';i 
third  attempt  to  .set  on  foot  a  military  expedition  within  their  territory  against  Nia- 
ragua,  a  foreign  state,  with  Avhich  they  are  ;it  peace.  In  order  to  raise  iii^ncy  I'ur 
eiiuipi»ing  and  maintaining  this  exi)editioM,  persons  connected  therewith,  as  I  have 
reason  to  believe,  havis  issued  and  sold  bonds  and  other  contracts  ]>l<Mlging  the  imlilii 
lands  of  Nicaragua  and  the  transit  route  through  its  territory  as  a  security  for  tliuii 
redemption  and  fullillment. 

The  hostile  (l"sigu  of  this  expedition  is  rendered  ninnifest  by  the  fact  tliattlii^' 
bonds  and  contracts  can  be  of  no  ]iossible  value  to  their  holders  nnless  the  lui'sin; 
government  of  Nicaragua  shall  b(>  overthrown  l)y  force. 

The  leaders  of  former  illegal  ex])edil  ions  of  the  same  character  have  openly  cxjiii'ssnl 
their  intcMition  to  renew  hostilities  against  Nicaragua.  One  of  them,  wiio  has  ahtady 
been  twice  expelled  from  Nicaragua,  has  invitt'd,  through  the  public  luiwspapers.  Aimr- 
lean  citizt.'us  to  emigrate  to  that  rei)ublic,  ami  has  designated  ^fobile  as  tiie  pliui' nt 
ri'iidczvons  and  departure,  and  San  .liian  del  Norte  iis  the  i)ort  to  which  they  lire  IkiiiihI. 
This  person,  who  lias  aiiiionneed  his  allegiance  to  the  United  States,  and  claims  to  he  jm- 
ideiit  of  Nicaragua,  has  given  notice;  to  the  collector  of  the  port  of  Mobile  that  twinn 
three  hundi.'d  of  these  emigrants  will  be  prepared  to  embark  from  that  port  alioiit  tli' 
middle  of  November. 

Two  months  afterward,  in  Docembor,  1S.")S,  AValker's  fdibust(M's  nr 
tually  cMjbarkod  at  3lobile  in  the  sailing-schooner  Susan,  without  a 
clearance,  on  the  pretense  of  being  bound  on  a  coasting  voyagr.  An 
unsuccessful  attempt  was  made  by  the  revenue-cutter  to  stop  tli(Mn,biit 
was  resisted,  and  the  Susan  was  joined  n>unolested  1)3'  the  Fashion  ami 
the  Washington  with  military  stores. 

The  ex])e(lition  afterward  br(>ke  down  from  the  Susan  being  wicplvtil 
Walker  and  his  band  then  ])roceeded,  in  ^larch,  l<sr»(),  to  Calitoini;!. 
whence  they  were  said  to  have  intendetl  to  make  a  descent  on  Punta 

'  Am  ricau  Coui:ter  Case,  Appendix,  p.  til'^. 


mad 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALKXANDKR    COCKIU'KN. 


303 


Tamiaiy,18JS.i 


(led  on  tlio  soil  dt 
I'o  t'rror.  "  *  • 
i  aiKl  laiKling  his 
it,  for  tht)  imipos,. 
ul  in  the  coiiiitrv, 
cs,  ^>!l(•n  Mursiiiii 
imo  witli  (k'licnil 
department  dl'tlic 
had  nodirpctiiiih 
jiidiciiiry  that  ill 
B  bi'ouglit  agaiibt 

[iments  will  bo 

ecting  Central 

f  the  grievous 

General  Cass 

iiited  States,  com- 
cai-agua,  is  not  tn 
le  Government  of 
the  laws,  as  well 
the  uecossiiry  di- 
tnre.as  by  invdk- 
of  its  naval  forcr. 

as  preparing." 
ichanaii  found 
ving  passages. 
)ni  correct,  or 
mined  it,  imist 

ot  disi'ejfiinl,  tliat 
tes,  are  makiiii,';i 
cry  ajjainst  Niia- 
raise  nu/iiey  I'nr 
ewith,  as  I  liavi- 
l;;iii};  the  iiiililir 
ieeiu'ity  for  tluii 

e  fact  that  tlicv' 
iiless  the  piestiit 

openly  exincssiil 
who  has  ah'eady 
iwsp.npers,  Aiiiii- 
0  as  the  placo  nl 
h  they  are  hDiiml. 
•laiins  to  lie  ]i:v>- 
)l)ile  that  twimr 
it  port  alioiit  tlk 

ilibnstors  Me- 
an, uitlioiita 
voyai.::('.    All 
stop  tlieni,  but 
.'  rashiouaml 


)oingwr('Cut'il. 
to  Ciilitonii;!' 
;ent  on  ruiit;i 


Arenas;  bnt  this  attempt  was  not  carried  into  execution,  and  Walker 
ittiin^'d  to  Louisiana. 

In  November,  1S59,  he,  for  the  third  t;:;,e,  eluded  the  jVIobile  author- 
ities, and  set  sail  once  more  from  that  port  in  his  old  vessel  the  Fashion. 
The  Fashion  put  back  from  want  of  stores,  and  some  oi  the  persons  con- 
cirned  in  the  expedition  were  arrested ;  but  there  is  no  report  of  their 
liming  been  i)unished.  He  started  again  in  June,  18G0,  in  the  John  A. 
Taylor ;  was  met  off  Ituatan  by  another  vessel  with  arms,  and  effected 
;i  lantliiig  on  the  Central  American  coast.  Jlis  career  was  brought  to 
a  close  by  his  being  shot  at  Truxillo  in  September,  18G0.' 

Xlic  British  Counter  Case  gives  a  short  account  of  the  various  Irish 
American  societies  which  preceded  the  Fenian  brotherhood 

,        f  T     •  .       1    tii     J.  ft'ui^n  raid.-, 

luthe  tinted  States. 

This  "American  institution,"  as  the  Fenians  called  it,  (IccIarciUtself  to 
he'-ru'tually  at  icar''^  with  England^  at  a  meeting  held  at  Cincinnati  in 
January,  180.5.  Fenian  bonds  were  issued,  and  soon  afterward  thefol- 
luwiug  extraordinary  spectacle  was  presented :         • 

The  head-center,  as  he  was  previously  called,  of  the  brotherhood  was 
styletl  president  of  the  Irish  Kepublic;  the  executive  council  entitled 
themselves  "senators"  with  a  president;  a  house  was  hired  at  a  rental 
of  $1,200;  secretaries  of  the  treasury,  of  Avar,  &c.,  were  appointed  ;  and 
the  Irish  Republic  was  declared  to  be  founded  at  Xew  York.- 

Meuaces  of  invading  Canmla  were  held  out  at  numerous  ■  iblic  meet- 
ings, and  were  made  good  by  a  Fenian  raid,  on  the  1st  oi  .nine,  ISGG, 
from  Buffalo  against  Fort  Colborne,  in  Canada.  This  Avas  speedily  re- 
pnlsed  and  sixty-five  prisoners  were  taken,  while  the  remainder  of  the 
Fenians  recrossed  the  river  into  the  United  States,  where  they  were  ar- 
I  rested  to  the  number  of  three  hundred  and  seventy-live  by  the  Ameri- 
can authorities,  and  their  arms  Avere  taken  from  them.  The  subsequent 
[events  are  thus  narrated  in  the  British  Counter  Case,  and  the  state- 
ment has  not  been  contradicted  : 

Tlie  stores  of  arms  at  Butfalo,  Ogdensbnrgh,  and  Saint  Albans  were  also  seized  by 
ila-  I'liited  States  district  marshals.  On  the  r)th  of  .Jnne,  the  arrest  of  tlie  other  Funiau 
Itiuli'is  was  onh^red  ;  and  on  the  Oth  the  I'resident  issned  a  i>roclaniation,  stating-  tJiat 
it  hail  hi.'come  known  to  him  that  certain  evil-disposed  persons  had  l)ej;un  to  set  on 
liwt,  and  had  provided  and  pr<'i»ared,  and  were  still  en;;:ij>('d  in  i>rovidinj;-  and  [»rei)ar- 
iii^'iiKaiis  for  a  military  expedition  and  enterprise,  which  ex[»edition  and  enterprise 
"as  tube  carried  on  from  the  tenitory  and  jurisdiction  of  the  I'nited  States  ai;ainst 
lliitish  territory  :  and  aiithori/,in;n' the  I'nitod  States  military  forces  and  militia  to  bo 
I iiililoyeil '•  to  arrest  and  prevent  the  settinj^-  on  foot  and  carrying  on  the  expedition 
iiiii  I'Uterprise  aforesaid."' 
"II  the  same  day  ou  which  this  ^iroclamation  was  signed,  the  I'eniati  prisoners  at 
liiiilalowerfrtdeased  on  thcii'own  recogni/.an(.'cs  ;  and,  on  tlic  7 th,  O'Neill  and  two  otlier 
ll'iiiuipal  leaders  were  ahso  ndcascd  on  bail. 

Aimrlifr  liand  of  Fenians  nnide  a  demonstration  near  Saint  Allians,  bnt  retreated  im- 
[iiailiately  on  the  appearance  of  a  Canadian  regiment. 

^'■vcral  arrests  were  made  at  Saint  Alltans and  elsewhere;  and  Kobi'rts,  tiie  in-esident 
[I't  the  Fenian  scmite,  and  chief  instigator  of  the  raid,  was  taken  into  cnstody  at  New 
f^iiiii.  Hi .  cxandnation  connnenced  on  the  1 1th  ;  on  the  l'2th  he  was  released  on  pa- 
h'lli';  aiul  the  district  attorney  eveutinilly  abaiuloned  tlie  jtrosecntion  from  want  of 
[iviilciice,  with  the  intenti()n  of  ])referring  an  indictnuMit  before!  the  grand  jnry. 

"II  tile  "iltd  ,(nly  the  Honse  of  lieprc.sentativcs  of  the  I'nited  States  passed  the  fol- 
[l"wiiijp  resdlntions  : 

"Hi-folral,  That  tlie Ilonacof  Representatives respeetfnlly  reinnvst  the  rresident  of  the 
nili'il  Sta;    ;  to  nrge  npon  the  Canadian  authorities,  and'alstt  the  liritisli  go\  ermiiciit, 
111' ivlcase  ,)i'  the  I'eiiian  ]>i'isoners  recently  captured  in  Canada. 
"Uiwhxd,  That  this  House  respectfully  ieiiiiest  the  I'resident  to  cause  the  ]irosecu- 


.  i 


■  A*. 


'  Ihitish  A))pcndix,  vol.  iii;  Report  of  Neutrality  Commission,  p.  35. 
•Ibid.,  p. -11. 


A'f, 

'■.;i  ■ 


i 


ji'"  . 


Vif; 


I      f 


.'i. 


N'     J 


304 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


tions,  institutc'il  in  the  United  States  courts  agaiust  the  Feuiaus  to  be  iliscontiiiued,  if 
compatible  with  the  public  interests." 

lu  pursuance  of  tiie  second  of  these  resolution!?  the  Attorney-General  instni(*t(il  tlic 
district  attorney  at  IJuttalo  to  abandon  the  Fenian  prosecutions  there,  and  tiny  wtic 
abandoned  accordingly. 

The  prosecution  was  also  withdrawn  in  the  cases  of  Sweeney,  Spear,  McMiihon,  and 
the  other  leaders  of  the  Vermont-frontier  demonstration,  who  had  l)eeu  urnsttd, lim 
released  on  bonds  of  $>5,000  after  a  day's  detention  ;  and  the  intended  iudiutiiuntol 
Roberts  was  dropped  as  a  matter  of  course. 

In  October  the  Government  decided  to  return  some  of  the  arms  which  IkuI  bcin 
taken  from  the  Fenians.' 

A  bond  was  on  this  occasion  taken  from  tlio  editor  of  tlie  ''  Ijiiftalu 
Fenian  Volunteer"  and  another  Fenian  sj  inpatliizer,tluit  the  arms  shoulil 
uot  be  used  in  viohition  of  the  neutrality  laws. 

The  remainder  of  the  arms  taken  at  Buttalo  and  Ogdeusburgh  were 
returned  in  the  following  year. 

During  1807  the  Fenians  were  occupied  in  promoting  disturbances  and 
outrages  in  England  and  Ireland. 

In  18G8  thoy  obtained  from  the  United  States  governor  the  return  nf 
thirteen  hundred  mu.skets  seized  at  Saint  Albans.  In  November,  ISds. 
the  Fenian  leader  O'Neill  marched  in  review  through  Philadelphia,  witli 
three  regiments  in  Fenian  uniform,  numbering,  as  reported,  three  thou- 
sand men. 

Nothing,  however,  happened  till  1870,  when  the  second  Fenian  raid 
upon  Canada  took  place  from  Saint  Albans  and  Malone.  liepiilseil  at 
both  places  the  Fenians  sought  refuge,  as  usual,  across  the  frontier. 

Several  of  the  leaders  were  arrested  and  a  quantity  of  arms  taken 
possession  of  by  the  United  States  authorities.  Altogether  thirtoon  tons 
of  arms  are  said  to  have  been  seized  at  the  two  raids,  and  conveyed  to 
United  States  arsenals;  besides  these  a  field-piece  and  numbers  of  rilks 
were  abandoned  on  the  scenes  of  action.  On  the  llith  of  July  the  trials 
of  the  IMalone  raiders  took  place;  two  were  condemned  to  two  years' 
imi)risonment  and  a  fine  of  $10,  and  one  to  one  year's  imprisonment  and 
a  similar  fine.  On  the  L*9th  of  July  the  Saint  Albans  rai(lers  were  tried: 
O'Neill  was  sentenced  to  two  years'  imprisonment  and  a  fine  of  j^IH; 
another  of  the  leaders  to  nine  months'  imprisonment  and  a  fine  of  jo; 
and  another  to  six  months'  imprisonment  and  a  fine  of  81.  The  pro 
ceedings  against  two  others  were  postponed.  On  the  12th  of  Oetobcr, 
O'Neill  and  his  companions  received  an  unconditional  pardon  iVom  tlit 
Tresident. 

On  the  day  on  which  the  pardon  was  granted  the  President  puhlisbed 
a  proclamation,  warning  evil-disposed  i)ersons  that  the  law  forbidding' 
hostile  expeditions  against  friendly  states  would  for  the  future  be  rigor 
ously  enforced : 

AVhoreas  divers  ovil-disposed  persons  have,  at  sundry  times,  within  the  territory  nr 
jurisdiction  of  the  UnitcMl  States  begun,  or  set  on  foot,  or  provided,  or  ])rfi):in'(l  tk 
nu'ans  for  niil'tary  expeditions,  or  enterprises  to  be  carried  on  thence,  against  the  tir- 
ritories  or  dominions  of  powers  with  whom  the  United  States  are  at  peace,  by  oi'Sii'i''^- 
ing  bodies,  pretending  to  have  powers  of  government  over  portions  of  the  territmioj. 
or  dominions,  of  powers  with  whom  the  United  States  are  at  peace,  or  by  boiiii:.  or 
assuming  to  be,  members  of  such  bodies  ;  by  levying  or  collecting  money  lor  tbe  pur- 
l>ose,  or  for  the  alleged  purpose,  of  using  the  same  in  carrying  on  military  eiiterpiist' 
agaiust  such  territories  or  dominions  ;  by  enlisting  or  organizing  armed  forces  to  Iw 
used  against  such  i»owers,  and  by  iitting  out,  equipping,  and  arming  vessels  to  trans- 
jiort  such  organized  armed  forces  to  be  employed  in  hostilities  agaiust  such  powers. 

And  whereas  it  is  alleged,  and  there  is  rt.^jon  to  apprehend,  that  such  evil-ilispo^f^ 
persons  have  also,  at  sundry  times,  within  the  territory  and  jurisdiction  of  the  I'uitw 
States,  violated  tlie  law  thereof  by  accepting  and  exercising  commissions  to  sorve j'V 
land  or  by  sea  against  powers  with  whom  the  United  States  are  at  peace,  by  eiilistiuil 


'  British  Counter  Case,  p.  4.'^. 


OriNIONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDER    COCKFUJRN. 


305 


3  discoiitimio(l,ii' 

al  instnidtt'd  tlic 
),  aud  thfy  weif 

r,  McMiilion,  and 
5eii  iirn'stiMl,  Inn 
ed  iudiutiiu'iitof 

which  hail  been 

:  the  ''  Bnft'alo 
lie  arms  shouM 

msbnrgh  were 

itnrbances  and 

i"  the  rctiini  of 
3veinbei',  ISiW, 
atlelphia,  witli 
ill,  three  tlioii- 

ul  Fenian  raid 

.    Kepulseil  at 

he  frontk'i'. 

of  arms  tiikfii 

ir  thirteen  tons 

lid  conveyed  to 

limbers  of  ritifs 

July  the  trials 

I  to  two  Years' 

risonment  ami 

lirs  were  tried ; 

tine  of  ij^lii; 

d  a  tine  of  j"); 

$1.    Tlie  \m- 

th  of  Ootobei, 

irdoii  iVoni  tlie 

lent  publislieu 
aw  forbidding' 
uture  be  rigoi 

11  the  territory  or 

or  ])iTi)an'(l  ll" 
,  against  tlio  tir- 
H'a(!0,  by  orsaniz- 

f  the  tcrritoiio*. 
or  by  beiiij;.  >« 
ouoy  for  the  piir- 
litary  entcrpnst' 
lued  forces  to  Ik 

vessels  to  trans- 
st  such  powers. 
nch  cvil-ilisposed 
ion  of  tlic  Uuiteil 
isions  to  servo  liy 

lace,  by  enlistiui! 


KxpfdilinrH   in  aid 
I  !!"•  full  111    iii..iir- 


tbeniHelvfts  or  other  [.ersons  to  carry  on  war  against  such  powers ;  by  fitting  out  and 
grilling  vessels  with  intent  that  tlie  same  sliall  l»e  (■nii>loyed  to  cruise  oriHtimnit  hostili- 
ties against  such  jiowers,  or  by  delivering  <!oinniissioiis  within  the  territory  or  juris- 
ilictionof  the  United  States  for  such  vessels,  to  the  intent  that  they  might  bo  employed 

;i, aibnesaid,  Siv. 

On  the  5th  of  October  last,  less  than  a  year  after  his  release,  and  after 
this  proclamation,  (TNeill  letl  a  third  raid  apiinst  Canada  on  the  Pein- 
hinii  frontier,  but  was  arrested  by  the  I'nited  States  troops,  and  this 
time  met  with  entire  immunity,  being  <1  scharj^ed  on  the  ;jronnd  that 
there  was  no  evidence  of  his  having-  (!ommitted  any  overt  act  within  the 
L'nited  States  territory.' 

As  stated  in  the  British  Counter  Case,  the  proclamation  of  October, 
ISIO,  referred  not  only  to  the  Feiiians,  but  to  expeditions  in  aid  of  the 
txisting  Cuban  insurrection,  some  of  wbich  are  mentioned. 

Tlie  correspondence  between   the  Spanish  minister  at  Washington 
ami  the  United    States  (Jovernment  on  the  subject  of 
tliese  expeditions  against   (.'uba  is,  in    parts,  so  ajipli- 
rable  to  the  present  <iuestion,  that  1  cannot  refrain  from 
ipoting  some  passages. 

Mr.  Lopez  Roberts  wiitfs  thus  to  ^Ir.  I'ish  on  the  18th  of  September, 
ISliO:' 

(.'ertain  nialt'ontcnt  Cubans  liave  established  themselves  in  the  I'niti'd  States,  espo- 
ially  in  Ni'W  York,  ami  these  are  endeavoring.  l)y  every  niuans  in  their  power,  not  to 
iii]i|iipr  their  independence  by  their  own  eti'orts,  Itnt  to  gain  at  jiresent  the  sympathies 
iiftiii!  Auieriean  peoitle,  in  order  afterward  to  seek  the  aid  of  this  (Jovernment  for  their 
;iiisi'.  The  history  of  wiiat  has  taken  jtlace  in  the  last  feiv  nnniths  is  the  clearest  proof 
iif  tills.  In  a  state  of  j)ea<-e,  it  has  been  seen  with  astonishment  that  a.s.sociations  were 
imlilicly  organized  in  many  ports  belonging  to  a  friendly  nation,  said  associations 
iieiiijc  composed  of  the  agents  of  tlie  insurgents,  witli  no  other  oi»ject  than  that  of 
ilirectiiig  tlieir  attacks  against  Spain.  Enlistments  of  men  have  also  taken  place  during 
whole  weeks,  as  if  tlie  oltject  were  to  form  expeditions  aiithorizt^d  by  law.  and  conse- 
miwitly  with  tlie  consent  of  the  authorities.  These  emissaries  have  carried  their  spirit 
111  >I)('cnlation  so  far  jis  to  take  advantage  of  the  good  faith  of  (Miiigriints  from  Europe, 
•"luliiig  them  to  tight  in  Cuba,  under  command  of  the  so-called  (Jeneral  .Jordan,  and 
iitliir  orticers,  who  fought  on  the  side;  of  the  South  in  the  civil  war.  Hostile  deinonstra- 
!ioiis  have  likewi.se  been  suffered  to  take  place  against  a  nation  which,  in  18(!l,  had 
imteven  allowed  (in  order  not  to  wound  the  suscei)tibility  of  the  United  States)  the 
;iile  of  lielligcrents  to  be  given  to  an  insurgent  population  numbering  (),000,000  or 
MKHi,(i(H)  of  whites,  who  occupied  a  third  of  the  territory  of  the  republic,  and  were  in 
|iossessi()ii  of  such  resources  that  they  were  only  counuered  by  prodigies  of  valor,  niili- 
i;>iy  talent,  and  heroic  perseverance  :  and,  after  having  seen  the  dei»arture  of  various 
lililiiisteriiig  expeditions  in  broad  daylij;ht,  and  unmolested,  from  New  York  and  other 
Federal  ports,  tlie  minister  of  S[>ain  final  ly  found  himself  obliged,  by  the  iiicoinprehen- 
^ilile  apathy  of  the  authorities,  to  take  the  initiative  in  order  to  prevent  these  repeated 
'iiliaetioiis  of  the  neutrality  laws. 

To  this  Mr.  Fish  replies  as  follows,  on  tlie  loth  October,  18G9:  ■' 

Tills  (iovernment  allows  freedom  of  speech  and  of  action  to  all,  citizens  or  stran- 
ji'is,  restricted  only  to  the  observance  of  the  rights  of  others  and  of  the  public  peaoe. 
The  Con.stitiitiou  of  the  United  States  secures  to  the  i)eopIe  the  right  peacefully  to 
i^seiiible,  .and  also  to  keep  and  bear  arms  ;  it  secures  theni  iu  their  persons  against 
iinrcasonable  search  aud  seizure,  and  provides  that  no  warrant  shall  issue  but  upon 
proliablp  cause,  supported  by  oath  or  aflirmation,  and  that  no  person  shait  be  deprived 
"1  life,  liberty,  or  property  without  due  process  of  law. 

If  certain  malcontent  Cubans  (subjects  of  Spain)  have  misconstrued  and  abused  tlio 
jTivileires  thus  accorded  by  a  liberal  Government,  the  undersigned  need  not  remind 
Mr.  Hoberts  what  the  occurrences,  daily  reported  from  across  the  ocean,  are  showing, 

I  that  governments  cannot  always   n^strain   their  malcontent  subjects  or  residents. 

[Liiws  will  be  broken  at  times;  and  happy  is  that  form  of  government  that  can  cou- 


'  British  Counter  Case,  p.  45. 

•fapers  relating  to  Cuban  affairs,  presented  to  the  House  of  Representatives,  Feb- 
I  fwy.il,  1870,  p.  131. 

I'apers  relating  to  Cuban  affairs,  p.  13f. 

20  B 


H 


■  'f 

I.: ; 


;]()(; 


AKMWTKATION    AT    <ii:NK\A. 


It   * 


!  •'4 


f 


1^  'I 


li, 


,^      s 


'  i 

II     li 


trol  tlif  ttnilt'iicy  i>l"  evil  iiiimK,  aiiil  rrsliaiii,  l»y  iK  iicaci'ini  ani'iiiirs,  the  vi.iloin,.  d 
t'vil  i>a>-sii>iis. 

'I'lit' iiiiilci^iiiiit'd  i.s  I'liiicil  to  ailiiiit  wit!)  rcjjiri,  that  an  iiiilawt'iil  <'xi>i'ilili((ii  ,1 ,; 
succfnl  ill  cscapinu  Iroin  tlif  I'liitrd  States  ami  lamliiii;  on  (lie  >lnH't'.s  oi' ( 'nlm,  |. 
t^caju'd  t'rniii  till'  riiitril  States  witlioiit  liaviii;^  attraeted  any  iiutiec  or  sii>]ii(  i,,!,  ,,, 
tlie  part  ol'  tlie  (Jiivernnient,  or  its  oltieers  or  a;;<'Mts,  and,  as  tlie  nndersi;rin.(i  ln.iii.y,,^ 
>^itllont  any  sns|iieion  on  the  pait  ot'  the  a^fents  of  thi'  Spanisli  eoverniMent,  IVmi. 
(HIS  to  its  departure,  Mr.  liolieits  had  heeii  li{'(|iieiitly  iui'orined  riiat  lliis  ( idvcniin,.:;! 
wiiiihl  aet  ii|)oii  any  iiit()riiiati<in  or  sii;;eesiioii  w  liieh  it  toiild  olituin  tiiioiioh  ii:^  „,.. 
a;;eiits,  or  tiiat  iiiiyht  l>e  tin  nished  hy  tlie  Spanish  authorities  or  their  aj;eivts. 

Oil  tlio  ITtli  of  Doccmbcv,  ISTO,  INFr.  Ifolx'rts  writes  to  Mv.  Kisli  tn 
compliiiii  of  the  coiMliict  of  the  United  Stiites  jintlioritit's  in  ix'iiiijtriii' 
tlu'  (l«^i)iirtiir('  I'loiii  New  Yorlc  of  tlic  Hornet,  a  notorious  vessel,  wliidi' 
SIS  would  iippear  from  the  IJiitisli  ( 'oiiiiter  Case,'  has  sinee  siieeccdcd  in 
hmdiii^  iiii  expedition  in  ('ul)a.  Tiiis  vesst^l,  formerly  a  dispiitcli  hnm 
in  the  I'liited  Statt's  >i'a\y.  was  sold,  in  ,lnne,  ]S(i!>,  l»y  the  Navy  Depiiii 
ment  to  a  certain  Hefior  Maeias.  She  was  sei/.ed  on  her  depiiitiiro  tiom 
Philadelphia,  hiif  released,  tiiid  iti(»eeeded  to  Jlalitax,  where  slio  \v;i> 
a^iiiin  detained  l>y  the  British  authorities,  Imt  <lis(!harjied,  iis  no  muhv 
wen' found  on  boiird.  JjiMvinji'  Iltilifax  slie  sailed  alon;;'  the  rnitcl 
States  eoiist,  takinji'  on  Itoard,  at  dilVerent  ])oints.  caniion,  small  iiriii>, 
ammunition,  and  men.  and  jnit  into  \\'ilminot<)n.  Here  she  was  ii;i;iiii 
sei/.ed,  and  a  prosecution  \\.;s  instituted  ii<4ainst  some  of  tln' otliiii> 
and  crew.  These  proceedino-s  seem  to  liiivc  terminated  ineifectivch. 
and  the  vessel  was  eventually  released,  upon  bonds  heino'  oivcii  fhut 
slie  wonld  not  ije  used  in  violation  of  the  neutrality  liiws.  From  Wil 
minji'ton  she  ])roceetled  to  New  York,  where  she  was  once  more  sci/.ei!. 
and  ajjain  released. 

IMr.  Koberts  iticloses  in  his  note  a  letter  addn^ssed  by  the  !S|»;iiii>ii 
consul  at  New  York  to  the  United  States  district  attorney,  iti  wliicii, 
after  recai)itulatin!4'  the  above  facts,  the  consul  j^oes  on  : 

I  have  now  information  on  wliieli  I  rely  with  perfect  contideiieo,  that  this  sti'uiiM. 
ill  the  liaiids  of  suid  Maeias  and  iiis  agents,  is  heiiijj  litted  out  at  this  port,  tn  at  iniip 
hail,  to  take  on  hoard  at  sea  a  military  expedition  from  Nassau  of  some  two  liiiiiilivii 
men  and  military  oflieers.  which  will  leave  thert;  in  a  vessel,  and  aiiotlu-r  military  i\- 
pedition  from  Key  West  of  some  one  hiindr<!(l  men,  under  L'<)mmand  of  one  Cabaliiii: 
after  all  of  wliieh,  and  taking  on  hoard  at  sea  arms  provith'd,  oiu^  Cisneros  (wIki  wiili 
(ietieral  .lordan  was  Joint  commander  of  the  J'orit  expedition  from  this  city)  will  tikr 
charge  of  and  eondiiet  her  to  the  coast  of  Cuba. 

I  lespectfnlly  siil,>mit  that  tin.-  ownership  anil  history  of  this  steamer,  togeiluT  wiii; 
the  outtit  on  hoard,  and  her  pre])arations,  easily  asceitainahhs  hy  this  (Jovi'niiiiriit.i!  | 
prompt  movement  he  made,  are  siittieient  to  call  for  the  exercise  of  the  ample  pifvi.'iii- 
ive  power  of  this  (Jovernment  against  her  departure.  Ti'iisting  that,  in  a  }ir()i)('r  wny, 
I  have  complied  with  the  disposition  of  this  (ioN'ermncnt  that  I  lay  comiiiaiiils  of  t!i> 
charact(  r  liefore,  I  lieieliy  leave  in  your  hands  the  resjionsibility  of  perinittiii;;  tlii^ 
formidable  iiistrminnt  to  proceed  on  her  illegal  expedition  to  tlie  great  iiijuiy  dt' :iiy 
(Jovernment.  ■ 

What  is  the  reply  of  the  district  attorney  '.'     Does  he  tiike  tlit'  mis 
l»icions  of  the  consul  ;is  facts  until  disi)roved,  and  proceed  at  oiia'toj 
detain  the  vessel .'    Not  so.     lie  answers: 

You  accompany  yoni' letter  with  no  ])ro()f  or  evidence  that  wonld  aiitli(iri/ii  iiir  M  | 
seize  the  Hornet  lor  the  alleged  intended  breecluis  of  our  neutrality  laws,  or  tolal-i' 
any  steps  beyond  those  I  have  already  taken.  I  have  caused  the.  most  rigid  scnitiuj 
to  be  cxercksi'd,  to  see  that  the  Hornet  has  taken  on  board  nothing  of  a  natiiiv  to  iml!- 
cafe  the  hostile  intentions  you  menticm.  I  am  ailvised  that  iier  intention  is  to  iliai 
and  sail  in  ballast  for  Nassau.  What  her  intentions  may  be  on  reaching  that  jMirt  iH'  | 
things  that  remain  nnproveii,  and  in  nowise  indicated  exce[»t  by  the  intiiiiiitii)iis  ^'l 
your  favor.  1  cannot  legally  act  on  mere  surmise,  but  if  furnished  with  pniper  t'^i' 
dence  I  shall  not  hesitate  to  take  any  steps  necessary  to  jnevent  violations  of  our  In"- 

'  Page  4()(i. 

'^Papers  relating  to  Foreign  Kelations  of  the  United  States,  presented  to  Cmigi''' 
December  4,  HTl,  p.  Tsl. 

'Papers  relating  to  Toreign  Kelations  of  the  United  States,  1871, pp.  781,7-).J. 


S'^ 


^m^ 


OPINIONS    OK    Sli;    AI.KXANDKU    ('()(  KIM  1{N. 


;j()7 


^,    till'     vl.lll'IllT  11! 

il   ox|>i'iliti()ii  (1h 

ores  Oi'  ('llll:i.  1; 
'    or    ,sil.s|iic,i(>|,  „;i 

krniiiH'llt.     I'lVM. 
Itlis  (  illMMIIIllii,! 

tlintii;;li  its  ir,':, 

<»  Mr.  Kisli  tn 
s  ill  itci'iiiitiin: 

<  VCSSl'l,  Wllicli, 
'0   SllCCfcdcd  il; 

I   (li,s|>ilt('ll-lio;il 

('  Navy  I)('|);iit 
(lopartmv  fiii:;i 
ivlierc  slic  \v,b 
jimI,  iis  no  aiiih 
n<i  the  l'iiiti'4 
on,  smiilliii'Mi>, 
slu'  was  a;>;iiii 
>  of  tllt>  ()rti(;ci> 

mI  iiH'lVcc.'tivcl;., 
lU'^  </\\('\\  tl:;il 
Y.s.  l^'roiii  W'il 
•t'  nunc  smvi 

>y  the  lSi);iiii>li 
I'lii'y,  in  wiiicii, 

liiit  tlii^  stciiiii'i. 
.s  |ii)rt,,  t(i  at  diiii' 
)iiii;  two  liiiiii'uv': 
)fln'r  mililiuy  r\- 
)t'  (Hit'  Caliali'ipi; 

SIlt'l'DS  ( Wllll  Wilii 

i.s  city)  will  t.ikr 

icr,  to^jL'tlier  wil!i 
lis  (Jovcniinriit.  Ill 
lie  aiiiiilf  [irt'Vi.'iii- 
ill  il  inoiifi-  w.iy. 
.'oiiipiiiiius  of  t!i:< 
lii'riiiittiuf;  tin- 
iiTiit  iu.i'i'.v  "'  '"J 

take  the  siis- 1 
.'I'll  at  onee  tn  I 


1  ;intliori/t'  III!'  I" 
ia\V!>,  or  toliilvf 
ost  ri.u'i'l  siTUtiii.' 
fa  iiatiiiv  toiiiili- 
tfiitiini  is  tocliM' 
jiiijr  that  iMirt  ;ii- 
lie  iiitiiiiiilioii'*  nl 
with  itroper  evi- 1 
tioiiaot'oui'l:i«»' 

uteil  to  C(iiig:vr> 
).  781,  7il 


The  violation  of  tlu'  laws  was  not  provciittMl.  Mr.  Koborts  «'oini>Iaiiis 
ili;it"tliat  sanio.  (lay  tlio  strainer  Hornet  put  to  st-a  I'rom  tlie  j tort  of 
>\\v  York,  without  the  jiidieial  iiiithorities  of  the  Federal  (lovi'rninont 
haviiijj  taken  such  measures  to  prevent  her  departure  as  should  have 
lirii  dictated  to  them  by  the  eirctiinstanees  and  criminal  iinteeedents  (»f 
;lic  aioi'i'said  vessel." 

To  this  eomplaint  of  I'eliance  npun  tlie  law  for  preventive  nwasiires, 
iiistead  of  having  reeonrse  to  pi-ctotjutirc  force,  Mr.  Fish  thus  rei>lies: 

riii'  HiKhTsii^iictl  lias  tlit>  lioiKir,  in  n-ply  to  this  jiortion  of  tin;  tiist  note,  of  Mr. 
l,,.pi'/ Hiilii'its,  to  .say  that  it  aiipcar.s  from  tiiis  (.•oricspoiHh-iiro  tiiat  tin-  lloriict,  haviiiy; 
liiiMi  si'i/cil  oil  the  cuiniilaiiit  ot"  the  Spiiiiish  roiisal  only  two  iiioiitiis  hcfori!  tlic  datti 
,il' till'  ('"rirspoiHli'iicc,  ami  a  lii-aiini;-  in  wliicli  thr  Sjiaiiish  consul  toolc  ])a!'t  havinjf 
i,siilt('il  ill  lilt!  (lischai'jLtt'  of  the  vessel,  no  siilisiM|iient  i>i'oot',  or  aiiytliimr  in  the  nature 
,•  li'ijiil  evidence  oilier  than  a  re]ietitioii  of  that  which  had  already  heeii  passed  tijioii 
i ,  tlic  court,  and  lieeii  decided  to  he  insiiriicient  for  the  lieteiilion  id'  the  vesstd,  had 
;,,i':i  toiwanled  by  the  consul,  or  hy  any  other  Spani-ih  oflicial  ;  that,  nevertheless,  the 
,;.>niit  attorney  olfeied  to  aj;aiii  take  steps  to  detain  the  Hornet,  if  proof  weio  fiir- 
;,.«lii(l  which  would  warrant  him  in  so  iloinjj,  which  ])roof  was  not  I'nriiished. 

'['Ill'  mi(U.'rsi>;ned  t.akes  the  lilieity  to  call  the  attention  of  Mr.  Lopez  IJoherts  to  the 
i.ii  tliiit  a  district  attorney  of  the  I'nited  States  is  an  ollicer  whose  duties  are  rej-n- 
liti'il  liy  law,  and  who.  in  the  absence  of  executive  warrant,  has  no  ri,i;lit  to  detain  the 
\i'«-t'ls  iif  American  citi/eiis  without  lej;al  jirocess.  founded  not  ii)>on  sunnises  or  upon 
i;  I'  aiitcicdent  character  of  a  vessel,  or  upon  the  belief  or  coin  ictiuii  id'  a  consul,  but 
I  iDii  priiuf  submitted  according'  to  the  forms  remiired  by  law. 

Mr.  Fish,  therefore.  thon,<;;h  he  had  promised  to  refer  the  matter  to 
tlit'  Depiutment  of  rlustiee,  is  of  oi)inion  that  "the  district  attorney 
iiiinplied  with  liis  duty,  and  wonld  not  have  been  justified  in  tiiking 
-U'ps  for  the  seizure  of  the  vessel  on  th<'  unsujipoited  representations 
i!  the  consul,  after  the  tailnre  ot  thtit  ollicer  to  furnish  the  reiptisite 
jidof  to  iiuthorize  her  continued  detention."' 

.Vfter  these  d«»tai!s  it  can  tidmit  of  no  doubt  that  the  history  of  the 
I'liited  States  has  been  Jiiarked  not  only  by  .*<ystematic  privateerin*? 
r^mai  nations  with  whom  the  United  States  were  at  petiee,  but  also 
l)yii  seri<'s  of  hostih'  expeditions  carried  oiit  in  the  most  determined 
iiianiier  by  Americiin  citizens  against  the  territories  of  neiohboring'  and 
iiiciidly  nations. 

The  counsel  of  the  United  States  appear  to  have  been  jiware  of  the 
aiiomalons  ])osition  in  which  their  (lovernment  is  plsiced  liy  the  con- 
trast between  the  manifest  failure  on  its  own  i)art  to  repress  the.se 
iiiiilertiikings,  and  the  strictiu'ss  with  which  it  no  v  tittempts  to  enforce 
ii;;aiii.st  Great  IJritain  the  duty  of  diligence  to  ie|)ress  far  less  Hagrant 
I  reaches  of  neutrality  directed  against  itself.  A  number  of  do(!uments 
liave  iiccordingly  been  apjiendcd  to  the  United  States  counter-case 
>liitwing  (though  in  an  imjterfect  and  fragmentary  manner)  the  various 
iii^trnctions  and  i):.'oclamiitions  which  have  been  issued  by  the  J'resi- 
'liMit  and  (lOvernment  officials  of  the  Unitetl  States  for  the  prevention 
»t  these  enterprises.  These  documents,  however,  omit  to  mention  the 
H'Milts,  some  of  which  1  htive  thought  it  necessary  to  state.  Nevertlie- 
"'>s,  they  tend  strongly  to  confirm  the  statements  of  fact  contained  in 
t!ie  appendix  to  the  reiiort  of  the  neutrality  commissioners  and  those 
"iii'le  ill  the  counter-case  of  the  lUitish  government,  and  which  have 
"•it  been  contradicted. 

The  story  of  all  these  expeditions  as  told  in  a  great  part  in  the  por- 
••'iiinations  of  the  different  Tresidents,  is  pretty  much  the  same.-  Some 
'iplieuie  of  annexation,  or  other  form  of  invasion  is  started,  public  meet- 

I  Papers  relatin;>-  to  Forelijn  Kelatious  of  the  I'nited  States,  p.  TSt3. 
•See  Pre.sident'.s  Proclaiiiatious  of  December  2,  lrf.">l,  October  'M),  ISG'B.  an  I  Oifober 
;  '■■.  Hf'l).    IJriti.sh  Counter  Case,  pp.  :'»,  :?y,  45. 


308 


AliUlTUATION    AT    GENEVA. 


)     I 


i'¥'   fi 


iiij^H  of  sympathizers  ure  held,  a  reckless  soldier  of  fortune  is  selected 
for  chief,  fiiiids  are  raised  by  bonds  issued  on  the  security  of  tlu^  \m\\\'w 
hinds  of  the  country  whicli  it  is  proposed  to  conquer,  arms  an;  collected, 
recruits  advertised  for  under  scmie  transparent  verl)al  (Hmcealnientot 
tlie  object,  and  at  hist  a  certain  numb(U' c»f  men  are  {^ot  tofietlier  and 
embark,  or  otherwise  set  forth.  If  the  country  ajjainst  which  tiic  attack 
is  directed  is  feeble  or  unprynare<l,  scenes  of  outraj,'e  and  hloodslicd 
follow,  until  tlu^  marauders  are  driven  to  the  coast,  where  tlicy  liml 
refuge  on  board  American  vessels,  (in  sonie  cases  it  lias  Ihmmi  on  boaid 
ships  of  war,)  and  return  to  the  protection  of  the  United  States  to  yw- 
paro  for  a  fresh  attack.  If  the  country  is  able  vij^orously  to  repel  tlieiii. 
as  in  the  case  of  the  I'Vnian  raids,  they  content  themselves  with  a  (lemon- 
stration  on  the  frontier,  seek  at  once  asylum,  are  disarmed,  and  tin 
ringleaders  are  perhaps  tried.  Those*  who  are  convicted  are  alin(i>; 
certain  of  an  immediati^  pardon.  After  an  interval  the  arms  arc  ic- 
.stored,  and  uidess  the  scheme  has  be(!ome  so  discredited  by  failure  as  to 
be  incajKible  of  revival,  ]>reparations  are  forthwith  recomnuMieed  tor 
another  attemjtt,  aiul  everytliing  <;t)es  on  as  belbre. 

In  the  (iases  particularly  mentioned  in  the  ISriti.sh  counter  case,  viz. 
the  expeditions  of  Lopez,  Walker,  and  the  Fenian  raids,  it  will  be  ob 
served  that  it  cannot  be  saiilthat  the  Government  of  the  United  States 
had  not  full  information  of  the  projected  enteriu'ises,  an<l  ample  tiiiic 
forgiving-  such  instructions  as  might  seem  to  berecpiisite  for  their  ]ii(' 
vention.  Indeed,  it  ismaintaine«l  in  the  argument  of  the  United  StatcN 
counsel  (p.  00)  that  "the  President  of  the  United  States  acted  in  ad 
vauee  to  enforce  not  diligence  only,  but  active  vigilance  in  all  subonli 
nate  olticers  of  the  Government.'' 

How  successfully  that  vigilance  and  diligence  was  eluded  may  be  yatli- 
ered  lron\  the  facts  which  have  Just  been,  stated. 

In  the  face  of  such  facts  the  following  comparison  between  the  Unitc.l 
States  and  Great  JJritain  as  to  the  observance  of  neutral  obligations,  to 
the  disparagement  of  the  latter,  seems,  to  say  the  least  of  it,  soiuewhat 
surprising: 

As  to  tlie  (U'portiimiit  of  tlio  Execntive  in  the  course  of  tbii.se  occurretuM^s,  w  coiili- 
(lently  appeal  to  the  mass  of  otlicial  acts  Jiiul  correspniKhiiu-e  contained  in  the  docii- 
nieutH  iiMiiexed  to  th(j  American  couiiter-cas(i,  to  prove  that  tlie  AmericNin  (Jiiveriiiiiniit 
not  only  did  (iverything  which  biw  retiuired,  hut  did  everythin;;  which  was  huiiianly 
poHsilde,  by  prev<rntive  viffihmce,  as  well  as  hy  punitive  prosecution,  to  dischiugu  tli'' 
neutral  ohlif^ations  of  tlie  United  States. 

Did  the  American  (iovernnient,  at  any  time,  or  on  any  oceasioi),  either  willfully  m 
with  culpaitle  nef^liffi'uce,  fail  to  dischar<?e  those  obli^jations  ;'  We  deny  it ;  altlioii;;li. 
in  the  midst  of  abnost  continual  warfare,  both  in  Europe  and  America,  it  is  pii.ssilili' 
that  violations  of  law  nuiy  have  oceuvr-.-t  in  spite  of  all  preventive  efforts  ol  tliiit 
Uovernmeut.' 

#  -  »  »  »  • 

u 

DnriiifT  all  this  lony  period,  the  !'nlh-.i  States  steadily  labored  to  prevent  eciiiiiimi'ii! 
of  vessels  in  their  ports  to  the  pr^'judice  of  Spain.  Tlie  successive  I'residtuits  of  tliv 
United  States  went  positive  in  instructi>>n  to  all  subordinate  oHicers,  and  vij^ihnit  i" 
observation,  to  enforce  the  execution  of  the  lawsof  neutrality,  international  as  wellii^ 
municij>al.  Prosecutions  were  instituted  l)y  the  courts  ;  vessels  unlawfully  captured 
were  restored,  by  judicial  or  administrative  ord(!r ;  and  the  jirincijdes  of  ncutralitv 
were  proclaimed  and  maintained  in  every  act,  whether  i>i  the  courts  or  of  tlie  Execu- 
tive.' 

»  »  »  »  »  •  • 

Whilt!  Enj;laiid  professes  as  her  view  of  public  law,  that  constitutional  {roverninents 
must  of  necessity  allow  thcmselv(!s  to  drift  continually  into  war  by  reason  of  iiavinj 
no  other  means  to  keep  {)eace  except  an  act  of  Parliament,  and  that  confessedly  insiili' 
cient,  the  United  States,  ou  the  other  hand,  have  asconsta'itly  maintained,  auiiilonow 


'  United  States  Argument,  p.  Si. 


w 


OPINION'.S    Ol'    SIR    ALKXANKKll    C<)(  Kni'RX. 


309 


(I  may  bo  jiiitli- 


iiuintnin,  tliat  it  is  th(»  duty  of  fill  jjavonimcntM,  incliKlini?  exppcially  coiistitntioiinl 
•Dvcrniiit'iits,  fi)  disrhiir^riMlii'ii  iii'iifriil  diifics  in  oliiilitMict^  to  riilt's  of  ri<;lit,  iiiilo- 
hcniii'iit  of  ami  Hiipcrior  to  till  i>osnil>l(^  acts  of  I'ailiaiiicnt.  In  consonanco  with  wliic.h 
,|,iitriiiti  it  is  that  every  President  of  the  J'niteii  States,  from  President  \Vasliin;;ton  ti» 
I'rosiiltMit  (Jrant  intdnsive,  iias  never  failed  to  ajtply  dne  dili^^eiice,  V(diintarily,  ^i/ioiitr 
,d,  in  the  vi<;ilant  disidiar^e  of  his  own  oflieial  duty,  not  in  mere  eotnplaisanee  to  lor- 
i!i{ii  Hii;;;;<''^tion,  hy  himself  or  by  other  ollirers  of  tin-  Oovi^rnnient,  to  pr»nent  all  nn- 
liwl'iil  (•nterj>rises  of  riTrnitment  or  eiiuipnu'iit  in  the  I'liited  States. 

Laws,  110  (loiiht,  have  bct'ii  passed,  ami  proclamations  in  abiiiitlaiice  is- 
.;i(m1.  I»iit,  ill  spiti^  of  all  this,  piixaHM'i'iii;;-,  armed  iiu'iiisions  into 
iDiiiitiics  nl  peacc!  with  the  Tnited  States,  hostile  raids,  and  tilibiistcr- 
i;i;'('.\|)tMlitions  hiive  '^oxw  on  as  before.  The  praetioal  result  isthatthc! 
(jimscl  of  tlu!  United  States  eaniiot  be  permittetl  to  prejndiee  the  llrit- 
i,li  nation  and  {government  before  the  tribunal  and  the  world  by  an  im- 
,i;'iiiarv  i'e|>i'esentation  of  the  neutrality  of  the  United  States;  and 
v.iMii' iiliowanee  shonld  be  made  for  (ireat  Ib'itain  if,  on  afarinor(>,  hiim- 
)!(' scale,  something,' of  tlu^  same  sort  sliotdd  liaxc  happened  on  her 
-iiort's,  seeiny'  that  with  a  law  .said  to  b(>  perfect,  and  with  the  loftiest 
^ 'iisi*  of  neutral  obli^i'atioiis.  the  Cioverinneiit  of  tlie  United  States  have. 
imt  foiuid  it  alto;^'ether  possible  to  pre\eiit  their  citizens  from  oecasion- 
iiif;  trouble  to  nei^iiborinj;  nations,  whether  at  war  or  at  peace,  andgiv- 
i:i;' to  other  }.;'overnments  mnch  "aiise  of  complaint  and  remonstrance 
amiinst  their  own. 

Tilt' observation  which  thus  le;;itimately  arises  is  not  •;'ot  rid  of  by  an 
iiUaclc  on  the  j»ast  maritime  i»olicy  of  (ireat  Hritain.  or  by  a  relerence 
tii"tlie  numerous  pirati'-al  enterprises  titled  out  in  loriner  times  a';'ainst 
t!io  possessions  of  Spain  in  America,  and  the  honor  accortUMl  to  the 
i!iiefs()f  those  expeditions,  siu-li  as  Drake  and  Hawkins." 

However  otVeiisivo  this  telling  sentence  may  have  been  intended  to 
If,  tlioiio'h  an  ]'^n,oiisliinan,  1  readily  for<j;ive  it  for  the  sake  of  the 
liiiiriiiiii};  simplicity  which  has  made  its  authors  foryetful  of  the  ta(rt  that, 
at  the  time  when  Drake  ami  Hawkins  went  forth  on  the  enterprises  they 
t  rill  "piratical,"  the  amsestors  of  their  countrymen  aiul  their  own  still 
t  irinod  a  i>art  of  the  iJritish  nation.  May  not  sonui  of  the  old  blood 
vliicli  warmed  the  hearts  and  animated  the  courajiie  of  those  bold  ad- 
Miitiircrs  still  How  in  the  veins  of  their  transatlantic  descendants,  who 
li;ivt'inade  the  name  of  "tilibuster"  detract  somewhat  from  our  idea 
"t  the  perfect  character  of  Anu^rican  neutrality  .' 

Iliiviiiy  compiired  the  law  of  the  two  nations  in  the  matter  of  neu- 
iiiility.  1  shonld,  in  the  natural  order  of  things,  have  now  vmpun-.u ■,(„■.,■ 
1  lom'detl  to  the  I'acts  connected  with  the  different  vessels,  "'•"""•'" 
^'tTc  it  not  for  the  unexpected  course  pursiu'd  by  the  representatives  of 
'!ii;  United  States  in  seekiuf-'  to  prejud^ie  the  <piestion  to  whicdi  the  iii- 
'liiiiy  before  this  tribunal  is  directed,  namely,  whether  the  IJritish  }>'ov- 
'■nimeut  was  wanting;  in  «lue  diliyeuee  in  respect  of  the  etpupment  of 
I'wtaiu  specified  ships,  by  imputin}>'  to  the  Hritish  nation  an  intentional 
ilisresard  of  its  duties  as  a  neutral,  and  to  the  British  j.;overtiment  not 
"Illy  a  want  of  diligence  in  the  discharge  of  its  <luty  for  the  protection 
"I'tlie  United  States  against  violations  of  neutrality,  but  a  willful  negli- 
'jnce,  arising  out  of  an  un«lue  i)artiality  and  desire  to  favor  the  conied- 
i-'i'iites. 

For  this  i)urpose  the  re])resentatives  of  the  United  States  before  this 
tribunal  have  gone  into  the  whole  history  of  the  time ;  and,  not  cou- 
teut  with  disparaging  the  institutions  of  Great  Britain  and  reviling  her 
''•«',  have  sought  to  cast  obloquy  on  her  government,  on  statesmen 

'  United  States  Argument,  p.  7G. 


m 


u< 


'  I    I 


''3 ' 

'  ■ 

■'•"  '.':>   ■ 

''i 

'   '  vj-  ; 

■: ,  ,  i 

^•■m 

'MO 


ARIilTKATIOX    AT    GENEVA. 


whom  the  British  iH'oi)le  liavo  l)coii  in  the  hiibit  of  lookiny  up  to,  iuil, 
iurtecd,  on  the  llritish  nation  itself. 

AVe  are  tohl  of  *'  the  early  and  lonj,^-coiitinue(l  nnfriendliiicss  of  tin- 
IJritish  },^overinnent  ;■'  that  "Her  Majesty's  j;overnnient  was  actuatid 
by  a  conseious  nnfriendly  purpose  toward  the  UinU'd  States."  Apin 
and  ajjain  we  are  tohl  of  the  unfriendliness  and  insineere  neutrality  di 
the  ]>ritish  cabinet.  ''Tlie  eabinet  wei'e  actuated  by  an  Insincere  tu v. 
irality  to  hasten  the  issue  of  the  Queen's  proelamat'on.''  "  The  feeli::^ 
of  persotuil  unfriendliness  toward  the  United  States  eontinued  dniin,' 
a  long  portion  or  the  whole  (»f  the  time  of  the  eonimission  or  (Hiiissidn 
of  the  acts  comidained  of.''  Finally,  we  are  told  that  "the  facts estali 
lished  show  an  unfiicndly  fecliiiji' which  niijiht  naturally  lead  to,  an  1 
would  accounr  for,  a  want  of  (liii;;cn<'e  bordering;'  U[)on  irlllj'iil  niif',- 
yincc."' 

Earl  IJusscll  is  made  the  object  ot'  unworthy  and  unjustiliablc  altailc, 
lie  is  representcil  as  having'  "cviiiccil  a  consistent  course  (»f  partiality 

'•  When  infornnition  as  to  the   Florida  v.,'< 


;n 


toward  the  insurgents. 

conveyed  to  Her  Majesty's  ])iiiici]»al  secretary  of  state  for  tore 
I'airs,  he  interposed  no  ol>jectio:i  to  !ier  sailing  from  Liverpool."'  Smvly 
the  writer  nuist  have  known  he  was  doing  grievous  injustice  in  iiiakin;' 
such  a  statement.  The  l-'lorida  sailed  from  Liveri)ool  on  the  l!."it!i  v-\ 
.March.  .Vs  will  a[ipear  when  we  come  to  the  facts  connected  wiiii 
that  vessel,  I-^arl  IJussell  had  heard  nothing  about  her  for  a  nioiitli  !m' 
fore,  .\gain,  '•  when  the  ovei'whelming  j)roof  of  the  complif  iry  ol'tlic 
Alabama  was  laid  betorehim.  he  delayed  to  act  until  it  was  too  late." 
He  who  i)enued  this  must  have  known  tiiat  the  delay  was  not  I.i:l 
IJussell's,  and  that.  ))ut  for  an  uiduoliv  delay,  accidentally  occiui'i;:;' 
elsewhere,  so  far  as  the  actiiui  of  his  hu'dsliip  in  tiiat  aflair  was  tm: 
cerned,  the  .Alabama  would  have  bei'U  stopjted. 

Of  the  cabinet  whi'di  has  been  thus  assailed,  three  distiii,i;iiisl!(i 
menibei-s  are  no  more.  But  he  who,  at  the  diflicult  tinu'  in  (|iii'stio;i. 
]U'esided  over  the  foreign  relations  of  (Jreat  F.ritain,  still  lives  ainoii^ 
us  in  the  fullness  (»f  years  ami  honor.  There  have,  of  course.  iM'cn 
numy  who,  in  the  strife  of  party  politics,  have  been  o]>pose(l  to  Y:.\\\ 
Iiussell ;  there  IiaNC  been  otl;ers  who  have  differed  from  iiim  in  purtijii- 
Jar  incidents  of  his  political  c(niduct ;  but  never  <lid  it  occur  to  politii,! 
enemy — jx-rsonal  enemy  he  never  could  have  had — to  (|uestioM  for  ,i 
monu'ut  the  lofty  sense  of  honor,  the  high  and  unimi»eachable  iiite^irit;.. 
the  truthfidness,  the  straightforwardness,  which  have  eharacterizetl  tin 
Avhole  ol'  his  long  and  illustrious  career.  A\'hen  the  history  ol'  (In'.' 
]»i'itain  during  the  niiieteenth  century  shall  be  written,  not  only  will 
there  be  nom^  among  the  statesmen  who  have  adorned  it  whose  iiiiiin' 
Avill  bi'  associated  with  greater  works  in  the  onward  path  of  politic;! 
l>rogress  than  that  of  Ilarl  IJussell,  bur  there  will  la;  none  to  wIid.i. 
l)er;30iuilly,  an  admiring  ]iosterity  will  look  back  with  greater  vciR'ni 
tion  and  re^pect.  That  tliis  distinguished  man  should  feel  deeply;!;' 
grieved  by  the  unworthy  attack  thus  ma.'e  on  tln^  govermiiciit  i 
Avhich  he  was  a  leading  niember,  an<l  on  himself  personally,  it  is  cib} 
to  undei'st.md  :    but   there  are  attacks  whi<'h   recoil   upon  tliosewhi' 


ni 


ake  them,  and  of  this  nature  are  aspersions  on  the  honesty  .iiid 


eerity  of  Karl  Kussell. 

Speaking  of  the  officials  in  the  <'olonies,  the  case  of  the  riiitcl 
States  asks  the  tribunal  \y)  bear  in  mind  what  it  calls  "these  coiisr;ii!* 
<ienionstrati<His  of  partiality  Ibr  the  insurgents.''  "They  show."  it  > 
said,  "a  persistent  absence  of  real  neutrality,  wliieli  should  throw  sii< 


onXIOXS    OF    SIR    ALKXAXMEK    ('OCKHUKX. 


nil 


'ig'  lip  t(i,  a;t,l, 

(llilll'SS  of  tile 

was  actuatHl 
tates."  A-aii! 
*  noutvaliiy  u\ 

Insiiurre  my- 

"  Tho  iVeliM;. 

timu'd  (lurinjr 
>u  or  oiaissidii 
lie  facts  ('sti!!i- 
y  lead  to,  anl 

1     icillj'lll    nCij'':- 


•licioii  upon  rlio  acts  of  the  Tlritish  ofluMals  as  to  tlie  vessels,  and  should 
jiiiline  the  tribunal  to  closely  scrutinize  their  acts." 

Tiie  British  nation  eoines  in,  of  course,  for  a  share  of  the  abuse  thus 
[ipely  bostowed.  J>ritish  neutrality  is  described  soinetiines  as  "  partial 
,111(1  insincere," sonietinies  as  "habitually  insincere.'"  'Mireat  Britain 
naiiioil  its  rules,  construed  its  laws  and  its  instructions,  and  governed 
;s(:oii(liict  in  tli(^  interest  of  the  insurgents."' 

1  liav(^  called  this  an  "  unexpected"  course;  for,  assuredly,  neitber 
:ln' iJritish  governinent  nor  the  Jiritish  people  were  in-epared  toexi>ect 
:l:at.  after  (Ireat  J5ritaiu  had  not  only  exjiressed,  oi»cnly  and  before  th«i 
world,  lier  "regret''  that  vessels  should  have  left  her  shores  which  jifter- 
v.anl  <Iid  damage  to  American  commerce,  but  had  voluntarily  consented 
•rimake  g  >od  that  damage,  if  it  could  be  shown  that  any  want  of  sunicient 
are  on  the  i>art  of  the  JUitish  authorities  had  rendered  the  equipjiient 
■ad  evasion  of  those  vessels  ])ossible — on  an  occasion  when,  in  the 
icacL'fnl  and  amicable  settlement  of  any  claim  the  I- nited  States  might 
iiive  a.u'.iiiist  (ireat  ihitain,  the  reniembrani'e  of  past  grievaiu'cs  or  past 
resHitiiients  was  to  be  forever  buried,  and  the  many  ties  wiiich  should 
'iad  these  two  great  nations  together  <lrawii  closer  for  the  time  to 
^laii'— advantage  should  be  taken  to  revive  with  acrimonious  bitterness 
ivory  angry  rtM-ollection  of  the  ]>ast,  and,  as  it  would  seem,  to  i>our  foi'th 
ii(']ient  11))  venom  of  national  and  i)ersonal  hate.  1  )e[»loiing  the  course 
uiiiciilias  thus  be(Mi  taken  as  oiuMjalculatcd  to  mar  liie  work  of  [leace  ou 
vhich  we  are  engaged,  1  comfort  myself  with  the  (;onviction  that  a 
.icat  nation,  liiic  the  peojde  of  the  L^nited  States,  seeing  in  the  itresent 
ittitude  of  (Ireat  iSrita'u  a  cordial  and  sincere  desire  of  leconciliation 
ind  enduring  friendship,  animared  itself  by  a  kindred  spirit,  will  not 
niinove  of  the  hostile  and  insulting  tone  thus  offensively  and  unneces- 
siiiiy  adopted  towar<l  (!reat  iJritaiu,  her  statesmen,  and  iier  institutions, 
•liioiinliout  the  wli(d(»  course  of  the  case  a'.id  ;UL;umeiit    presented  on 


df  of  the  I.'iiited  State 


su 


;iy  r.-..|u,c 


Pltort  of  the  alleged  unfriendly  fetdiiig  which  the  Tnited  States 

asfi'iho  to  the  JlritisU  govcM'iiment,  as  the  foundation  of  the       vii,.„ vMi.n...„i 

laugo  of   i>artiality   toward   tiie  insurgent   States,  when 
he  ;;uveriiii!eiit  should  have  been  neutral,  they  rel'cr,  in  lli<'  fir.«t  place, 
■'M'l-rtaiii  speech<'S  made  on  different  occasions  by  leading  meuibers  of 
"iic  niinisti'y. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  tiiat  these s[)eeidies  aot  only  ex[U'essr(i  tiie  seiiti- 
intiit.s  of  the  speakers,  but  may  be  taken  to  have  lu'eii  the  ex[»onentsof 
ill' sentiments  generally  entertaiue(l  at  the  lime.  J'.ur  it  is  a  mistiike 
■|>  suppose  that  those,  sentiments  invidved  any  unfriendliness  toward 
tlie  United  States.  In  truth,  why  should  any  such  unfriendliness  have 
'•xisted  .'  The  chei'ished  sentiments  of  the  I5iitish  people  oh  thesuliject 
'f  slavery  had  strongly  tended  to  alienate  them  from  tlie  South,  and  the 
ii'Otiit  public  <lisci!ssion  of  the  subject  of  slavery,  on  which  the  South 
ii'it  so  sensiti\(dy,  had  ]Udduced  I'etdiuiis  of  by  no  means  a  friendly 
'liaracter  on  the  part  of  the  hiiiter  toward  (ireat  liritain.  'J'lie  Nortii 
!iiij;lit,  therefore,  not  unnaturally  calculate  on  the  sympathy  of  (Ireat 
liiitain,  if  not  on  its  a'.'tive  supp(U't,  in  a  eonilict  witli  the  Scuith.  I  low 
'^iis  it  that  what  might  thus  have  been  expected  i(  ))i'ii)ri.  was  not  r<'al- 
zcd  to  the  extent  of  such  expectation,  ami  that  where  a(;tive  sympathy, 
"I' even  actual  sui)port,  might  have  bt  eii  looked  for,  impartial  neutrality 
■'Kik  its  place  ^'  The  causes  are  lutt  diflicult  to  lind.  lathe  tirst  place, 
t  iippoared  to  many  that  right  and. justice  were  on  the  side  ot  the  sece«l- 
■K  iStates.    To  such  ])ersons  it  seemed  that  wheiielexeii  great  pidviinu's, 

Willi  '  "  -  -  -      - 


^S"' 


a  linpulation  of  several   millions,  forming  tally  tMielbiirth  of  the 


312 


ARBITRATION    AT    GENKVA. 


Unio'.i,  impelled  by  the  convi«.tion  tliat  the  political  views  of  the  majoi 
ity  of  tlie  Federal  States  were,  if  not  antagonistic  to,  at  all  exontsin. 
consistent  with,  their  interests,  desirvMl  to  se])arato  theniselves  from  the 
Union,  to  which  they  were  bound  only  by  the  tie  of  a  voluntary  con 
federation,  an  attempt  to  coerce  them  by  the  swovd  into  a  forceil  con. 
tinuance  in  it,  wheti  it  must  henceforth  be  hateful  to  them.  \vii> 
to  make  the  issue  one  &J  nii,i4ht  rather  than  of  ri;j;ht.  Others  tluiv 
were,  men  of  calm  judgment  ami  retiection,  who,  while  they  dcploni; 
a  disru[)tion  of  the  great  American  Union,  yet  thought  that  a  re  luiioi: 
effei^ted  by  the  subjugation  of  the  South  was  nut  to  be  desired  ji 
the  true  interest  either  of  the  victors  or  the  vanquished  :  that  hcli'iv 
such  a  result  could  be  brought  about,  a  i)roloiiged  and  fearful  coiitos; 
must  have  taken  ])laco,  in  which  the  best  blood  of  the  Soutli  wonli, 
have  been  shed,  its  resources  exhausted,  its  prosperity  destroyed  for 
years,  its  spirit  humiliated  and  broken,  making  its  restoration  to  tin 
Union  of  little  value,  except  so  far  as  the  [)ride  of  tlie  Fedenil  Statt^ 
might  be  concerned;  that,  conse(iuentIy,  the  ITniou  having  thus  1)im>ii 
torn  asunder,  it  would  be  better  for  both  parties  that  eacli  sjionld  In' 
left  to  work  out  its  iwn  destiny,  and  develop  Its  own  r(\s()ur('»'s,  in  tln' 
vast  regions  to  whi(di  its  dominions  might  extend.  .Many,  too.  tlu'iv 
were  who  dei)lored  this  contest  the  more  Ix'cause  they  l)elieved  tlmt, 
desi)ite  the  superior  force  and  resonrci's  of  the  Noi'th.  the  suhjugatio;, 
of  the  South  was  im])ossil!le.  and  that  the  prolongation  of  the  coiitc 
could  only  lead  to  useless  sacritices  on  either  side.  This  view  p' .''i. 
erroneous  in  the  re.suit,  but  it  was  not  the  less  honestly  enterraiiici' 
strong  imi)ression,  too,  could  ]u)t  fail  to  be  ])roduced  on  the  i»ul)li('iii,i.; 
by  the  energy,  determination,  and  courage  display«'d  by  the  Soutli,  ami 
the  generous  ardor  with  which  its  poj)ulation  risked  life  and  fortune  iii 
the  desperate  struggle  tor  national  independence,  so  resolutely  main 
tained  to  the  last  against  inlinitely  sujterior  force.  Whatever  the  eau>r 
in  which  they  iire  exhibited,  devotion  and  courage  will  ever  coinmami 
respect ;  and  they  did  so  in  this  instance.  ;!\ren  could  not  see,  in  tli' 
united  |>eoi»le  of  these  vast  provinces  thus  risking  all  in  the  cause  ni 
nationality  and  independence,  the  common  case  of  rebels,  <li.stiu'biiu 
])eace  ami  order  on  account  of  imaginary  grievances,  or  actuated  hytln' 
desire  of  overthnnving  a  government  in  ordei-  to  rise  upon  its  riiiiiv 
They  gave  ciedit  to  the  statesmen  and  warriors  of  the  South;  tlici; 
cause  might  be  right  or  wrong;  for  the  higher  nn)tives  ennoble  iioliticn 
actK)n.  and  all  the  opi>robrious  terms  which  might  be  heaped  upon  tlii' 
cause  in  which  he  tell  could  not  i>eisua<Ie  the  world  that  the  eaiih 
beneath  which  Stonewall  .Jackson  rests  <h>es  not  cover  the  remains  o: 
a  ]tatriot  and  a  hero. 

I'ublic  feeling  in  (Jreat  Uritain,  however,  never  went  beyond  tliis: 
that  both  parties  having  ap]»eahMl  to  arms,  they  should  Ix;  dealt  witli 
o?i  terms  of  perfect  efpuility,  and  that  whatever  was  comieded  to  tlieem' 
should  not  be  witidield  from  the  other — tt;  use  a  common  exi)ressioii,tli;il 
they  should  be  left  to  light  it  out  fairly,  without  (ireat  IJritain  throw 
ing  her  weight  into  either  scale,  as  the  Northern  States  seemed  to  think 
she  should  liave  done  in  their  favor,  not  perhaps  by  actual  assistance  in 
war,  but  by  withholding  from  the  eoidederates  the  ehara<^ter  of  l»ellig;('i 
ents,  and  by  treating  their  ships  (►f  war  as  pirates  and  denying  tlioiii 
access  in  l>ritish  ports.  Vov  the  Tiiited  States  appear  to  have  been 
unable  to  understand  the  j)osition  assumed  by  the  British  goveriuneiit 
in  making  any  concession  whatever  in  favor  of  the  insurgent  States.  It 
appeared  to  them  like  an  act  of  perfidy  towarda  friend.  JIad  not  polif- 
ical  and  commercial  relations  bound   CJreat   Hritain  and  the   Liiitinl 


M 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDER    COC'KRUKN. 


113 


of  the  major 
all  events  in 
^Ives  from  th' 
oliiiitiiry  con 
a  forced  con- 
o  them,  \va> 
Others  tlurc 
they  (leplond 
'at  a  reiuiioii 
)0  (lesiri'd  ii 
;  that  hcl'iviv 
'earful  coiitos! 
South  wouli; 
ilcstrDveil  for 

Dl'iltioU    tl>  tllr 

'\'(h'ral  KStlltl•^ 
in;::'  thus  Ix'cii 
leh  sliould  111' 
sources,  ill  tlif 
my,  toil.  lluTi' 
Ixdieved  tii;it, 
le  suhjuj;iitioi, 
II f  the  ci)iiti'> 
is  view  pi  oVijii 
iiterraiiKi 

10  puhUc  lllil"; 

;he  kSoutli,  ami 

viul  fortune  in 

>(dutely  niiiiir 

ever  the  cuiim' 

ver  conunaiiii 

lot  see,  in  tlif 

;   the  ciuise  m' 

ds,  (listiu'bin; 

dilated  hylln' 

poll  its  ruinr 

■  South ;  tlit'i; 

ii(d)le  i)oliticii 

iped  u|H)n  till' 

lilt   the  eiir;!i 

lie  remains  o: 

beyoud  this: 

)i!  dealt  will) 
led  to  tlieoni' 
v[)i'essioii,tli;ii 
Jritaiii  tluow 
Miied  to  tliink 
1  assistance  in 
or  of  belligtM' 
leiiyiiis'  tlioni 

to  have  been 
{jovernmi'iit 
'lit  States.  It 

liul  not  polit- 
1  t!'.e   Lnited 


w 


States  eiosely  tojjother  for  many  years  ?  IIow  then  could  Great  liritaiii 
take  any  step  which  should  give  any  advantage  to  an  enemy  of  the 
fnited  States  ?  Two  thiii<;s  wei'e  lost  sight  of  in  this  reasoning  :  First, 
tliiit  the  insurgent  States,  with  whom  the  United  States  were  now  wag- 
iiiorwar,  had  formed  part  of  that  Union  with  which  Great  Britain  had 
had  the  intimate  relations  referred  to — the  second  port  in  the  Empire, 
tlirongh  which  the  cotton  trade  was  <;;iiried  on,  having  had  all  its  rela- 
tions with  the  South;  secQiidly,  that  (rreat  liritaiii  had  the  interests  of 
hi'iown  commerce  to  look  after,  which  were  seriously  com]>ronrsed  in 
ilii>  warfare  as  carried  on  liy  the  United  States.  The  l)locka(le  of  the 
Sontlieni  ports,  ostahlished  by  the  Xortli  with  a  view  to  the  speedier 
>iibjasatioii  of  the  South,  deenieil  by  the  North  of  such  i)aramount 
i;ii|)Oitance  as  to  render  all  consideration  for  the  interest  of  Great  IJritain 
aiiiiecessary,  was  about  to  j^aralyze  the  industry  of  Lancashin'  and 
li;iii;i- famine  and  disaster  on  thousands.  (Jreat  JSritain  accei)ted  the 
position  andaidcnowledgedthebloidvade.  Was  she  not,  in  other  resj)ects, 
tiilook  after  her  own  interests  .'  It  was  natural  enough  that,  in  the  first 
iii'iil;  and  passio/iatt!  excitement,  the  North  should  take  the  view  it  did 
oi  the  conduct  of  (ireat  liritaiu.  I  cannot  but  think  the  time  has  come 
vluMi  it  might  take  a  calmer  and  a  Jiister  \iesv.  it  will  do  so  hereafter, 
iisiiite  of  those  who  still  seek  to  rekindh'  tl:;'  tiame  of  diseord,  the 
■isnes."  whi(di  in  their  hands  maybe  truly  said  to  be  ••sui»positosciiierL 

iJdIoSO." 

The  charge  of  partiidity  and  of  wiilful  negligence  ha\ing  been  thus 
lOiifrlit  retniires  to  be  tlisposed  of.  For,  tiiough  ])artiality  does  not 
I'cossarily  lead  to  want  cd'  diligence,  yet  it  is  apt  to  do  so.  and  in  a  case 
iifdonht  would  tiir:>  the  ^.cale.  Where  a  sinister  motive  exists,  culpo, 
which  might  otherwise  be  excused,  l>ecomes  indeed  tlolo  pn>.ri)ni(  and 
inexcusable.  iJesidcs,  sitting  on  this  tribunal,  us  1  have  already  said, 
as  in  some  sense  the  representative  of  Great  llritain,  while  1  may  say, 
with  perfect  truth,  ''  pudet  \i■,^'^'.  opi>r(d)ria  noi>is  dici  potuisse."  I  shoulil 
iiothav<!  fullilled  my  duty  if  1  di(l  not  see  whether  their  refiit  ition  can- 
not be  found  in  the  facts  before  us. 

huloiM'iidently  of  having  i>ei  niitted  the  eijuipment  of  ships,  three  main 
lu'iuls  of  com|)laint  are  placed  on  record  against  the  govern-  ,,,„„,;,,.,,„  .,,, 
nicnt  of  Great  llritain  :  1.  Tl^at  it  acknowledged  the  ('on-  ■  •"•'■vo.M.t. 
li'ilcrate  States  as  bclli<';eient,  and.  as  a  coMsiMjueiice,  rid'using  to  treat 
ilu'ir  .shij.s  i)f  war  as  p:rates,  admitted  them  to  lliitish  ])orts  on  the. 
siinio  flaring  with  the  warships  of  the  United  States,  li.  That  it  did 
■  '' '  <c  i  .event  the  agents  of  the  Coiitederate  States  from  procuring 
d  .vupiplies  of  armsand  luiinitions  oj' war  from  I'jiglaiid.  .'!.  That 
■•'niiiji^'  to  stop  tl;e  blockade-running  carried  on  througli  the 
;>(.  '  01  the  Jlahanias  and  Uermuda. 

;  I  '    ion  of  the  United  States  that  Great  lir'tain  was  not  war- 
I'liited  in  ackno\\  ledging  the  Gonfederate  Stat 's  as  belliger-     A.ki,.,>  -un,. . 
'"Its  might  llnd  its  answer  in  the  unanimous  concurr  Mice  of  ''•■■■'■'■"•  * 
'ilu'<;reat  mariti?!U'  i»oweisin  following  hereximide.     lUit,  independently 
"t  this,  the  course  tiius  pursued  may,  withoiu  tliiillciilty,  be  shown  not 
"Illy  to  have  been  strictly  warranteii  l)y  international  law,  but  also  to 
liavp  hccii  the  only  one  which  could  witli  jd'opriety  have  been  adopted. 
'■""St,  let  us  se<  how  srood  the  facts  :it  the  time  of  the  recognition  of 
I ■•''  >>!uederat.e  States  as  belligerents  by  the  (^ueeirs  government. 
P'T'v     ,  i-]<e  Xovember  of  18()()  and  April  of  LSdl  seven  Southern 
j^laic    ,1   tht   Union — South  Carolina,  Florida,  Mississippi,  Alabama, 
<i(Wf;ia,  Louisiana,  and  Texas — had  not  o'lly  renounced  their  allegianco 
t"the  Federal  (iioverntnent  and  declared  themselves  independent,  but 


mVr 


si'i  a, 

it  ll:>t 

liritish 


314 


AKF'.ITKATIOX    AT    GH.VEVA, 


i",  it- 


had  formod  themselves  into  a  contederation,  under  the  title  ot'  tlic 
"Confederate  States;'' had  adopted  a  federal  eonstitution  witli  all  the 
necessary  elements  of  g-overnnient ;  and  had  appointed  a  piosideir, 
They  were  in  exclusive  possession  of  the  territory  of  these  States,  to  thi' 
total  find  absolute  exclusion  of  the  former  Federal  Government.  Tticv 
liad  taken  measures  to  raise  an  army,  and  had  voted  u]>\viU(l  (li 
$L',0(H),OU()  for  the  creation  of  a  navy.  In  April,  18(51,  hostilities  lia,l 
actually  commenced.  T.y  the  l.'Uh  of  April  Fort  Sumter  had  fullt:!. 
The  arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry  was  seized  a  few  days  later.  Outln' 
L'ith  the  ]'resi(lent  of  the  Unired  States  called  out  the  militia  to  the 
number  of  75,000  men. ^  On  the  17th  the  president  of  the  ("oiifcdci;!*.. 
States  issued  a  })roclamatiou  invitiny  applications  for  letters  or'niani!;.' 
and  rejirisal,  to  bo  jjranted  under  the  seal  of  the  Confederate  Statc^:, 
a,u'ainst  ships  and  pn^perty  of  the  Cnited  States  and  their  citi:'"iis.-' 

On  the  10th  of  x\pi'il  President  Lincoln  issued  a  further  prochiiiiarioi!, 
declarinji'  the  ports  of  the  seven  States  blockaded;'  ami  o:i  the  L'T'ii 
issued  a  like  ])roclMmatioii  with  i-e^ard  to  the  ports  of  Xortli  Carol!'., 
and  Virginia,  which,  in  the  mean  time,  had  joined  the  confederation, 

Here,  then,  were  nine  States,  with  a  p'^{iulatioii  of  nusre  than  !:\> 
millions  of  jieonle,  exclusive  of  tlie  neii'ro  })opulation,  (in  otlici' wdi.^, 
one-fourth  of  tl  r';it"d  States,  shortly  afterward  to  be  _|oi!ied  liy  :\vi 
other  States.)  wi.i  d  establislied  a  dc  facto  .u'overnment,  v.-hich  pv, 

erument  had  [)osse.-  of  the  entire  territory  within  the  limits  of  tliDsr 

States,  an<l  exercised  all  tln^  powers  and  funrtions  of  in'overnnieiit,  wi'li 
an  ory'iuiized  army  ]>rcpared  to  wa,ue  war  with  tlu^  rest  of  the  States  tm 
the  establishment  of  national  in<lepeiidence,  and  which  had  actnallv 
commenced  hostilities  by  the  capture  of  forts  occujded  by  Federal  forccv 
No  one  could  deny  that  this  was  in  fart  war,  and  war  al)OUt  to  l)e  cna 
ilucted  on  a  ^reat  s(;ale — a  war  to  which  the  origimd  (lovernmeiit.  the 
authority  ot'  whi(;h  was  thus  contested  in  arms,  could  not<leny  ilieciiii; 
acter  of  war,  with  all  the  inridents  whicdi  attach  to  it. 

C)u  the  1th  of  INFay,  ISO],  (nine  days  before  the  date  of  IFer  Maj<'stv- 
]>roclamation  of  neuti'alitv.)  Mi'.  Si'ward  liimsolf  wrote  to  Mi.  Davton.,'; 
Paris: 

Tlic  iiisui-i:,i'iits  liiivf  iiistitutt'il  rcvohrion  with  i)|ic;i.  tl;i^;i:itit,  deadly  \v;!i',  t>i  fiunw'. 
till-  Ihiircd  Statt's  to  aci|tiifsci'  in  tlu' disiiU'iahci'iiiynt  of  the  I'liion.  Tin' I'liiti'il  S;,ir.'v 
have  uci.'i'iiti'd  tliisci\il  war  as  an  iiii'\  italdi'  iicci  ,sity.' 

From  the  bej;inninjj,"  the  operations  oi  the  war  were  carried  on  asiii;: 
war  between  nations,  accordinji'  to  the  usa^^es  of  war  ainon<;' i-ivili/.d 
states.  No  attempt  was  made  to  treat  insiu'g'ent  [)ris«)ners  as  tiairor- 
or  rebels. 

Under  su(di  circumstances,  it  is  itiipossible  to  deny  that  a  iieni!,;! 
state  had  a  ri.uht  to  accord  to  thv'  insiu'.4eMt  government  the  cliaractti 
of  a  bellii.;erent.  Whether  it  w«>uld  be  morally  Justified  in  d<»iim  >^'i 
must  depend  on  the  circumstances  in  whicii  it  found  itself  ))lac('(l  ichi- 
tivelyto  the  parties  to  the  contest.  All  publicists  arc  a<>'reed  that  wiicre 
an  integral  ]untion  of  a  nation  separates  itself  from  the  pai'cnt  state 
and  establishes,  ((r/dcto.n  -^dvernmi'iit  of  its  own,  excluding  the  torinoi 
goverinnc'it  from  all  jiower  and  <'ontrol,  and  thereupon  a  civil  war  en- 
sues, a  ne  tral  nation  is  fully  justirtcid  in  recognizing  the  government 'it 
fdcto  as  a  belligerent,  though  it  has  not  as  yet  ackimwledged  it  a^;;! 
nation;  and  from  the  tinu^  of  the  acknowle(lgment  of  its  bellig^'U'ir 
status  the  governnuMit  f/c  ^Wc^o  actpiires,  in  relation  to  the  neutral,  ail 


'Jiritisli  AppeuUix.  vol.  iii,  p.  "J. 

•Ibid.,  1>.  ■». 

■'  Iliid.,  ji.  7. 

*  United  States  Docuii'.t'Uts,  vol.  i,  p.  X). 


OPINIONS    OF    SIK    ALEXANDER    COCKIJl'KN. 


315 


jlie  rights  wliicli  attach  to  the  status  of  a  bolligeieiit  of  an  established 

nationality.  ^ 

''When,"  says  A  attel,  "a  ]iarty  is  Ibrmeil  in  a  state  which  no  h)n<^er 
obeys  the  soveieij^ii,  and  is  of  strength  suftieient  to  make 
iit'iiil  against  him,  or  wlien,  in  a  republic,  the  nation  is  di- 
vided into  two  opposite  factions,  and  both  sides  take  arms,  this  iscalUMl 
acivil  war."' 

Again  : 

Wlieu  the  ties  of  jxilitical  assoriatioii  arc  lirolvtMi.  ov  at  Ica^it  snsiicndi'il,  lictwccii  tin- 
vivfii'i;;"  ami  liis  pcojtlc,  tlicy  may  In-  coiisidt'i'cd  as  two  distiinr  imwcis:  and  siixc 
i>;icli  is  indi'lieiidi  lit  (if  all  fi)ici;;u  autliority,  no  one  has  the  iij;ht  to  jiidjif  hctwcMi 
ihiiii.  Kai'li  of  them  may  he  lijiht.  It  follows,  in  virtue  of  the  vuluiilaiy  law  of  iia- 
•:ni;s,  tlKii,  tliat  till'  two  [laitii's  may  act  as  bavin;;'  n^nal  ri^hr.' 

Martens  says : 

Fm'(i;;n  nations  cannot  idnsc  to  consider  as  lawful  enemies  tliose  who  arc,  emjiow  - 
iicilliy  theii' iii^tnal  j;dveinini!nt,  whatever  that  may  1)  ■.  'I'his  is  not  rec"o;;!iititin  ot 
its  legitimacy. 

Hautofeuille  says  on  this  sid>ject  :  ■ '>!«':• 

Kn  .ll'il.  Ics  ]>en)des  ('(rangers  ne  pcuveiit  inti^rvciiir  entre  !cs  helii.ijt'ranrs  :  la  «iua- 
.;:r  (Ic  snjets  ri'Voltes,  (|iic  I'niic  des  deux  ilonne  a  ]"ai;lre,  tlok  etie  i'(aitee|iar  eiix;  ils 
iisout.  cl  nc  iiei!V(;nt  etre.  jun'es-de  la  Justice  on  de  rinjustice  de  la  fiueirc.  Les  na- 
nuii-iiiui  desircnt  rcstci'  neutrcs  doivent  aceejiter  la  ])ossessifu<  de  fait  ;  si  dies  vculenr 
i!it' i'("<iiecti'es  i>ar  h;s  deux  i>arties.  elles  doivtMit  les  reecuinailrc  ct  les  rcs](ecter  Ciialc- 
:i'i!it  tons  les  denx,  Le  jirince  etran;;er  (|ue  rct'u.crait  de  reni]dii-  les  devoirs  <h.' la 
;ii;iti;iliti'  envers  les  insurees  ne  saurait  cxi^xT  d'eux  <reire  re.nardi-  eoninic  nciitre  : 
.'.  spuiit  a  li'urs  yenx  Tallit'  de  lenr  enni'mi.  et  ils  lo  traiteiaient  coinmo  tel  avi 
;:;sti(f,  D'uii  autre  cote  le  souverain  (|ui  comhat  pour  rauiener  sous  son  oheissaiicc 
-N^iiijets  revoltes  ne  saurait  s'otfcnser  ([ue  les  nentres  reini>lissent  lenrs  devoirs  enveis 
-MiiiHiiiis,  iuiis(|u'il  ne  ]»eut  exi^fr  i|u'iis  devicnnent  ses  allit's,  ot  (|UO,s"ilsrefnsaient 
lie  If  iiiiilir  i.'cs  devoirs,  ils  seraient  e9c<  tivenicnt  -^es  allii's.  les  cniiemis  de  ses  adver- 
Mircs, ' 

Professor  lUuntscliii,  tliougli  writing  adversely  to  (ireat  Britain  on 
till' Alabama  (luestien.  vet.  ;'s  to  the  status  of  the  confed- 

It  ji 

iiato.s  as  belligerents,  has  the  *b]lo\ving  passages  : ' 

Hii  rcstc,  lo  jiarti  r«''Volt(''  <[ui  oiM-rc  avee  des  corps  d'anuee  niilitairi'uient  orj;anis('s. 
(!  i|ni  (Mitre] uend  (hsfairc  tii(Mnidier  ]>ar  hi  uucrre  son  ]M())irannnf  poliliiiue.  aji^it,  aiors 
■I'i'tl  III  forme  poini  iiii  <litt  tout  au  nmins  commc  s'il  en  ciuistituait  tin.  ok  Hck  it  platT 
hmi'titl.  (nil  Staatii  ulalt.)  II  afliruie  la  justice  de  sa  caus(!  et  .  i  l(';!;itimit('  dt!  sa  luis- 
>im(uri:  lint  hijiiiirj'ni  i'iu'<  it  a  lir  ijiii  m:  pn-'-uimi  de  droit  clii':  toi'.t  vtot  biHiin'raiit.  (I'aj^es 

Again  : 

I'liiilaiit  la  jiUirre  on  adniei.  dans  I'inti'ret  de  l"!rcni!,init»''.  ((Ue  /is-  din.'  j;((/'i'/.<  itijiynn 
•  liiiiii:i  J'lii  pour  III  di'J'i in:i  di  li  urs  priU  iidiis  drail--.     i  I'a^c  -l.'i^.) 

And  at  pages  -lOl,  4(»L': 

Si  I'on  tieiit  C(nMpt(^  (h-  t()iit(vs  ces  considi'rat ions,  on  arrive  a  la  conclusion  sui\antc  : 
'  t>t  i|ii(>,  a  consi(h'rer  d'un  point  de  vue  imparti;il.  tel  i|iril  s'olfraij  et  s'iniposait  aux 
'-ats  (»r(iy(«'(H.s,  en  pi('scnce  de  la  situation  cue  cri'aient  les  faits,  la  lutte  cneaMi^e  eii- 
':!■  I'lJiion  et  la  conlcdi'ration — c'est-a-dire.  entre  h'  U(U(l  et  h^  sud — il  ('tait  alisolunient 
-  liiissil)l(>  d(.  ii(^  )ias  aduu!tlr(!  (pie  les  Etats-l'iiis  I'ussent  alors  (Mi;;ap's  thins  \un'  (/ruinUt 
'j'lirri  lirilc,  oh  les  d(  iix  parties  a\aient  le  caract('re  de  puissances  ]ioliti(inement  et 
imiitiiircinent  (ii';j;aiiis(''es,  se  faisant  rune  a  I'autre  la  ^iieire.  suivant  le  mode  (pie  le  droit 
iii's<;('iis  reconnait  eonime  rt'ynli;  r,  at  aninH'cs  d'uue  ('^^ale  cortiance  dans  huir  hoii 
'iriiit.  Les  iins  jiouvaient  (''i»roiiver  plus  de  syuipathie  i)(Uir  I'l'nion.  (pii  avait  pour 
iiix  tiiiite  la  sup(''rioi'it(''  d'nii  ('tat  reconiiii  et  (rune  autorit('  constitutioncUe,  d'autres 
li'mviiicMt  faire  des  vnuix  pour  le  succ(-s  de  la  ciuited('iati(ui,  (pii  n'('tait  jias  encore  re- 

"iiinn;  coiuuie  ('-tat  federal  nonveau,  niais  ipii  esju'iait  de  sc  contiiK'iir  une  existence 
I'Hilii'o.  Tout  h  mnnde  vtuit  d'naord  qii'tl  ij  iiru'it  <jmrri  tt  iiiu  daiia  (.tttt  i/uirrt  il  >j  (trait 
'"'ij imrtii.'<  h(lli(ji'raHi<s. 

'  "Droit (les  geii.s,"  liv.  ill,  i'2'J'2. 

-Ihid.,  liv.  u,  j,  ")('). 

'"Droits  et  devoirs  de  nations  nentres,"  vol.  i,  ]i.  '2!?1. 

•"'ItHVue  tie  droit  international."  I~7ti,  pp.  4rir>,  4.'i(i,  ».V:c. 


ir   I'.l.iiitkilili. 


'its*  '    " 


I .; 


I  PI   ^h-k  ') 


f 


','Mk  siS  i      ' 


:,:lSi:.. 


316 


ARIUTRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


The  principles  by  which  a  neutral  state  should  be  governed  as  to  tlio 
cin'uinstauceis  under  wdich,  or  the  period  at  which,  to  acknowled^fe  the 
belligerent  stains  of  insurgents,  have  been  nowhere  more  fully  and  ablv. 
or  more  fairly,  stated  than  by  ]\Ir.  Dana,  in  his  edition  of  Whcatoii.  iii 
a  note  to  section  23  : 


'J'lio  occasion  for  the 


irdiiiu 


Axis 


wh 


acciirdiiiuM' of  IiclliiTiM'iMit  ri^^iits  arises  wiicu  a  civil  coiiiliit 
exists  witiiiii  a  forei;,i;ii  state.  Tlic  reason  wliidi  re(|uires  and  can  alone  JiistitV  tlii> 
step  hv  tl;e  jjoveriuiient  of  another  country  is  tliat  its  own  ri;;hts  and  interests  iircMi 
far  attected  as  to  recinirt^  a  delinitioii  of  its  own  relations  to  the,  jiaities.  Where  a 
])iiroiit  jjovernment  is  seekinj;  to  subdue  an  insnrrection  l»y  inmiicii»al  force,  and  tlic 
insiirf^ents  claim  a  political  nationality  and  belligerent  rij^lits  which  the  jiarcut  ;;n,-. 
eminent  does  not  concede,  a  recoy;nition  by  a  forei^xn  state  of  full  bellin-ereiit  ri^ilit",  ji 
not  jnstilied  by  necessity,  is  a  jjratnitoiis  deiiioiiftration  of  moral  .sii[)port  to  the  rchiv 
lion,  anil  of  censure  upon  tiie  parent  fiovernment.  ivin  ilie  ^^itnation  of  a  foreijjn  stutc 
with  reference  to  the  contests,  and  tlie  condition  of  affairs  betw<'en  the  contciiilin^ 
jiartie.s,  may  be  such  as  to  justity  this  act.  It  is  iini)oriant,  therefore,  to  (letcniii:i" 
what  state  of  alfairs,  and  what  relations  of  the  foreijjn  state,  Justity  the  no  >y;iiiti();i. 

It  is  certain  that  the  state  of  tliin;L;s  betwetMi  the  parent  statci  and  iiisur^^ents  \ww. 
amount,  in  fact,  to  a  n-ar,  in  the  st!ns(>  of  international  law — that  is,  jiowcrs  and  iij;lit, 
of  war  must  be  in  actual  exercise;  otherwise  the  rcco^fiiitioii  is  falsilied,  for  the  ii(o:; 
iiition  is  of  a  fact.  The  tests  to  dc^tennine  the  (|uestion  are  various,  and  far  umiH' 
decisive  where  there  is  maritime  war  and  commercial  relations  with  fi)i'ci^'iii.rs 
Amoiijj;  till!  tests,  are  the  existence  of  a  ih'  ftnlo  political  orjianization  of  the  iiisur^'i'iit.^ 
siifhcient  in  character,  population,  and  resources  to  coiistitnte  it,  if  left  to  itself,  ;i  >t,iti' 
amonj;  the  nations,  leasomibly  capable  of  ilischarf>iii;«tlii'  duties  of  a  state:  the  actti.i' 
employment  of  military  forces  on  each  side,  actiuj;  in  accordance  with  the  rules  an. 
customs  of  war,  such  as  the  use  of  lla;;s  of  truce,  cartels,  exchiingo  of  ]u'isoncrs.  aii.l 
the  treatment  of  captured  insur<;ents  by  the  parent  state  as  prisoners  of  war:  iiiiii,  ;i' 
se.'i,  einjiloyment  by  the  insnrm'iits  of  commissioned  cruisers,  and  the  exercise  by  tli- 
])arent  government  of  the  rights  of  blockade  of  iusur<;ent  ports  aj^ainst  neutral  i(,:ii 
nierco,  and  of  stoi)pin<jf  and  searcliinj^  neutral  vessels  at  sea.  If  all  these  eleiiii'iit> 
exist,  the  coiulition  of  things  is  nndoiibtedly  war:  and  it  may  be  war  before  tliev  ai ■ 
all  ripened  into  activity. 

As  to  the  relation  of  the  foreijjn  state  to  the  contest,  if  it  is  solely  on  land,  ami  t!.' 
fi)rei<i;n  state  is  not  eoiitiu;uous,  it  is  dithciilt  to  imajiine  ,'i  call  for  the  reco,i;uitiiui.  1:' 
for  instance,  the  l.'nited  States  shonlil  formally  rccoj^nize  belli<>erent  rij^hts  in  an  iiisiiv- 
ji'i'iit  communitv  at  the  center  of  Europe,  with  no  seaports,  it  would  require  ;;  liaiiii 
supposable  neiessity  to  make  it  else  than  a  mere  demonstration  of  moral  suppiut.  But  a 
case  may  arise  where  a  foreii;n  state  must  decide  whether  to  hold  the  ]iareiit  state  rcsiio!;- 
(Mr.  (Jauninii  to  Lord  (iranville  on  the  Greek  war,  June  2<t,  I'^'itJ.)  If  the  foreign  stati' 
sibleforactsiioneby  tliciiisni'i:;ents,orti)dealwith  the  insuri;entsas  a  di- facte  j;oveniiiieii" 
recoirnizes  belligerency  :'i  the  insurgents,  it  reh'ases  the  parent  state  from  respoiisiliility 
for  wliatever  may  Ic  done  by  the  insurgems, or  not  done  by  the  parent  state  where  tli'' 
insurgent  imwer  extends.  (".Mr.  Adams  to  Mr.  Seward,  June  11,  18i!I,  Dip.  Coir.  10.'. 
In  a  contest  wholly  u])i.n  land,  a  contiguous  state  may  be  obliged  to  make  the  ileci.>iii:i 
whether  or  not  to  regard  it  as  a  war  ;  liut,  in  ])ractice,  this  has  not  been  done  by  .i 
general  and  prospective  declaration,  but  by  actual  treatment  of  eases  as  tlioy  ari^i' 
NVIiere  the  insurgents  and  the  parent  state  are  maritime,  and  the  foreign  nation  In- 
extensive  commercial  relations  and  trade  at  the  ports  of  both,  and  the  tbreigii  iiatm': 
and  either  or  both  of  the  contending  parties  luive  considerable  naval  force,  .iiiil  tlr 
domestic  contest  iiinst  extend  itself  over  the  sea,  then  the  relations  of  the  foreign  >tarr 
to  this  contest  are  far  ditferent. 

In  such  a  state  of  things  the  liability  to  political  comiilications,  and  the  iiucstionsi: 
right  and  duty  to  he  decided  at  once,  usually  .away  tVom  home,  by  private  citizcn.s 
naval  ofticers,  seem  to  require  an  iiurhoritative  and  general  decision  as  to  the  statiwn: 
the  three  parties  involved.  If  the  contest  is  a  war,  all  foreign  citizens  and  uliiiirv 
Avhether  executive  or  judicial,  are  to  follow  one  line  of  conduct.  If  it  is  net  a  war 
they  arc  to  follow  a  totally  different  line.  If  it  is  a  war,  the  commissioned  cniiserMii 
lioth  sides  may  stop,  search,  and  capture  the  foreign  merchant-vessel :  and  that  vw 
must  make  no  resistance  and  must  submit  to  adjudication  by  a  prize-court.  If  it' 
not  a  war,  the  cruisers  of  neither  party  can  stop  or  search  the  foreign  merchaiit-ve>'!*e;: 
and  that  ves.sel  may  resist  all  attempts  in  that  direction,  and  the  ships-of-war  of  tli' 
foreign  state  may  attack  and  capture  any  cruiser  i)er8isting  in  the  attempt.  If  it  i» 
war,  foreign  nations  must  await  the  adjudication  of  prize  trihunal.s.  If  it  is  not  war. 
lio  such  tribunal  can  be  opened.  If  it  is  war,  the  parent  state  may  institute  a  hlockaiif 
jure  goiliiim  of  ilie  insurgent  ports,  which  foreigners  must  respect ;  but  if  it  is  not  a  war. 
toreigu  nations  having  large  commercial  intercourse  with  the  country  will  not  niHpwt 
a  closing  of  insurgent  ports  l)y  paper  decrees  only.  If  it  is  a  war,  the  insurgent  crnisi'K 
are  to  be  treated  l»y  foreign  citizens  and  ofificiaLs,  at  sea  and  in  port,  as  lawful  bellig"- 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDER    COCKBURN. 


317 


ftth.  If  it  is  not  a  war,  those  crnisers  are  pirates,  and  may  be  treated  as  sucli.  If  i< 
siiwar,  the  rules  and  risks  resitecting  carrying  contraband,  or  dispatches,  or  military 
iiersons,  come  into  play.  If  it  is  not  a  war,  they  do  not.  Within  foreign  jurisdiction, 
't  it  is  a  war,  acts  of  the  insiirgents  in  the  way  of  preparation  and  e(|uipinent8  for 
iiostility  may  be  breaches  of  neutrality  laws  ;  while,  if  it  is  not  a  war,  they  do  not 
iineiuto  that  category,  but  under  the  categt)ry  of  piracy  or  ot  crimes  by  municipal 

l.iw. 
N'ovr,  all  citizens  of  a  foreign  state,  and  all  its  executive  otticers  and  judicial  magis- 
tiiitcs,  look  to  the  political  department  of  their  government  to  prescribe  the  rule  of 
their  conduct  in  all  their  possible  relations  with  the  parties  to  the  contest.  This  rnlc 
isiircscribed  in  the  best  and  most  intelligible  mainicr  for  all  possible  contingencies  by 
ibe  simple  declaration  that  the  contest  is,  or  is  not,  to  be  treated  as  war.  If  the  sttate 
1)1' thiiif?s  re(iuires  the  decision,  it  must  be  ma«ie  by  the  political  departnu'ut  of  the 
'rf.vcrniiient.  It  is  not  tit  that  cases  should  be  left  to  be  decided  as  they  nuiy  arise,  by 
Jlriviite  citizens,  or  naval  or  judicial  olticers,  at  linnie  or  abroad,  by  sea  or  land.  It  is, 
tlicrefore,  the  custom  of  nations  for  the  political  ilepartment  of  a  foreign  state  to  nuike 
tbe  decision.  It  owes  it  to  its  own  citizens,  to  the  contending  parties,  and  to  the  peace 
III  till' world,  to  make  ihat  decision  seasonably.  If  it  issues  a  f(«nial  declaratioTi  of 
hfliijicieiit  rights  jtrtMuatuioly,  or  in  a  contest  with  which  it  has  no  complexity,  it  is  a 
;;riitiiitotis  and  unfrieiuUy  act.  If  the  parent  government  <'<)iiiplaiiis  of  it,  tiie  coin- 
plaiiit  must  be  madtMipou  (uie  of  theses  grcuinds.  To  der'ide  whether  the  recognition 
wiisiuu  ailed  for  and  premature  reciuires  sonu^thing  more  than  a  copsideration  of  ]u<tx- 
;iiiiit(!  facts,  and  the  overt  and  formal  acts  of  the  contending  parties.  The  foreign 
"tiite  is  bound  and  entitled  to  cionsider  the  jueceding  history  of  the  parties;  tin;  mag- 
iiitiiilf  and  comjtleteness  of  the  political  and  military  organizations  aiul  prcsparations 
iiM  each  side  ;  the  probable  extent  of  the  coritlict  by  sea  and  land  ;  the  probable  extent 
,111(1 1'iipidity  of  its  development;  and,  above  all,  the  probability  that  its  own  merchant- 
vessels,  uaval  olHcers,  and  consuls  may  be,  i>recipitated  into  suilden  and  dillicull  com- 
]i!iiatioiis  abroad.  The  best  that  can  bi;  said  is.  that  the  foreign  state  ni\y  protect 
itsiif  by  a  seasonable  decision  ;  either  upon  a  test  case  that  arises,  or  bj  a  gen- 
iral  piDspective  decision;  while,  on  the  other  haiu'.  if  it  makes  the  recognition 
liiematiufly,  it  is  liable  to  the  suspicion  of  an  unfriendly  jmrpose  to  the  parent  state. 
Till!  recognition  of  belligerent  rights  is  not  solely  to  the  advantiige  of  the  insurgents. 
Tlievfiaiii  the  great  ailvautage  of  a  recognized  status,  and  th;-  opportunity  to  employ 
niiiMiiissioned  eruisers  at  .sea,  a'ud  to  exert  all  tin;  powers  known  to  niaritinm  warfare, 
»it!i  the  sanction  of  foreign  nations.  They  can  obtain  abroad  loans,  military  and 
iiaval  materials,  and  enlist  men,  as  against  everything  but  neutrality-laws;  their  Hag 
mill  commissions  are  acknowledged,  their  revenue-laws  are  resjiected,  and  they  acfjuire 
a  iiiiasi  political  recognition.  On  the  other  hand,  the  parent  government  is  relieved  from, 
a'>|ionsibility  for  acts  dime  in  the  insurgent  territory  :  its  blockade  of  its  own  j)orts 
isiispecti'd;  and  it  ac(iuirt!S  a  right  to  exert,  against  neutral  connnerce,  all  the  powers 
"I  a  party  to  a  maritime  war. 

Mr.  J);ina,  tliou|;li  writing  after  the  present  dispute,  and  witli  refer- 
ence to  it,  pronounces  no  opinion  upon  it,  but  tlie  priiiciple.s  be  has  thus 
laid  down  enable  us  to  Judge  of  the  matter  without  ditheulty. 

Tbisciuestion  was  the  subject  of  a  solemn  decision  in  the  case  already 
cikMl  ot  the  Santissima  Trinidad.  One  of  the  points  there  n,,.  s„.,,-,h,u 
raised  being  that  the  government  of  Buenos  Ayres,  under  i""'"' 
whose  com uii.ssiou  the- vessel  had  taken  prizes,  was  invalid,  the  inde- 
Iti'iKleiice  of  that  State  not  having  been  recognized  by  the  (lovernment 
of  tlie  United  States,  Mr.  Justice  Story  thus  di.sposes  of  the  objection : 

There  is  another  objection  urged  ag.iinst  the  .admission  of  this  vessel  to  the  privi- 

I'fiesaiul  iiuuninities  of  a  public  ship,  which  may  as  well  be  dispos<'d  of  in  connection 

'itli  the  (|iicstion  already  considered.     It  is,  that  Ihienos  Ayres  has  not  y(!t  been  ac- 

Kiiiiwledgfd  as  a  sovereign  indepeiulent  go\  ernnient  by  the  executive  or  legislature  of 

'li''  I'liited  States,  iuul  therefore  it  is  not  entitled  to  have  her  ships  ol'  war  recognized  by 

"11  ciiiiits  as  national  ships.  We  have,  in  former  cases,  had  occasion  to  express  our  opin- 

"11  oil  this  point.    The  CtovernmeTit  of  the  United  States  has  recognized  the  existence 

i  "I  a  civil  war  between  Spain  and  her  c(donies,  and  has  avowed  a  determination  to  re- 

'iiaiii  neutral  between  the  parties,  and  to  allow  to  each  the  same  rights  of  asylum  and 

li'isiiitaiity  and  intercourse.    Each  i)arty  is,  therefore,  deemed  by  us  a  belligerent  na- 

'.  'ion,  haying,  so  far  as  concerns  us,  the  sovereign  rights  of  war.  ami  entitled  to  be  re- 

j  ^liectcd  in  the  exercise  of  those  rights.     We  cannot  interfere  to  the  i)rejudice  of  either 

lli^crent  without  making  ourselves  a  party  to  the  contest  and  departiiig  from  the  pos- 

j'iire  of  neutrality.    All  captures  made  by  each  must  be  coni-idt  red  as  having  the  same 

hdidity,  and  all  the  immunities  which  may  be  claimed  by  public  ships  in  our  ports, 

[iiiuliMthe  law  of  nations,  must  be  considered  aseijually  the  r'ght  of  each  ;  ami,  as  such, 


;U8 


AUniTKATION    AT    GKNEVA. 


'  I  , 


must  1"' iccn^fni/.i'il  Ity  oiii'  rDnrts  ol'  justico  until  Coiijfrcss  sliiiU  i>r(!.sfrih(' a  iliiiVrc,! 
riilu.  Tliis  'stlie  tloctriii"  lifictororc  a^.-seitcil  by  this  court,  mid  \vc  sco  no  mmsdh  to  d, . 
part  from  it.' 

.\n  iittoinpt  lias  iiidt'cd  been  made  to  show  that  the  ,iii(l;;int'iit  m  tlir 
foiv.ii<>iiiS  <-asc  has  been  overriilt'd  or  shaken  by  the  siU'cccmUih;'  jud^. 
iiu'iit  in  the  case  of  th<'  (Iran  J'ai-a,  in  wliich  it  is  alleged  that,  iiotwith 
standing  the  coniinission  of  a  belligei-ent  power,  a  vessel  was  Iidil  to 
be  subject  to  the  Jurisdiction  of  a  court  of  the  United  States,  i  hiw,. 
already  shown  that,  in  that  case,  in  ^hich  the  validity  of  a  caittuie 
made  by  a  jirivateer  fitted  out  in  the  United  iStates  ^vas  qiu^stioiicd  by 
reason  of  the  illegal  character  of  the  capturing  vessel,  the  latter  was  nof 
a  ship-of -war  coiniuissioued  by  a  belliserent  government,  but  simply  im 
American  vessel  commissioned  as  a  privateer;  nor,  indeed,  sailiiij;as;i 
]>rivateer  under  the  commission  of  a  recognized  belligerent.  >5lie  still 
remained,  therefore,  the  private  property  of  an  American  citizen,  unpK.. 
tected  by  any  commission  whatever,  and  a  capture  uuule  by  her  coulil 
iu)t  be  held  to  be  good  ])ri/,e. 

In  the  recent  (,'a.se  of  the  Driti.sh  bark,  the  Hiawatha,  an<l  of  tlio  Mcx 
icau  schooner  iJrillante,  which  were  captured  by  ships  of  the  Uiiitfii 
IStates  for  endeavoring  to  run  the  blockade,  and  which  had  been  con 
demned  as  prize,  an  appeal  having  been  brought,  and  an  objection  liav 
ing  been  taken  that  the  (Confederate  States  ctudd  not  ]troperly  bo  hclil 
to  be  belligerents,  and  that  conse<piently  the  President  had  no  rij^lit  to 
establish  a  blockade,  ^Nfr.  Justice  Grier,  in  delivering  tiie  Judgiui'iit  n' 
the  majority  of  the  Court,  lays  down  the  following  important  proposi 
tions: 

IiisuMcctiou  a;;;niist  a  ^lovcrniiKMit  may  ov  mayijot  ciilminatf  in  an  oiLjani/i'd  iclii! 
lion  ;  InUacivil  war  .•ihvay.'s  ln.\i.;iiis  liy  insnrvcction  ajj;ainst  tlit;  lawtul  antliuiity ol'tlii' 
UovcrniHiMit.  A  civil  war  is  nc\  i-r  solfnuily  dcclarfd  \  it  bccomt's  such  by  its  acn- 
(iL'Uts— tbo  iinmlji'r,  jjower,  and  organization  of  the  porson.s  who  orij;inatc  and  cunyii 
on,  WluMi  the  party  in  rcbtdlion  oi(iij)y  and  hold  in  a  hostile  manner  a  ('crtaiii  ji'ii- 
tion  of  territory,  have  dtn-lared  their  indei)enden(e,  liave  east  otf  their  allej^iaiici', 
have  orjifanized  armies,  have  eommeneed  hostilities  aj;ainst  their  former  sovercij,'!:, 
the  world  aeknovvled<^es  them  as  lielligerents,  and  the  contest  a  icar.  Tiny  claim  to  lie 
in  arms  to  establish  their  liberty  and  inde]iendenee,  in  order  to  )>ecome  a  siivcrci;'!, 
stat(>,  while  the  sovereij^ii  ))arty  treats  them  as  insnrgents  and  rebels  who  owe  alir 
giance.  and  who  slionld  be  ])nnislit'd  with  death  for  their  treason. 

The  laws  of  war,  as  c  tablished  amont;-  nations,  have  their  foundation  in  rcasiiii.ainl 
all  tend  to  mitijjate  the  cruelties  and  miseries  produced  by  the  sconr>'-e  of  wai'.  llcini- 
the  parties  to  a  civil  war  nsnally  concede  to  each  othei-  i>elliye-rent  rij;lits.  llin 
exch.'inse  itrisonc-rs,  and  adopt  the  other  courtesies  and  rules  common  to  public d: 
national  wai's. 

It  is  not  the  less  a  civil  war  with  bellii;erent  iiartics  in  hostile  array,  becansr  it  iiiav 
be  called  an  "insurrection"  !ty  one  side,  and  the  insurj-ents  be  considered  as  rebels  or 
traitors.  It  is  not  necessary  that  the  indepemlen(!e  of  the  revolted  province  or  stati' I 
l»e  acknowledj^ed.  in  order  to  constitute  it  a  party  bellijifereut  in  a  war  accordini;tot!i'' 
l,iw  of  nations.  Foreign  nations  ackiiowled^e  it  as  war  by  a  declaration  of  neiitraliry 
The  condition  of  neutrality  cannot  exist  unh'ss  there  be  two  belli}j;erent  paitios.  li: 
the  ease  of  the  Saiitiiisimn  Tv'm'uhid.  (7  Wheaton,  :i;!7,)  this  court  siiy  :  "  The(ii)veniim'ii! 
of  tno  I'nited  States  has  recoifuizHtl  the  existence  of  a  civil  war  l»et\veeu  Siiain  andin'i 
colonies,  and  has  avowed  her  determination  to  remain  neutral  between  the  i)artii'> 
Each  party  i.s  therefm-e  deemed  by  us  a  belligerent  nation,  having,  so  far  a.s  contenis  ii-. 
the  sovereign  rights  of  war.  " 

The  law  of  nations  is  also  called  the  law  of  nature;  it  is  fmmded  on  the  conuneii  ('"ii 
8(>nt  as  well  as  the  common  sense  of  the  world.  It  contains  no  such  anonudoiis  ilm- 
trim?  aa  that  which  this  court  are  now  for  the  lirst  time  desired  to  proaoiuice,  to  wit. 
that  insurgents  who  have  risen  in  rebellion  against  their  sovereign,  expelleil  lief  I 
courts,  established  a  revolutionary  government,  organized  armies,  and  conuncnced  bov  [ 
tilities.  are  not  enemies  because  they  are  traitors;  and  a  war  levied  on  tlin  guveru- 
m<uit  by  traitors,  in  order  to  dismember  and  destroy  it,  is  not  a  war  because  it  ia  t" 
"  insurrection." 


'  Hritish  Aiii>endix,  vol.  iii,  p.  rt(!. 


oriMoxs  OF  siw  Ai-i:xAM>i;i;  cocKHrKN. 


]U) 


i-ii'ii'  a  ililVi'i-ciii 
iii»  ri'iismi  to  (!,■ 

lt;lllt'llt  ill  tllc 
•ctMlili^'   jud;;- 

that,  iiotwitii 

I  NVilS   liclil  to 

:at('s.     1  hiivc 

of   il    CilptllU' 

|ll('Sti(Hi('(l  by 
liitt<'r  was  no; 
but  simply  iiii 
el,  sailiii;;'  ;is;i 
'lit.  Slit;  still 
eiti/»'ii,  uii])in 
'  l)y  lit'i'  cotilil 

id  of  the  Mt'x- 
)f  the  Uiiitt'ii 
:iiul  been  con 
obJtMitiou  liiiv 
o))ei'l,v  he  held 
ia»l  iM)  ri^ilit  til 
>  jiulyiiH'iit  o' 
irtant  pinposi 

I  orjijaiiizt'il  rein! 
il  aiitlioiityol'tlh' 
such  bv  its  luii- 
iiiiitc  anil  carry  it 
iitT  a  iMTtiiiii  ]Mir- 

flicir  alli'^iaiici'. 

iriiicr  sovert'i;'ii. 

Tlicy  claim  to  l)f 

conic  a  si>v('ri'i;;ii 
t'ls  who  i)\Vf  a'lii- 

1)11  ill  rrasDii.Jiiul 

of  war.    llciin- 

it  rights.     Till'} 

111(111  to  piibliciii 

•,  because  it  iiKiy 
iU'i't'il  as  icl)i'lsoi 
pr4)viiicc  or  stati' 
r  according  to  ill'' 

ion  of  neutrality 

rent  parties,    li; 

Thc(i()veriuiieni 
H'U  Spain  aiiillit'i 
eeii  tlie  partita 
af  as  concerns  «?.  | 

the  coiiinii'ii  cmi- 

anomalous  i1ik| 
ronounce,  to  wit. 
jrii,   o.xiiclleil  lirt 
I  conuneucoil  bov  ] 
I  on  tliH  Jii'ViTu- 
becunsc  it  ii  •" 


Chief  >'ii.stic('  Taiicv.  Mr.  .Iii.sticc  Ncixtii.  Mr.  .lastico  Catron,  and  ]Mr. 
jiistict'  Clitlord  ditlrrt'd,  iiKh-cd,  fidiii  tlu-  nia.jority  of  tho  conrt.  on  the 
liiit'stioii  a.s  to  wlK'thcr  the  blocUiuU*  was,  in  it.s  inception,  lawliil,  foiind- 
ili.jtlieir  opi"'""  upon  the  fact  that  tlion^h  by  the  Constitution  of  the 
I'nited  Slates  the  Ti'esitU'nt  could,  in  cast'  of  invasion  or  insurrection, 
imII  out  the  national  forces.  Conores^  alone  could  declare  war,  and  that, 
( iiiioress  not  havin;;'  (U.'cliired  war  till  the  l,'>tli  of  •Inly,  18<)1,  the  Presi- 
iliiitliail  no  power  to  (h'chire  a  blockath-,  and  c()nse«]iU'ntly  ihat  the 
M'iziire  (»f  the.se  vessels  was  illej^iil.  I!nt  there  was  no  difference  of 
opinion  on  the  question  of  belligerent  status  so  soon  as  civil  war  is  de- 
iliired. 

The  jtractice  of  iiiitioiis  has  been  eiitii'ely  in  accordance  with  llle.■^e 
|,];ii(;i|iles.  All  the  iiiiuitinn'  nations — the  others  were  not  concerned  in 
tlic  iiiiitter — concurreil  in  accordin;:;'  to  the  confederate  governineiit  the 
>tiitii.s  and  riji'hts  of  ;i  bellioerciit  jiower. 

r.iit  thou'ih  it  would  seem  impossible  to  contest  that,  at  some  time 
iluiiii;;' the  continuance  of  the  civil  war,  the  reco<;nition  of       wi.po, .r..k,..«i 

the  bt'lli^erent  status  of  the  confederate  .yoverninent  must     ''""""  '"■''■ • 

li;i\e  taket!  place,  it  is  asserted  that  the  recognition  by  the  IJritish  "ov- 
iriiniciit  was  luemature.  1  will  endeaxorto  take  a  calm  and  «lispas- 
>:iiii;ite  view  of  the  position  of  the  parties,  and  of  this  imu'h  agitated 

i|!IO.stiOII. 

Liiokinjn"  to  the  state  of  thinos  which  had  thus  come  into  existence, 
Her  Majesty's  <»overniuent  could  not  but  see  that  it  would  .soon  become 
imtoiily  rij>ht,  but  also  iieces.sary  to  the  protecti<Mi  of  IJritish  interests, 
1  concede  to  the  insuroent  states  the  character  of  belligerents.     As 
Miou  as  it  wa.s  known  in  Great  JJritain  that  the  war  wa.s  to  be  extended 
j  to  naval  operations,  the  interests  of  JJritish  commerce  and  British  sul»- 
jjwts  reiiuired  that  the  belligerent  statu.s  of  both  parties  to  the  gretit 
I  struggle,  which  was  evidently  alioiit  to  ensue,  should  be  (;lear!y  ascer- 
tained and  defined.     It  was  tdain  that  a  state  of  things  was  ai>out  to 
iint'sent  it.self,  such  as  Mr.  Dtma  refers  to,  as  justifying  tie  recognition 
lit  lielligerency.    3Iucli  reliance  is  placed  in   the  Case  of  the  United 
I  States,  page  ."51,  for   the  iuirjK)se   of  establishing  the    desire  of  the 
British  government  to  recognize  the  in.surgents  as  belligerents  at  an 
iiiiiluly  early  i)eriod,  that  as  etuly  as  the  1st  of  3[iiy,  I-^arl  Ifussell  wrote 
[i!ic  letter  of  tliat  date  to  the  lords  of  the  admiralty. 
The  letter  is  as  follows : 

till' iiitelliy,ence  which  ceaelied  this  ciimitry  by  the  last  mail  from  the  L'liited  Staten 

l.'ivcs  iva.son  to  .suppose  that  a  civil  war  between  the  Xortherii  and  Southern  Statex  of 

Coiiteilcrucy  wa.s  iiniiiiiM'iit.  if  indeed  it    iiiinht  not  be  considered  to  have  already 

I'fillM. 

>iiiiultaiieoiisly  with  the  arrival  of  this  news,  a  teleoram,  iinriioitinn  to   liave  been 
'nvcyed  to  Halifax  from  the  I'nited  State.s,  wa.s  received,  which  announced  that  the 
[l'iiM(lent  of  the  southoni   confedeicy    hail  taiceii   steps  lor  is.suiny  letters  of  maripio 
I'Uiiinst  the  vessels  of  the  Northern  State.s. 

It  such  In  really  the  case,  it  is  obvious  that  mneh  iiieonv(>nienco  may  l»e  occasioupd 
lli'tlii' iiuiiieious  British  vessels  eiij^aj^ed  in  tiaile  on  the  coast  of  the  L'nited  States  and 
ji;.  till' (_inlf  of  Mexico,  and  that  timely  provision  should  be  made  for  their  protection 
|ii;iiiist  inidiU!  molestation  by  reason  of  the  maritime  operations  of  the  hostile  i»artii"s; 
III  111  Her  .Majesty  has  accordingly  commaiitli'd  me  to  sij^nify  to  your  lordshii)s  her  i>leas- 
jiiii'tiiat  adequate  re-inforeemeiits  should  I'orthwith  be  sent  to  Her  Majesty's  s<in'adron 
||||i  till!  North  American  and  West  Indian  station,  so  that  the  admiral  in  command  may 
alilf  duly  to  i>r()vide  for  tlit;  protection  of  liritish  sliii>pin<{  in  any  emergency  that 
ji'iiiy  oreur. 

1  iict'd  scarcely  observe  to  your  lordships  that  it  might  be  right  to  apprise  the  iulmir.il 

''lilt,  much  as  Her  Majesty  regrets  the  jtrosjiect  of  civil  war  itreakiiig  out  in  a  country 

jiii  till' happiness  and  peace  of  which  Her  Majesty  takes  the  deepest  iiiterest.it  is  Her 

|Miij|.,ty's  pleasure  that  nothing  should  be  done  by  her  iiavul  forces  which  should  indi- 

'■iniy  partiality  or  preference  for  either  ptirty  in  the  contest  that  may  ensue.' 


^Appeudix  to  British  Cane,  vol.  iii,  p.  o. 


320 


AKIUTKATIOX    AT    (ii:NF-VA. 


^VllOll  I  say  that  the  foroffoiiiff  letter  is  relied  (»ii,  I  innst  correct  iiiv- 
Keif.  It  is  relied  on  only  in  a  nuitihited  forai.  The  third  paraKnipli  ot 
the  letter,  which  j^ives  the  key  to  its  purpose,  and  8U[)plies  the  tiiotivf 
of  the  writer,  is,  1  regret  to  say,  omitted — its  place  being  supplied  liv 
ahiv'risks — while  the  other  paragraphs  are  given  at  length.'  AVlien  the 
letter  is  before  us  in  its  entirety,  we  see  j)laiidy  that  the  purpose  Earl 
Kussell  had  in  view  was,  not  to  give  any  advantage  to  tlie  iiisiir<,'ents, 
but  to  secure  protection  to  Ilritish  shipping  in  case  the  invitation  of  tin' 
confederate  ])resident  should  have  tluj  effect  of  letting  loose  a  swaruoi 
privateers  in  the  American  waters. 

There  can,  however,  be  no  doubt  that,  prior  to  the  issuing  of  tlu- 
(Queen's  proclamation  of  neutrality,  Her  .Majesty's  ministers,  liaviii;,' 
become  acquainted  with  the  relative  i)osition  of  the  two  parties,  and  see- 
ing plainly  that  this  was  no  ordinary  revolt,  an<l  that  insurrection  had 
assumed  the  form  of  organized  government  and  of  organized  warfine, 
and  looking  to  the  dimensions  the  (contest  was  about  to  take,  had  coiiie 
to  the  conclusion  that  it  would  be  impossil)le  to  withhold  from  the  in 
surgent  government  the  character  and  rights  of  belligerents. 

At  the  time  the  letter  last  (nted  was  written,  nothing  was  iiiiown 
beyond  the  fact  that  the  confederate  goverinnent  were  pre[)aring  to  issue 
letters  of  manjue;  but  on  the  ensuing  <lay,  the  -d,  came  the  news  that 
I'resident  Lincoln  had  proclaimed  a  blockade  of  all  the  Southern  ports 
though  the  terms  of  the  proclamation  were  not  yet  known.  Hereupon 
the  government,  in  anticipation  of  any  emergency  that  might  arise. 
adopted  the  constitutional  cQurse  of  consulting  the  law-officers  of  the 
Crown. 

"  Her  ^Majesty's  government  heard  the  other  day,"  said  Lord  Joiiii 

Kussell  in  the  House  of  Commons  on  the  lid  of  3Liy — 

Tliat  tli«  coiift'dciafed  States  li!iv<>  i.ssiiod  Is^ttcrsof  iiiarciiit',  and  to-day  wo  liavt 
lipard  that  it  is  int'-iided  tlmro  hIkiII  bti  a  blockade  ot'  all  tlio  ports  of  the  .Soutliciii 
States.  As  to  the  {general  provisions  of  the  law  of  nations  ou  these  (piestions,  soiiiooi 
the  points  ;ire  so  new  as  well  as  so  inipo.'tant  that  they  have  been  relerred  to  thel  aw- 
offieers  of  the  Crown  for  their  opinion,  in  order  to  jfuide  the  }j;overnni»;nt  in  its  iiistnu- 
tions  both  to  the  Enj^lish  minister  in  America  and  the  commander-in-chief  of  the  naval 
Kiiiiadron.  Her  Maji^sty's  yoveri\ment  has  felt  that  it  was  itsduty  to  nse  every  possilile  j 
means  to  avoid  tal.in^j  jiny  part  in  the  lamentable  contest  now  ra<;;in<j  in  the  Aineriiaii 
States.  Nothinf;  bnt  the  imjierative  duty  of  [trotectinj;  British  interests,  in  case  tbtv 
should  be  attacked.  Jnstilies  the  ji;overnment  in  at  all  interfering.  We  have  not  \w.n\ 
involved  in  any  way  in  that  contest,  by  any  act  or  giving  any  advice  in  the  iiiattii.  j 
and,  for  (Jod's  sake,  let  ns,  if  possible,  keep  oni  of  it.- 

On  the  0th  of  ^fay  Lord  John  Russell  stated  in  the  Hou.se  of  Com 
mons  that  the  law-officers  and  the  government  had  come  to  the  coiichi- 
sion  that,  according  to  principles  which  .seemed  to  them  to  be  just,  tlie 
Southern  Confederacy  must  be  treated  as  a  belligerent.'* 

A  dispatch  to  Lord  Lyons  of  the  same  day,  in  which  Earl  Kussei! 
develops  his  views  on  the  subject,  is  worthy  of  a  wise  and  considerate! 
statesman : 

Mv  Ia)I{I)  :  Her  Majesty's  government  are  disa[)pointed  in  not  having  received  fion. 
yon,  by  the  mail  which  lias  just  arrived,  any  report  of  the  state  of  atlairs  anil  (if  tlif  i 
prospects  of  the  several  parties,  with  reference  to  the  issue  of  the  struggle  wlmli 
appears,  nnfortnnately,  to  have  commenced  between  them  ;  but  the  uitorruptiou  oftbf 
communication  between  Washington  and  New  York  autilicieutly  explains  the  nou-aiiival 
t>f  ytmr  <lis\iatches. 

The  accounts,  however,  which  Iler  Majesty's  consuls  at  different  ports  were  enabW 
to  forward  by  the  packet,  coincide  in  showing  that,  whatever  may  be  the  liual  resiiltot  j 


'  See  Case  of  the  United  States,  p.  51. 

•Hansard,  vol.  dxii,  p.  1^7^^;  United  States  Documents,  vol.  iv,  p.  4fJ. 

'  Hansard,  vol.  clxil,  p.  ITiti-l;  United  States  Documents,  vol.  iv,  p.  4:^.!. 


OriNIONS   OF   SIR   ALEXANDER   COCKBURN. 


321 


t  eorreiit  m\. 
piiiaKrai)li  ot 
'8  the-  iiiotivf 
:  Huppliod  l)v 
}  ^Vht'Il  th'f 
purpose  Earl 
e  iiisiir{,'piits, 
itatioi!  of  tilt' 
^e  a  swari;  ot 

ssuiiijj  of  tilt' 
stcM's,  liaviii;,' 
rtiiis,  and  see. 
uriTction  liad 
li/.ed  warfare, 
iko,  had  ntiiii' 
i  from  tlic  ill- 
its. 

Sjf  was  known 
liiriuf;'  to  issue 
,Ik'  lunvs  that 
jutlii^'u  ports, 
n.  Hereupon 
ini<;;ht  arise. 
•otlicers  of  tlie 

id   Lord  .Itiliii 

1  t()-(liiy  we  liavc 
of  tilt!  Soiitlii'iu 
'8ti()iiM,  soiiie-  01 
•red  to  tlii'l  aw- 
it  in  its  iiistruc- 1 
ibit'f  of  the  naval 
use  every  possible 
lu  the  Aiuciii'iiu 
vsts,  in  cast'  tliiy 
'o  hiivt^  not  l)i'i'i! 
ce  ill  the  iiiattn. 

oiise  of  Com- 
to  tlic  conclii- 
to  be  just,  tlie 

Earl  Kussi'll 
considerate  | 


U'j,  received  fii)"' 
tfiiirs  uiiil  "'■  tl"' 
8triijij;le  whii'li 
terriiiitimioltbi' 
Id  the  iiou-arnval 

,rts  -A-eri'  enaliltil 
the  liiiid  result"' 


ffliat  cannot  now  bo  (Icsinrnatcd  otherwiso  than  ns  the  civil  war  which  has  l)rol<oii  out 
iHffL'eii  tlio  stn'oral  States  of  thi-  late  Union,  for  tliti  present,  at  It^ast,  those  States 
liivc  separated  into  ilistinct  confederacies,  and,  as  such,  aro  carrying  on  war  a,!;;ainHt 
,;iili  otiier. 

,  The  (|iiestion  for  iicntral  nations  to  consider  is,  wliiit  is  tlu*  character  of  tin-  war; 
jiiil  whether  it  slionid  lii^  rej;,'irded  as  a.  war  eariie<l  on  lietween  i)artles  stn'orally  in  a 
pibitiipii  to  \va;;e  war,  and  to  claim  the  rij^lits  and  to  perform  theohliijationH  attaching; 
lotu'llinerents. 

Ihr  Majesty's  governnient  consider  that  that  tpiestion  can  only  he,  answered  in  tho 
illiniiative.  Jf  the  j{overnment  of  the  northein  ixirtion  of  the  late  Union  possesses  tlio 
;iilvftuta;;i'S  inlierent  in  lon^-established  f^overnnn'iits,  tlie  ^fovernmeiit  of  thi;  sontiiern 
imilion  lifis,  nevertlieless,  duly  constitnled  itself,  and  carries  on,  in  a  re.i;;nlar  form,  tho 
ailiiiiiiistnition  of  tin;  civil  <j;overiiment  of  the  States  of  whitdi  it  is  composed. 

lliT  Majesty's  f^overnnient,  therefore,  witiiout  assniniiif^  to  pi'ononncc  upon  tho 
uuiitsof  the  i|nestion  on  which  the  respective  parties  are  at  issne,  can  do  no  less  than 
iiiri'iit  the  facts  iireseiited  to  tliem.  They  deeply  deplort!  the  disruption  of  a  confederacy 
Willi  which  tlicy  liave  at  all  times  soui;lit  to  cultivate  the  most  fiieiidly  relations  ;  tliey 
viiwwitli  the  greatest  aii|ireheiision  and  ci)iicern  the  misery  and  desolation  in  whicli 
i|i;it disruption  threatens  to  involve  tlie  provinces  now  arrayeil  in  arms  aj^uinsi,  each 

ir;  but  they  feel  that  they  cannot  question  tho  rigiit  of  tho  Southern  Sratt\s  to 
il.iiin  to  he  iveojiuized  as  a  belligerent,  and,  as  Buch,  invested  with  all  tho  riglils  and 
;  iiriiiiijatives  of  a  belligt.'rcnt.' 

Wlietlior  the  (leterniiuation  to  acknowhHlge  the  Confodorate  States  as 
olli;;erents  was  come  to  u  few  days  too  soon  or  not,  is  a  niiitter  on 
which  tliero  may  possibly  -be  a  difference  of  opinion.  Bnt  that,  on  this 
i  iiicoiint,  British  statesmen,  acting"  under  an  anxious  sense  of  duty,  in 
liutlierance  of  what  the3'  believed  to  be  a  Just  and  necessary  policy, 
should  be  ])ubliely  a(!cnsed  of  havin<;'  been  influenced  by  the  sinister  de- 
>i^ii  of  promoting'  the  interests  of  tlie  one  pjirty  at  the  expense  of  the 
iithcr,  while  pretending  simply  to  fuUill  the  duties  incidental  to  their 
liiiMtion  toward  both  ptirties,  is  a  painful  thing.  Tho  world  must  judge 
lietweon  the  accusers  iind  the  accused. 

Whether  the  resolution  was  come  to  too  soon  or  not,  it  was  not  acted 

[iilioutill  the  events  which  rapidly  supervened  cotdd  letive  no  doubt  on 

the  minds  of  Her  Miijesty's  ministers  as  to  issuing  the  proclamation  of 

ii'Utrality.    On  the  ioth  of  3Iiiy,  a  dispatch  was  received  from  Lord 

[Lyons,  containing  a  copy  of  the  proclamation  of  President  Davis  as  to 

issuing  letters  of  marque,  and  <i  copy  of  that  of  President  Lincoln, 

liieelaring  that  southern  innvateers  should  be  treated  as  pirates,  antl 

[aiiMouiR'ing  the  blockade  of  the  southern  ports.^ 

Tlie  Ihitish  government  contends,  and,  as  it  seems  to  me,  most  justly, 
Ithat  when,  by  declaring-  the  southern  ports  blockaded,  tlie  President 
[oiienly  acknowledged  the  existence  of  a  civil  war,  and  ^liereby  recog- 
liiized  the  Confederate  iStiites  as  belligerents  in  the  face  of  the  world,  he 
Itlieieby  rendered  it  not  only  the  right  but  the  duy  of  the  JJritish  gov- 
[iniment  to  treat  them  as  ,'uu'h. 

That  it  became  the  right  of  Her  Majesty's  government  so  to  treat  them 
lean  admit  of  no  possible  doubt;  no  jurist,  1  am  .satisfied,  will  assert  the 
jconirary.  The  pretension  that  the  Federal  Government  could  tre'.t  the 
jcoiito.st  as  a  war,  so  as  to  declare  a  blockade,  and  thereby  exclude  •  >  i  ■  ral 
jiiiitioiis  from  access  to  the  blockaded  ports  for  the  purpose  of  trade,  while 
|ieutral  governments,  on  the  other  hand,  were  not  entitled  to  treat  the 

arasoue  going  on  between  two  belligerent  powers,  is  a  proposition 
[^liioli  is,  I  say  it  with  all  respect  for  Mr.  Adams,  really  preposterous. 

Applying  the  princii)les  laid  down  by  the  editor  of  Wheaton,  in  the 
jiote  which  I  have  quoted  at  length,  as  well  as  by  tho  other  eminent 
jjiiiists  to  whom  I  have  referred,  can  any  one  doubt  that  Her  Majesty's 
Euveruaient  were  fully  justified  in  recognizing  the  belligerent  character 


,-,  p.  4eJ. 
'.'  !'•  "^''''' 


21  B 


'United  States  Documents,  vol.  i,  p.  37. 
^liritish  Appendix,  vol.  iii,  p.  G. 


iimii 


AHIUTUATION    AT    GKNEVA. 


^Wt^-'lf' 


m 


ol"  tlio  ('(MiA'd^M'ate  Sfatos  ?  "Wlicn  tho  war  lu'twcon  the  two  partipsto 
tln'  <oiit('st  iKMtainc  oxtomlod  to  tlie  ocean,  tlio  intiucstsof  inaiitiiiui  im. 
tioiis,  and  more  especially  of  (Ireat  liritaiii,  with  its  extensive  coinincm* 
with  the  i)orts  of  both  Sontliern  and  Northern  States,  hec^anio  at  once 
SI  1  iously  involved.  Between  (Jreat  IJritain  and  tho  southern  ports  there' 
was  the  constant  intercourse  of  an  active  and  extensive  conunerce.  The 
I'ritish  ship-owners  and  merchants  had  a  rijjht  to  look  to  the  govennui'iit 
for  protection  to  sliips  and  carjjoes,  if  interfered  with,  in  time  of  pence 
in  any  way  not  warranted  by  international  law.  It  was  the  duty  of  Her 
3IaJesty's  ships  of  war  stationed  on  the  neighboring  naval  stations,  or 
detached  from  them,  to  afford  that  protection.  Ho  long  as  the  war  wns 
not  acknowledged  by  Her  Majesty  as  a  legitimate  war,  any  interforoiice 
by  either  belligerent  with  a  British  ship  might  have  proved  the  occa- 
sion of  some  serious  collision. 

With  the  recognition  by  1  ler  ]\[ajesty  of  the  war,  all  her  subjects  would 
know  that  the  blockade  must  be  treated  as  a  lawful  one,  and  that  any 
trade  attempted  to  be  carried  on  with  the  blockaded  ports  would  be  at 
the  peril  of  the  parties  attempting  it. 

Unless  the  blockaded  ports  were  treated  aa  the  ports  of  a  belligorent, 
there  could  be  no  lawful  blockade.  The  blockade  of  its  own  i)orts  by  a 
state,  to  the  exclusion  of  those  who  have  a  right  to  trade  with  its  siih- 
jects,  is  a  thing  unknown  and  uidieard  of.  The  subjects  of  Great  Ihitaia 
had,  by  existing  treaties,  the  right  of  trading  with  those  of  the  United 
States.  If  the  citizens  of  the  Southeru  States  were  still  to  be  looked 
upon  as  citizens  of  the  United  States,  British  merchant-ships  had  a  ri^^ht 
of  free  access  to  the  southern  ports  notwithstanding  the  blockade.  Nor 
could  the  Jiritish  government  depris'e  them  of  this  right,  or  refuse  them 
its  i)rotection  if  forcibly  interfered  with. 

Tlie  effect  of  a  blockade  in  the  disturbance  of  contracts  pr'^nously 
made  makes  it  of  the  utmost  importance  to  the  commercia'  Id  to 
have  the  earliest  notice  of  the  fact,  and  of  the  recognition  of  it  b  'ov- 

ei  nment ;  the  more  so  as  it  has  been  considered  that  official  nouce  of  a 
blockade  to  a  government  is  sutlicient  notice  to  its  subjects. 

All  these  important  considerations  appear  to  me  to  show,  beyond  tlie 
possibility  of  dispute,  that  it  becomes  the  duty  of  a  neutral  government, 
w  hen  it  is  made  aware  of  the  fact  of  a  blockade,  to  give  notice  of  it  to 
its  subj«'cts  at  the  very  earliest  moment. 

The  alternative  of  refusing  to  acknowledge  the  war  as  a  war  between 
two  belligerent  powers,  was  therefore  to  refuse  to  acknowledfjje  the 
blockade.  "Would  the  Unite<l  States  have  preferred  that  Great  Eiitaiu 
sh(»uld  adopt  this  alternative  1 

By  establishing  the  blockade,  therefore,  the  Government  of  the  United 
Stales  made  it,  as  I  have  said,  not  only  the  right  but  the  duty  of  Hit 
jNkiJesty's  government  to  acknowledge  the  belligerency  of  the  conted- 
erates,  and  thus  to  give  to  the  war,  so  far  as  British  subjects  were  con 
cerned,  the  incidents  which  attach  to  war,  as  respects  the  relative  lights 
and  obligations  of  belligerents  and  neutrals. 

The  ])olicy  of  the  government  was  explained  and  justified  by  Lord 
Eussell  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Adams,  of  the  4th  May,  1865 : 

Lot  mo  rpinind  you  that  when  tlio  civil  w.ar  in  America  broke  out  so  snddenly. 
so  vioh'ntly,  and  no  extensively,  that  event,  in  the  preparation  of  which  Great  Britain 
had  no  share,  caused  notiiinj;  but  detriment  and  injury  to  Her  Majesty's  subjects;  Gmi 
I'iritain  had  previously  carried  on  a  large  comniercp  with  the  Southern  States  of  tlu' 
I'liioii,  and  hud  procured  there  tlie  staple  which  furnifjhed  materials  for  the  industry cl 
uiiilions  oflicr  peo]tle. 

Had  there  been  no  w.-ir,  the  (,'xistinfj  treaties  ■with  tho  United  States  would  b" 
secured  the  continuance  of  a  commcroo  mutually  advantageous  and  desirable.   ^^' 


OPINIONS   OP   SIR   ALEXANDER   COCKBURN. 


323 


il  {government, 
notice  of  it  to 


iiH  tlio  first  firt.  of  tho  PicHidciit  of  tlio  IlniltMl  Stati'H?  H<i  iiro('li\imt'cl  on  tlio 
i.iiii  of  A|iril,  l"**!!,  tlio  blockadi' of  tlio  ports  of  movcmi  Stairs  of  tlio  I'liioti.  Hut  lio 
I'oiilil  liiwfiill.v  iMtcn'ii]>t  Mio  trade  of  lu'iitrals  to  tlio  SontiKtrn  Ktatos  upon  oi.t^  Kioiinil 
only,  ii.iiiicl.v,  tliut  tlio  .Sontlicrn  States  woio  carrying  on  war  a;j;ainst  tlio  Ooscrniueiit 
uftlii'  riiitfd  States;  in  other  woids,  that  they  worts  helligi'reiits. 

Her  Majesty's  j^ovoriinioiit,  on  lieariii)^  of  tlie<o  ovonts,  liail  only  two  conisos  to  pur- 
sue, niimely,  that  of  aekiiowle(l<;injj  tho  hloekade,  and  jyroelainiinjj  tlio  nentrality  of 
Hit  Miijesly,  or  tliat  of  refiisinj^  to  aeUnowled;^o  tho  bloeka<lo,  and  insisting  upon  tho 
the  ri^'lits  of  Her  Majesty's  snhjeets  to  trade  with  the  ports  of  tho  South.  Her  Majesty's 
jtovcrnnieiit  jnirsned  tho  former  cournu  ua  ut  onco  tho  most  just  mid  tho  most  friendly 
to  till'  I'liiteii  States. 

It  is  ehvions,  indeed,  that  tho  conrso  of  treating  thn  vessels  of  the  Southern  StatoH 
as  piratical  vessels,  and  their  crows  as  pirates,  would  have  ln'cn  to  reiioiiiiee  tho  char- 
acter of  neutrals,  and  to  tako  part  in  tho  war;  nay,  it  would  have  been  doing  more 
than  till' I'nited  States  thoniselves,  who  have  never  troatisil  the  inisonerH  tlioy  have 
luaile  titlier  by  land  or  sea  as  rebola  iind  pirates,  but  as  prisoners  of  war,  to  be  detained 
until  regularly  cxelianged. 

So  iiiiii'li  as  to  the  step,  whicli  you  say  yonr  Government  can  never  regnrd  "  as  otlier- 
wiw  tliiiii  pieeipitate,"  of  acknowledging  the  Southern  States  as  belligerents.  It  v/iw, 
(in  tilt'  contrary,  your  own  Oovernnieiit  which,  in  ussiiniing  the  belligerent  right  of 
bliiekiule,  reeogni/.etl  tho  Southern  States  as  IxfUigerents.  Mail  they  not  biM-n  lielli- 
pretits,  the  armetl  ships  of  tho  United  States  wouhl  have  had  no  right  to  stop  a  single 
ljiiti»ili  ship  upon  the  high  seas.' 

But  it  is  said  that  the  recognition  was  premature,  because,  when  it 
wasiiiiule,  the  oftlcial  auiiouiicemeiit  of  tho  l)h)ckudo  had  not  yet  been 
received.  What  if  this  had  been  so  ?  The  blockade  existed  intact; 
it  was  known  to  the  British  government;  and  it  was  important  to  Her 
Majesty's  subjects  that  it  shoidd  l)e  made  known  to  them  at  the  earliest 
possible  moment.  But  this  assumption,  rashly  made  in  the  case  of  the 
United  States,  turns  out  to  be  incorrect.  The  facts  stood  thus :  Tho 
proclamation  of  the  President  with  regard  to  the  ports  of  the  seven 
States  was  issued  on  the  lOth  of  April.  It  was  Ibllowed  by  a  similar 
proclamation  of  the  27th,  as  to  the  ports  of  North  Carolina  and  Virginia. 
The  blockade  was  elfectiially  established  on  the  30th.  The  issuing  of 
the  proclamations  was  communicaieil  to  Lord  Lyons,  the  minister  of 
Great  liritain  at  Washington,  on  the  liOth.  On  the  1st  of  May,  Mr. 
Seward,  the  Secretary  of  (State  of  the  United  States,  writes  to  him  us, 
follows : 

The  so-called  Confederate  States  have  waged  an  insurrectionary  war  against  tljia 
Gincriunent.  They  are  buying  and  even  seizing  vessels  in  several  places  for  the  pur- 
pose of  furnishing  themselves  with  a  naval  force,  and  tlioy  are  issuing  letters  of  martiuo 
to  iirivateers  to  bo  employed  in  preying  on  the  commerce  of  this  country.  You  are 
aware  that  the  President  has  proclaimed  a  blockade  of  the  ports  includotl  within  the 
insurgt'ut  States.    All  these  circumstances  are  kuowu  to  the  world.- 

On  the  3d  of  May  the  proclamation  of  the  blocktide,  which  had  ap- 
peared in  the  Boston  newspapers,  was  published  iu  the  London  news- 
papers. It  turned  out  afterward  thiit  there  were  inaccuracies  in  tho 
version  thus  given  b\'  the  Boston  newspapers;  but  the  substance  of  the 
thiiij^f  remained  the  same ;  there  was  no  doubt  that  the  blockade  had 
been  declared. 

On  the  5th  of  May,  the  government  received  a  letter  of  the  23d  of 
April  from  their  consul  at  New  York,  transmitting  a  copy,  correct  iu 
all  essential  particulars,  of  the  proclamation  of  the  blocktide,  as  akso  a 
complete  copy  of  that  of  President  Davis,  inviting  applications  for  letters 
of  marque.^  On  the  10th  of  May,  complete  copies  of  both  proclama- 
tions were  received  from  the  British  minister  at  Washington.' 

Iu  the  mean  time,  a  copy  of  the  President's  proclamation  of  tlie  19th 


1: 


'United  States  Documents,  vol.  i,  p.  29.'). 
-  Appendix  to  Uritish  Case,  vol.  iii,  p.  12. 
"  Appendix  to  British  Case,  vol.  iii,  p.  4. 
•I  Ibid.,  p.  G. 


(■J    w- 


324 


ARBITRATION   AT   GENEVA. 


of  Ai)ril  linvinp'  boon  foiwardod  by  IMi".  Kocrotary  Soward  to  Mv.  Dalljis 
tlio  IJiiitod  Statos  iniiiistoi"  in  Eiij>l;ui(l,  it  was  ollioiallj- coniniunicatcd 
by  ]\Ii'.  Dallas  to  Lonl  I'ussoll  on  the  Htli  of  JMny.'  Ilor  ;^bljosty\s 
jnoclaniation  of  neutrality  was  not  issued  till  the  11th  of  INhiy.  Tims  it 
ATiis  not  till  throe  d.iys  after  the  ollieial  coniniunication  last  referred  to 
and  ni  i'3  days  after  a  (lopy  had  been  reeeived  Iroui  the  Jbitish  consul 
at  New  York,  that  Her  Mujesty's  proclamation  of  neutrality  was  is- 
sued. 

JJal  itis  said  that  the  (>x])ecte^l  arrivalofJMr.  Adams  should  have  boon 
awaited.  What  ditferon(;e  eould  it  have  made?  No  explanations  at'- 
fonled  by  that  jiiontloman  eould  have  altered  the  facts — fiurts  wiijch 
made  it  the  <luty  of  the  government  to  advise  Uer  jVIaJesty  to  reco/iiiize 
the  validity  of  the  blockade,  and,  in  order  so  to  do,  to  recognize  also 
the  bellif^erent  status  of  the  dcfuvto  confederate  governnuMit. 

But  the  not  waiting  for  jMr.  Adams  is  ]>ut  Ibrward  as  a  bivach  of  faith 
on  the  i)art  of  I-arl  Kussell,  his  lordshij)  having,  it  is  said,  iileilfivd 
himself  to  ^Ir.  Dallas,  the  predecessor  of  i\Ir.  Adams,  to  await  the  arri- 
val of  the  latter.  Here  again  we  have  an  entire  misconception.  Xo 
such  ])le<Ige  was  given,  ov  intended  to  be  given.  AVhat  passeil  betwocu 
Lord  Jiusseli  and  Mr.  Dallas  a^jpears  from  a  letter  of  the  latter  to  3ir. 
Seward  of  the  L*d  t»f  ]May  : 

Tlio  Kolicitiido  fVlt  by  Ijord  .loliu  Rnssfll  as  to  tlio  cftVct  of  certain  incasiircs  lopre- 
8<'iitetl  an  likely  to  be  a(lo|iie(l  by  the  i'resideiit,  iiiiluceil  '.liiii  to  i<'(|iieNt,  me  to  cull  ;it 
hi.s  jirivate  leisiileiiee  yestciday.  I  <li<l  so.  He  told  Hie  that  the  three  reprcseiitativis 
of  !li(;  yoiitlierii  {."oiilederaey  were  here;  that  he  Jiafl  not  seen  tlieni,  lint  was  not  iiii- 
willinjif  to  do  so,  «)i();//(i((//.i/,-  that  -here  existed  an  unilerstandinf;-  between  the  i^'nv- 
ernnient  and  that  ot  ]'ran<;e,  wliieh  wonld  lead  both  to  take  the  sanit^  course  iis  to 
ree();;iiidon.  whatt^ver  that  course  niifilitbe;  and  he  then  referred  to  thii  rumor  of  ;i 
jneditatcd  blockade  of  southern  ports  and  their  discontinnance  as  poi'ts  of  lutrv— 
t()i)ics  on  which  I  had  ]iear<l  nothinir,  and  couiil  tlierefore  say  notliinj;.  But  as  1  iu- 
fornicd  liini  tliit  Jlr.  Adams  had  ai)]irised  me  of  his  intention  to  be  on  his  way  liitinr, 
in  the  steamship  Niagara,  which  left  Boston  on  the  Ist  ilay,  and  that  he  would  \\mh- 
ably  arrive,  in  less  than  two  week,  by  the  I'Jth  or  loth  instant,  liis  lordship  aiciuiiwcil 
ill  the  expediency  of  disreyardiny  mere  rumor,  and  waiting  tJic  full  knowledge  iube 
brought  by  my  succe.ssor.- 

It  is  |)l}iin  Ihiit  the  motive  for  waiting  the  arrival  of  IMr.  Adani.s  was 
to  obtiiin  ]t()sitive  knowledge  in  the  jilace  of  "  mere  runun-'' — that  is. 
"rumor  of  a  meditated  bloektule;''  not  that  there  was  any  iuteiitiou 
of  discussing  with  'Slv.  A<lams  the  (piestion  of  the  proehnuiition  of  neu- 
trality, if  the  rumor  proved  (correct.  When  authentic  inforiiiatinii 
came  in  tlie  co])ies  of  the  PrcsiiU'iit's  i)roclaniatit)n  olliciall.N  fiirii'^ilii'd 
to  the  foreign  office,  lull  knowledge  took  the  ])lace  of  rumor,  and  the 
lat  tor  beeameeonveited  into  certiiinty.  All  motive  lor  delay  then  ceased 
and  the  time  for  action  had  arrived. 

Yet  this  has  been  magnified  into  a  breach  of  faith,  and  that  by  poi- 
by  the  sons  who  hitd  this  letter  before  them. 

The  exiimple   of  Great   Britain  in    acknowledging  the  Confederate 

«o,nB„;ti,m,.ih.i  ^ttites  as  belligerents  was  followed  by  the  Emperor  dl'tlR' 

fiitoiinty.  French  in  a  in-oehmuition  of  the  10th  of  dune;  by  the  Kiua 

of  the  Netherlands  on  the  KJtli;  by  the  (^ueen  of  iSpain  on  the  ITtli; 

"LM'.pptor  of  Bra/il  on  the  1st  of  xVugust. 

Tlie  (Jovernment  of  the  United  States,  however,  refused  to  eonoodo 
to  other  nations  the  right  of  a(!knowledging  the  belligoi'<iit 
stiitus  of  the  seceding  States.  In  these  they  stiw  only  wlint 
Mr.  Seward  termed  "a  discontented  domestic  faction.'' 
Dayton  on  the  .'JOth  of  I\Iay,  1S(H,  Mr.  Seward  says: 

The  l'iiit(«l  Slates  cannot  for  .i  iiioiiicut  allow  tlin  l>'rencli  government  to  rest  umltr 

'A)ii)ondix  to  British  Cnsn,  vol,  iii,  pngo  7. 
''United  States  Docunientt',  vol.  i,  p.  34. 


Ctmr^e  pui-put-il  by 
ortMHli  puvvcri*. 


Writing  to  Mr. 


OPIXIONS    OF   SIR    ALEXANDER    COCKnURy. 


325 


Y.  A<linns  was 
nor ''— tliiit  is. 


tlio  (lolnsiv(i  lii'lii'f  Mi;it  they  will  bi>  (toiitunt,  to  liavo  tho  CotifiMlor.ato  States  rnco;;iilziMl 
a<  a  l)i'llif,'<'rciit  power  by  states  with  which  tliis  nation  is  in  aiiiity.  No  coneert  of 
action  amonji  foreij^n  states  so  reco^jiiizin;?  the  insurgents  can  reeoniiilo  the  I'niteil 
States  to  snch  a  lyroceedinj:;,  whatuver  may  he  the  eoiisei|inHices  of  resistanc(5.' 

Ill  ii  (li.si>iit(!li  tVofu  -Mr.  Scwivrd  to  Mr.  Day  ton,  of  the  ITtli  of  Jimo, 
18C1,  the  ibrnior  writes: 

TIh!  Uiiitetl  Spates,  ri,:;htly  Jealous,  as  we  think,  of  their  sovenM'j;i'ty,  eannot  snil'er 
thfiiisi'lves  to  fleliatn  any  abridj^inent  of  that  sov(M-iM;;iity  with  Fran(!e  or  u  ith  any 
ntlicr  iiatii.".;.  Much  less  can  it  (ionsent  that  Fran  e  MJialJ  announce  to  it  a  ccnwdusion 
oflierown  ai^ainst  that  sovereiirnty.  which  con(!iusi"ui  Franco  has  ailoiited  witiiont 
any  previous  c(Miferenc(>  with  the  Fnitcd  States  on  the  subject.  'I'iiis  (toverunu'ut  in- 
sists that  tht^  United  States  ;av  one  whole  undivided  nation, especially  so  far  as  foreii^n 
nations  are  coueerued,  and  that  I'rance  is,  by  the  law  of  nations  anil  by  treaties,  not. 
!i  ncntral  power  between  two  iniaj^inary  parties  hero,  but  a  frioiid  of  the  United 
States. 

It:  is  erroneous,  so  far  as  fonsis^n  nations  are  concerned,  to  sup])oso  that  any  v/ar  ex- 
ists in  tlie  UuitiMl  States.  Ccu'tainly  tlnu'o  Ciiiinol  be  i  a'o  lii>lli;^(M'ent  powers  when* 
tluTO  is  no  war.  Tliere  is  here,  as  there  has  always  been,  one  i)olitical  power,  namely, 
tin'  United  States  of  America,  eompotent  to  make  war  and  peace,  ami  conduct  com- 
iiKTCo  and  alliances  with  all  foreinu  nations.  Then!  is  none  other  (Mther  in  fact  or  rer- 
(ijjnizcd  by  foreign  nations.  There  ts,  indeed,  an  arnieil  sedition  st>ekinj^  to  overthrow 
the  Government,  and  the  G()vernment  is  emitloyinj;  military  and  naval  forces  to  re- 
press it.  Hut  these  facts  do  not  eonstituti",  'i  war  ])resentin.i^  two  bell iifcrent  jiowers, 
and  ninilifyiiif^  tlie  national  character,  rights,  and  responsibilities,  or  the  eharar'ters, 
rights,  and  responsibilities  of  foreif^n  nations.  It  is  true  that  insurrection  m;iy  ripiMi 
into  revolution,  and  tliat  revolution  thus  ripen ?d  may  (!Xtin;;uisli  a  lu-i^viously  existing; 
state,  or  divider  it  into  one  or  nore  independent  states,  and  tliat  if  such  states  continue 
their  strife  after  such  division,  then  there  exists  a  .st.ate  of  war  atlecting  tiie  ciiaractcrs, 
ri;;lits,  and  <'.ities  of  all  the  parties  concierned.  lint  this  only  happens  -wluMi  the  revo- 
liitiou  hr  ,  thus  run  its  successful  course. 

Tiie  French  government  says,  in  the  instruction  whicdi  has  been  tiMidered  to  us,  that 
oertiiin  facts  which  it  assumes  confer  upon  tiie  insurgents  of  this  country,  in  the  eyes 
of  foreign  powers,  all  the  apjiearancjcs  oi"  a  govt^rnment  fir  facto  ;  wherefore,  whatever 
may  lie  its  I'cgrets,  the  French  govi'rnment  must  consider  the  two  contending  parties 
aseiiiploying  t\w  forces  at  their  dis])osal  in  confcn-mity  with  the  laws  of  war. 

Tills  statement  assunms  not  only  tliat  the  law  of  nations  entities  any  insurrectiona- 
ry laetion,  wli  ii  it  establishes  a.  dc-fdclo  government,  to  b(!  tr<'ated  ;is  belligerent,  but 
also  that  the  f:>  t  of  the  attainment  of  this  st.atnsis  to  bt>  determined  by  the  appcaranci! 
of  it  in  th(!  eyc>  of  foreign  nations.  If  we  should  concede  botii  of  these  jiositions,  we 
siiMild  still  insist  that  i-,he  existence  of  a  dr-j'.'vlo  yoveruiuout,  eutitlod  to  bellijforent 
ri^'iits,  is  not  established  in  the  present  case.  - 

III  a  (li.spatc'h  of  June  19  he  writes: 

Wliut  is  now  seen  in  this  country  is  the  occurrence,  by  no  means  peculiar,  but  fre- 
quent iu  Jill  countries,  more  frei|uent  even  in  (ireat  Hritain  tlian  h.ere.  of  an  armed  in- 
snncetioii  engaged  in  attempting  to  overthrow  the  regularly,  (umstituted  anil  estab- 
lished government.  Tliere  is,  of  course,  the  employment  of  force  l>y  the  (iovernmeiit 
tosii|iiiiess  tile  iiisisrrection,  as  evi'i'y  otiier  government  necessarily  employs  force  in 
sneli  cases.  Hut  tliese  incidents  by  no  means  constitute  a  shite  of  war  impairing  the 
sovereignty  of  tiie  (fovernmeiit,  creating  belligerent  sections,  and  entitling  foreign 
states  to  intervene  or  to  act  as  niMifrals  )irt  wei-n  them,  or  in  any  otlier  way  to  east  oft' 
tliiir  lawful  obligations  to  the  nation  thus  for  the  moment  iUsturl>ed.  •' 

Writiiio'  to  Mr.  Adain.s  on  the  21st  of  July,  he  siiys: 

Tlie  I'liited  St.ates  and  Great  Hritain  have  assumed  incompatiMe,  and  thus  far  irrcc" 
oiK'iluhle,  positions  on  the  subject  of  the  existing  insurrect  ion 

Till  I'liited  States  claim  and  insist  tliat  ttie  integrity  of  tT  Republic  is  unbroken, 
siiillliiit  their  GovernnKUit  is  supreme,  so  fur  as  foreign  nations  are  concerned,  .as  well 
i"i'  war  MS  for  jieaee,  over  all  the  States,  .all  sections,  and  all  citizens,  the  loyal  not 
iiiorc  tli;in  the  disloy.al.  the  ))atriots  and  the  insurgents  alike.  C'onsei|uently,  liiey  in- 
''i<t  tliat  the  Ibitish  government  nhall  in  no  way  intervene  in  the  insuri'ection,  or  hold 
oim^iiienial  or  oiiicr  intorcour.su  with  tlie  insurgents  iu  derogation  of  the  Federal 
aiillmrity.  < 

Tlie  i)osi(iou  assumed  by  tlio  United  Stiites  Goveriunent  was  i>lai?dy 
iiiitciiahle,  lu'inti  neither  more  nor  less  than  this — that  when  a  body  of 


'  I'liited  States  Apiioiilix,  vol.  i,  p.  11)2. 
^  ibid.,  p.  JiUG. 


■'  Il)iil.,  i>.  '202. 
*  Ibid.,  p.  -^14. 


ifjl 


iron 


ii:l;  '•■ 


vm  ''^ 


326 


ARBITRATION   AT   GENEVA. 


States  secede  from  a  former  jjfovernment  and  form  one  of  their  own,  tlie 
original  government  Js  to  be  the  sole  judge  as  to  when  the  status  of  bd. 
ligerency  can  be  conceded — a  [)roi)osition  wholly  at  variance  with  all 
received  principles  of  international  law. 

How  Lord  Russell  viewed  the  matter  appears  from  a  dispatch  to  Lord 
Lyons,  of  June  21: 

I  liavo  to  Htiito  to  yiiir  lonlnhip  that  I  liavo  every  reason  to  bo  satisricd  with  tlio 
laIl}J;llil^X(^  and  condnct  of  Mr.  Adams  since  ho  has  arrived  in  tliis  conntry. 

The  only  eoniplaint  which  he  has  nrjjed  hero  is,  that  the  Queen's  prochimution  au 
uounciii;;;  her  in'utraiity  was  hasty  and  iirenniture. 

I  said,  in  tin)  first  phico,  that  i>ur  position  was  of  necessity  one  of  neutrality;  that 
•we  could  not  take  jiart  either  for  the  North  against  the  South,  or  for  the  Soutli  aj^aiiist 
the  North. 

To  this  ho  willinfjly  assented,  and  said  that  the  Iliiited  States  expected  no  assistauco 
from  us  to  enable  their  Government  to  finish  the  war. 

I  rej./iiied  tinit  if  such  was  the  cas(^,  as  I  supijosed,  it  wouhl  iu)t  have  boiMi  rij^ht 
either  toward  our  admirals  and  naval  commanders,  nor  toward  our  morcluiiits  ami 
mercantile  nnirine,  to  leave  them  without  i»ositive  and  public  orders  ;  that  the  exer- 
cise of  bclli;j;erent  rijjhts  of  search  and  capture  by  a  baud  of  adventurers  clustered  in 
souui  small  islaiul  in  the  Greek  Archipela>;o  ov  in  tlio  Atlantic  would  subject  tlxuu  to 
tins  penalties  of  piracy;  but  we  could  not  treat  5,000,000  of  men,  who  !i,.<l  declared 
their  indep»Mid(Mict(,  like  a  band  of  uiaruuders  or  lilibusters.  If  we  had  done  so,  we 
should  have  done  more  than  the  United  States  themselves.  Their  troops  had  taken  jiris- 
oners  many  of  the  adherents  of  the  confederacy,  but  I  could  not  perctiive  from  tlie  news- 
jtapers  that  in  any  case  they  had  brought  these  i>risoner8  to  trial  for  high  treason,  crshot 
titeni  as  rebels.  Had  we  iiung  the  captain  of  an  armed  vessel  of  tli<»  southern  coiifcil- 
eracy  as  a  pirate,  we  should  have  done  that  which  a  sense  of  humanity  had  prohibited 
on  the  part  of  the  Government  itself. 

The  (piestion  soon  .assumed  a  practical  form.  When  the  Governmont 
Q.i«tin„  a.  to  of  the  Confederate  States  had  armed  certain  vessels,  and 
c.mre.i.:rMe  V, ,.,1.  |jm|  placcdthcm  under  the  command  of  otiticers  duly  com- 
missioned by  it,  and  those  ves.sels  put  into  ])ort8  of  the  neutral  powers, 
the  Government  of  the  United  States  protested  loudly  against  their 
being  received  as  vessels  of  war,  on  the  grouhd  that  the  insurgent 
States  still  formed  an  integral  portion  of  the  Union;  that  they  were  to 
be  looked  upon  as  rebels;  and  that  commissions  from  a  government, 
the  independence  of  which  had  not  been  acknowledged,  could  not  give 
to  its  ships  the  character  of  ships  of  war.  They  insisted,  therefore,  on 
these  vessels  being  looked  upon  as  pirates,  to  which  all  entry  into  tbe 
l)orts  of  other  nations,  and  all  assistance  of  every  kind,  should  bo  denied. 
The  Federal  Government  even  went  further,  and  threatened  to  hold  neu- 
tral governments  responsible  for  any  assistance  or  sui)plie8  alforded  to 
confederate  ships.  But  the  neutral  governments  were  unaninioiis  Ji 
refusing  to  accede  to  the.se  den)ands,  aiul  persisted  in  conceding  to  the 
confederate  ships  the  same  privileges  as  were  aiforded  to  those  of  the 
United  States. 

The  (piestion  first  arose  with  the  government  of  the  Netherlands,  on 
the  occasion  of  a  visit  of  the  confederate  vessel,  the  Sum- 
,,r,!3',T,,f  "tiu"  ter,  to  the  Dutch  island  of  Cura^oa,  in  August,  lS(ll,andof 
her  being  jfllowed  to  replenish  her  stock  of  coal  and  obtain 
sui)i)lies  there.  The  fact  having  come  to  the  knowledge  of  INlr.  Seward. 
he  forthwith  instructed  Mr.  Pike,  the  United  States  nnnister  wt  the 
J 1  ague,  to  bring  the  matter  immediately  to  the  notice  of  the  Govern- 
ment: 

Yon  are  instructed  to  bring  this  matter  immediately  to  the  notice  of  the  government 
of  tlie  Netherlands.  The  sulijeet  of  danniges  foi'  so  great  a  violation  of  tlie  rights  nl 
the  United  .States  will  be  considered  wluMi  we  shall  have  properly  veritied  the  facts nl 
the  ease.  In  the  mean  time  you  will  ask  the  goverinnent  of  the  Netherlands  fur  any 
explanation  of  the  transiietion  it  nniy  be  able  or  see  fit  to  give.  V(»u  will  fintluTitiiy 
that  the  United  Stuteu,  if  the  case  thus  slated  shall  pruvu  tu  be  correct,  will  expect,  iu 


OnXlOXS    OF    SIR   ALEXANDER    COCKIJURX. 


327 


»atcli  to  Lord 


3d  no  iissistauco 


view  of  tlio  treaties  cxistinj;;  between  the  two  countries,  and  the  principles  of  the  law 
of  nations,  as  well  as  upon  the  {ground  of  assurances  rtHiently  receivi^d  from  the  jljov- 
irniiieat  of  tlieNetherlan<ls,  that  it  will  disown  the  action  of  its  autlnn-jties  at  Cnravon, 
and  will  adopt  ellicient  means  to  prevent  a  recurrence;  of  such  proceedinj;:s  hereafter.' 

Mr.  Pilce  .acconliiifjly  protests  ajjaiiist  the  idea  "  that  aid  and  countc- 
iiiiiice  couhl  be  attbrded  by  a  friendly  power  to  the  Sumter,  though  sI)o 
dill  assmne  the  character  of  a  ship  of  war  of  the  insurgents.    I  claimed," 

lie  says— 

Tliiit  were  she  afforded  shelter  and  supplies  on  tliii  ground  by  the  anthorities  at 
Ciiiaviia,  and  should  the  Dutch  fjoverument  approve  the  act,  it  would  hv,  substantially, 
a  rfCdjjuition  of  the  Soutlnu-n  Confederacy,  and  that,  in  my  jiidguient,  such  an  act 
wmild  be  regarded  by  the  Unittid  States  as  an  unfrieiMlly  and  even  hostile,  act,  whieli 
niij^iit  lead  to  tin;  gravest  consetinenctss.  I  held  that  nothing  more  need  be  asked  by 
the  so-styled  Confederate  St.ates,  tisa  practical  measure  of  recognition,  than  that  ;>,  ship 
like  the  Siuntcr,  claiming  to  Ix!  a  national  vessel  of  thos<!  States,  should  be  i)ermitted 
M  enter  the.  neighboring  ports  of  foreign  nations,  and  there  (tbtain  the  necessary  nieiiris 
t(i  enable  her  to  dei)redate  njion  the  commerce  of  the  United  S.ates.  That  sueli  a 
cMirsL' on  the  part  of  any  )iower,  aggravated  by  the  fact  that  she  was  unable  to  obtain 
6!ii'li  supplies  at  homo,  so  far  from  biMiig  neutral  conduct,  was  really  to  atVord  the  most 
ellieient  aid  to  the  men  who  wcuj  m  rebellion  against  their  own  gove.rnnnMit,  and 
plundering  and  destroying  the  vessels  and  property  of  their  fellow-citizens  on  the  high 
seas.  I  protested  against  such  a  doctrine  as  tending  necessarily  to  the  tern'ination  id 
all  friendly  relations  between  our  Government  an<l  any  government  that  would  toler- 
ate such  practices,  wlrdher  that  governnuint  were  France,  or  England,  or  Sp.'iin.  <>r 
Holland.  I-remarked  th:it  it  was  not  for  me  to  judge  of  the  j)urposes  of  European 
lowers  in  regard  to  the  (jxisting  state  of  things  in  the.  Fnited  States ;  but  if  there  wii  e 
to  be  exhibited  a  dispositiini  anywhere  to  take  advantage  of  our  i»resent  situation,  I 
klieved  it  would  be  found  that  such  ii  course  could  not  be  taken  with  impunity  now, 
Lur  without  leading  to  alienation  and  bitterness  in  the  fnturo.'- 

A  correspondence  ensued  between  Mr.  Pike  and  Baron  Van  ZnyltMi, 
tlio  Netherlands  iniuister  for  foreign  att'airs,  in  which  the  former  denied 
tlien<>;ht  of  other  nations  to  accord  to  the  insurge?it  States  the  charac- 
ter of  a  belligerent  power,  and  insisted  that  the  vessels  of  the  Confede- 
rate government  were  but ''  piratical  craft,"  or  at  best  could  only  be 
looked  ai)on  as  privateers,  in  which  character  they  would  be  excluded, 
except  in  case  of  distress,  from  ports  of  the  Netheilands. 

M.  Van  Zuylen  stated  the  views  of  his  government  in  a  most  nble 
paper,  from  which,  however,  owing  to  its  length,  I  "lUst  confine  myself 
10  a  few  extracts : 

If  is  not  sufficient  to  dispose  of  the  difficulty  by  the  declarati'  >  tliu  the  Sumter  ia, 
as  is  stated  in  your  dispatches,  "a  vessel  litted  out  for,  and  actually  engag'  '  in,  |»ii,iti- 
wl  expeditions,"  or  "  a  privateer  steanu'r."  Such  an  assert  ion  should  be  <  .irly  proved, 
iu  accordance  with  the  rule  of  law,  "affinnanti  hiciimbit  probntia." 

Alter  having  jioised,  with  all  the  attention  which  comports  with  (ho  weight  mess  of 
tlie  matter,  the  facts  and  circumstances  which  characterize  the  dissensions  which  now 
ai'e  laying  desolate  the  United  States,  and  of  which  no  governnuMit  more  desires  tiie 
li)oiii|it  termination  than  does  tmit  of  tho  Netherlamls,  1  think  I  may  expnsss  the  con- 
vieiioii  that  the  Sumter  is  not  a  privateer,  but  a  nuin-of-war,  grounding  myself  on 
tbe  following  considerations : 

hi  the  tirst  place,  tho  declaration  of  the  commander  of  tho  vessel,  given  in  writing 
to  the  governor  of  Curayoa,  who  had  made  known  that  he  would  not  allow  a  privateer 
tucdiuo  into  the  )H>rt,  and  had  then  domamled  explanations  as  to  the  character  of  tho 
vissel.  This  declarati(»n  purported,  "  the  Sumter  is  a  ship  of  war,  duly  commissioned 
Ij.v  the  Kovernnient  of  the  Confeiierato  States." 

Hie  Xctlu'rlands  governor  had  to  be  contented  witli  tho  word  of  the  connnander 
f'Hiehed  in  writing.  M.  Ort<dan,  ("  Diplomatic  de  la  nn-r,"  i,".  'J17,)  in  speaking  of  the 
t^viilenco  of  nationality  of  vessels  of  war,  thus  expresses  himself: 

"  The  Hag  and  the  pennant  are  visible  indications;  but  wo  are  not  bound  to  give 
with  to  them  until  they  are  sustained  by  a  cannon-shot." 

Hie  ultcstati(ui  of  the  commander  nniy  be  j^xigible,  but  other  proofs  must  be  pro- 
smiied;  and,  whether  on  the  high  seas  or  elsewhere,  no  foreign  power  has  tho  right  to 
mim  the  exhibiti<»n  of  them. 

'  liritish  Appendix,  vol.  vi,  p.  UD. 
« Ibid.,  p.  70. 


328 


ARniTKATION   AT    GENEVA. 


mt^ 


'^-  ^m 


^r   'i 


I  I 


Thoi'ofoio  tlic  colonial  coiiiicil  has  iinaniinoiisly  conchided  tliat  the  word  of  tlio  frun. 
iiiaiwliii;;'  odic'cr  was  siilliciciit. 

In  th(!  si.'coiid  ])la('L',  tlie  vt'ssid  arnind  for  war  hy  ])rivato  persons  is  failed  "jirivn. 
teor."  The  character  of  such  si'sscl  is  sottlcd  prooisidy,  and,  liVcc?  her  Eii<;lisii  naini'. 
(privatci-r,)  iiidieates  snllicietitl.v  nndcr  tliis  circMiinstaiR-t?  that  sho  is  a  private  arm.ii 
vessel— nanus  whicli  Mr.  Wlieaton  j;ives  tl<oni. — ("  Elements  of  International  Law ''  <■ 
p.  1!).) 

Pjivateorin;f  is  tho  maritiino  warfare  which  privateers  are  anthorixcd  to  make,  tor 
tlii;ir  own  iiccoiint,  aju;ainst  merchant- vessels  of  tho  enemy,  by  virtue  of  letters  of  niai(|iic. 
^^'hiell  arc;  issu'.'d  to  them  by  the.  stat(^ 

The  Sumter  is  not  a  private  vessel ;  is  not  tho  private  property  of  nneonnected  iiKli- 
viduals— of  private  ship-owners.  !Slie,  tiierefore,  cannot  be  a  ])rivate<'r;  she  can  oiilv 
b(.' a  ship  of  war  or  sliip  of  the  state,  arnied  for  cruising.  Thus  the  .Snu)ter  is  ilcsi^- 
nated,  ii'  the  extract  annexed  from  Harper's  Wcoklv,  under  the  r.ame  of  "rebel  sliiiihi' 
war." 

Thirdly.  It  cannot  be  held,  us  yon  i)roposo  in  your  dispatch  of  tho  9tli  of  this  iimntli, 
that  all  vess(ds  carrying;  tlie  confeihirate  lhi;i;  are,  without  disti?iction,  to  Ik;  coiisidcnil 
as  ])rivateerH,  because  tlie  i)riiiPii)les  of  the  law  f  nations,  as  well  as  tlie  exaniplfs  m' 
history,  recpiire  tliat  the  riy;lits  of  war  i)e  a(t(;ordt!d  to  those  .States. 

The  (Jovernnient  of  iho  United  States  holds  that  it  should  consider  the  States  of  tin/ 
South  as  rebels. 

It  <I(ies  not  pertain  to  the  Kinti's  ii;overiinuMit  to  iirononnce  ujion  tlu;  subject  nt'a 
question  wliicli  is  entirely  within  the  domain  of  the  internal  rci-ulation  of  the  Uiiitiil 
States;  neither  has  it  to  iiKjuire.  v.hether,  in  virtui' of  the  Coiistitntiou  whieii  nil(> 
that  rei>ublie,  the  States  of  the  Soutli  can  separate  from  the  central  (loverunieiit,  jiii.l 
wbi'tlier  they  ouyht  then,  aye  m-  no,  to  be  reputed  as  rebels  during  the  lirst  period  oi' 
tho  dililiculti(,'s.' 

Alior  leicrriiifj  to  historical  procodonts,  ospocinllj'  tlie  ciiso  nf  tlie 
United  States  tliiMiisi'lves  in  their  stru{;»-ftlo  for  indeiiendeiice,  "istheic 
need,"'  he  asks,  "  to  reiniiul  you  that  at  tho  outiset  of  the  war  of  Amoii- 
ean  iiidepeiKU'iice,  in  177.S,  the  Kn^di.sh  refused  to  recoj^jnize  American 
privateers  a.s  hiwfnl  eneniie.s,  under  pretense  that  thedetters  of  uiuKiiii- 
Avhich  they  bore  did  not  emanate  from  the  sove'  I'ign,  but  from  revolted 
subjects'^  JUit  Great  liritain  .soon  had  to  de.sist  from  thi.s  pretension, 
and  to  accord  international  treatment  to  the  colonists  in  arms  against 
the  mother  country." 

31.  Van  Znylen  cites  also  the  precedent  ot  the  American  privatocr 
Paul  Jones  : 

This  vessel,  considered  as  a  jdrato  by  Enjiland,  had  ca])tured  two  of  His  Ihitaiiim 
Majesty's  ships  in  October,  1?7'.>.  She  (ouk  them  into  the  T(!Xel,  and  remained  tlni: 
ii'.nre  fliaii  two  months,  notwithstanding  thi^  re]>resentatious  of  Mr.  York.  andia>s:i(l"i 
of  (ireat  Jbitain  at  tlie  Hague,  who  considered  tin;  asylum  aceoided  to  such  ]>riy;iti'ii 
(jiirate  as  lie  ciilh;'.  it  in  liis  Memoir  to  the  States-(<eneral  of  tilst  March,  17hm  ;i- 
diieelly  contrary  to  treaties,  and  oven  to  the  ordinances  of  the  (jovermiieiit  of  tlif 
liepiibiie. 

Mr.  '^'ork  demanded  that  the  I'nglish  vessels  should  be  relon.sed. 

'I'lie  States-(!eneral  refused  the  rest itiil  ion  of  the  prizes. 

The  I'nited  States,  whose  belligeri'iit  rights  were  not  recognized  by  England,  eiijovrtl 
nt  that  ])eriod  the  same  tre.'itineiit  in  the  ports  of  t!ie  Hepublic  of  the  United I'rovimtj 
lis  the  Netherlands  authorities  lia\'e  now  aci orded  to  the  L'(nifederate  States. 

If  the  cabiiii't  of  tlie  Hague  caiiieit,  theii  i.ne,  by  force  of  the  iireci'ding, class  all  tli;' 
v«  ssels  of  the  Conlederate  States  aimed  for  war  in  the  category  of  privateers,  iiiiuii 
less  can  it  treat  tlicMU  iis  pirates,  (as  you  call  them  in  your  (lis]iatcli  of  the  I'Jth  of  tli!'- 
month.)  or  consider  the  Sumter  as  engagiid  in  a  tilibiistering  expedil  ion — "'  eiijiajjnl  in 
a  piratical  exiiedition  against  the  comiiK-rco  of  the  United  States,"  as  it  reads  in  yuur 
Cfimmunicatioii  of  the  iJd  of  September.' 

The  .sidtject  was  resumed  in  the  ensuing  October,  when  the  Suintor 
liad  again  i)ut  into  a  Dutch  i)ort,  naiu<'ly,  Paramaril»o,  Jind,  in  si)ito  ot 
the  remonstrants^  of  tho  United  States  consul,  had  been  allowed  to 
coal  and  relit.  Mr.  Seward  immediately  directs  3Ir.  Pike  to  dcniiiinl 
explanations.    Mr.  Pike  lo.ses  no  time  in  writin  r  in  peremptory  tornis: 

The  reappearance  of  the  Sumter  in  a  port  of  the  Xethiri:inds,  after  s<»  brief  aiiinfi'- 
val,  Kceiiis  to  disclo.se  a  deliberate  purpo.se  on  the  part  of  tho  persons  engaged  in  tu'- 


'British  Appendix,  vol.  vi,  pp.  7G,  77. 


mm 


f 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR   ALEXANDER   COCKBURN. 


329 


the  States  of  tin- 


r,>licIlion  against  tlio  T'^iiitod  States  Govoninipnt  to  practice  upon  tlio  presuiiuid 
iDilirt'fiTiicc,  tlitj  expocterl  favor,  or  the  fancioit  weakiuj.ss  of  tho  Dutch  Govcrmiicnt. 

Diiiinsrii  period  of  forty-six  days,  diuiii^j  which  wo  have  heard  of  this  piratical 
vessel  ii>  the  West  Indies,  it  would  appear  that  she  had  been  twice  cutortaiued  and 
siippliiMl  at  Dutch  ports,  and  sjjcnt  (Mjuhteen  days  nnder  their  shelter. 

This  can  ho  no  accidental  circumstance. 

Ill  the  multitude  of  harbors  with  which  the  West  India  seas  abound,  the  Suniterhas 
bail  no  occasion  to  contine  lier  v'sits  sp  entirely  to  the  ports  of  one  nation,  especially 
one  so  scantily  supplied  with  thoiii  as  Holland.  A«id  the  fact  that  she  does  so  is,  in  my 
jmlsjiiK'nt,  not  fairly  susceptible  of  any  other  interpretation  than  the  one  I  have  ^iven. 

I  fi'i'l  convinced  that  the  fjovernment  of  tho  Netherlands  will  see  in  this  repe",ted 
visit  of  the  Sumter  (this  time,  it  apitears,  without  any  pretext)  a  distinct  violation  of 
its  neutrality  accorilinjx  'o  its  own  vitnvs,  as  laid  down  in  your  excellency's  communi- 
cation to  me  of  the  17tli  of  Septendter  last,  and  a  case  which  will  call  for  tlie  enerj^etic 
assii'tiou  of  its  purpose,  expressed  in  the  pajx'r  referred  to,  namely,  not  to  allow  its 
ports  to  be  niade  the  bast!  of  hostile  operations  acrainst  the  Uinted  States.  For  that 
liie  Sumter  is  clearly  L-i.-'rinj^  such  use  of  the  Dutch  ports  would  seem  to  adnut  of  no 
contr(i\frsy.' 

Ill  reply,  Baroii  Van  Zuyleii  repeats  the  refiusal  of  the  royal  sovern- 
nioiit  to  treat  the  Sumter  as  other  than  a  ship  of  war.  Jle  observes 
tliat  tlie  eonimission  of  the  ofticer  in  command  of  her  had  been  duly 
exhibited  to  the  governor.    At  the  same  time  he  informs  Mr.  Pike — 

However,  the  govennnent  of  the  Netherlands,  wishing  to  give  a  fresh  i)roof  of  its 
(lisini  [to  avoid]  all  that  could  give  the  slightest  subject  for  complaint  to  the  United 
States,  has  just  sent  instructions  to  the  colonial  authorities,  enjoining  them  not  to 
admit,  excei»t  in  case  of  shelter  from  stress,  (reluche  forca;)  the  vessels  of  war  and  pri- 
vad'crs  of  tlu;  two  b(illigerent  parties,  uidess  for  twice  twenty-four  hours,  and  not  to 
permit  them,  when  they  are  steamers,  to  ])r()vide  themselves  with  a  (quantity  of  coal 
more  than  suflicieiit  for  a  run  of  twenty-four  hours.- 

The  olfeu.sive  tone  of  Mr.  Pike's  previous  letter  does  not  pass  unno- 
ticed : 

The  feeling  of  distrust  which  seems  to  have  dictated  your  last  dispatch  of  the  Hth 
of  this  lutiuth,  ttud  which  shows  itself  especially  in  some  entirely  erroneous  apprecia- 
tions of  the  coudu(^t  of  the  government  of  the  Netherlands,  gives  to  the  hist,  strong 
iiiitsi^ood  faith  and  in  its  fri(Midly  intentions,  just  cause  for  astonishment,  So,  then, 
the  cahiiict  of  which  I  have  the  honor  to  form  part,  de'ems  that  it  may  dis])ense  with 
uiuhrtaking  a  justilieation  useless  to  all  wlio  exannno  impartially,  and  without  pas- 
Muii,  the  events  which  have  taken  place.^ 

Ill  the  mean  time,  Mr.  Seward  had  written  a  dispatch  to  Mr.  Pike,  of 
tliolTth  October,  in  which  he  states, in  exjjlieit  terms,  ''for  theintbrma- 
tioii  of  the  government  of  the  ^Netherlands,  Just  what  the  United  States 
claim  and  expect  in  regard  to  the  matter  in  debite." 

The\  have  asked  for  sm  explanation  of  tile  case,  presented  l)v  the  admission  of  the 
Siiiiiterby  the  (ioverniu- of  Ciirai'oa,  if  one  <-an  Ik^  siitisfaetiwily  given;  and  if  not, 
ihm  for  a  disavowal  of  that  otHeer's  proceedings,  attended  by  a  justly-deserved 
rchiike. 

i'hese  demands  h.ave  been  made,  not  from  any  irritation  or  any  sensibility  of  national 

priile,  but  to  make  it  sure  that  iienceforth  any  piratical  vessel  fitted  out    by  or  under 

theajjency  of  disloyal  American  citizens,  and  cruising  in  pursuit  of  merchant-vessels  of 

j  the  Tnited  States,  shall  not  be  admitted  into  cither  the  contiiu'iital  or  the  colonial  pmis 

I  of  tile  Netherlands  under  any  pretext  whatever.     If  that  assurance  cannot  be  obtained 

I  ill  some  way,  we  must  provide  for  the  protection  of  our  rights   in   some  other  way. 

I  Thus  tlu,  subject  is  <uie  of  a  purely  pra<'tieal  character;  it   neither  requires  nor  atl- 

I'liitsof  debate  or  argument  on  the  i)art  of  the  rnited  States.     If  what  is  thus  di'sired 

t  >hall  be  obtained  by  the  Unit<Ml  States  in  any  way,  they  will  be  s.itislied  ;  if  it  fails  to 

j  he ohtaiiicd  througii  tho  <lisinclination  of  the  government  of  the  Netherlands,  its  pro- 

ii'eiliii(;s  in  this  respt;ct  will  be  deemed  unfriendly  and  injuritms  to  the  United  States. 

Till'  United  States  being  thus  dispos(>d  to  treat  the  subject  in  ii  practical  way,  they  aro 

imt  teiiji(;i,„i>,  .ii,o„j^^  the  manner  or  form  in  which  tlu^  due  respect  to  their  rights   i.j 

'iiiiiiifested  by  the  govcrnnuuit  of  the  Netherlands,  and  stjU  less  about   the   consideia- 

tionsor  iirgmnents  upon  whieii  that  government  regulates  its  own  conduct  in   tho 

|iuattei'.    Tiiey  regard  the  whole  insurrection  in  this  country  as  ephemerid ;  indeed, 


'  Hritish  Ajuiendi^ 

2  Ibid.,  p.  H4. 

3  Ibid.,  p.  85. 


d.  vi,  p.  82. 


J    f  I 


330 


ARBITRATION  AT   GENEVA. 


they  beliove  that  tho  attempt  at  piracy,  under  the  name  of  privateorinp;,  made  hy  the 
insurjjoiitH,  lias  aheady  well  iii^h  failed.  Wliile,  therefore,  they  insist  tliat  slicltir 
Bhall  not  Ito  aiforded  to  the  pirates  by  nations  in  friendship  with  the  United  Sfatis 
they,  at  the  same  time,  are  not  un willing  to  avoid  grave  debates  concerning;  tiicini.rinj 
that  niifjht  Hnrvive  the  existing  controversy.  It  remains  only  to  say,  in  this  tonmc. 
tion,  that  the  course  which  the  United  States  are  ])ursuingin  their  couipliiints  to  the 
government  of  tho  Netherlands  is  not  peculiar  to,  but  it  is  the  same  which  has  been 
and  which  will  be  pursued  towari^  any  other  maritime  power  ou  the  occiuruiKe  uf 
similar  grievances. 

With  these  remarks  I  proceed  to  notice  Baron  Van  Znylen's  communication.  Yon 
will  reply  to  him  that  tho  United  States  unreservedly  claim  to  determine  for  thcnisdvcj 
absolutely  tho  character  of  the  Sumter,  she  being  a  vessel  fitted  out,  owned,  aiimd 
sailed,  and  directed  by  American  citizens  who  owe  allegiance  to  tho  United  States,  and 
who  neither  have  nor  can,  in  their  piratical  purposes  and  pursuits,  have  or  claim  anv 
political  anthoritj'  from  any  lawful  source  whatever. 

The  United  States  regard  the  vessel  as  piratical,  and  the  persons  by  whom  she  is 
manned  and  navigated  as  pirates. 

The  United  Stat'  ,  therefore,  cannot  admit  that  the  Sumter  is  a  ship  of  war  nr  a  pri- 
vateer, and  so  cnti;i':'  to  any  privileges  whatever,  in  either  of  those  charactirs,  in 
the  port  of  Curayoa;  iior  can  they  debate  any  such  subject  with  the  governnitMit  of  tlie 
Netherlands.' 

]Mr.  Pike  expresses  his  satisfaction  at  the  restrictions  placed  by  tlie 
government  of  the  NetheiUuuls  on  the  confederate  vessels,  but  at  the 
same  time  regrets  that  the  same  treatment  should  have  been  adopted 
toward  the  vessels  of  the  United  States;  to  which  M.  Van  Zuyleu  re- 
plies that  the  United  States  Government  having  desired  that  measures 
should  be  taken  to  prevent  the  prolonged  stay  in  Dutch  port.s  of  the 
Sumter  or  other  vessels  in  the  seteding  States,  the  King's  goveriiiueut 
had  admitted  the  justice  of  the  claim,  but  that  the  measures  taken 
could  not  reach  one  of  the  two  parties  exclusively ;  they  must  be  gen- 
eral. 

The  new  regulations  led  to  a  singular  result.  On  the  8th  of  Xovem- 
ber  the  United  States  steamer  Iroquois  arrived  off  the  port  of  Cina^oa; 
the  governor  informed  Lieutenant  Palmer,  who' was  in  command  of  the 
vessel,  that  her  stay  must  be  limited  to  forty-eight  hours,  and  her  sup- 
l)ly  of  coal  to  twenty-four  hours' consumption,  although  at  the  time  tlie 
United  States  had  more  than  1,300  tons  of  coal  at  Cura^oa,  whicli,  bv 
the  way,  shows  that  they  had  established  a  depot  there.  Lieutenant 
Palmer  declined  to  enter  the  port  on  these  terms,  and  his  coiuluet  in  so  I 
doing  was  approved  by  Mr.  Seward.  Mr.  Pike  is  directed  to  ask  for  | 
explanations,  with  this  remark  from  Mr.  Seward : 

If  U\i  Majesty's  government  shall  approve  of  the  proceedings  of  the  governor  of  I 
Cuiavoa,  it  will  become  an  important  question  what  measure  of  hospitalities  wiilk  ' 
due  by  us  to  the  naval  vessels  and  authorities  of  the  Netherlands  in  similar  cases.- 

Thus,  while  the  regulation  was  received  with  satisfaction  by  the  I 
United  States  Government,  as  a  restriction  on  Confederjite  vessels, an] 
attempt  to  enforce  it  against  one  of  their  own  was  looked  upon  as  mat- 
ter of  grave  offense.    It  so  happened,  however,  that  the  Dutch  govern-  j 
nient  had,  shortly  before,  on  the  suggestion  of  the  governor  of  Cnra^oa, 
revoked  tlie  order. 

No  sooner  had  this  been  done  than  the  Government  of  the  United 
States  desired  its  restoration.     Mr.  Pike  is  instructed  to  lose  no  time  in 
"calling  the  attention  of  Mr.  Stratenus  to  the. subject  of  the  intiiisioii 
of  insurgent  piratical  American  vessels  seeking  shelter  in  the  ports  of  | 
the  Netherlands  and  their  coh)nies.    If  you  cannot  obtain  a  decree  ex 
eluding  them  altogether,  it  is  thought  that  the  government  will  have  no  j 
hesitation  in  restoring  the  restrictive  policy  which  was  adopted  liyi|] 
under  the  representatives  of  its  foreign  affairs  by  Baron  Van  Zuylen. 

'  British  Appendix,  vol.  vi,  pp.  86,87. 
3  Ibid.,  t).  1)1. 
» Ibid.,  p.  95. 


OPIN.  ^NS  OF  SIR  ALEXANDER  COCKBURN. 


331 


Mr.  Pike  was  at  the  same  time  instructed  to  call  upon  the  King's  gov- 
eriimcut  to  reconsider  the  subject  of  according  to  tlie  Confederate  States 
the  character  of  belligerents,  and,  iu  the  then  state  of  affairs,  to  revoke 
the  recognition. 

Both  proposals  were  declined  by  the  King's  government.  The  incon- 
sistency of  the  demand  for  the  restoration  of  the  restrictive  order  is 
pointed  out  by  Ji.  de  Sonibreflf,  .the  new  minister  of  foreign  affairs : 

lathis  regard  I  permit  mysolf  to  observe  to  you  tluit  I  could  not  undt^rstaud  bow 
TOur  governauiut  coTild  dosiro  the  re-cstiiblisbiiieut  of  incasuros  whicli  actually  were, 
and  would  again  be,  applicable  to  botb  parties,  and  wbicli  were,  at  the  time,  the  cause 
i^hy  till)  Union  ship  Iroquois  would  not  enter  the  port  of  C'ura^oa  under  the  rule  of  said 
rtjtrictive  measures. 
^_  It  was  on  that  occasion  that  the  last  were  modified,  which  was  brought  to  your  notice 
by  whom  she  is  ^p  tbe  'Mh  of  IJeceinber,  18G1. 

It  I'cUows,  from  advices  which  have  since  reached  the  government,  that  the  Tiew  coni- 
I  Diamier of  the  Iroquois  has  expressed  himself  well  satislied  to  lind  tlie  precwlent  re- 
strictive meiisures  withdrawn,  and  thus  to  have  the  ]irivilege  of  taking  as  i  inch  coal 
I  as  he  might  wish.    These  m  iisnres  are  also  favorable  to  Netlierlands  eoinmo!i;e  with 
I  till' United  States,  so  that  the  interests  of  the  two  co"ntrieM  an;  in  perlect  aucord. 
If  the  iustructions  given  before  the  month  of  DecembLr,  IHOl,  were  now  roturntid  to, 
111' government  of  the  Netherlands  might  not  only  be  ta.:ed,  witli  good  reiison.  with 
j  trilling,  but  would  hurt  its  own  interests,  as  well  as  those  <)f  the  Union,  ('uii.sideriiig 
I  tktthe  consequence  of  said  instructions  would  be,  as  has  beou  remarked  in  tlie,  coiii- 
niiiui('uti(m  of  Barou  de  Zuylen,  dated  Oetolw.'r  2i),  18(51,  that  Hie  vessels  of  war  of  the 
I'liittiil  States,  also,  could  no  longer  bo  able  to  sojourn  in  the  Xetiu^rlands  I'^ast  Indian 
ports  more  than  twice  twenty  four  hours,  nor  supply  themseh'cs  with  coal  for  a  run  of 
I  mure  than  twenty-four  hours.' 

A  similar  correspondence  had,  in  the  mean  time,  been  going  on  be- 
Itween  the  United  States  Government  and  that  of  lJ^azi^  in  cnrr...po.,j«„co 
consequence  of  the  Sumter  having,  on  the  7th  of  September,  "'"'  "'"'• 
bOl, been  allowed  to  enter  the  Brazilian  portof  Maranham,and  to  take 
ill  a  supply  of  coal  there,  notwithstanding  the  j)rotest  of  the  United 
States  consul.  Mr.  Webb,  the  United  States  minister  at  the  court  of 
the  Emperor,  is  instructed  to  "lose  no  time  iu  calling  the  attention  of 
I  the  Emperor's  government  to  the  aHair." 

You  will  ask  explanations  thereof,  and,  unless  s.atisfaetory  explanations  are  rendered, 
[you will  then  inforin  His  Majesty's  government  that  the  shelter  and  Hiiiqilying  of 
I  pirates,  as  the  Sumter  is  sheltered  and  sn))plied,  in  the  ports  of  IJra/.il,  are  di^emed  an 
|n;itriemlly  act  by  this  Government,  and  will  ask  thii'  sueli  measnres  shall  \hi  taken  in 
hwl  to  the  case  as  will  make  the  governor  of  Maianham  sensible  of  His  Majesty's 
I tli'^lileasine,  and  will  prevent  a  recurrence  of  such  injuries  to  tlio  United  States  here- 
I  after. 

I  hardly  need  say  that  the  proceeding  at  Maranhnm  is  an  occurrenct>  of  great  snr- 
Ipriseand  deep  disquiet  to  the  United  States.  That  we  have  . .  jiposed  that  Brazil  and 
j every  other  stiite  on  the  American  continent  have  an  interest  second  only  to  onr  own 
jiu  the  stability  of  the  American  Union,  the  downfall  of  whieh  would,  in  onr  belief,  in- 
jtvitably  be  followed,  sooner  or  later,  by  the  decline  and  fallof  evtsry  indt;pendent  nation 
jon  this  continent,  which  must  in  that  case  becomo  once  moi'c  a  theater  for  the  ambition 
|of  European  powers. 

I  Such  respect  for  the  sovereignty  of  the  United  States  as  oik;  great  nation  owes  to 
Jauiitlicr  Ih  an  indispensable  condition  of  friendly  relaticms  with  foreign  powers  in  tho 
Iprt'sient  emergency.  You  will  therefore  take  care  not.  for  one  moment,  to  admit  into 
Idebatu  any  question  of  claim  ou  tho,part  of  the  insurgents  to  any  rights,  whether  as  a 
jsovereigii  or  a  belligerent.* 

Mr.  Webb  thereupon  addresses  to  Senhor  Taques,  the  secretary  of 
jstate  for  foreign  affairs,  a  dispatch  of  prodigious  length,  but  which  euds 
l^ith  the  pertinent  inquiry : 

^Miethor  it  is  or  is  not  tho  intention  of  the  Brazilian  governnient  to  permit  tho 
piratical  letters  of  marque  and  privateers  of  tho  rebels  of  the  United  States  to  enter 
ptti  the  ports  of  Brazil,  and  there  lind  succor  and  material  aid — "  provisions  and  coal— 
[^" ciiiitiium  their  voyages"  against  the  commerce  of  the  United  States  ? ' 


.     \- 


i 


332 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


St'iilior  Taqiics  replied,  as  tlie  Huron  van  Ziiylen  liad  done  l)oforo  liim, 
in  a  most  al)le  paper,  in  wliieh  he  reminded  yiv.  \Vel>l)  of  tlie  ihiiiu'ikhs 
instan(!('s  in  wliieh  governments  dc/avto  had  Itecn  admith'd  toihcstiuiis 
of  belli^'erents,  althon^'h  their  sovereign  charaeter  had  not  Itccii  nc- 
knowledj^ed,  pointinj^  ont  that  th(!  re(!o^iiition  of  hi'lli<;('nMicy  oairicii 
with  it  the  conse(pienco  that  tlie  conimissiont;d  vessels  of  tho.  ackuDwl. 
edjyed  bellif^erent  could  not  be  tn^ated  as  pirates,  but  must  receive  the 
same  treatnu-nt  as  those  of  the  opponent. 

The  correspondence  continued,  and,  owinj?  to  the  eKceediii;j;  fertility 
of  ]\[r.  Webb's  i)en,  assumes  very  formidable  i)roportions.     It  led  to  the 
regulations  which   I  have  already  mentioned:  which  rey;nlatioii,s  tlii' I 
Presidents  of  the  provinces  were  ordered  to  enforce. 

Mr.  Seward  reviews  the  correspondence  witli  evident  dissatisfaction: 

Wo  cuiinot  admit,  nnd  wo  aro  not  likely  to  ailiiiit,  that  anytliiiifj  lias  oociiitciI  tor- 
lieve  Hra/.il,  or  any  otlicr  power  liol<lln<>'  tn-aty  iclations  with  ns,  from  fiillillinsriii,; 
ol>li<fationsof  IViciulsiii))  toward  us,  wliicii  it  lias  hcn-toloro  volinitarily  a.s><iiiiiiMi;  imi'li 
loss  can  w<'  admit  that  any  snch  nation  has  a  rii;ht,  by  adoptinjr  a  <Oiaractor  ot'iii'iiti;ilit,, 
to  ••ivc  hosiiitality,  shi^ltc-r,  and  snjjplii's  to  pirates  (Mijjiai^cd  in  di'stroyinnoin-comiin'ni'. 
•whcthi-r  tlicy  alVt'ct  to  ho  i)nhli('  vt-sscls  of  war,  or  arc  ooiitciit  to  sail  under  cdvit of 
prett'iidcd  litters  of  nianine  granted  hy  thechit!!"  of  their  tn-asoiiahle  faetioii. 

At  the  same  time  we  are  not  lookiof^oiit  for  causes  ot"  eonlliet  with  maritime  pn\viT<. 
We  state  onr  complaints  whoiuiver  j^riovanci.'s  are  eoiinnitted  hy  tlicni,  and  wciisiv  th^' 
redress  «lue  tons  from  friendly  states.     Uiiwilliii<;'  to  diajj  siieli  powers  into  oiivdwiil 
domestic  strife,  we  are  coutent  with  a  ])ractieal  res|>ect  for  onr  lla^,  ami  we  cmjj.i^c  in 
no  discnssions  with  tiiem  about  the  unjust  or  unfriendly  nninitestatioiis  witii  wjiiilil 
tlnit  ]»racti<al   respect   is   sometimes   attendt-d.     Acting   on    this   principh',   wi-  imw 
l>ronji;ht  to  the  noti(!e  fd'  the  Brazilian   j;overnment  tin'  jjri(!vance  coinmitted  ;ii;;\iii-r 
ns  by  tin'  {governor  of  Maruidnim.    That  <;overnnn'nt,  in-itead  of  }iivin<i  ns  icdicss.  ur  | 
talviii};'  any  measures  to  prevent  a  repetition  of  the  grievance,  has  avowed  and  hniii- 
tioned  it.' 

In  the  position  thus  assumed,  the  Brazilian  government  stands  si nj^le  andaloiio,  W} 
cannot,  witli  sidf-respect,  further  remonstrate  nor  debate.  I  confess  that  the  iittitiil' 
assumed  by  Brazil  <'mbarrasses  us,  Itecause  it  tomls  to  (^nconrajji^  our  internal  eiH'iiii'v 
We  trust,  however,  tiiat  wo  po.ssess  the  ability  to  maintain  and  preserve  oar  i;ovi'iii- 
inent  a;;ainst  all  enemies  at  home,  however  much  aid  and  enconrayement  tliey  iii;n| 
receive  fioin  abioad. 

It  is  not  neeilful  that  you  state  to  the  Brnzilian  j^overnmentany  part  of  the  contents 
of  this  dispatch  except  its  conclusions,  wiiieh  are  these:  1st.  \Ve  stand  upon  thr  poM- 
tion  herettd'oi'e  assumed,  that  the  proceedinjjs  of  the  jjovernor  of  Maranhani  arc  iiitnl- 
crable.  'Jd.  W»!  canm)t  further  debate  at  JJio.  nor  can  wi;  (diauife  the  lield  ot  tlw  dis- 
cussion I'rom  that  capital  to  Wushinj^ton,  lid.  Conscious  of  our  ability  to  iinitrctiiil! 
our  national  rijjhts,  wo  neither  importune  nor  menace  any  foreiifu  state  which  iii;i.v| 
deem  it  tit  to  do  us  wronj;.  But  so  fast  as  every  su(  h  case  matures  we  detcrnnnt;,  wiih 
Avhat  prudence  and  lirmness  wc  can,  the  course  which  the  emerjjency  retinircs.- 

Mr.  Webb  re-echoes : 

Wo  cainiot  s'o  to  war  with  all  the  worhl ;  an<l  whil(>  i'irciiinstances  cnnipcj  ii«ti)j 
ac(|uiese(  in  the  coinluct  of  England,  S|)ain.  and  Hnlland,  we  canm)t  insist  uimii  rt'ji;i 
ration  from  Brazil  for  iniving  ailoptod  the  same  line  of  polii-y  toward  us.' 

The  ^[iir<piis  d'Abrantes  having  sucoeeded  Senhor  Taqiies  asiiiiiiisterj 
of  foreii;ii  allairs,in  reference  to  Mr.  Seward's  last  dispatches  writes, oii| 
the  Kith  of  dune,  to  Mr.  Webb: 

In  view  of  the  eonidusions  of  t\w  last  of  the  dispatches  referred  to  from  the  Gi)virn-I 
jnent  of  the  Union,  the  government  of  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  jn<lgi's  convciiii'iit  toj 
regard  at  an  vud  tin'-  discussion  of  the  subject  it  treats,  it  l)eing  tlattering  to  oltsorvel 
that  fnnn  it  notliing  has  resulted  in  the  least  alteriii:;  the  relations  of  friend.'*liili  iii'^l 
good  umlerstanding  between  the  two  countries  which  it  so  much  interests  both  to| 
nniintain. 

Hereupon  Afr.  Webb  breaks  out.  After  repeating  rfr6«f/m  the  eoin-| 
plaints  set  out  in  his  letter  of  the  I8th  of  March, die  continues: 


'  British  Appendix,  vol.  vi. 
s  Ibid.,  p. ;{.'.. 
3  Ibid.,  p.  M. 


p.  33. 


OPINIONS    OF   SIR   ALEXANDER    COCKBURN. 


333 


mo  borovoliiiii, 

tllO  IlllllU'lOiis 

Ml  tollll'StiUllS 

not    1)(>(M1  ;ic. 

f  tlhi  ackiiowi. 
list  receive  the 

iQiWuii  fertility 
.  It  led  to  thf 
'eg'uliitiou.s  till' 

ilissatisfiu'tioii; 

liis  occniTcil  tot'-  j 
from  t"iilliHiii:;th.;  | 
ly  assiiiiii'd :  iiiip'ii 
;icter(it'iii'iitiiility. 
\\\iX  oiircDiniiiiTv, 
Niiil  iiinlcrcoviMiii'l 
lie  fai'tioii. 
I  iiiiiritiiiu^  pnw.K  j 
I'll),  iind  wcaskthf 
)\v('rs  into  our  dwiil 
,  ami  \vi'  i'ni;;iui' ill 
atioiis  with  wliivh  I 
iriiu'iplt',   wi-  li;iv.. 
(•i);imiitt('il  ii^jaiii-r 
iviii^i  us  rcilri'ss.  or  I 
,  avDWi'il  anil  smu- 

i^li",  aiiilaloiii!.  \V; 

s  that  till!  attitul.' 

r  inti'Viial  fiienii'v 

servi^  our  ijmvimii- 

eiuent  they  luiiyl 

irt,  of  the  (•ontcmil 

iiid  upon  till'  \M-\- 

irjiiihaiii  arc  iiitnl-j 

IK  liclil  of  tlll'lli<-| 

iliiy  to  pnitn'taiir 
statt)  which  iniiyj 
,'e  (Ifti'ViuiiK.',  \v;ili| 
jy  retiiiiros.- 


auces  cniiipnl  n<toj 
»t  insist  iii"iii  ri'iKi-r 
rd  us.' 

lies  as  iniiiistorj 
;clies  writes,  ouj 

froiu  M\o  Gnvom-I 
ilj^cs  ooinTiiicntMl 
itterin;,'  to  olisorvej 

of  frit'iulsliip  :iiiJ 
h  iutorests  both  w| 

rhathn  tlie  coib-| 
itimu's: 


Hero,  ns  your  excclleucy  will  iicrceivc,  is  not  only  jj''i^'<'  eanse  for  eoini)laint.  set 

j  fnrtli,  liiit  a  mode  is  iininicd  out  in  wliicli  tlic  friendly  ndations  InTftofoic  existin;j 

..(nccii  the  two  coniitiifs  can  he  restoicd,  viz,  l)y  a  simidf  a(^t  of  Jnslifi-,  n-vfisin;; 

I  till' ilicision  which  Hia/il  has  hastily  madi'.     If  Hrazil  eannot  meet  the  rcasoniildc  nx- 

Tttatioii  of  the  (lovcrnmcnt  of  the  I'nitt'd  Slates.  th(?n  tin,'  Secretary  of  State,  speak- 

.,;,.' in  the  name  of  the  I'lcsident  and  (lie  (iovtrnment,  claims,  at  least,  as  a  eonc»'ssioii 

tiriiic  jiiist  IVicndly  relations  ol' the  two  eoimtiies,  that  Ih'azil  will  no  lon^'er  occupy 

idwaril  the  Hinted  Sta'es  a  nunc  nnlriendly  position  than  any  othtu-  power;  hut.  i»y 

julliiwin;;  the  example  of  other  nations,  place  herself  "on  the  sanu;  jj;round  iu  relation 

iht'l'iiited  States  which  is  (iccn|iied  hy  other  maritime  powers,  ami  thus  miti;;ato 

I  ;ji,  (liicentent "  which  it  is  made  my  duty  to  report  to  this  (iovernnu'ut. 

Hut  tins  is  not  all.  In  a  dispatch  from  Washington,  <lated  tln^  Mil  April,  the  nmler- 
|i!;'iii'il  is  instructed  to  say  to  the  jioveriitnent  of  Ilis  Imperial  Majesty  that  the  (Jov- 
jriinMi'iit  el"  the  I'liitcd  States.  staiidiii;f  "npon  the  position  heretofoie  assumed."  declare 
•ihiit  tiiu  i)roci'eiliii!j;s  id' tlie  ;iovernor  of  .Maraidiam  arc  iiitnlcnihlf ;  and  we  cannot 
IfiirtiiiT  (lehate  ;it  Uio,  nor  tan  wc  chaiiye  the  lii;ld  of  the  discussion  from  that  capital 
|ii,\V:ishiiif;ton." 

Ami  how  are  these  complaints,  remonstrances,  iind  friendly  ititimalions  to  Hrazil, 
Ifriiiii  the  (ioverinnent  of  the  Tiiited  States,  received  hy  the  imperial  j;ii\  ernment  f 
hvhy.thi'  iimlersi<;nedis  called  upon  to  apprise  his  (Jovernnu'iit  that  IJra'zil  iias  "put  an 
liMJtothisdisenssiim  nixni  the  aforesaid  suhje(d,"and  is  happy  to  periicive  tliiit  not  "  the 
inirt  alteration  will  result  fioni  it  in  the  relations  of  friendship  and  jrood  nmlerstand- 
|i;i;'ln't\v('en  the  countries.'' 

Must  a.ssuredly  tlntse  ari'  not  the  results  which  the  (iovernment  of  the  irnited  States 
Ipriwiisi'd  itself  when  it  ordeied  the  nndersijrned  to  plaeti  befor«'  the  jfovernment  of 
jllrazil  the  disi»atclies  of  the  l«(h  of  March,  ami  the  very  si;rniri('ant  extrai^t  from 
[tliut  111'  the  :{d  of  April;  and  whili;  it  is  the  duty  of  the  iindersieiied  to  convey  to  his 
jllnviTimieiit  an  answer  so  verydilfereiit  from  what  lieaiitieipated.self-resjiect  deiininds 
I  ikt  III' should  not  act  as  a  mere  automaton  in  I  he  matter;  atulaii  tiarnest  desire  to  restore 
laiiiiln'i'lic(uat((  the  friemlly  relations  whicii  formerly  existed  hetweeiithe  two  I'oiiniric.s 
Icniiilii'ls  him  to  rendnd  your  exerllcney  that  so  desirahh^  a  rtjsult  cannot  he  i)l)tained 
ly  utterly  i>;niniiii;-  our  coniphiiiits,  hy  treatinjj;  them  as  alike  jjroundless  and  nmnean- 
ii;;,  anil  liy  assuminjj  that  nothing  li:is  occurred  to  interrupt  the  <food  ./('c/i/i.t/s  or  disturb 
ilirl'i'ii'iiilly  relations  hct ween  the  two  countries.  The  umlersij;;m'd  is  ;;ratel'ul  to  a 
jkimirroviilenee  that  in  what  has  occurred  the  existing  friendly  relations  iietweeii  the 
|t'.vii;;ovi'rnuients  have  iiol  heeii  distiirhed  ;  hut  he  is  not  unmindful  that  tin*  ;;ood  feel- 
|ii.;;s  iiimii  which  those  friemlly  relations  were  based,  and  which  is  (!ver  the  best  safe- 
Ifiiaril  fur  their  cimtinuance,  have  heei\  trilled  with  by  the  comluct  of  the  ;;ovi'riior  of 
iMiiraiihiUii,  and  which  conduct  has  Iteen  defended,  sustained,  and  apinoved  liy  your 
|i;iiiiii'tliiitf  predecessor,  sjieakin;;  jn  the  name  of  the  Imiierial  (iovernment  of  ISrazil. 

TliL'Governnumt  of  the  United  States,  for  mo' e  than  a  year,  has  bei'ii  ai'tively  en- 

Ipp'il  ill  piittinj^  down  the  j^reatest  rebellion  reem'rled  in  the  history  of  the  world.     A 

Icivil  war,  which  has  called  into  the  lield  more  than  a  million  of  soldiers,  ;uid  which 

limiKWil  upon  the  Government  of  the  I'liited  States  the  raisinj;  and  e(|uipi)inij  of  an 

[army  iif  sii'ven  hnndred  thousand  men,  and  a  Ih-et  of  nearly  five  hundred  vcss'-ls  to  do 

li.ittli'iiir  our  national  existence,  has  ealli'il  lortli  the  eneijfies  and   exhibited    the  rc- 

jsumrsof  a  mi/ihty  jieople:  and  yd.  in  the  hour  of  jfreatest  peril,  onriiovei  iimeiit  has 

lui't  lii'sjtated  to  tell  tile  nations  at'  the   vorld  which  have  done  her  wron;;,  when  resist- 

liim' to  such  wronji;  was  imiiossilde.  that  "the  United  States  will  iiotdebate  witliother 

Itiaiisji  (plot ion  vital  to   its  own  existence."  Imt  content  herself  with  pointing;  oiitthu 

jVLiiijiMoiU' her,  leaving!  for  the  present  the  expiation  of  such  wroiiy,  and  injury  solely 

■  I llii'si'iise  of  justice  and  nia;;nanimity  of  those  who  omse  styled  themselves  friends. 

I'iKi',  lis  our  Sc'cretary  ofState  Justly  says,  "actinji  on  this  principle,  w(!  Inire  brou^jlit 

t'Hiii' iiiitice  of  the  Ihazilian  ;;o\i'riimeiit   the  j;iievance  coinniitted    aj^ainst  us  by  the 

Pri>iil.iit  of  Maraiiham."     That  (iovernmenl,  instead  of  ;;iviii^   us  redress,  or  takiui{ 

■iiMi'.s  to  prevent  arepetiiioii  of  the  !;rievaiice,  has  avowed  and  siisiaim-Ml  it. 

li'iiitthi'  iiiideisii;ned  is  instructed  to  say  to  the  Hra/.ilian  ;i;overnnient  "that  while 

■I  iiiti'd  States  cannot  ask  Mrazil  I'or  less  than  the  absolute  exclusion  of  pirates  from 

wiiaiiiiiis.  vet,  Htuiidiiif;  as  slie  does  alone  anioiiy,-  nations,  in  the  extent  of  her  un- 

jfritiiiily  attitmh;,  if  she  wmild  lint  place  hersrjf  upon  the  same  ground  in   relation  to 


|1h  liiiti'd  States  which  i> 


occupied   by  othi;r  maritime  powers,  it  would   mitiijatc.  tho 


I'liiuti'iit  which  you  are  authorized  to  express  ;"  and,  as  if  foreseeinj;;  the  lailnre  of 
iii* apiieal  to  tlu^  friendship  and  Justice  i>f  Hrazil,  the  iindersiMincd  is  ordered  losay,  in 
wnlibiiiii.  that,  ''(■(. nscions of  mu  ability  to  protect  all  our  national  riiilits,  we  neither 
|i"l!iiniiiic  nor  menace  any  forei;;ii  state  which  may  deem  it  lit  to  d.)  ns  wron^;  but 
"la>t;is  every  .such  caso  matures  we  determine,  with  what  prudiMici!  and  lirmness  wo 
^11.  till' ('nurse  which  the  einerjieiicy  iei(niies." 

liia'iiiimli  as  the  (hiveriiment  of  the  I'nited  States  has  definitively  closed  all  further 
jlwiissliMi  of  the  alfair  of  the  pirate  Sumter,  either  here  or  at  Wasliin^ton.  nolhinj;  of 

ii:  kind  is  intended  in  this  dispatch  ;  its  solo  object  being  to  point  out  to  your  Excel- 


V-  *'/ 


li:| 


11  } 


m^' 


i 
u:  f 


334 


ARBITRATION  AT  GENEVA. 


mill 

:<  till. 


loncy  tliat,  so  far  from  nntliing  liavinj;  ocotirro*!  to  «listnrl>  tlio  f»no«l  friVing  upon  wliirh  I 
1h1)!im«!iI  till-  friendly  roliitioiis  between  the  United  States  and  iTra/.il,  tlie  wlMile  ciinN. 
of  your  jiredeeessor  in  relation  to  tli((  viNitof  tho  pirate  Sumter  to  Maranliaiii,  ami  the 
present  attitude  of  Ura/il  towards  tlui  piratical  vessels  belon^^int;  to  the  reltcl  Stntij 
and  to  oTir  national  vessels,  is  cousidered  by  tlio  Oovcrnmout  of  Washington  unteiiiilili^ 
unjtist,  and  "  iiitoternhlc."  ' 

It  is  «|uite  unnecessary  for  tho  nndorsiRnort  to  repeat  hin. ardent  desire  to  draw  cJoHir  | 
and  render  more  perniauent  the  relations  between  the  United  States  and  ihjizii, 
tho  establishiruiut  by  them  of  an  ''American  nolicy,"in  contradistinction  to  wiiat  i^ 
recoj^nized  policy  of  Europe,  as  is  Ixmiij;  developed  by  interference  with  the  internal  l 
affairs  of  Mrxico;  and  he  is  pained  to  see  all  his  etVorts  in  this  regard,  and  all  the  wisli,!) 
of  his  Government,  set  at  nj"'  .ht  by  the  perseverance  of  Hrazil  in  a  course  dt'cliinMlln- 
the  Government  of  Washin{jtt)n  to  be  more  nnfr'uniUy  than   that  of  any  other  lonii-ti 
power;    and  by  ignoring  every  fact,  sentiment,  aiul  position  taken  in  tho  Wasliini^tnn 
dispatch) s  of  tlut  Hth  March  and  M  of   April,  and  utterly  refusiujaj  to  pencjvi"  or 
admit  that  the  United  States  feels  aj;grieve<l  by  tho  eonductof  lirazil,  and  contidwitlvj 
expects  that  she  will  not  persevere  in  maintaining  a  position  more   unfriendly  tliaii 
that  of  any  otluir  maritime  power.     Adherence  by  Brazil  to  her  present  niitricndlr  I 
attitude  is  deprecat«.'d  by  tlie  umlersigiu'd,  not  because  he  believes  such  a  course  taldi. 
lated  to  cause  a.disriiption  of  the  peaceful  relations  existing  between  tho  two  coiin. 
tries  ;  there  exists  lui  such  danger.    The  Government  of  the  United  States  hasdeniim. 
strated  to  the  world  that  while  struggling  for  its  national  existenco  against  a  gi;,'aiiiio  | 
rebellion,  it  can  submit  with  grace  and  a  not  unbecoming  humility  to  the  irritating' 
assaults  madiMipon  it  in  the  liour  of  adversity,  whether  they  emanate  from  aiiciint ! 
enemies  or  professe<l  friends.     But  nations,  like  individuals,  while  they  freiinently/ir- 
g\rc  injuries,  do  not  always/(>?*fft'/  them.    And  it  is  It^causo  perseverance  in  licr  ]ii(>tiit  | 
•ourse  by  Brazil  may  induce  the  peoph?  of  the  United  States  to  forget  thefVieiiillyl 
ings  upon  which  the  existing  peaceful  relations  botweeu  the  two  countries  aio  baud] 
that  the  policy  of  your  predecessor  is  deprecated.' 

The  discussion  on  this  subject  was  revived  in  the  ensuing  year  by  tlie  I 
arrival  of  the  Alabama,  and  shortly  afterward  the  Florida  and  Georgiii. 
in  Brazilian  i)orts.      The  first-named  ship  took  two  American  vessels 
within  liraziiian  waters  and  burned  them  there.    Notwithstanding  wliicli 
lier  commander  was  allowed  to  go  on  shore  at  the  island  of  reniaiuloj 
Noroidia,  and  there  to  obtain  supplies  for  the  vessel  and  to  land  tlie 
prisoners.    For  this  the  officer  commanding  r.t  Fernando  de  Noronk 
Avas  displaced.    The  Florida  was  allowed  to  enter  the  port  of  reruaiii 
buco,  and  there  to  refit  and  coal,  in  despite  of  the  protest  of  the  United] 
States  consul  that  the  Florida  was  a  jurate  and  the  consort  of  the  Ala- 
banja,  which  had  just  before  violated  the  neutrality  of  Brazilinn  waters, 

"  Nevertheless,"  says  Mr.  Webb,  iu  writing  to  the  Marquis  d'Abrautes  | 

on  the  21st  of  .May,  1SG3— 

Because  her  connnander  represented  that  tho  ship  required  rep.airs  to  her  cn;;iiie  I 
•which  could  not  be  done  within  the  twenty-four  hours,  tho  governor,  in  a  conuiinaioa- 
tion  to  the  i>irate,  now  befin-o  the  undersigned,  dattMl  the  9th  of  May,  informed  tliraji- 1 
plicant  that,  inasnnich  as  ho  represented  to  him  that  a  compliance  with  his  onUr  to 
leave  in  twenty-four  hours  will  compel  him  to  do  so  in  a  <listressed  condition,  bccau* 
the  repairs  to  his  engine,  necessary  to  his  safety,  cannot  bo  completed  in  that  tiiilc.aiKl  | 
would  be  illiberal  and  inhuman,  and  expose  him  to  danger,  and  Brazil  to  tin- (■nlls^ 
quences ;  and  inasmuch  as  he,  tho  goveriuir,  does  not  wish  to  be  inhuman  or  illilieral, 
or  »ii(langer  the  safety  of  tho  pirate,  or  to  lessen  his  means  of  defen.se,  or  to  exposu  liiui  I 
to  immiM<rnt  risks,  therefore,  believing  tho  representation  to  have  been  made  in  ;;iwil 
faith,  and  X\v.\t  he  eannot  in  safety  continue  his  cruise,  (against  Americati  cDinniene 
bound  to  Brazil,)  unless  given  time  to  repair  his  engine,  the  said  governor,  reprcsint- 
ing  the  .sovereiynty  of  Brazil,  and  recognizing  the  traitors  in  rebellion  against  the 
United  States  as  belligerents,  does  accord  to  the  commander  of  the  pirate  bearing  tliiir  | 
Hag  all  tlu^  tinu!  \w  asks  for  repairs,  and  privileges  of  taking  in  such  coals  and  provis- 
ions as  may  jilaei)  him  in  a  condition  to  continue  bis  depredatioua  upon  tho  commerce  I 
of  a  frien<lly  pow^-r.    A  grosser  breach  of  ueotrality  baa  never  come  to  the  knowledge  | 
of  the  undersigned.* 

lie  adds : 

At  ths  moment  the  ports  of  Brazil  are  m.ade  harbors  of  refuge  and  places  of  resnrt  | 
and  departure  lor  three  piratical  vessels,  avowedly  designed  to  prey  upon  tho  coninn  r" 

'  British  Ajipendix,  vol.  vi,  pp.  40,  41. 
s  Ibidp  vol.  vi,  p.  4y. 


OPINIONS   OF   SIR   ALEXANDER   COCKBURN. 


335 


ofthcTi'iti'il  States.    TIio  waters  of  Hrazil  nro  violntod  with  impunity  in  this  pirati- 

(il  work,  iiiid  iit'tcr  tho  iini»erial  jiovcniniciit  liail  adiuittcd  and  declared  its  iitdi^jiiatioii 

jt  siicli  violation  of  Hovereijjoty,  the  guilty  party  is  rectfived  with   liospitality  and 

fi{i'ii(l!*liip  l>y  the  governor  of  lialiia,  anil  instead  of  beinu;  captured  ainl  iinprisonnl, 

luilliit  V"'**^'"'  detained,  ho  is /t'/((/,  and  supplied  witii  tlio  neeessary  provisions  ami 

coal,  to  enahle  Iiini  to  continue  his  depredations  upon  American  oomnierce.     Tlio 

fliiarvfH  and  streets  of  lial^a  and  I'ernamltnco  have  been,  for  weeks  jiast,  swarnnd 

with  American  sailors  and  passengers  from   merehantnien  tradiiifi;  with  IJra/.il  whi<li 

liavf  lii'iMi  captured,  and  the  persons  on  board  robbed,  by  the  pirates  of  the  Alabama, 

I  Floriila,  and  (ieorj;ia,  and  they  have  been  compelled,  in  the  ports  of  a  friendly  nation, 

towitiii'SH  their  clothinjj  and  jewtdry,  and  even  family  relirss,  sold  on  tho  wharves  ancl 

i  in  tb«  streets  of  Ualiia  and  Pernambuco,  by  their  piratical  captors,  at  a  tenth  of  their 

I  value;  wliilethe  piratical  vessels  and  all  on  board  wero  received  and  treated  as  friends, 

aiiils'l'iiiilicd  with  the  necessary  nniterials  to  continue  their  nefarious  practices.    Tlio 

JKin''**  ^^1'''"''  history  informs  us  were  rife  in  the  seventeenth  century,  iu  the,  isl.imls  of 

[  iheWiHt  Indies,  are  now  beinfjjemicted  in  this  nineteenth  century  iu  tht^  jmrtsof  Brazil, 

I  and  that  through  no  fault  of  tho  imperial  government — which  has  already  dom^  its 

I  irhdleihity  as  rajddly  as  cireumstauces  have  permitted — but  because  the  governors  of 

I  rernambnco  and  Kahia,  in  their  sympathy  with  piracy  and  pirates,  have  neglected 

i  tlioiiduty  to  Brazil,  and  brought  discredit  upon  tho  civilization  of  tho  age.' 

Asivj^iinLs  the  Alabiima,  which  at  tliis  tiuio  liad  coino  into  tho  port 

I  of  Biihia,  Mr.  Webb  iiisist.s  tliat  .slie  .should  have  beeu  seized  by  the 

j governor  tor  her  violation  of  Brazilian  neutrality: 

Voiu' cxicUency  will  not  for  a  moment  deny  that,  having  by  your  offlcial  acts,  and 
}  thnsr  of  file  governor  of  Pernambuco,  recognized  the  fact  that  t!  's  pirate  has  violated 

tlii<  wiitcrs  ami  outraged  the  sovereignty  of  Brazil,  it  is  your  dinv,  wIkmi  opportunity 
I  otiVrs,  to  vindicate  your  violated  soveieignty,  ami  by  his  capture,  if  possible,  reinu- 
I  iitrate  the  injury  done  to  American  commerce  within  your  wattsrs.    And  should  tho 

pirate  tome  into  this  port  when  tho  ability  of  Brazil  to  capture  and  detain  him  admits 
I  (lino  question,  beyond  all  doubt  the  neglect  to  do  so  would  bo  not  only  an  unfritMidly 
I  jttldward  the  United  States,  bnt  would  render  Brazil  responsible  for  all  and  every 

aKression  which  he  might  commit  on  American  (Mniiinerce  after  leaving  this  port.* 
'  *  At  this  moment,  the  ports  of  Brazil  are  made  harbors  of  refuges  and  places  of 
i  tcMirt  and  dei>arture  for  three  piratical  vessels,  avowedly  designed  to  prey  upon  the 
j  coinuicrce  of  the  United  States.  The  waters  of  Brazil  are  violafi'd  witli  impunity  iu 
I  this  piratical  work,  and  after  the  Imperial  Government  had  .ndmitted  and  declared  its 

iuiii^tiiiition  at  such  violation  of  sovL-reignty,  the  guilty  party  is  received  with  hospi- 

tahtyaiid  friendship  by  tho  governor  of  Baliia,  and  instead  of  being  ciaptured  and 
I  iniiirisuiicd,  and  his  vessid  detained,  lit;  is  Jcltd,  and  supplied  with  the  luscessary  pro- 
I  visions  and  coal,  to  enable  him  to  continue  his  depredations  uiton  American  commerce.' 

The  ]\[ar(|uis  d'Abrantcs  answer.s,  as  to  the  non-.sei/ure  of  the  Ala- 
baiiiii,  that  the  governor  of  Bahia  had  not  sntlicient  information  to  war- 
rant him  in  taking  such  a  measure ;  as  to  the  Florida  and  Georgia,  by 
going  over  the  same  topics  as  his  predeces.sor  had  done  and  with  e(iual 
ability. 

Tho  government  of  Brazil  did  not  seize  the  Alabama;  but  it  did  ex- 
idiule  tiiat  vessel  from  its  ports  for  the  future,  lor  having  made  prizes  iu 
[Bnizilian  waters,  and  applied  the  .same  rule  to  the  Tuscaloosa  as  being  a 
j  tender  of  the  delinquent  ves.sel. 

It  was  immediately  alter  this  troublesonje  correspondence  that  the 
I  Imperial  Government  promulgated  the  rules  contained  in  thecircidarof 
|JuneL*.'),  1S03,  (set  out  in  the  7th  volume  of  American  Documents,  p. 
I  lit),)  which,  inpoiutof  stringeiujy,  far  exceed  what  any  other  nation  had 
I  ever  thought  it  necessary  to  enact.  The  United  States  had  iu>ver  adoi)ted 
|anysiu'h  rules,  nor  cau  it  for  a  moment  be  said  that  Great  Britain  ought 
to  he  bound  by  them. 

I    This  i.s  the  country  of  which,  in  the  argument  of  the  United  States  it 
I  is  stated,  I  presume  iu  compliment  to  our  distinguished  Brazillian  col- 
I  Itiifrne : 
III  theAtueric.au  Case,  and  the  documents  to  which  it  refers,  there  is  suflicient  indica- 

'  Briti.sh  Appendix,  vol.  vi.,  p.  51. 
a  Ibid.,  p.  50. 


33G 


ARIHTRATION    AT   OENfiVA. 


im^'H^^ 


■;[    i:'  ■ 


if  I 

m  ■ 


i^iil 


titiii  of  (IifloviiUy  and  cniciiMicy  with  wliicli  flio  llrnziliiiii  ^ovorniiiPut  nialntaiiied  lU 
H()vciri;;iil\  ii;^iiinst  (hi",  ii)^^!;icsHi\n  cll'orf.s  ol'tlii!  coiil'ciU'niti's.' 

A  similar  question  arose  witii  the  Spanish  jiovernnicnt  on  thoeiitrvnf 

r..rr.M.omi.Mce  ^l'<'  Sunitcr  iuto  ( 'a(1  i/,  w i th  a  re(|iiisition  tohaveiepnirsdoiii' 

will,.-,..,,,,.  ,„„|  to  ('oal.     Ait«'i' (Ullicnlties  laiscil  by  tlie   I'nited  St;itis 

llepicsiMitatives,  peiinission  was  j-iven,  tiion^htlie  repairs  were  limited  to 

what  was  absolutely  necessary.^ 

The  same  <|uestion   arose   with  the   French   j;<)vernnient  when  tlio 

kSnmteri)nt  intoSt.  Pierre,  in  the  Island  ot  IMarlinipu,  in  ^q. 

wiih'Kr.'mhV>v"'rn-  vember,  ]8(il,  and  was  ]iermitfed  by  the  p)vernor  to  cdiil 

which  i>ermission  was  alterward  approved  of  by  the  Fmuli 

government.-' 

It  arose  in  a  still  more  striking'  form  wIumi  the  Florida  i)nt  int(!  V>iv>[ 
to  repair  and  coal;  as  we  shall  see  more  fully  hereafter  when  1  conic  to 
the  case  of  that  vessel.  y\r.  Dayton,  the  United  States  minister  at  tlic 
court  of  France,  objected  to  her  being  received  or  being  allowed  tolmvo 
rei>airs  (h»ne  to  her  machinery,  but  his  i)rotest  is  in  the  more  modciati 
tone  of  a  statesman  ami  a  man  of  the  world :  we  hear  m)  nn)re  about  "|»i- 
rates;"  his  objection  is  that,  being  {»ossesse<l  of  sailing  power,  the  vessel 
did  not  re<piirethe  aidof  steanj — an  argnnu'ut  which  was,  however,  over- 
ruled  by  the  imperial  council.^ 

This  question  was  raised  between  the  United  States  and 
wi'i,  iinti^h  B.yin,-  licr  lAIajcsty's  government  on  the  ai'rival  ot  tlu'  Sinnter.  en 
the  .')()th  Jtdy,  ISdl,  at  Trinidad,  wheie  she  was  allowed  to 
coal  and  to  renniin  six  days  in  port.  This  was,  in  due  c»)Jirse,  coiaplnintd 
of  to  Her  ^[ai(^sty's  government.  Mr.  Seward  declaring  that  ''the  ainia- 
nient,  the  insurgent  llag,  and  the  spurious  commission  should  liave  tol! 
the  governor,  as  they  sulUci<'ntly  jirove  to  Her  Majesty's  govenuneiit, 
that  the  Sumter  is  and  (;an  be  nothing  else  lli.iii  a  piratical  vessel."''  Oi 
course  this  argument  did  not;  prevail  with  Her  ]\Iajesty's  govenuneiit 
any  more  than  it  did  with  those  of  the  Netherlands,  France,  or  Iba/il. 

It  was  obvious  that  the  confederates  having  once  been  actknowlcd^ied 
as  belligerents,  the  a»lmission  of  their  shii)s  of  war  to  the  neutral  ituits 
and  harbors  followed  as  the  lu'cessary  consetpience. 

The  objection  to  the  reception  of  these  vessels  took  a  somewhat  dillcr- 
ent  and  more  telling  form  in  the  case  of  the  confederate  shii>  the  Nnsii- 
ville,  which,  having  left  the  confederate  port  of  <.'harleston,  had  been 
allowed  to  coal  at  JJermuila  on  her  voyage  to  England. 

On  that  voyage  the  Nashville  committed  one  o>  those  acts  wliicli 
stained  this  hateful  warfare  with  eternal  o[»probrium — that  of  settin.; 
tire  to  a  harndess  trading-vessel  and  making  her  crew  prisoners  of  wm. 
This  proceeding  was  nnule  a  ground  by  ]\tr.  Achims,  on  the  arrivid  et 
the  Nashville,  for  clainnng  that  the  Vessel  should  not  be  received  into 
a  Jiritish  port.  In  terms  of  just  and  honest  indigiuvtion  he  writes  to 
Earl  IJussell : 

The  act  of  wilfully  burning  a  private  lucrchaiit-ship  while  pursiiiug  its  way  quietly 
to  its  destination  in  its  own  country  seems  in  itself  little  to  liarinoni/.e,  wif  li  the  ;;(':it'r:il 
sentinii'iit  ainoiijj  civilized  and  eoinnieicial  nations,  even  when  it  is  coininittefl  iiml'i' 
tlu'  authority  of  a  rceo;rnizc<l  helliffcreiit :  hut  wiien  voluntarily  uudcrtalceii  liy  iii(li- 
viduals  not  vested  with  the  jtowers  srenerally  aclcnowled^jfed  to  he  nec«!ssary  to  jiistily 
a<?j;ressiv<'  warfare,  it  aiiitroxiniatestooelosely  within  the  delinition  of  piracy  to  rcciivf 
the  smallest  eountenaiice  from  any  Christian  people.     The  i'ndersi<^n(Hl  cannot  \wnM 

~  Pajjc  67. 

-  Ihitish  Appendix,  vol.  vi,  pp.  117-119. 

•■•.See  British  Case,  ]).  17,  and  letter  of  IJritish  Consul  Lawless  to  Earl  Russell,  British 
A]»pendix,  vol.  i,  p.  ^io?. 

^  Hritisli  ApiM'udix,  v(d.  vi,  iip.  132,133. 

*  United  States  Documents,  vol.  vi,  p.  193.  • 


OPTMOXS    OI'    SI1{    ALKXANIUMJ    rOfKIUMlX. 


niiiintiiiiu'il  its 


)ii,ii<ill'ti>  <liiiilil  ttiiit  Ilir  M.ijfst  v"-*  '^oviMimiciif.  wliicli  liiis  vuliiiitiii'ily  uniniiii'id  llir 
hi;  hill  it, V  1(1  wii'^i'  |ii  i\  lite  w  ill-  III  sea,  wniild  noi  fail  to  \  isit  w  iili  its  iiliii'i>i  iinliLjiial  ion 

lli\  ittlt'lUllti^  l<>  Mi'i'lv  >lli'llc  T  llliili'l'  ils  jliriMlicI  iiill  tVniii   I  lie  n>lisi'(|l|flirch  ill'  iliillll;;ill^ 

ihiii't'lv  pat'tiNiin  iiialici'  in  iiria>il  luiri/i'il  arls  nf  ^inlrnci'  on  liii-  oomm.  ' 

Mr.  Morse,  tlic  riiitcd  Stiilcs  consul  :il  liOiidoii,  only  cxincsscd  the 
imlilic  I'ccliii.y  wlu  II  lie  w  rote  to  Mr.  Si-wanl : 

Till'  Ifiiilinji  rvi'iit  of  llic  ('Mrrciit  week  liaw  Itfcii  tlic  niiiu'ariiiii'r  ofllii'  coi'^air  Nii>li- 
viilr,  tViiin  C'rirlrsloii,  in  lairtiiiiaii  wjitcrs,  iiml  Iht  wniiloii  iiiiil  ini.licioiis  ilotincii.m 
„•  iiii  Aiiii'iifiiii  s\\\\t  liy  liMiniii;f  alioiil  sfvcntN-liNf  inilci  wcsl  ul'  C'lipi'  Cirai-,  oil  lliii 
Miitlii'i'ii  <'iiasl  of  li'i'laml,  anil  Iht  liolil  ml  ranee  inio  u  ItriliKli  |iiirt  lor  coal  anil  rc|iaii» 
ilic  iliiy  li>ll'i\vin;;  tlie  eniinnitlal  of  the  liar'i.'  uns  art.  It  lias,  as  a  matter  ol' eoiii'Me. 
(lillrii  lllliell  coninieiil,  and  no  little  eseiteliieiil   llele. 

Sii  l';ir  iiM  1  ean  learn  ami  .iml;j;e,  liie  imlilie  voiee  here  is  very  strim^;  and  iinls]ii)keM 
iiMoiiili'iiinin;;' and  di'iioiiiieiii;;  the  aet  as  inalieioiis  and  iiiralieal.  It  has  taken  the 
K:i"li-ili  peoiile  hy  surprise,  and  is  doiiij;  iiineh  to  eiilij;lilen  them  as  to  the  chaiaeter  of 
ihi'ciii'Miy  with  whom  we  are  dealin;;,- 

!)iit  siicli  iiii  iict  could  not  Ix^  held  to  he  siillicicnt  jLTronud  of  exclusion. 
Iliiwt'vcr  revolt  ill, u"  such  ii  system  of  wiiiliue,  it  wus  still  witliiu  the 
<!irii  i)riiicii>Ie  of  iutenuitioual  lnw,  reliitive  t«)  w ;m',  which  Just ilies  Ixttli 
i'm' st'i/.iire  luid  the  destruction  of  enemy's  ships  uiid  ^^oods  ut  sea,  on 
till' piiiiciplc  tliiit  whatevei' tends  to  im]»oveiisli  the  enemy  is  ullowiihle. 
T!ie  |iriictice  had  been  sanctioiu'd  l»y  the  conduct  of  the  United  States 
•Juiiisclves,  in  their  last  war  with  (Ireat  l>ritain. 

W'licii  the  civil  war  was  over,  it  occurred  to  the  Unit'-d  Stales  (Jov- 
iniiiiciit  that,  though  Captain  Semmes  hatl  been  admitted  to  parol  as 
ii|iiis(tiier  of  war,  and  could  not  therefore  be  i>roceeded  against  crinu- 
iiiilly  audcu'  the  law  relatinj;'  to  treas«ui,  lie  inijjfht,  nevertheh'ss,  be  niad<? 
iiiiH'iiiible  to  the  ]>eual  law  for  the  destruction  of  ships  and  ear^'oes  ite- 
\Mii\n\i  to  citizens  of  the  United  States.  J!ut  the  idea  was  abandoned, 
ii.'lMr.  .b)hu  A.  IJolles,  Solicitor  to  the  Navy  I>epartment  of  the  Initcfl 
St.itcs,  ill  an  article  l)earin,i;'  his  name,  in  tlu^  iluly  uiimboi  of  the  '*  At- 
Liiitic  Monthly,"'  undi-r  the  title  of  "  Wiiy  Semmes,  of  the  .Vlabama, 

i-i  not  tried,"  has  fully  explained  the  reasons,  and  anion,!:;'  them  has 
"   'i'  us  acquainted  with  the  course  pursued  by  the  Cuited  States  Cion'- 

iiiMiciit  in  the  war  with  Knji'laiid  in  ISli'  uud  ISl.'),  Tiu-  <juestioii, 
^^lirtlier  Semmes  should  be  prosecuted  or  not,  seems  to  have  been  re- 
liiTi'd  hy  the  President  to  Mr.  ]>olles  and  the  law-ollicer  of  the  Depart- 
aitiit,  wlio  api)ear  to  have  entered  ujton  and  conducted  the  iiupiiry  witli 
I  ilisriiiiiination,  ability,  and  sense  of  Justice  which  do  them  inlinite 
liiiiior.  In  the  article  referred  to  Mr.  lioUes,  in  the  lirst  [dace,  ol»serves 
that— 

ll,\  I'stidilishint^  a  liloekadt?  of  cnnfederate  ports,  our  (ioveniini'nt  liatl  n'co,ifiiiy.i(l  the 
i";ii'iili'iates  as  lielli;ier(  nts,  if  not  as  a  liellijfefent  .•'tate.  :iiid  had  thus  eniifessed  that 
I'ai'rilcrate  oflieers  and  men,  military  or  naval,  <  on  Id  not  he  treated  as  piratesor.niieril- 
.^iiliiiii;  IIS  they  olieyed  the  laws  of  war:  the  same  i'e(o;;;iiit  ion  was  made  whe'i  cai- 

[^i^  Inr  ('xclian,L!;e  of  prisoners  were  estahlished  hetweeii  the  Federal  ami  eonfe,  'rate 
iiilliiiiitii's;  and,  above  all,  when  the  I'edcral  I'.xeeiitive,  after  the  eoiirts  had  deilarcil 

|uiiili(liiiiti'  iirivateersiiieii  to  he  pirates,  had  deliherately  set  aside  tlmse  .|mlj;iiieiits, 
iiiiiiailinitled  the  raptured  and  eondemned  oflieers  and  men  of  tho  Savannali  ami  the 

[<ltli  Davis,  to  exchanyo  as  prisoners  of  war.-" 

•Hritisli  Ajjpendix,  vol.  ii,  p.  t>2. 

•I'nitiMl  States  Uociuiients,  vol.  ii,  p.  549. 

'  "'riie  rehictancc  with  whicli  this  reene;iiition  was  <;'"''^"b'(l  does  not  affect  its  validitv. 
Alitr  hiivinfj;  refused,  aj^ain  and  aj;ain.  President  Davis's  offers  of  exehan<;e,  the  Feil- 
jtriil  KxL'cutive,  Iteiiij?  at  last  notilied  that  fourteen  Union  prisoners— six  colomis,  two 
jli'iitemmt-colouels,  three  nni.jors,  and  three  captains — had  been  slnitn]>  in  felons' cells, 
|to lie  hinif;  wbeuovor  the  confederate  privateers  wore  executed,  coucliuled  to  regard 
1  those  'pirates'  as  lawful  belligerents  entitled  to  exchange.'' 


0») 


B 


'.>  *>  y 


AUBITKATION    AT    GENEVA. 


'•4, 


This  proini.scil,  Afr.  IJolles  writes: 

Without  roiiHiiltiiin  i»iil)Ii,'ist  or  JiiriHconsiilt,  it  was  caxily  poH.sil»lo  to  sec  ami  shmr 
tiiat  \\f.  a.s  a  (JoviTiniifiit,  ••(iiiid  iiot'altonl  to  iiroseciitt;  I'.ud  inmisii  as  a  ciiiiiin;!!  ;iii\ 
iia\nl  otlici'V  tor  captmin^^  ami  (Icstroyiii;;  tlic  ciiciii.v'.s  (la  Un;;-vin.sfl.s,  a.s  t'list  a^  ]»>-. 
Uli'.  not  only  witlioiit  any  attempt  to  send  tlioiii  in  tor  adjudication,  hut  with  iiilit,r. 
.'iiiui'd  ]Mtr)iosi>  and  |Ktlicv  not  to  do  so. 

This  coni-lnsion  was  tht^  irsult  ot'  a  rarcful  study  of  our  own  naval  histoiy.  ainl  ni';; 
thou;;htful  examination  ol  future  possihilities  in  the  oont  of  war  het\V((u  tli! 
I'nited  States  and  some^reat  eomniereial  nation. 

I  will  not  dw<'ll  upon  this  last  division  of  the  topic,  hut  cont«Mit  niNself  w  itli  a  niW 
em-e  to  thar  jiast  theory  ami  practice  of  oin'  naval  warfare  which  rendered  it  illl|l'.^^l. 
hie  to  jMUiisli  Sennues  for  havinj^  learneil  ami  practiced  ,so  Muccessfnll.\'  tln^  |<-^mii, 
tau^ihf  hy  our  own  instruction  and  example  in  tiie  Kevolutionary  War,  when  wc  wti. 
rebels,  and  in  the  last  war  (l^'l'.i)  with  (ireat  Kritain. 

The  earlier  rce(U'ds  are  imperi'ect;  hut  euoii^ih  can  he  >iathered  from  our  nav.il  hi,. 
torian,  Cooper,  to  show  that  many  of  the  vessels  captured  in  thc^  war  of  the  icvolii 
tion  were  destroyed  at  sea. 

Of  the  lii:(tory  and  ]>olicy  of  tlai  hiter  i)eriod  we  have  ah-.-nlant  j  roofs.  Xoi  |i« 
than  siivcnty-lour  liritish  m<'rchanlmcn  w-re  captured,  and  dcsdoycd  is  soon  :isn\i- 
tured,  umh  <  express  instructions  from  the  Xavy  l)epartnu>nt,  and  in  lunsninur  i,i  ^ 
deliherat(!  juirpose  and  plan,  without  any  attempt  or  intent  to  semi  or  l)rinjj  Hum  ;;, 
as  prizes  for  adjmlicatimi  'I'hc  orders  of  the  l)e[»artment  u\»on  this  Huhjecl  airiiuiiin. 
ons,  e'.nphatic,  and  c;u'efn,.y  ])re]iarcd.  They  deserve  to  \h'  studieil  and  reiiieiiilnM..!: 
and  they  eC'  *ually  silence  all  Anu-rican  ri^^ht  or  dis]iosition  to  eom))lain  of  SiHiiiii. 
for  haviufr  imivated  our  example  in  ohcdicm-t!  to  sinular  orders  from  tlm  secictiiivi! 
tlu'  confederate  navy. 

The  Instructions  to  whieh  I  refer  were  addicssed  to  Captains  David  Porter  ami  <i.li 
i'erry.  each  in  command  nf  a  stpiadron  ;  to  Captain  Charles  Stewart,  of  the  ('(iim;i;,.j 
ti(ni,  twice;  to  Captain  Charles  Mollis,  ()f  the  Congress;  ','ounuandant  Lewis  Wanii..; 
ton,  of  the  I'eacock  ;  Commandant  .lolinstone  lUakely,  of  the  Wasp;  Master  (uii.- 
niandant  .loseph  I'lainluidue,  of  the  I'rolic;  Master  Comnuindant  (Je()r;i;e  I'arkci-, nt'ti- 
^^ircn  ;  Master  ConnnandanI  .loliu  <>.  Creiji'.iton,  of  the  l^it  th.inake;  Eienteiiaiit  W;:. 
iam  II.  Allen,  of  the  Ar.i;us;  IJentcnant  .James  lien.shaw,  of  the  laiterpri.^L;  aini| 
Master  l{idf:ely,of  the  Erie. 

l^xt  lacts  from   the  inr>l  iiictions  of  the   Dcpiirtnu'ut,  which   led   to   these  iinniii 
Imi'iiinns  of  captiu'cd  ve.>.sels.  will  best  show  the  |necise  jMU'pose  and  delihcratc  p"!  ■  1 
of  iVje  CovcriMncnt.     I  will,  therelorc,  i|nole  hriiM  j>assa;f;s  fron\  some  live  or  sixiii.'.irl 
cut  orders  as  samph's  of  all: 

"The  jireat  td)ject,"  sa>  •■  one  of  them.  "  i.s  the  destruction  of  the  connnerce  of  tin  | 
enemy,  ami  the  hrin;;in;;  into  poit  tlic  prisoners,  in  order  to  exchaui;e,  against  mil  i^:, 
I'ortnnate  countrymen  who  m."  fall  into  his  hiinds."  "  Y'ou  will,  fherelbre.  man  ii' 
pi  i/.e  unless  the  value,  place  of  cajitiu'c,  and  other  tiU  orahle  cii'iMimstances,  shall  iwAi-: 
sale  arrival  imuiilly  <'i'il,iin."  "You  will  not  a;;ree  to  the  rausomiu^;  of  any  [ui.'i 
"(irant  no  cartel  iku-  iiipciale  any  prisoners  except  under  circum.staucL's  td'extivnir;.:.! 
iinavoidalde  necessity." 

.Ill  anotlM.r  it  is-.-iid:  "  Vou  will,  lliereforr,  iiuless  in  some  extraordiu.vry  c  i-ii"*  ti^: 
shall  clearly  warrant  an  exception,  destroy  all  \ou  ciiptuic.  and,  hy  thus  relaiiiiM;;,vii'i: 
crew  and  continninji  yoni  cruise,  \uiir  services  m;iy  la;  i  '  ''anced  leiifold." 

••1  have  it  in  coinin.ind  from  tlie  I'resiih'ut  strictly  to  )i'.>;hiliit  the  ;;i\  in;,;  or  juiji- 
inj;;.  directly  or  indin'ctly,  .'i  ehalleii'j;e  to  ciuiiliat  ship  to  siiip,"' 

Avjain:  "'yonrown  siiund.iii<l;inieni  iind  oliser\  .<tioii  will  snlticiently  deiiionstr !!'!'; 
yon  iiow  extremely  piccaiions  and  injurious  is  the  attempt  to  send  in  a  prizi',  iiiilnsj 
l;iken  very  nc.'ir  )i  fiietidly  port  and  under  the  most  favorahle  circumstances.  * 
J'olicy.  interest,  and  duly  ((Unhinc  to  dictate  the  tlestruction  of  all  captures,  willil': 
ahitve  excc](tions." 

Aiiollwr;  "  'I'ln  commeiec  of  the  ein'iiiy  is  llic  iiiipst  vulnerahlo  paint  of  the  t'!:i!i''| 
we  can  attack,  and  its  dcslnu  lion  lie  main  ohjeet ;  ami  to  this  end  all  yoinrtii;*! 
;^!lonld  he  (liieet<il.  Tl.crcriire,  unless  ymn  niizes  sliouhl  he  very  valiiahle  iiml  in;:'  3| 
I'iieiidly  pint  it  will  he  ini|iindent  and  win  than  useic-.s  to  allcinpt  to  semi  llKHi 
the  chances  of  lecapl  lue  ai*'  e\crssi>  'Iv  yveal  ;  llie  i  lew,  the  safely  (yf  till  sliip  «i''i''1 
\(ur  coimnand.  wonlii  he  diminished  and  i  mhinifcred,  as  well  ;is  your  own  l:nii'  i''! 
the  n.ilional  honor.  Ii,\  Ini/aidni^  a  hat  tie  alter  I  he  lediiclion  ot  your  oHiee!»  iiinl  ii 
liy  manning  pii/es.  In  every  point  of  view,  then,  it  will  l)e  proper  to  ilistioy  >'!'»1 
you  capture.  I  xcept  \aluahle  and  lompact  articles,  that  may  he  tiansshipiii'tf 
system  nives  to  one  ship  the  force  of  many." 

Another  order  says  that  "a  siu;ile  rruise;,  if  ever  ,so  siicccHstuI,  can  man  'mi.' 
pri/.«s,  Hiul  e\«'ry  )»iize  Ih  a  «crions  diminutiou  of  her  force  ;  hiii  a  ninnle  eniii*<r 'i'.-' 
slroyin,u  cNciy  ciplnied  nckscI  lia^  the  i  apacilyof  eoutinuinjr.  in  full  viji;!'!',  liirili'^H"!' 
tive  puv'cr,  so  lonj;  as  her  provisions  and  stores  i:;in  ho  rcplcnisiied  litlici' IVnjiitii"i».*l 


OriNTOXS    OF    8IR    ALEXAXUER.  COCICIUJRX. 


339 


1!  to  sec  iiiid  '.liiiv, 
i\s  a  crliiiiniil  ^iii\ 

s,  as  i'iist  Jl^  po<.;. 
liut   %\  itli  :i  (lit.r 

I  history,  iiinl  nf ;; 
^va^  bctwti'U  t'u, 

lysflf  witli  :\  ni.r- 
llllflcil  it  ilM|i'i-;- 
•SmI'iiUn     Ulr   Ir^vi:, 

I'ar,  when  wc  w.i. 

I'oiii  i>iir  iiiivitl  hiv 
war  of  the  nnoh;- 

t  ]  roofs.  Not  li".- 
y«'<l  IS  soon  lis  11]. 

in  ))nrsn:iiiri'  ni  x  i 
id  or  l)riii^  Hum  ;:. 
Biihjeet  HI  f  nil!;:.  I- 
[  ami  iH'nii'inUi'ii'i:  ] 
i)in]>laiii  of  Stiiin;i 
nu  tho  si'iictiiry  I'l  | 

,i(l  I'ortt'rMMil  o.li 
rt,  of  the  CiiiM.ii,- 
init  l.i'wis  Willi ii.:j 
'asp  ;  Mnstci'  ( .n!. 
(•or<j;o  ll'arUcr,  nt'ii' 
■  ;  Licuti'iiiint  W!-! 
10   Kiitt  Tiniii  ;  a:,u 

to    thi'sr    inuilnl;/' 
ul  dclihcratt'  \>'<\ 
me  live  or  sixui.M 

couimerce  »<  '.'■•• 
;c.  a;iainst  oin  i" 
therefore.  Iilliu  l: 
aiiees.sh.lll  Iii:.'.. 
\i\\]X  of  any  I'li.' • 
uees  of  extreme  M.. 

iliiiary  risi's  t:i;;| 
I  has  relaininii.Vi''.: 
*lol.l." 
y;i\iii;.;  or  iif'';'' 

itly  (lellionstr:'!'!'! 

(1  ill  a  |iri/.e.  iii;i-;| 
iistaiiees. 
laiiliin's,  Willi  l'; 


Vl'.lll    of    the   I'llrl'l 

il   ail   yoiii'  '"'"f 
iliialtle  iilMl  »'■■'■ 
)t    ti>  sell'i  lli''i" 

of   til.     Sllill  lll!'"tl 

Mir  osvii  fiiiii'  •""' 
\V  olliiels  mill  tl 
„.r  to  (lisliov  ".i-l 
traiisshil'l"'"'- 

,  call  iuaii  ''III  ''"J 
11   siii>:!i'  eniisir  " 

11  vij';i"'.  •'"■'!'"'' 
lither  iVoiiiri.'"  .1 


]«,rts  or  fio.n  I'r.c  vessels  ca|»t>ire<l.        »         *        •        Tims  ha-s  a  siii;;le  crnis«>r,  iiiiou 
fHfiirMi-iivliri  ulati,  the  i;;;\V'.':',  iii;ilia|>s,  of  twenty  aetiiij;  iiikhi  peeuiiiary  viev.s  alone; 
*        and  thus  may  tlio  iMiipioynii-nt  of -."ir  small  fortt'  in  some  dej^roo  eom- 
wnsate  for  the  )<;\Viit  inequality  [of  our  fi:!ee]  <  ompared  with  that  of  the  enemy." 

Siirliwere  the  policy  .:od  the  orders  of  President  Madison  and  ot'the  iSecrt^tary  of  tht< 
Viivv  ill  I"'l-,  I'oiii,  Hll;  and  sinh,  hcyoinl  luiestii  ii,  woiihl  Ih;  the  plan  and  the  in- 
.iriii'tions  of  any  admiiiisti'atioii  uii.'.ci  ihe  circi.'rtdtauct.'s.' 

Ill  coiu'liision  Mr.  ]iollt'.s  stiys : 

It  is  evident  tiiat  after  it  hwd  heon,  its  it  soon  was,  rrsolvod  that  neither  treason  nor 
iiiiiii/  should  Ite  ehaij.;ed  ajjainst  Semmes  l.efore  a  Military  or  naval  trilmnal,  and  that 
iiNiiM'tliod-'.  of  caidiiiiifj;,  •' plnnderiiin;,"  and  destroyiii;^  vessels  should  not  hi-  treated 
;i. iittiiises  ii^aiiist  public,  law  and  diUy,  liiit  thai  he  should  he  dealt  with  as  a  itellij;- 
iriiit  iKiviil  ollicer,  lioiind  to  oltey  the  laws  id'  war  and  entitled  to  their  protection,  it 
iv;h  iin'illess  to  iiMiiiire  whe'c  or  liy  whom  the  Alali  .ma  was  liiiilt,  manned,  armed,  or 
(iiiiiiiii^siiiiicd.  or  whether  •.  jtovernment  without  an  open  port  can  legitimately  own  or 
,iii|i|ipy  ;i  naval  force,  'riiese  imjiiiries,  however  inteieslin;;  or  important  they  mi;^ht 
'[.■  ill  other  (lonnections,  were  ot  no  sort  of  interest  or  importance  as  ideinents  of  a  trial 
lar  viol.itiiij;  the  laws  uf  war  in  the  conduct  of  a  cruiser  suhject  to  tho.so  laws  and  luo- 
Iriti'il  liy  them. 

Ill  iliis  way  the  Held  and  the  duty  of  iminiry  were  reduced  to  the  two  snlijects  of 
amitv  to  prisoner*  and  purUdy  toward  Captain  Winslow  and  the  power  ho  reprc- 

...„lni. 

The  t\vt>  (lut'.stion.s  tliiis  left  iue  dealt  with  by  Mr.  Hollos  in  tlio  I'ollow- 
iii;;iiiiiiilH'r  of  the  same  rt-view,  in  a  most  iiiteiestiii;;-  jtapei-,  tin'  re  lit 
beiiij;  wliolly  to  exculpate  Seinmes  of  every  eliaryc  of  illtreatmen'  or 
mii'lty  to  prisoners,  lo  a(  piit  him  of  any  cliaroe  of  i)er!i<ly  diiriu;;"  the 

:i;if;;|i;t'iiient  with  the  Ivearsar^;*',  l)nt  to  maintain  that  he  was  jiiiilty 
111  II  violation  of  milit.iry  honor  in  not  snrreiuU'rino'  hmiself  as  a  prisoner 
III  w;ii  alter  beinj;'  taken  olVlty  the  J)eerhonntl. 

Tlie  Ihitish  jiovernineiit  having;-  thus  deeideil  on  aeknowledfjin*^  the 
(oiilcdcrate  States  as  a  helli^erent  i»ower,  and,  as  a  neces-     u  .,.,h>i...u,  .i 

>;iry  ciiii.^etlin'nee,  on  the  iidmission  of  confederate  ships  of  •■' '•'*"• 

viii  into  iJritish  ports  on  the  same  footino  as  tints*  of  the  United  States, 
itmiiy  remains  to  he  seen  whether  thti  saiiu^  treatment  was  alfordeil  to 
iiiitli  uliich  impartial  lu'iurality  wotdd  require. 
Oil  tlie  ls(  of -lime,  l.'ilil,  Jler  ]\[ajesty's  orih'r  was  issued  i)rohibitin;;', 
IS  liiis  not  been  unusual  in  the  ea.se  of  mod<rn  maritiim^  wars,  and  has 
lictii  ^.^t'lii-ral  with  reference  to  i»rivateers,  the  introduction  of  prizes  by 

Itiie  ships  of  either  belliocienl  into  l»ritish  ports,-'     Whatever  may,  j-en- 

iiiiill.v  sp^'akinji,  be  the  moti\e  of  such  a  reonlatioii,  it  wiis,  in  the  i)res- 
Hit  iiistiiiice,  ol>viously  a  measun'  the  elfect  of  which  was  to  place  the 

[niiitiMicriite  vessels  in  a  position  of  <'onsiderahie  disadvantaoc,  .sceiiio- 
that,  ilioir  own  ports  bein}^'  strictly  blockaded,  tliey  wei«'  thus  I'jft  with- 
nut  any  port  into  wliich  to  take  their  pii/e.s.  Ai-c-ortlin^ly,  as  re|»tuted 
iiia(iisp;itch  from  Lord  l/yoiis  to  l''.ail  L'ussell,  of  tlu'  17th  .lune,  bSdl, 
itwiis  li.iilcd  by  Mr.  vSewartl  as  '-likely  to  prove  a  «h'ath-biow  to  south- 

[rtii  |irivateeriti^'."  As  it  was  clearly  at  the  «li.scv»'tio»i  of  Jler  Majest.>'s 
!;i>vt'riiiiu'iit  to  adopt  this  reoul;iii,,ii  oi  not,  it  must  be  ailmitte*!  that. 
"liiis  lar,  liiere  was  no  manifestation   of  the  paitiality  by  which   that 

[Si'Vcniiiu-iit  has  lu'cn  said  to  have  been  aninii.ted. 
Ii! -Iiiiiiiary,  1S(>1.',  after  the  war  had  lifcn  ^oin;^'  on  for  .sonte  months, 


ll'|.Ulll|M||<       l.l       111 


<Uiiiiiis|;iiu'es. aro.se  which  made  further  regulations  as  to 
Ithcailinission  of  the  aimed  ves.seis  of  t!u'  two  belli^icreiits  ■'"""■'•>•  i-*^*- 
liiito  !;iitis||  polls  necessary.  Instructions,  bearinj;'  date  the  iJlst  .fan- 
|i!iin.  jsiij,  v;ere  ac<;ordino;ly  issued  by  the  (loverninenl.-  ( )nc  of  tlwse 
ivIt'K'iice  to  the  ports  of  the  ilahamas  in  particular,  the  others  to 
»' polls  1111(1  waters  of  Her  Majesty's  dominions  in  fieneral. 


Itl 


'  I'ap'  'J7. 

•liritish  Appendix,  vol.  iii.  p.  i>^. 


il 


.,   ' 


3iO 


AKIilTK'ATIOX    AT    GKNKVA. 


The  Collowiiij;'  stiilc  ol"  tliiii<;s  luid  iu  iscii  iit  Xassjui.     As  Ikix  Ihih  ,;, 

'    ^'-'  OltCll     l('l>C!lt('(l,    tllC     |)Oltot      XilSSJIlI    llild   ]»(M'II    Illiltii'  lllc  (;,. 

UcixU  for  tlic  l»l(»ckii(l<'i'iiimiii;4-  tiiidc,  llic  iiiitunil  (■(Hisc(jii«  iicc  tti  wliiii, 
Iiiid  licj'ii  tliiit  tlic  w;ih'is  »>r  the  colony  wvn-  WiitclM'd  l)y,  iunl  tliciriiii. 
iii((li;ilc  \  iciiiit.v  iiiiidc  tin'  cinisin^i  ;L;idiiii(l  of,  I'cdciiil  sliips. 

Ill  Oftolicr,  1S)»1,  ,"Mr,  Adiiiiis  t'orwiirdcd  to  Lord  Russell  jm  jm,., 
(•(•pled  N'ttcr  iVoiii  ii  Mr.  Hiddwiii,  wlioiii  lio  stated  to  In*  in  the  .•.(■i\iiv 
ol'  tlic  ii.siiijicnts,  addressed  to  a  Mr.  Addeiley,  of  Nassau,  Ikhh  whirli 
lie  said  that  it  apiK'ared  that  Nassau  had  been  made,  to  some  cxtciif. 
ill!  entrepot  lor  the  Iransiiiission  of  eontrahand  of  war  troiii  (!iciit  hrit 
aiti  to  the  blockaded  ports.'  The  matter  was  referred  by  Lord  IIiivm!! 
l<t  the  colonial  ollice,  and  by  that  J)epartiiieiit  to  the  ^i'ovei  iioi  ui  tli. 
colony,  and  the  latter  forwaided,  in  reply,  on  the  L'Oih  S'oveniher.  Ixii. 
a  report  from  the  receiver  <4eiieral  at  Nassau,  statin";'  that  no  Wiiiiiki' 
stores  had  beiMi  received  at  that  port  «>itlier  from  the  I'liited  Kiii^'dim, 
or  elsewhere,  nor  had  any  munitions  of  war  been  shipped  from  N;iss;i!; 
to  tlw  Confederate  States.-  This  report,  received  by  Lord  K'lisscll  iq 
tin'.'JIst  of  l)e< ciniH-r,  was  communicate*!  to  ^Ir.  Adams  on  ihcstlini 
Jai  nary,  1S(I2.' 

ipoii  this  the  Case  of  the  L'nifed  States  makes  the  following;-  iciiiaiL 

'flic  rnili'd  Stiili's  Willi  (•(inliilciicc  iisscit.  in  \  icw  of  what  lias  Ihtii  aliiiid.v  slinw'i. 
llial,  liatl  Karl  Ikiissi-li  scii«ii>l.v  iiHjiiirid  iiiin  I  lie  (•(iiii|ilaiiits  iil"  Mr.  Ailaiiis,  ;i  m;iIim|'] 
Cacis  would  lia\c  lircn  diMlnscd  ciiliirfx  al  variamc  wilii  tliis  it'iKirt — mif  wliiih  f 
would  lia\  <•  iiiilicUi'd  Ifrr  Majesty's  jinvciiiiniiil  to  siijiprrss  wliat  w.as  uoiii'.'  on  ;ii 
Nass;iii.  'I'lic  loiriioiiiu;  I'ai'ts  were  all  witliiii  tlic  rcai'li  ol'  llcr  Majesty's  eoveniiiiin!. 
altlniiiiili  :il  that  lime  not  witliiii  tlie  leaeli  id"  llie  •;ovcniiiieiit  ol'  llie  I'liiled  S!;iiis. 
'I'lie  tail  lire  In  lUscover  tlieiii  after  .Mr.  Adams  had  called  attention  to  lliem,  wa^  a  nr;- 
leet  of  the  dilifieiiee  in  thi'  |iieseivat  ioii  ot'ifs  iifiitialily,  wjiidi  was  ''due"  fidia  (in..;  i 
Jiiiiain  to  the  I'nited  States:  and  it  taints  all  the  snhseqiient  condiict  of  (Jreat  rpiiiiii:, 
towaiil  the  ''nited  ."^tates  diiiiii;;;  the  stni;j,nle.' 

]<'inther  on.  Lord  IJiisseH's  communication  is  described  as  flic  ";iii 
noiineemenl  of  an  inia^^inary  condition  of  iiffairs:"-'  thus  makiii:;  il  iip- 
pciir  that,  at  the  date  of  iiord  I'lissell's  cominiinicatioii,  the  repnrt  v 
ceived  from  Niissaii  and  transmitted  by  him  wa.;  an  iinfaitlil'iil  one; 
wheicas  the  fact  was  that,  at  the  date  of  the  report,  no  M'sscI  Imlin 
with  miiiiitions  of  war  Inid  arriveil  at  Niissjni. 

It  was  not  till  the  Sth  of  Decembei-  that  a  vessel,  the  (lladiatur.  wiili 
a  cai',ao  of  iirms,  snspt'cted  of  Iumii.^'  inleiided  for  the  Confedeiate  >\;\h\ 
arrived  al  NassiUi.     The  United  States  consul  at  once  sent  a  iiicssii;'!'! 
to  the  comiiiiinder  of  tin'  Iniled  States  naxal  forces  at   Key  West  tnj 
reipiest  the  presence  of  a  cruiser.''     On  the  l.'itli  of  l)e<*ember  lie  1'1'1mm;<J 
tiie  "most  opiiorltine"  arrival  of  the  L'iiite<l  States  wiir-steaiiiei  Fhiinj 
bean  from  New  York,  and  adds  that   her  commaiider  "is  watcliiii;;  i'l 
teiitly  tlic  moNt'iiieiits  of  the  reliel  steaniers."'     From  a  letb'r  adilrc^'i'l 
by  th<'   •idvernor  to  the   I'.ritish   mnal  ollicer  on  the  station  it  a|'pt'ai>j 
thill  the  Flitinbeaii  kept  her  steam  n[)  ready  for  instiiiit  moveiiitiit.iMii''j 
ill};'  considerable   alarm  amoiij;-  the  shippin,:;'  in  the  port;  and  tli;it.ij 
rumor  j^revailed  tlnit  lier  commander  meant  to  cut  out  the  (iiiMliatur,! 
or,  at  all  events,  to  seize  that  ves.sel  immediiitely  on  lier  leaxinu.'        I 

The  disi)atclies  reporting  this  .state  of  allairs  were  received  in  1""  I 

'  United  States  Dociinirnta,  vol.  i,  p.  Ti^a. 
"  nritisli  A]i]>('iidiN,  vol.  v,  p.  'Jti. 
"  i'liited  Stati'H  Doeniiieiits,  vol.  vi,  p.  57. 
M'ase  of  the  riiited  Staten,  p.  a;W. 
"Ihid.,  p.  2:U. 

Tnitid  States  DociinuiitN,  vol.  vi,  p.  44, 
•  nhid.,  p.47. 

*  HritiBh  Appendix,  vol.  v,  p.  87. 


OPINIONS    OF    SIK    ALEXANDER    rOfKHrnN. 


341 


As  li;is  liccti  y. 
It  iiiiuii'  tlii>  m- 
lU'iicc  (if  wliii'n 
,  iJlitl  tl'vir  iiii. 
lijis. 

isscU  iiii  iiiicr 
■  in  t!i)'  xTviiT 
iui,  IVdiii  wiiiili 
(I  soiiic  cNtciif. 

1)111  (ilflit    liiit- 

ty  Kunl  lliissf!! 
:()V('iii()r  ol'  tlif 
(•vciultcr.  iMli. 
liiit  no  warliki' 
iiilctl  Kiii^timii 
mI  from  N;iss:m 
(iril  IJu^scl!  tiin 
.s  nil  the  ^ihiiil 

lowin;;'  irinaik: 

'cli  iill'i'iidv  sliiiw;i, 
■.  AtliUiis,  ;i  Mali- lit  1 
rcpdrt — dill'  wliiih 
t  was  uniiiL'  I'll  ;il| 
'Sty's   ;;ov('niiiii-ii!, 

tiic  riiiicii  siiiio, 

o  tllt'lii,  \\a^  :i  in;- 
4  "diif"  Iniiii  I'll  it 
let  1)1"  (li'i'a!  I'lriliii:, 

>(1   as  the  'Mil- 

niakin.ii'  it  iip- 

tlic  rci)iMt  ic 

iinraitliriil  iiii<':| 

lu  \('sscl  laili'ii 

Uailiatnr.  with  I 
■('(iciatc  >tati'\| 

sent  a  iiic^sa:;'' 
It  Key  \ViM  I" 
iihcr  lie  rcinii;'i| 

stcaiiici   l"l;iii 

is  \vat('liin;;iii| 
IctlvT  atliln'"^''! 
itioii  it  ai'lifii'i 
iHtvcincnt.ciin-f 
.I't  ;  aiitl  tli;iti 

tlu'  (liiKliiitor.f 

k'aviii.ir.' 
eciMvcti  ill  I'i"i| 


,1,111  (»n  tlic  lOtli  of  .laniiary.  and  tlio  attention  of  tlie  llrifisli  .yovcni- 
iiii.iit  was  iK'ct'ssarily  failed  tn  llic  pi'ciiliar  position  of  tin'  Ualiamii 
Arciiipi'lMiio.  On  tin*  one  hand,  it  was  obvious  that  i1  would  torin  a 
iiiiivciiicMt  place  of  resort  tor  contcdcratc  privateers;  while,  on  tln^ 
iitlici.  it  seemed  likely  that  its  jtorts  and  waters  would  be  nseil  by  tin* 
liijlfd  States  war-vessels  lor  the  purpose  (»!'  watehin,u'  and  pnrsiiin;;- 
.mitcderate  vessels  or  others  ei)-;a;i('d  in  trade  with  tln^  blockaded  ports, 
Ml  that  collisions  in  the  waters  of  thi^  colony  or  in  their  immediate 
iii.i;lihorliood  wonld  l»e  almost  certain  to  result.  To  iir<n'ent  this  it  was 
nm'ssary  t(>  pi'ovide  some  specaal  rej;ulation. 

AlHHit  the  same  time  the  Nashville  conlederate  war-st«»amer  liavinji; 
|.!ir  into  the  port  of  Soiithainpton  for  repairs  and  coal,  the  I'niteil 
States  war  steamer  Tnscaroia,  which  had  coaled  at  the  same  port,  was 
1,11111(1  to  lie  closely  watchinj;  her,  for  the  avowed  i>nrpose  of  intercepting;" 
and  sci/.iii^'  her  on  hei'  a<;ain  pntlin^'  to  sea.  Ily  keepiiii:  his  steam  np, 
;iii(l  UcepiiilH' slips  on  his  cabh',  the  conimaii(h'r  of  the  Tnscarora  was 
virtually  keepinj;'  the  Xasliville  bhxdiaded,  thns  plainly  niakiiij;'  the 
watcis  of  the  Solent  the  base  of  naval  operations.' 

\'\um  this  M.  ("alvo,  in  the  second  volume  of  his  well  known  work, 
"Lc  droit  international,'' aftt>r  statin;;'  the  facts  relative  to  the  two 
vessels,  says:  "  T^a  corvette  feih'rale  la 'rnscar(»ra  eiitra  dans  le  iiK'Hie 
[iiiit  jiiHir  siirvi'iller  son  eniiemi,  et  ratta(picr  ilv^i,  ipi'il  rejn'eiidrait  hi 
iiicr.  Devantcette  attitude  hostile  les  antoritcs  htcales  intervinreiit,  et 
ihTiiscarora,  abamhmnant  son  post  d'obsj'rvat  ion  sans  t(.ntefois  renoncer 
1  SIS  projets,  resta  pies  d'tm  inois  dans  les  eaiix  an;;laises  an  mepris 
ili's  relics  les  moins  coiitestees  dii  droit  international.'  - 

in  the  precedin.i;'  November,  after  the  reception  of  the  Sumter  at 
Tiiiiiilad,  .Mr.  Seward  had,  thron;;h  Loid  Lyons,  pressed  upon  the  llrit- 
i>ii  ;;■  iveriiinent  the  i)ropriety  of  ado[)tin,u"  the  rule  laid  down,  as 
111'  said,  by  the  other  powers  of  ICnrope,  not  to  allow  privateers  to 
H'liiaiii  for  more  than  twenty  four  hours  in  their  juirts.' 

Such  a  rule,  ridatin;;"  exc^lusively  to  piivateers,  was  not  one  which  Her 
Majesty's  ^ioverninent  were  at  all  called  upon  to  apply  to  cominissiiuuMl 
ships  (»f  war  studi  as  the  S'imt<'r  any  mon^  than  the  other  maritime 
lowers  had  <lone — .Mr.  Seward  bein;;',  in  this  respect,  alto;;t't her  mis- 
tiikeii,  as  was  shown  by  the  readiness  with  which  the  otlu'r  iiiaritimi'! 
lowers  received  the  confederate  vessids  of  war  into  their  poits  and 
;illiiwe(l  them  to  stay  there.  Still,  when,  to  itrevciit  the  jtossibility 
I't  ill  stile  collisions  in  their  own  ports,  the  Uritish  government  found  it 
jniieiliiMil  to  apply  this  rule  to  vessels  of  war  indiscriminately,  they 
iiii;;lit  he  assure*!  that  in  doiii;»'  so  they  would  };ive  cause  of  satisfaction 
iitliei'  than  of  complaint  to  the  rnitctl  States  (lovernment. 

The  instructions  issued  were  to  the  followin>>'  elVect  :  1.  No  ship  of 
I 'vai'iir  privateer  of  either  bellioc-icut  was  to  be  permitted  to  enter  any 
[I'lirt.  Kiadstead,  or  water  in  the  IJahainas  except  by  special  leave  of  the 
li''iiteiiaiit-;i'overnor,  or  in  case  of  stress  of  weather;  and  in  case  such 
l"iiiiis.si()ii  should  1)1'  i;iven,  the  vessel  was,  nevertheless,  to  lie  reipiired 
t'l^'it  to  sea  as  soon  as  possible,  and  with  no  supi)lies  exc-ept  such  as 
"lik'ht  he  necessary  for  immediate  use.  ~.  No  ship  of  war  or  privateer 
"t  either  belli.n'crent  was  to  be  permitted  to  use  IJritish  ports  or  waters 
i'^ii  statitui  or  place  «d'  resort  for  any  warlike  purpose,  «>r  for  the  ]mr- 
I'-'M'of  itl»tainin;;'  any  facilities  of  warlike  e(piipment.-  .'».  Such  ships 
'"  piivateers  ent«'rin}f   IJritish  waters  w«'ve  to  be  re<nured  to  ilepart 

'  Itiitisli  A|i|ieii(li\,  vol  ii,  \\,  I'^O. 

^  Vol.  ii.  )i.  »•.';{. 

"  I'liiti'd  Mates  Do'Jiniiciits,  vol.  i,  p.  'M'i, 


^ 


I 


b 


342 


ARBITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


within  twenty-four  hours  after  ontran<!c,  except  in  case  of  stross 
of  weather,  or  refiuirin^"  provisions  or  things  for  the  crew  or  i,.. 
l)airs;  in  which  cases  they  were  to  go  to  sea  as  soon  as  i)ossihl('  after 
th(^  ex|»iration  of  the  twentyfonr  lionrs,  taking  only  the  sapplics  ikmcs 
sary  for  irmnediate  use;  they  were  not  to  remain  in  port  nioic  f|i;(i| 
twenty-four  hours  after  the  coniph'tion  of  necessary  repairs,  4.  Siih 
l>lies  to  such  shii)s  or  privateers  were  to  be  limited  to  what  ini;;:lit  he 
necessary  for  the  subsistence  of  the  crew,  and  to  sntlicient  <.'oal  to  take 
the  vessel  to  the  nearest  port  of  ils  own  country,  or  to  some  iitanr 
destination;  ami  a  vessel  that  had  been  supplied  with  coal  in  Iliitish 
waters  coidd  not  be  again  supplied  with  it  within  British  Jurisdiciidn 
until  after  the  exi)iration  of  three  months  from  the  date  of  the  last 
supply  taken  from  a  Britisli  ])ort. 

With  reference  to  the  regulation  concerning  Nassau,  the  case  (»r  the 
United  States  has  the  following  renuirk  : 

An  Older  more  iiufrii'iidly  to  (Iio  I'liitcd  Stntt-s,  iiiori!  dirnctly  in  tliti  int<>rc>t  of  il„. 
iiismficiitH,  coidd  not  have  been  nindc  tvcn  if  fonndcd  n|)()n  llcyli;j;<'i's  fVicndlv  intima. 
tions  to  tiu'  i:oloni:il  antlioritics.  I'ndcr  tlit-  coiistrnctioii  pi'actically  put  n|>(iii  it,ili>' 
vcsstds  of  war  of  tiic  I'nitcd  States  were  cxcliidt'd  from  tliis  liarhor  lor  any  piiiiii..,, 
Avliili'  it  was  ojn'ii  for  (Vt-o  inj;rcss  and  cf^n'ss  to  vessels  of  tiie  insnr^rents,  piiiiliaxii 
or  hnilt  aiul  owned  by  tlie  anthorities  at  Kichniond,  l>rin};in;r  tiieir  cutdin  in  U- 
transslii|>])ed  in  Hritisli  Itottonis  to  leaser,  'I'renliolni  tV  Co.,  in  J jverpotd,  and  takin;' 
on  lioaril  tin*  ear<;oes  of  arms  und  munitions  of  war  which  havu  buun  dispuilml 
thitlier  from  Liverpool.! 

A\u\  in  anotlier  place  it  is  observed: 

The  instrnrtions  of  .Janiiary  'M,  l^'li-J.  forbade  botli  l)ellij;erents  alike  to  (iifn  tin 
jMirt  of  Nassan.  except  by  permission  of  the  jnoverner,  or  in  stress  of  weather.  Tliiii  |Hr- 
mission  was  hivislily  jjiven  to  every  insnrfjent  cruiser,  biU  was  {granted  ehinhsliiy,  ii 
nt  idl,  to  tile  ve.ssels  of  tlie  I'nited  States, - 

llow  iU'Void  of  all  foundation  are  tlteso  comi)Iaints  will  appear  fiom 

the  tsujts  stated  in  the  British  (.'ounter  C'ase,  wltere  it  is  observed: 

It  will  perhajis  be  a  matter  of  some  litth-  surprise  to  the  tribnnal  to  ie.nn  tliaf, 
whereas  on  two  oeeasions  only  did  vessels  visit  the  port  of  Nassau  as  eonfedcratiniii- 
ers,  there  are  no  less  than  thirty-fonr  visitsof  I'nited  States  ships  of  war  to  Ihc  Ualiana 
Islands  r<'<'orded  ilnriii;.;  tin-  tinn-  that  the  reirnlation  was  in  force,  « »n  foni-  ll(•c■;l^iull<, 
at  least,  vessels  of  the  I'nited  States  exceeded  the  twenty-four  hours'  limit,  ami  tit"k 
in  coal  by  permission  ;  one  of  tbc^ni  also  received  ]iermi.ssion  to  lepair;  sevciiilwin 
C'iij;a;{e<l  in  pnrsnit  of  vessels  Knspe(rted  of  beiiif^  blockade-rnnners,  and  ditl  not  incvirv 
inslam-e  rejiminish  the  chase  within  Itritish  limits.  Two  ]>ri/es  appear,  iiidiid.  i" 
have  been  captured  by  them,  one  within  a  mil<>  of  the  shore,  the  other  almost  ni  |ii>rt. 

The  tabular  statement  of  visits  of  IInite«l  States  ve.sr.els  to  tlu'  lliiliniiiiis 
during  the  civil  war,  which  is  luinteil  in  the  British  Appendix,  iilmml 
antly  beats  out  the  answer  thus  given.^ 

The  geiH'ral  regulations  applicable  to  all  Iler  Majesty's  iiorts,  wlii.li, 
its  we  have  seen,  wen?  in  «;onformity  witii  the  wishes  of  the  I'liitid 
States  (lovernment,  though  not  intended  by  the  British  goveiiinieiit  u<\ 
have  any  oj)eration  more  fav(»rable  to  omi  belligerent  than  tlie  i>tliii, 
nevertheless  could  not  fail  to  prove  very  i>rejiulieial  to  the  (;tMift'<li'riit»s, 
the  strict  bloekade  of  who.se  ports  left  their  shipsof  war  without  ;iiiv 
ports  to  which  they  eoidd  resort  for  repairs  (U'  supplies,  or  into  wliiili 
they  eould  take  their  pri/e.s.  The  ride  forbi«lding  them  a  greater  siil' 
ply  of  coal  than  woidd  sidllee  to  take  them  to  their  nearest  i)ort.  iiini 
IM-ohibiting  also  a  renewal  of  the  supply  within  three  months,  waselt 
viously  calculated  to  pbu'e  them  at  tlu'  great«'st  possible  disadviiiitii;'''. 
Compelled,  fnun  having  no  ports  of  their  own,  to  keep  the  scii,  tlH'ir| 
means  of  doing  .so  were  nece.s.sarily  les.st'ued,  and  the  regtilation,  in  it>i'l 

'  ra«e-2-.H, 

•  Pane  ;*1''- 
•'I'ap'slO!!,  110. 

^lirititih  Apiiendix,  vol,  v.  ;».  5224. 


OnXIOXS  OF  SIR  ALEXANDER  COCKHrRX. 


343 


^ase  of  stress 
e  crow  or  re- 
i  l)().ssil)l('  after 

SllpplU'S  llflTs. 

ort  nioH'  tlmii 
pairs.  4.  Snji 
wiiat  inijiht  he 
it  t.'oal  to  take 
o  somo  iioiirer 
coal  ill  British 
sli  Jnrisdictiiiii 
ite   of  the  kist 

ho  case  df  the 

lit'  int<M'('>i  lit'  il„. 
r'.s  IVit'inlly  iiiliiim- 
;  put  iipiiii  it.  th' 
■  lor  any  )nii|i"v, 
ir^ffiits,  imhliiiMii 
lu'ir  cut  lull  111  li. 
•ri>i)()l,  ami  takiii;; 
u  been  di>|riulii4 


iliko  \o  ciiftr  till' 
calliiT.  'I'liat  jiir- 
ntod  <-liiiili>!ily.  !i 

ill  ai)i>o;u  from 
obseivtMl: 

iial  to  Irani  tli;it. 

onlViliTaliMnii"- 

II'  to  the  Haliaii.i 
)n  i'oin  oira>iiiii>. 
m'  limit,  anil  tiMik 

(ir ;  scvi'ial  wirr 
(I  (lid  iiol  iiirviry 
jppfar,  iiiiliitl. t" 

r  almost  in  imrt. 

Otln'  liilllillllilS 

lu'inlix,  aliuiiil' 

jiorts,  wliifti, 

of  till'   I'liitt'il 

oovoniiiK'iit '" 

laii  tiic  other, 

n»  (ioiifi'tlcnittN 

ar  without  ;iiiy 

I,  or  into  wiiiili 

a  o'l-cati'r  siiii- 

amst  port,  am! 

lontlis.  was  oil 

tlisa«lviiiit;i;'t;. 

tho   si'ii,  tlieirj 

ilation,  ill  it-'' 


?(inn favorable  to  tlio  coiifeilorato  vo.ssols,  was  rondorod  .still  more  so  by 
the  strict  const  ruction  imt  on  it  by  IlcrMaJcsty'.s  <;;ov(Miiiiu'iit,  by  wlioin 
the  ji'ovcriHU's  of  tlie  ditterent  colonics  were  iiistrnctod  that,  in  case  of 
,iii\  special  application  for  leave  to  coal  at  a  liritisb.  i>ort  within  the 
three  months,  if  it  appeared  that  any  part  of  the  former  supply  had 
hcfii  coiismned  otherwi.se  than  in  }i;ainin<;  the  nearest  port,  not  even 
stress  of  weather  shoiiUl  form  a  jjroniid  of  exception.'  As  no  confed- 
iiate  vessel  could  seek  its  nearest  i>ort,  this  was  practically  to  prevent 
the  possibility  of  a  renewed  supply  under  any  circumstance.s  within 
the  three  months. 

Tlie  attempts  on  the  part  of  the  United  States  to  .show  that  any  favor 
Wits  oxteiidetl  to  confederate  cruisers  which  was  withheld  from  their 
tiwii  vessels,  appear  to  me  sij^nally  to  fail. 

Tilt'  only  specilic  instances  in  which  any  comjilaint  has  been  made 
atid  if  there  had  been  any  others  we  may  be  (piite  sure  we  should  have 
hi  aid  of  them)  are  the  cases  of  the  Keystone  State,  Quaker  City,  and  the 
Daeotah.  As  to  the  first  two,  the  answer  <>iven  in  the  IWitish  CiMintcr 
Use,  nil  the  authority  of  a  letter  from  the  {governor  of  IJermiida  to  the 
seerctary  of  state  for  the  colonies,  and  which  is  further  borne  out  by 
the  letters  of  the  commanding  otticers  of  the  vessels  themselves,  is' as 
I'ullows : 

.\ii  ivlliisioii  is  made  in  a  foot-note  at  pa<i<'  IV24  of  the  Ca.se  of  the  United  States,  to  the 
fiiluic  of  tiif  United  Stale.s  vcssel.s  Keystone  .Statt;  and  (^naiier  (Mty  to  ohtaiii  coal  at 
liiriimila  in  Deceinher,  Hill.  At  that  time  then?  was  no  restriction  on  the  eoalinn  ot 
!iilii;;iifiit  vessels.  All  that  liappenecl  was.  that  the  Mritish  admiral  declined  to  snp- 
]i!v  the  two  vessels  mentioned  I'roni  the  government  stores,  not  havinj^  a  sntlicicnt 
■tiiik  for  his  own  vessels.     A  similar  answer  had.  in   the   fore;j;oini;  Octolier,  been  rc- 

iiriii'il  to  the  commander  of  the  Nashville,  who  had  supplied  himself  from  private 
..iiiitcs,  Imt  this,  on  account  either  of  the  scarcity  or  the  hij^h  price  of  coal  in  the 
niiiiny,  the  I'liited  States  ollicers  did  not  do.' 

As  iej,'ards  the  Daeotah,  w  hich  was  allowe<l  to  supply  her.self  with 
coal  at  Na.ssau,  but  only  (ui  an  en;;a<;emeiit  from  her  commander  that 
liis  vcs.sel  should  not,  within  ten  days  after  leaving  the  port,  be  found 
miisiiijf  within  live  miles  of  any  of  the  IJahama  Islands,  Governor  r»ay- 
Ity.  ill  a  letter  to  the  secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies,  of  the  2d  May, 
ls(i3,  states : 

I  have  no  diNtinot  recollection  of  the  sjiecial  reasons  which  induced  me  to  impose 
tin  iistrictionH  inenticmed  by  the  consul  in  the  Dacotah's  coaliii;^  :  I  can  mily  MUjipost! 
'Ii.it  I  (lid  this  ill  c(Mise([nence  of  the  pertiiiacily  with  which  Fi-deral  vessels  about 
'hit  time  resorted  to  the  harbor  on  pretense  of  coaling,  but  reallv  with  the  object  of 
"Itching  the  arrival  and  departure  of  Kn^jlish  mcichanl-vessels,  su]iposed  to  be 
lii'i};htc(l  with  (  armies  for  the  southern  ports.  Mad  not  such  prohibition  been  issued, 
'III' harbor  woiiiii  have  become  a  mere  coiiveiiience  for  l^'ederal  nicii-of-war  ruuniii;;  in 
ui.il  out  to  intercept  liritisb  shippin;;.  And  that  such  conditions  as  I  thon^^ht  it  my 
liily  ttt  impose  were  tempered  by  a  proper  fceliu;i  of  court(  sy  and  hunniiiily  will.  I 
lliiiik,  he  made  evident  by  the  .•iccoiiiiianyini;  letters  from  the  Americaii  eoiisnl  on  the 
«iilijit  of  the  Federal  man-of-war,  the  R.  Cuyler,  and  tln^  meinoraiida  of  my  replies 
'iiiliiiM'd  u|Hui  them  by  myself. 

On  the  wlnde,  I  am  satisfied  that  I  have  acted  with  perfect  impartiality  in  all  my 
'li:iliiii;s  with  Fedeval  and  coiife(l(rate  men-of-war.  Ibit  I  am  not  surprised  that  my 
"'iiiiiut  should  have  been  misrepresented  by  so  hot-headed  a  partisan  as  the  late 
Aimiican  ((uisiil,  Mr.  Wliitiu}.',  who.se  iu^^euuity  in  niisconsliiK^tion  is  W(dl  illustrated 
''.V  his  reply  to  my  letter  of  tin;  "JlUli  (d"  .September,  of  boib  of  which  papers  I  inclose 
cipii's,  witli  the  iiKhns.ition  (d'  the  draught  of  my  re|di' s  to  his  last  coiiiiiiunication. 

1  think  that  tlie.se  inelo*iires  will  be  sullicicnt  to  pio.c  that,  in  my  demeamu'  to  the 
'"liial  men-of-war,  1  have  j;eiierally  preserved  an  attitude  (d'  fairness  and  impar- 
"iility.    And  M»,it  if  at  any  tinn^  I  have  appeared  to  assiiiiiu  an  iinfri(!ndly  or  iiihospil- 

'Itritisli  Appendix,  v,d.  iii,  ji.  lit. 

•Iliitis'i  C'oiiiiter-L'ase,  pp.  ll.">,  llti;  Jttitish  Appendix,  vol.  v,  p.  7;  I'nited  States 
wiinii'iitH,  vol.  vi,  }».  52. 


fi 


;  '•'IS 


:4 


II 


344 


o 


AUIUTRATIOX   AT    GKNKVA. 


nil 


iilih'  iiiit'ii,  tlic  dial';;!'  fan  Ix'-  Cully  rxiilaiiicil  anil  (Ictt-nilrtl  hy  my  (Icsir.'  to  luiiini 
the  secnrity  ol'  a  Iiiilisli  imsM'ssidn  ami  tlic  rii;lil.s  of  lil■ili^sll  siihjccls.' 

AuotlKn"  siil>it'i*t  of  coiiiphiiiil    is  tliiit   partiality,    iiicoiisistciii  wjili 


•11 -.1  i.i 


iii'iitialitv,    was   i'\liil)iti'il  toward   cinifcdci-atc  \ 


csscis 


icasoii  that  thcsi',  as  in  tlic  case  of  tlic  Sumter 


,   Were  [Ml. 


iiii 


>ilch 


iiiift<'(l  to  coal,  while  liberty  to  form  a  depot  of  eoal  at  I'.ermiKl 
the  Mipply  of  their  ships  of  war,  was  denied  to  the  United  State 
eannot  sii|>pwse  that  any  member  of  this  tribninil  could  be  misled  i>y 
a  contention.  It  is  ol)vions  that  to  allow  one  belli^crenl  to  have  ;i  s\\ 
ply  always  stored  up  and  rea<ly,  and  to  leave  the  other  to  lake  lih 
chance  of  the  public  market,  aic  thin.i;s  essentially  dilferent,  and  ilmt. 
far  from  the  rclnsal  of  such  an  advanla<;('  to  the  United  States  hcin^  ^ 
violation  of  neutrality,  the  concession  would  have  been  so  in  the  (iiuki. 
site  «lir«'ction.  .Morectver,  siu-h  an  act  involves  a  forj;etlnlnJ'ss  of  oik,,: 
the  elenu'Utary  principles  of  interimtional  law.  A  neutral  is  oidy  jiisti. 
lied  in  allowing;'  to  a  bel!ij;erent  vessel  the  use  <>f  his  ports  and  acre-..-- in 
his  shores  to  obtain  the  thinjis  which  the  belli^crj'nt  may  lawlully  prn 
cure,  lie  has  lu)  ri^ht  to  allow  the  belli}»erent  the  use  of  his  tcrritinv 
on  shore  lor  belligerent  puri)oses,  which  the  permission  to  form  a  (lo|iipt 
\vonhl  necessarily  involve. 

The  practical  an  wer  to  all  these  complaints  is  to  be  fi)nnd  in  tin 
striking'  facts,  stated  in  the  lliitish  CounterCasi',  with  reference  tutiii 
nundtcr  of  visits  to  JJritish  jtorts  by  the  shii)s  of  war  of  the  two  hi'iii^ 
erents,  and  to  the  <pnintity  of  coal  received  i)y  them  resi)ectively.  Tin 
statement  in  (pu'stion  is  as  follows: 


1)1 


Mini;   tlif   ciiursi'.  ot  (he    ( 


ivil 


war, 


ten  cimfcilfiatf  iiniscis  viisiU'd  Il^ili^ll  immiv 


Tlic  ti)tal  nnnilifi  of  smli  vi.sits  was  twiMity-livc,  eleven  of  wliieli  wei<'  made  fm  iL 
Iinrposi-  ol'  cD'cctin;^  repairs.  Coal  was  taken  in  al  sixteen  of  these  visits,  ami  nn  m\ 
teen  oeea^ioiis   tlif    limit,  of  stay    lixed    Itv   the   ii'<i;nlations  was  exeectled.     liiniii"! 


I  liese  ease: 


lowcver,  the  execss  w 


as  mi  moi'i^   than    t  wo 


irs,  and  in  anotlier.  tli'' 


lay  was  enforced  in  ordiM-  to  allow  I  wcnty-l'oiw  honis  to  i  ,  .pse  lietwecn  the  di|)ariiiii 
of  a  I'nitcd  States  merchant-vessel  and  that  of  the  confederate  erniscr.  On  tliemli,: 
hand,  the  retnrns  which  have  liecn  procnred  of  \isits  of  I'nilcd  Stales  vessilsnf  «.. 
to  jioi'ls  of  (iieat  itritain  and  the  colonics,  thoneli  necessarily  imperleet.  .^Imw  ;iii  :i: 
u;rey;ate  total  of  •i'2"'  snch  visits.  On  thirteen  id'  these  |-e])airs  wcie  el'teitcd  ;  on  I'niii- 
live  occasions  supplies  of  coal  were  iditained  ;  and  the  twcnty-fonr  hums'  liuii;  "i 
stay  was  forty-fonr  tlimes  eAceeded.  'I"he  total  amonnt  of  coal  olitained  Ity  ei'iil' 1- 
crate  einisers  in  Itritish  jiorts  dnrin.n  the  whole  conrsc  of  the  civil  war.  tlmuuli  it  r.v.- 
\u>t  he  asccitained  witii  accnraey.  may  he  estimated  to  have  amonntcd  to  alimit  '.'.•"' 
tons.  Thu  an;irejiate  anninnt  similarly  snpplied  to  vessels  of  the  I'nited  Stall  s  rami" 
lie  estinnited,  from  the  want  of  data  as  to  the  snpjdics  in  many  cases,  but  tliosrr;i><- 
iilone  in  which  the  i|nantities  are  lecorded,  show  a  total  of  over  ti\'e  thonsaml  ton-;  anl 
this,  iHitwithstamlini;  the  I'nited  Slates  navy  had  free  access  to  their  own  coaliiij,"!'- 
))ots,  often  close  at  hand.     In  one  case  a  vessel  of  war  of  the  I'nited  States,  the  V:ni- 

derliilt,  alone  n iv«>d  "J.tidO  tons  of  eoul  .'it  ditferent  IJritish  ))()rts  within  the  spaci'  "i 

leH«  than  two  nntnths,  heiiif^  more  than  two-thirtls  «d'  tlm  whole  iiuionnt  ohtaimtl  tioiu 
first  to  last  hy  ionfederuto  veHaels.-' 

The  second  head  of  complaint  has  assumed  a  more  sensational  ami 

Sup, ,  ..r  „,„.  ellective  form,  in  repri'sentiii};' (Jreat  JJritain  as '*  the  arst- 

Vini'i'r'''"''' '''"'  nal,  the  navy-yard,  and  the  treasury  of  tlu^  lnsurjieiit>." 
A}i,aiu  and  a;;aiu  has  this  hijjjhly  coloretl  representation  been  paradeil. 
Let  us. see  what,  when  stripped  of  rhetorical  llourish,it  really  anioiiiitsin. 

llavinj?  deteiiniued  to  support  their  ell'ort  to  (ist'.'.blish  their  imleiirii 
dence  hy  war,  theconfedejatesof  <'our.se  re(|uired  armsainl  muiiitii)iisoi 
war.  IJoth  were  to  be  hiidliUireat  IJritain  in  abundance.  The  coiiiiiieiriil 
relations  of  the  Southern  States  had  been  principally  with  Ctrwt 
IJritain.  It  wasnatiual  that  in  (Ireat  Hritaiu  that  they  should  seek  tin 
iirms  which  were  so  essentially  necessary  t<»  them,     JJiit  arms  and  iiiii 

■Hritlsh  Appendix,  vol.  1,  p.  7U. 
sfjiKc  US. 


mm 


OriXIOXS    OF    SIR    ALKXANDKR    C0C'KIU:RN'. 


345 


siro  to  iiiaiiitaiu 


Ill's  pii , -   

,„iiitlii'  liMiuls  (if  iiiiy  <>t"  the  lii-lliirfri'iil  iiowcrs  on  llicir  way  (o  tin'  pitits  ol'tlnir  ciic- 
laiis.  To  this  |icnally  Diir  citi/i-ns  arc  waincil  tliat  llicy  will  !>:•  ahainluin'il.  ami  tliiit 
iviMi  iirivatf  contra  vent  ions  may  work  ini  incipiality  lictwccn  tiic  paitics  at  war.  tin! 
iiintit  (•(  tlicni  will  lie  Icit  ci|iially  tree  and  (ipcn  to  all 


lltCS. 

Itnppcius  IVoin  till'  l>ritisli  Coiiiitcr  Caso,  and  the  doiniiiuMits  tlicreiii 
nlt'iicil  to.  that — 

I'liliMii'l  'riionias,  (if  tin-   I'liitcil   States  Ai'niy,  was  in    l'n;;lan(l  (lniiiij{  tin-  war.  ami 
I'liiiic over  to  Kn^laixl  to  snpcrintcnil    tin*  (inrcliascs  nf  military  stoics.     Colonel  H.  L. 

I'tl  liy  the   {'resilient  of  the  rniteil  States  "  a  <luly 

lie  received 


i  iiilliniizfd  ajiciit  to  |iiircliase  ai'iiis  in   i^nnnic  tor  tlie  War  Deiiarlinent 

I  lii^iiistnii'tions  tVom    the  Secretary  of  \\"ar.  with  a   memoraniliiin  from  (leiieral  .1.  \V. 

llipliy.dfthef  till  liar  ICC  Dejiartinent  at  Wash  injf  ton,  s|iecifyiiin  thearms  t<i  lie  )iiii'chased, 
I  .1/.  1011.(1(1(1  litle  muskets  with  hayoiiets,  lO.lKMi  cavalry  carliines.  l(i,ii(t(»  levolveis.  and 

■.i',"iNi  sailers.     The  linancial  anaii;;einents  for  tln-se  purchases  were  to  lie  made  liy  the. 

>ii(tiiiy  to  the.  Tre.'isiiry  with  Messrs.  Itariii;^.  linaiieiai   a;ients  for  the    rniteil  Sta.tes 

I  :il  LnliildiK  and  a  ei'cilit  of  S'>.(l(l(l.lilNI  w:is  aiiiiroiiriatcd  for  the  iiiiriiiisi' 


'■.''■■ij'iiitiil,         iTtiri'^l'^.'^tiiiifiii      till, I      ai'tiiit^i      iiiiiiii        III'     ...11,1111111.    Ill      ,'|      iiiijii,    I       iii.iu 

iliiM'  anus  wert)  destined   for  the  American   (iovernineiit,  and   they    intimated   their 

;iiiiiitiiiii  (if  (■(iiitiiiiiin;;  unlimited  ordeis  for  a  jieriod  of  two  ycjiis.     'I'hcy  took  war(!- 

Mhfs  in   Kiriniii^ltam   for  the   receipt  of  arms  when   completed,  and  shipped   them 

tiii(iiijj|i  tile  ajfcncy  of  Messrs.  ISarin;;  ISrotheis,  and   Messrs.  Hrown,  Shipley  A  Co.,  of 

l-vci|Hi(il.     It  a|>pe;iiN  from   the  returns   made  to  Cony:ress  of  arms   purchased  by  t ho 

1  iiitnl  .stiites  War  Deiiartmeiit  up  to  Decemlier.  l-'ii'J.  that  -',(i.'>0  lilies  and  'S.V^  rev(ilvers 

'  I.iikHsIi  mantifactiut^  had  at  tluit  time  hceii  supplied  liy  .Messis.  Schuyler,  Hartley 

A  •■niliinii ;  luit  Mr.  Schuyler  is  also  lielieved  to  have  acted  as  assent  for  the  ]iiii(diiise 

"1  iiniis  for  the  Stat(!  of  New  York.     Messrs.  .Schuyler  and  Tomes  were  soon  followed 

I'"  lliniiiiinham,   liy    .Mr.   Ijiekwood,  ol"  New   \'ork.   who  liad  entered   into  ii  contract 

|i"nlii' supply  of  ritles,  liayoiuds.  and  swords  to  the  War  Dt.'parlmeiit  at  Washiiiy;t(iu. 

Hi-alsii  yiivc  niiliinited  oriU-rs  for   siicli  articles,  actinj;,  however,  to  wiine  extent,  in 

(iiiiitrt  with  .Messrs.  Schuyler  mid  Tomes,  and  shippinjr  the  ^joods  thr(iujj;h  the  ajfcncy 

I"'  'lie  siiiiic  houses  at  Liverpool.     The  elfect  of  thesti  orders  was  to  raise  the  prices  in 

I'll''  liiriiiin;;ham  yuii   trade  to  the  extent  of  "iO  per  cunt.;  indeed,   the  price  of  ritles 

|t"H'  I'hiiii  .V.i;(.  to  lot),  eacli. 


iiiimHi 

lH 

"^^^^^^^H 

fl 

'  >^^^l 

1 

;   ^^^1 

1 

'i,;.:i;^™P 

>,:,  '■ :  :W  lU'. 

*     S'T^'*^ 

f 

'.-,i,  1^,; 

'  K  i 


P.^, 


3       ''ft 


i   I 


Sr^^ 


lis 


346 


ARniTUATION   AT   GENEVA. 


A  Mr.  Launiont  Dnpont  also  came  to  Enjjland,  fiirnisliod  witli  a  ciodit 
of  jCH2,S0()  oil  Messrs.  liarinj;,  and  piircliaseil  and  shipped  saltpchrto 
tbeauiount  of  very  nearly  £80,000. 

Messrs.  Naylor,  Vickers  «&  Co.,  of  New  York,  Liverpool,  and  London. 
boujjlit  and  sliipped  to  the  United  States  lar^eqnantities  of  small mins. 
Tliey  were  snpplied  from  Jiirniin^hani  alone  with  ir)({,000  ritles  hctwccu 
.Inne,  KSOli,  and  Jnly,  1803.  They  acted  very  extensively  as  ajjents  di  tlic 
I'nited  Stales  {iiovernnient,and  snbniitted  to  that  (lovernnient  larj;v|ir(,. 
j»osals  from  the  liirmingham  Small-Arms  ('oini)any.  The  Assistant 
Secretary  of  War  at  Washington,  in  a  letter  ad<lressed  to  thein  on  tip' 
20th  October,  ISOli,  directly  sanctioned  an  arranfj^ement  for  the  supply 
of  100,0(N)  ritles,  and  the  ac(!eptance  of  this  onler  was  dnly  notilicdtn 
the  Secretary  of  War  by  a  letter  from  Birmingham,  dated  NoveiniM  r  i, 
l.S({L*.  The  arms  were  sent  to  Liverpool  for  shipment.  Ii!  'hMctnlMi, 
1803,  fifty  08ponnder gnns  were  proved  at  the  royal  arsenal  at  Wool- 
wich,  at  the  re<jnest  of  Messrs.  T.  and  C.  Hood,  and,  after  proof,  wen. 
taken  away  by  Messrs.  Naylor  &  Co.,  and  shipped  to  New  Voik.  Mi. 
Marcellus  JL'utley,  of  the  tirm  of  Schnyler,  Hartley  &  Craham,  already 
mentioned,  was  also  a  largo  ])nrchaser  of  small-arms  in  London  <liii'in;.' 
the  latter  half  of  the  vear  1802.' 

Warehouses  were  opeidy  taken  at  IJirmingham  for  the  reception  ot 
arms  when  completed,  after  which  they  were  shipped  through  the  aj,'t'ii(y 
of  Messrs.  liarings  and  of  IJrown,  Shipley  &  Co.,  and  Wright  ^:  to,. 
of  Liverpool. 

ILul  the  United  States  no  treasury  in  (Ireat  Britain  ?  No  less  a  one 
than  the  great  hou.se  of  liaring  Brothers,  with  whom  large  credits  wm 
opened.  The  house  appears  to  have  been  energeti<'  in  its  etforts  in  tni 
thering  the  United  States  armaments,  "You  will  please  express  my 
acknowledgments,"  writes  the  United  States  Secretary  of  War  to  Mi, 
Schuyler,  "to  Mes.sr.s.  Baring  Brothers  &  Co.,  for  their  prompt  and  pa 
triotic  action  in  facilitating  your  opt'rations.  The  ternis  ollcrtMl  by 
!Messrs.  Baring  Brothers  &  Co.,  namely,  1  per  cent,  commi.ssioii  and  "i 
l)er  cent,  interest  per  annum,  as  agreed  upon  by  them  with  the  Navy 
Department,  are  approved."  ^ 

Of  cour.se  the  "  prompt  and  patriotic  action"  of  Baring  Brothers  \-  Co, 
"was  in  i>erfect  conformity  with  neutral  duties.  But,  what  would  liawj 
been  .said,  if  that  great  and  wealthy  hou.se,  its  lea«ling  mend)er  liaviii;' 
an  inlluential  voice  in  the  Hou.se  of  Commons,  had  un«lertakeii  and  ex 
liibite«l  equally  "prompt  and  patriotic  action"  in  f'.cilitating  conli'dtr 
ate  operations  on  the  terms  of  1  per  cent,  com nd.ssion  and  "»  jhm' niit, 
interest?  or,  was  there  to  be  one  law  for  the  United  States  and  anotlici 
for  the  ('onfederates  ?  Her  Majesty's  government  did  not  thnik  so,  ami  j 
(Jreat  Britain  remained  an  ar.senal  for  the  latter  as  well  as  for  the  fornur, 

Next  as  to  (treat  Britain  having  been,  as  it  is  said,  "the  iiav.vvanl 
of  the  insurgents." 

It  was,  of  course,  impo.ssible  to  prevent  the  confe<lerate  governmc".  j 

s,,„ ,,,„ ,v„,„  reduce<l  to  desperate  straits  by  the  blockade,  and  in  waMit 

'"'■" """""         ships  of  war,  from  resorting  to  the  s'lip-buihler.s'  .vani-  : 
(Jreat  Ibitain.     It  was  impossible  ^to  prevent  the  ship-builders,  whnl 
looked  upon  the  furnishing  of  such  vessels  as  purely  commercial  tnni< 
action.s — the  Messrs.  Laird  who  built  the  Alabama  having  Ix-en  iicrlctth 
willing,  as  appears  from  their  correspon«lence  with  a  Mr.  Howard,  "ln'j 
professed  to  have  authority  to  '^nter  into  a  contract  with  them,  to  biiiM 

>  ItritiHh  CtiniiUu-  Ciw»?,  pp.  iVJ-M  ;  IJriti.sli  Appi-iidix,  vtd.  vi,  pp.  ir>:{-l<i(>,  1T:1.  l*"- 
•Ih'itiisii  Appendix,  vol.  vi,  p.  154. 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDER   COCKniRN. 


347 


vesspis  for  the  Foderal  (lovonimont,  to  supply  ships  to  the-  latter  ns  woll 
;istotlie  iiisui'{;:tMits — and  who  a])p(>ar  to  have  thought  that,  so  long  as 
thesliips  were  not  arnuMl  in  Jlritish  waters,  sn(;h  transaction  would  not 
Ih- within  the  foreignenlistfuent  act — tVom  entering  into  sucih  contracts. 
All  the  government  could  do  was  to  use  reasoiuibic  care  to  sue  that  the 
act  was  not  violated. 

Two  vessels  of  war,  and  two  only,  the  Florida  and  the  Alabama, 
cqiiippod  in  British  waters,  found  their  way  into  th(^  hands  of  the  con- 
tVdorutes.  Whether,  in  respect  of  them,  the  liritish  authorities  were 
wanting  in  due  diligeiu'.e,  will  be  matter  for  future  consi<leration,  when 
tlit'se  vessels  come  spe<'ifk'ally  nndej*  review.  The  most  unjustifiable 
cliarfre  that  the  government  were  willfully  wanting  in  the  discharge  of 
llii'irduty  from  motives  of  i)artiality  has,  I  hope,  been  already  disposed 
of.  Kvery  other  vessel  built  or  equipped  in  British  waters  for  the  war 
sorvice  of  the  confederate  government  was  prevented  l)y  the  s.. ,.,  t  ,k.  >,  <.r  -i,.. 
art  of  the  British  government  from  coming  into  their  hands,  """-i' <*■»■>■■"•"' 
Immetliate  and  untiring  attention  was  paid  to  the  frecjuent  applications 
(it  Mr.  Adams,  which  for  the  most  part  turned  out  to  have  pn)cee»led 
onomtneous  information.  It  may  have  been  that,  in  the  cases  of  the 
rioiida  an«l  the  Alabama,  the  local  ollicers  n>ay  have  been  somewhat 
tmimuch  <lisposed  to  leave  it  to  the  United  States  otticers  to  make  out 
the  case  against  the  vessels.  Jiut  such,  as  we  have  seen,  had  been  the 
traditional  view  of  the  matter,  not  only  in  England  but  in  the  United 
.States.  These  officers  may  have  attached  too  much  importan<*e  to  the 
lart  that  the  vessels,  though  equipi)ed  for  receiving  arms,  were  not  actu- 
ally armed  before  leaving  the  i)ort.  Jn  that  they  only  shared  the  opinion 
lit  two  distinguished  jmlges  in  the  court  of  exchequer.  But  when  the 
authorities  had  become  thoroughly  alive  to  what  was  going  on,  no  ves- 
sel of  war  to  which  tlu'  notice  of  the  (Jovernnu'nt  was  called,  anil  which 
liroviMl  to  be  intended  for  war,  was  suffered  t«)  escape.  An  enumeration 
lit  tiip  instances  on  which  inrpiiry  was  instituted  by  Her  ]Vrajesty's  gov- 
eiiinuMit,  with  the  results,  will  set  this  i)art  of  the  case  in  its  true  light, 
and  sliow  the  flagrant  injustice  of  the  w  holesale  accusations  which  have 
bt'oii  so  unwarrantably  made. 

The  first  case  in  which  a  representation  was  made  by  Mr.  Adams  as 
to  a  vessel  supposed  to  be  fitting  out  in  Kngland  for  warlike 
purposes  against  the  United  States,  in  violation  of  the  for- 
H};ii  enlistment  act,  was  that  of  the  Bermuda.  ^Ir.  Adams's  letter  was 
ilati'il  the  loth  of  August,  ISOl.  The  principal  grounds  of  suspicion  al- 
leged against  the  vessel  were  that  she  was  "ostensibly  owned  by  the 
Kiiiiiiiercial  house  of  Fraser,  Trenholin  »S:  (Jo.,  of  Liverpool,  well  known 
tocoiisist  in  part  of  Americans,  in  sympathy  with  the  insurgents  in  the 
liiited  States;"  that  she  was  armed  with  guns,  and  had  been  for  some 
time  taking  in  crates,  cases,  and  barrels,  believed  to  contain  arms  and 
aimnniiition  of  all  kinds  ordinarily  used  in  carrying  on  war.  Air.  Adams 
cuntiinu's : 

Tills  (iiiy;<>  in  noininally  I'litcrrd  as  dcHtiiiod  to  Ilavann,  in  tlio  iislnnil  of  Cnhn, Imt  \wr 
»riiiiuii(Mit  anil  car^jd  an*  uf  mih-Ii  a  natino  as  to  rontltT  it  morally  certain  tliat  tlm  intT- 
iliniitH  who  claim  to  111!  tlii>  owners  can  liuvo  no  inttintion  of  lUHpatcliin^  her  on  any 
trriiiiil  III'  mercy  or  of  iieaco. 

lam  iiiturmeil  that  tiiin  vessel  will  sail  in  n  ilay  or  two ;  I  therefore  fed  under  tlio 
Iii;;lii.st  otilipition  toHnhniit  the  infiirmation  I  haveohtaineil  as  the  ^rronnil  lor  appliia- 
ii"ii  for  a  inoinpt  and  ctfcctive  investigation  of  the  truth  of  the  allepitions  while 
'hiri'  is  tiinc.  Xot  donlitin^  the  earnest  disiiosition  of  Her  Majesty's  jjovernment  faith- 
fully to  adhere  to  the  principles  of  ncntrality  to  which  it  has  pledged   itself,  I  ask,  ou 

I'  piiit  (if  the  I'nited  States,  for  no  more  than  a  simple  enforcement  of  tho  law,  in 
U^««Mt  shall  appear  that  evil-minded  pei-sons  are  seeking  to  Hvt  it  nt  iinugbt.' 


Th>'  IlirliiuiU. 


liritish  Appendix,  vol.  ii,  p.  133. 


ll 


;)48 


AIMUTKATIOX    AT    fiKXKVA. 


All'.  Adiinis,  it  woiilil  socm.  ciitciliiiiKMl  iioim' of  tlioso  not  inns  of  t 


r  I 


^; 


il|j 

1 

...j^pf.'-  .'i 

'■*f 

J«|'  1 

'' 

II' 

OKlci 


tliit.v  or  tiic  iiiMM'ssily  1)1  iiiiviiij;'  rt'coiiisc  to  prrroj^iitivt'  I'oicc  in 
('llicicntly  to  ohscivc  Die  oldijiiitions  of  neutrality,  of  which  we  Jn-ar 
Miiich  in  Ihi' ni'^iinicnt  of  the  I'nitcd  Sintcs. 

liH|niiy  Wiisnl  once  ninch'  Iiy  the  ptNcrnnicnt.  The  concctur  nf  cu,. 
tonis  at  West  IIarti('i>ooI,  \\h«'ri*  the  vessel  was,  ii')>oite(l  the  m-xi  (la\ 
as  follows : 

l''ii"!iiii;.  I'l Kill  :i  fiiinniiiiiiriil iiiii  wliicli  I  liail  >>  rii  fiuiii  tin-  Aiiii'iiraii  rniisul  ;it  T,r>'M^ 

til  his  liliikiT  line,  tll;it    l!u'  >lr;illirr  in  (|llr.--I  ion   was  sllsprctrd    In  lif  lillili;;  mil  m  ||,;, 

jMirt  I'll!  I  lie  iHiriinsi-  dl'  liciii;;  iisi-d  as  a  jiii  \  .it  rri  I'di-  t  In-  ( 'iinrcilciatr  Si  at  IS,  i  liavc  linii 

Kt'i'liill^J  an  I'Vi'  nil  III)',  liill     I     see    linliiin;;-  to    illilicatr   .slli'li    ll)    III!  IliT  ol'jicl,  I'irln  r  ;i. 

ii';^ar<ls  licr  i\|iTiial  ciiiiiiinifnl  s,  m'  llir  i- ha  racier  nf  In-r  ficw,  or  an>  ihiiii;  in  hrr  i:i„. 
nmri'lhan  iisiial  In  <4;iv<'  ;;r<>iinil  I'di'  rcniari^.  niilrss  il  lir  Ihi-  lirt'iiiiisianci'  ihai  a  hn;' 
(iiirliiiii  nf  lii'i'  I'ar;^!  HI  insist  sill'  anus  and  a  nun  iini  I  Inn  :  and  il  is  imssilili-  tlial.  alllii:ii;^ii 
tlic  di'siinaliiiii  >>{'  ihr  vi'sscl  nsimsilily  )"•  Havana,  il.  may  l)f  lhi'drsi;;ii  i'Vriiliiiill\  in 


mil, 

i'\- 

i;.;ii- 


I'liii  .Miiiiii'  if  mil  tli(>  vvhdh'  III'  lh<^  Hrnnds  tin  linaul  iiiln  tlii!  Slatt-.s  rclVMrid  In. 

The  rest  of  the  inforinatioii  <'olIeet«Ml  )>ointe«l  to  a  similar  eomlii- 
aiul  Mr.  Adams  wasaecordin^ily  informed,  on  the  advice  of  the  atttiiii 
j;eiKM'al,  that  the  vessel  did  not  come  within  the  terms  of  the  lure 
(•nlistineiit  act,  (to  which,  in  his  letter,  he  ha<l  inferred.)  and  that  tliiiv 
Nvas  no  ^i'ldiind  for  any  intt'rfereiice  with  the  <dearance  or  di-pailiuf. 

The  P.ermnda  liirned  out,  in  fact,  to  l»e  a  Idockaih'-innner.  Slusailnl 
from  Id\i'i|iooi  with  car^o  for  Savannah,  and  siic(;eeded  in  enleiiiiu  tli.i; 
port  and  retiirniiiji  to  Idvejpool.  On  her  second  voyaji'e  she  was  c 
tnrcd  iiy  a  rnited  States  ship,  and  condemned  as  pri/.e. 

The  next  cases  in  order  of  time  to  which  Mr.  Aclamscalled  the  att 
ti(Mi  of  tln'  jliitish  ji'overnmeiit  were  those  of  the  Oreto  or  l'l(trii|;i. 
and  of  the  Alai>aiiia.  orij;inally  known  as  \o.  L'!)(».  As  1  shall  liavitu 
enter  in  detail  into  the  facts  connc  d  with  these  vessels  further  oii. 
J  will  not  here  allude  to  them  more  particularly. 

On  the  KJth  .laiiuary,  l.s(».'»,  Mr.  Adams  made  a  representation  to  Ilaii 


111- 


ell- 


Tin-  (i. 


IJiissell  respectin;;'  tlu'  (leorjuiana, a  vessel  built  at  (!las;;(i\v, 
and  then  littin^out  ar  Mveritool,  which  he  stated  he  '*li:iil 
reason  to  ln'Ii«'v«'  was  inteiideil  to  pursue  a  similar  course  with  that  lin 
merly  called  No.  L'!K> — to  wit,  the  destruction  of  the  commerce^  of  tlir 
I'nited  States."  ,Mr.  Adams  inclosed  a  letter  from  the  United  Siatr> 
consul  in  liondon,  '•  ;;ivin<i',"  as  hc^  said,  the  "  i»articulars  based  npnii 
creilible  information  receiv«'d  by  him,  the  authority  for  which  it  is  iini 
in  his  powi'r  to  disclose,"  and  he  thus  conchules  his  letter: 

1  tln'ri'fiirc  siiliril  lh(>  inti'ipnsition  of  id-r  Maji-siy's  unvtMiinicnt,  iit  li-ast  *>  Car  :b 
tt)  rnahlr  nil'  III  pniiiirc  I'lirtln  r  cvidcnci'  In  I'staliii.sli  tlic  prnnf  of  tlic  allcnntion.sliiri 
liiadf  ill  st'.isnii  I'nr  Ihii  pri'veiitinn  of  this  md'aritms  (Miti-rprisi!.- 

lionl  Ivussell  informed  Mr.  Adams  on  the  followinfj  day,  the  ITtli, 
that  he  had  communicated  copies  of  his  letter  and  its  iucl(>sure  to  tlir 
board  of  treasury  and  to  the  secretary  of  state  for  tlu'  liome  depart 
ment  without  delay,  and  had  reipu'sted  that  orders  might  be  sent  liv 
telej-rapli  to  tlu^  proper  authorities  at  Liverpool,  enjoinin;^:  thtiiii  to  U\U' 
such  steps  in  the  matter  as  mij;ht  le;'ally  be  taken.     lie  added: 

I  tliiiik  it  ii;tht.  hnwcvt'i',  tn  nhscrvt'  that  Iter  Majesty's  n"veriuiu'iit  eannol  lir  an 
Hweiiihle  for  any  dilllciilty  which  may  lie  experienced  in  caiiyinji  out  tlidse  iin-i'i-.  h; 
eonseiiiii  nee  nf  (lie  e\  ideiiee  on  which  the  statement  of  tho  United  .States  ciiii.-<iii  ;< 
Hindi)  hein;,r  wilhhehl  from  tliem.' 

frnpiiries  were  accordingly  made,  both  by  the  customs  oflicers  aiul  '•) 
the  (h'tective.  polict^  at  Liverpool,  but  it  was  found  that  the  vessel  \va> 
not  in  any  way  adapted  for  warlike  purposes,  and  that  from  the  iiainn 

'  IJritisii  A|ipemlix,  vol.  il,  p.  1:54. 
llnd.,  p.  117. 
'Ibid.,  p.  14b. 


OIMNIOXS    OF    H]U    AT.FAAMd'.R    (OCKMIIfV. 


:\\\) 


i,t'  her  builtl,  licr  ciii^o,  iind  (ttlirr  iith'inl;int  (•iicmiistiinccs.  slir  sccint'd 
III  lie  nitcii(l('<l  to  run  tli<>  Itlockailc;  iiiid  sticli,  in  I'iict,  pioxcil  to  Itc  the 

rase. 

On  tlic  -1st  of  Miiicli,  ISd;;,' Tionl  Kiissrll  wrote  to  Mr.  Adams  ••  with 
rctciviicc  to  a  i('|M»rt  that  vessels  nC  war  were  heiii-i'  Itiiilt 
,it  (ihisjLiow  lor  the  so-stvh'd  <  oiilederale  Mates;  that  it 
,i|i|ic;ire(l  t'roiii  int'oniiat  ion  eollected  liy  the  eoniiiiissioner  of  eiisttuns 
lliat  there  were  ordy  two  hir^^c  steamers  in  «'oiirse  ol' (  oust  nirtion  at  llie 
\;ii(|  of  Messrs.  'I'hompson  iS:  Co.;  tiiat  oneoftliem  had  the  appearanee 
ill  liciiij;' constructed  to  receive  armoi'  plates,  laif  that  tiie  iiottoin  was 
iiitt  mere  tlian  half  phited,  and  that  the  phinl;in]L:  of  Iter  to|>  sides  had 
diily  jirst  commenced."  Tlie  other,  Lor<l  Ifiissell  wrote,  was  a  screw- 
siiaiiier  inlen(h>(l  to  lie  employed  in  the  !Mediterranean  tiade,  but 
iiritlicr  of  these  vessels  could  he  completed  for  sevj'tal  months.' 

Ill  lurwardin;^-  this  lett»'r  to  Mi'.  S«'ward,  .Mr.  Adams  stated  : 

1 1  is  |irii|M'r  to  nii'iitinii  tlnit  tin-  inM'stii;:itiiiii  :i|i|ii':ii's  to  liii\  r  liri'ii  iiiit  iiiinl  liy  his 
lMn|s|ii|)  ii|i<iii  inriniiiiitidii  lint  t'linii^litil  I'lmit  tills  li^L^alimi.  iiinl  lli;il  l.i>iil  Itii^scH's 
iiiiiiiiiiiiii'alioii  III  inc  was  |iril'rctly  s|iiiiilaiir(iii>.- 

Mr.  Aihiins's  letter  of  acknowledgement   to  Mail  Itiissell  is  as  follows: 

My  i.iiiMi:  I  lia«l  llir  Innior  to  rrci-ivr  vmir  lunlsliip's  nulr  nf  tin-  vJlst  instant,  ap- 
jiii^inu' nil-  of  llic  pir]iaratiiiiis  niakiii;;  in  tlir  \anl  of  ."Messrs. 'l"liiiiii|isiin  A  Co.  nl' a 
\,v>rl  I'viilriitly  (Minstrnclid  I'm-  luistili-  piir|iiiscs. 
Iiiliiiiiialiiin  111' tlif  same  nature  ircrivcil  t'rnni  nfliei  smirees  lias  leil  me  to  a  lielief 
!;ii  tills  Is  line  III'  a  niimlier  Intenileil  tn  eariy  on  tlie  pii  at  leal  speeies  of  w  a:  tare  ptae- 
iij  liy  tlie  iiisnr;;e!its  anal  list  the  conmieiie  of  t  he  I  'nilecl  States,  in  aie'inhiiiee  with 
111' Jilans  laiil  down  in  the  inteleejiteil  eollespoliilenee  wliieli  1  hail  the  IliiMor  siiiiie 
iiiii' siiii'e  III  lay  liet'oie  yon.      It  is  a  soni'i<'  of  niiieh  ;;iat  illeal  Ion   to  iiie  to  li.iin  that 

i  .. .I'l.,,..    :^    ..^  ,.\l  ,,,.r    *l...    ..I  (....I  i..l.    ..I'      II.. I'     \l..i...t.'^     .....    ...i.. •      . 


:'a\-  liniceelli 


loiircdcrate  navy  department  with  a  Mr.  iSanders,  for  the  constrneti(»u 
ill  Kiiuland  of  six  ironclad  st«'ainers,  comhiniiijA'  the  cai>aeitiesof  Irt-ijiht- 
iiii;  iiiid  li^htiu*;' ships,  in  a  manner  which  eoiihl  enaiih*  them  to  force 
the  lihickade.  A  correspondence  ensued  in  which  liord  h'ussell  denied 
llnit  the  papers  proved  any  o\'ert  acts  against  the  law  which  warranted 
aciimiiial  lU'oseeutiou  of  the  paities  concerned,  lie  added,  however, 
ilia  note  of  the  I'd  of  April,  1S(;;{,  that  — 

111  view  of  tile  statements  eonlailieil  ill  t  he  iiitereepleil  eoirespoiiileliee.  Her  Majesty's 
.:"\ii  iiiiieiit  have  reiieweil  I  he  i  1 1st  met  Ions  ali'eaily  ;;i  veil  to  I  he  eiistom-hoii^r  ant  hori- 
'ii>  111' tile  several  liiitish  ports  where  ships  III'  war  iiiav  lie  eoiislriieteil.  ami  liy  the 
-iiTitiiry  of  state  for  the  home  ilepartmeiit  to  various  antlmi  ities  with  whom  he  is  in 
'"1111111111  ieat ion,  to  emleavor  to  iliseover  ami  nlit.iin  le^al  ev  iileiiee  of  ,iiiy  \  iolatioii  of 
i!ii  riiiiinii-eiillstnieiit  ael  with  a  view  to  the.striet  eiilnreeim-nt  of  that  statute  w  lieii- 

■  Vrt'  it   i-!i  II    111!   I'.  I 'III  i  I  \-   h;1i,i\i- 11    In   111.    I II  t'l-i  iiiri'f  I     !i  III  I     1  I  i.r    \l  >i  ii-ul  \  *w    i  ri  i  v.'i'l  i  tiii.ti  t    i\  i  iii  lil    I  m 


Tinted  Stiitos  DociiiiKMits.  vol.  ii,  j».  203. 

2  Il.i.l.,  i».  704. 

^  Ihiil.,  p.  7(»;J. 

*  Ibid,  vol.  i,  pp.  5C*i-r>74. 

» Ibiil.,  p.  .VJO. 

<  liritisli  Appendix,  vol.  ii,  p.  167. 


f 


?3 


■•       f 


iiJX'    ?f 


^'  •' 


350 


AUniTUATlON    AT   GKNKVA. 


lov's  HiispicioiiH  socms  to  liavo  Im'OIi  tlui  coniKM'tiim  of  tlio  flrius  of  Pn,. 
scr,  Trnilioltu  tS:  Co.,  aii«l  I-'iiwcrtt,  Pn-Mton  iS:  (.'o.,  with  tliosc  vessels, 
Ih'  says  at  tln^  oiid  of  tlaUrttt'r:  "  1  .siipiiosc  it  will  ln'  iiii|tus>ihl,. t„| 
iiH'-  to  obtain  Ir^jal  ovidfiicc  aptiiist  tlirs*'  two  vrss«'l.s,  ami  iiolliiii;,',sli(iit 
of  this  will  satisfy  this  jjovt'iniiKMit."  l")v«'ii  of  tlu^  infoniiaiioii  im, 
iiisln'd  l>y  .Mr.  l)n«ll«»y,  part — iiamcly,  that  the  lastiiaiiu'd  ni  these  two 
vt'ssfls,  the  .Soiithenu'i-,  had  arrivod  at  hivi-rpool — was  i-rroiieoiis,  umi 
was  <"orr«'('t(Ml  by  Mr.  Adams  in  his  note,  acrordiiij^  to  later  advim 
received  from  Liverpool. 

Mr.  Adams  was  informed  on  the  followini;  day  that  imin(Mliat('  in<|uiiv 
woidd  be  mad«'  on  the  snbjeet,  and  inquiries  were  aeeoidinyly  at  oimc 
made,  as  in  the  ease  of  the  (ieor;;iana,  both  thron;;h  the  edstdiiis  mi 
thorities  at  Liverpool  and  by  means  (»f  deteetive  pcdiee  ollicers,  as  in 
these  I  wo  vessels.  They  failed  to  prodiu;e  any  evidene«^  a;;ainsi  tlu-in, 
and  indeed  one  of  them  turned  out  to  be  a  Idockade  runner,  iiinl  tin 
other  was  afterwards  enyaj^ed  in  trade  in  the  Mediterranean.  Innc 
knowledjjnu'iit  of  the  steps  whieh  had  l»een  taUt'ii,  Mr.  Adams  wrote  ii> 
follows  to  Karl  Jtussell  on  the  (Jth  of  April,  1803: 

It  is  ji  Noiiree  of  jjreut  Hatisriiclioii  to  iiic  to  r tKiiiz<>  tlie  reiuliiicHS  wliicli  lIcrMiij 

est.v's  jrovoriimeiit  lias  tliiis  inaiiilesteil  to  make  tlie  iiivestinatioiis  desiicd,  as  will  ;,. 
to  I'eeeive  the  assurances  ot'  its  tieteriiiiiiation  to  iiiaiiitaiii  a  close  oliserviition  nl  iiuui,' 
iiioveiiieiitN  of  an  iiiiiisiial  eliaracter  tliat  Justify  suspicions  of  any  evil  intent.' 

On  the  L'Sth  Mareh,  l.S«;.{,\AIr.  J)ndley,  the  United  States  «'i)iisiil  lu 
Tw  M.,„„.ir..  Liverpool,  wrote  to  the  collector  of  (Mistoms  at  that  port,  tor 
wardiii};  si.\  tlepositions  rehttive  to  a  vessel  «'alled  the  Ale.xandni,  nml 
sipplyiii};'  for  her  seizure.  Co[>ies  of  these  depositions  were  also  tin 
Wiir«le<l  to  lOarl  JJussi'll,  by  Mr.  Adams,  on  the  .'Wst  of  INLirch;  and  alter 
further  impiiry  by  tlu'  authorities,  the  ship  was  seized  on  the  't\\\  ei 
Ai)ril.  ISIr.  Adams,  beiiifr  informed  of  this  step,  wrote  on  the  <illi  m 
April  to  l']arl  Jttissell  to  express  his  ''lively  .satisfaction."-' 

The  history  of  tliis  ve.s.sel  is  well  known.  The  proceedin;is  wliich 
were  instituted  by  the  jji>vernnu'iit  in  the  |>roper  ciuirt,  failed,  iiii<lertlic 
direction  of  the  lord  chief  baron  to  the  Jury  that,  t(»  establish  the  in 
tention  that  the  vessel  had  been  e<piipped  for  tliepurpo.se  of  war,  it  was 
necessary  that  she  should  have  been  iirmed,  as  well  as  litt«'d  for  iIm 
reception  of  f^nua.  The  Jury  havinj^  jiiven  a  verdi(.'ta;'ainst  the  Crown. 
the  application  to  the  court  of  e.xcluMpier  tor  ii  new  trial,  on  the  "iioiiiiij 
of  misdiiH'cticm  of  the  Jtulfic  in  .so  dire(;tinj>'  the  Jury,  failetl  by  iiMsmi 
of  the  Judj^es  of  that  court  bein;;  e(pially  divided  in  opinion.  Writiii;: 
to  Mr.  Adams  jifter  the  verdict  had  been  j;iven,  .Mr.  Sinvard  .says: 

Yen  are  anthorized  ami  exiieetMl  to  assure  Karl  K'ussell  that  this  (lovernnuiit  is  m- 
lircly  satislicil  that  ller  Majesty's  j;(»vei'nnieiit  have  condncteil  the  i>receciloms  in  lli.ii 
case  with  perfect  <;oo(l  faith  ami  honor,  ami  that  they  are  well  <lis|Miseil  to  prcMiil  iln 
tittinjj;onl  of  armed  vessels  in  JSiilish  jtorts  to  depredate  njton  American  cuninniK 
and  to  makt^  war  a^rainst  the  I'nited  .states. 

This  (ioveinment  is  satisfied  that  the  law-ollieers  of  the  Crown  have]ierl<iriiii'il  llni; 
duties  in  repaid  to  the  ease  of  tin;  Alexandra  with  a  sincere  conviction  of  liif  iiilr 
(|uacy  of  the  law  of  (ireat  Itritain,  and  a  siutM-re  desirt;  to  ^iivt;  it  ellrct.' 

An  appeal  was  made  to  the  court  of  exchequer  chamber,  but  it 
turned  out  that.owine;  to  an  omi.ssioii  in  the  act  constitutinjj;  the  lattti. 
no  ju'ovision  had  been  nuttle  for  siu-h  a  case. 

Alter  a  <letention  of  a  year,  pending;-  the  trial  and  appeal,  the  Alix 
aiulni  wsts  liberated. 


1- 


'  Itritish  A])pcndix,  vol.  ii,  p.  171. 

•-ll.id.,p.  *2:il. 

■'  I'uited  States  Documents,  vol.  ii,  p. '.iDl. 


OriNIONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDKU   COCKIU'KN'. 


3.-)  I 


? 


Slic  went  tii'Mt  to  id'riiiudii,  tluM)  to  IliiliCiix,  anil  troiii  tlMMUM'  to  Niis- 
(i;iii.  ^vll('^^»,  after  rciM'attMl  invest i;,'at ions,  she  was  a^jaiii  seized,  in  De- 
(tiiiImt,  IS(i4,  on  a  fresh  eliar;<;(^  of  an  intention  to  employ  lier  as  a  ship 
nt  Will  ill  th»»  «'onfederate  serviee,  and  thonj^h  the  pioceetlinys  in  the 
vjir  iiiliiiiralty  eoiiit  there  einh'd  in  an  ae<piittal,  the  d(>eision  did  not 
take  i>iiie«i  till  the  end  of  >ray,  I.S(m,  wIumi  the(Mvil  war  was  at  an  ii<l. 
Tilt' costs  and  daina;;es  inenrred  l»y  tlu;  government  on  aeeonnt  of  the 
twosei/iires  amounted  to  over  Xl,(KM>. 

Oil  rlie  (Ith  of  April,  l.S(i;{,  a  dispatch  was  received  from  the  Hritish 
(;i(iisiil  at  New  York,  in  whi»!h  allusion  was  inadt^  to  a  report  n.  -..ti, c  ,r..i.,.. 
whicli  had  appeared  in  the  n«!wspapers  of  that  (;ity,  that  the  (leorH;iaiia, 
wliicli,  as  1  have  already  said,  was  no  more  than  a  blockade  runner,  and 
wlijcli  is  so  denominate*!  in  the  Tnited  States  Docninents,'  was  intended 
tnlic  iinued  as  a  confederat(M;riiiser,  and  that  a  similar  vess«'l,  called 
(lie  South  Carolina,  was  bnildiii};  in  the  Clyde.  The  matter  was  referred 
III  tilt*  coinmissioners  of  customs,  and  the  latter  reported,  on  the  l.'Uh 
iif  April,  as  follows: 

uii  till-  ivci'ipt  of  tilt)  said  li-tttM',  wo  n'f«;nv(l  tlio  Hniiic  to  our  c(>llt'ct»>r  at  (ilas^ow 
fill  his  iMi|iiii'y  lespi-i't ill;;  tlir  SdiiMi  C'iiriiliiiii ;  anil  it  appears  trniii  tin-  n-port  nf  tii<< 

iiihiuiii;;  surveyor  of  whippiiij;  at  tliiit  port,  wliieli  Iia.s  lieen  lorwaiiled  to  us  l>_v  liie 
(ulli'i'tiii.  that  tliero  are  al>oiit  forty  sliips  l>uililiti<r  at  the  present  time  in  the  port,  and 
it  iiiiiv  Id  intended  to  ^ive  one  of  them  that  naiiio ;  that  the  only  ship  apparently  de- 
<i;:iitMl  t'lir  a  ship  of  war  is  tiie  one  linihliii;;  in  tjie  yard  of  Messrs.  'rhonison,  referred 
IhIii  iiim  report  to  your  hudships  of  the  11th  ultimo,  and  that  slie  is  still  in  a  very  iiii- 
iiiii>lii(l  state.  The  ineasnrit;^  siirveytu"  ailds  that  lie  is  ^^iviii;;  his  closest  iitteiitioii  to 
this  vf.-sel.  anil  will  takocaru  to  keep  thu  culliictor  fully  iiiforiuuduf  her  progress  from 
liiiu'  to  time.  - 

A  report  havin};  ap|)eared  in  the  "  Daily  News,''  on  the  17th  of 
Martli.  IS<;;{,  that  the  (lihraltar,  whi(rh,  after  acting;  as  ii  jn,..  ,;,i.,„„„  „, 
loiilt'tlt'iiite  ship  of  war  under  the  name  of  the  Snmter,  had  - '""' 
iiirii  sttltl  to  iniviite  owners,  ami  had  arrived  at  Liverpool  in  the  prevl- 
(iiis  iiittiith,  was  tittin;;'  out  at  I)irkenhea«l  as  a  vessel  of  war,  liord  Itn.s- 
M'lliit  once  retinested  that  imiuiries  niij;ht  he  math*  on  the  subject,  and 
niiiiiiiiiiiicated  the  result  to  Mr.  Adams.  I  sluill  have  subsetpiently  to 
;;o  riiiiy  into  the  ca.se  of  this  vessel  al.si»,  whi<;h  was  an  object  of  con- 
">taiit  vjoilance  durinj;"  her  stay  at  Li\eri)ool,  and  which  was  not  i)er- 
iiiitti'il  tt>  leave  until  the  authorities  were  satisfied  that  there  was  no 
iiitt'iitioii  of  ijoain  etpiippinjf  her  as  a  confederate  cruiser. 

On  the  7th  ot  .Inly,  l.S(»;5,  Mr.  J)udley  forwarded  to  the  collector  of 
nisttmis  at  Liverpool  .several  depositions  relative  to  two  iron- ,  ,„,„  ,i„u  „,  h,. 
Had  sit'iuiiships  buildin{>- in  Messrs.  Laird.s' yard  at  l>irken-  '■•"''' 
lii'ati,  which  were  alleye«l  to  be  intended  for  the  service  of  the  Confed- 
iiiitf  States,  one  only  of  whicli  had  at  the  time  been  launched,  the  other 
iH'iii;;  still  in  i)roce.ss  of  construction,  lleiue.sentations  w«'re  also  made 
'•II  till-  siil»ject  by  ^h'.  Attains,  anil  a  lengthened  <'orresi)ondence  ensued. 
A  strict  watch  was  from  the  tirst  kept  upon  the  vessels,  and  imjuiries 
■iiatlt'  iis  to  their  character  and  destination.  It  was  at  first  re- 
piirtt'il  that  they  were  built  for  the  government  of  France.  Sub.setpiently 
tlity  were  claimed  by  a  M.  Uravay,  of  Paris,  who  protliUH'd  21  legal  in- 
^tiuiiu'iit,  from  whicli  it  appeared  that  the  vessels  had,  in  fact,  been  built 
tiitlic  order  of  Captain  JJulloek,  (the  confederate  agent  who  ha«l  been 
iii^trmneiital  in  obtidning  the  Florida  and  Alabama  for  the  confederate 
^|•Vl■nlllH'nt,)  but  that  JJulloek  had  transferred  his  interest  in  them  to 
iJiaviiy.    M.  Uravay  stated  that  he  had  purchased  them  for  the  N'iceroy 


J 


'  V(d.  i,  p.  77'2. 

•  Itritish  Appeudix,  vol.  ii,  p.  103. 


Srr2 


A!;m'iK'A'ri<».\   at  (;!;m;va. 


dl"  Mu\|it  :  liiii  the  \'iciT(t\ .  oil  iiKiiiirs.  (liscliiiiiinl  ;\\y  iiitriii 


I 


I 


^'!'* 


ll'»!l  III' 


<|iiii  iii.u  tlt*-iii. 

On  111'.'  '.Mil  oi'  Si'plcu.lx'r,  lS(;:t.  ;i  Iclfcr  \v;is  .iddicsscd  to  the  Imhi.j 
oi's,  Messrs.  I,;i;ril.  iiiroriiiiiiLi  (lii'in  tli;il  llic  ^ox  rriiiiicnt  cKiild  ikh  ||,- 
liilt  tln' vessels  l(»  lf:i\('  I  lie  Mcix-s  iiiilil  s;il  isr;iclii|y  <".  idem  r  ciiiili!  ii,. 
y:iv«'ti  of  tln'ir  <l('s!  iinitiiMi.  «ir  uiilil  l!i:'  iii<|iiiiifs  t  lini  iM-iii;.;  |iii,N|.ciii,.,| 
on  the  snl»ii'cl  slinuld  In-  biuii^hl  to  ;i  citncliisioii  ;  iin*'.  i»ii  I  lie  Dih  ,if 
Oi'lulx"'  l'o||(»\\  ill;.;,  iiotli  vcssrls  \\  <•)•<' sci/.ctl  ;|  n<l  .HI  \  cn  o\  cr  into  |  lif  c;'),. 
of  t  Sir  <  ;ilil;iili   ol    iirr    .Miiji'sl  \ 's  ship  .M:i.l«'.slic,  t  ilt'li  st;il  ioiicil  ;il  | 


J' 


A  ciiiiiHiis.sioii  w, IS  .sent  to    l','.4\|»t    liif  the    |Mirj)os»'   o|    prnciii 


(•\  idcKcr  with   ;i  xicw    (o   tlicir  condcMiiiiil  ion,  !mi!  Iht-  icm:Ii  appiMii 
(hiuhllnl.  it  \\;is  dr'-idcd  hy   !  Iir  l;o\  cinincnt    •>  piii'chasc  tlivin.  li 


III:; 


"iliUli 
SMIi,' 


il  was  nut  ill  waiil  ol   tlii'iii.  latlinthan  inn    thi'   risk   ol'    ihcic  |i: 
tliit'ctly  or  iiidircctl;\   iiito  the  hands  ol  a  i>i'!li;;ci'cnl.  They  wcfcan 
in<il\   piir<  liascd  i.i  May.  I.S(il.  tor  tin'  sam  ol    C-'L'OJKMt.' 

.Mt'lilio!!    Ii:is    already    iie -li    liia<le    ol     the    iiapiiries  ili.st  i|  iiteel  !,v  jj 
;.;o\ cinineiif  as  lo   vessels   .•.iippnsed    to    he   hnildiri:  lor  il 


( 'oiili'derale   Stil(s  ;;t    (ila>uo\\.     ( »ii  the  1  7l  h  of  Oci 


nlii'l 
ell   In 


lS<i".,  >Ir.  .\daiiis  wrote  t-:  Marl  i'lissell.  stal  iii.u'  that,  in  aihlil  i 
ftiiinidalde  >.teain  ram  in  j>roeess  oi'  eonstrnei  ion  at  that  port,  tin  iv  w.h 
also  inolher  steamer  rea<iy  to  l»e  lauiiehed.  called  the  ('anion.  Iimin. 
ail  (he  eh.iiaelerist  les  of  a  war-vessel,  wliieh  was  about  to  he  litii'il  ni: 
and  dispatehed  with  the  same  iideiit  from  Ih"  smmu'  place.  .Mr.  .\i|;i 
iiieloseii  .some  extract.s  from  a  let tcr  from  the  I'nited  States  < 
(i!as'>:(»w.  w  ho.  he  SI  id.  enlerlained  no  don  I  ♦!  as  to  the  destinat 


iii> 


Ollsll!  ;i| 


loll    lit     till' 


IMI''!' 


ve.s.sel.  althon;^h,  Irom  t he   secrecy  used    in    the  process  of  consim 
and  pv  'p.tration,  he  had  been  slow  in  ;iainiii«i  evich'iice  on  winch  in  lu^ 
a  repi  eseiilafioi  .■' 
l  Erections  w  ere  at   once  yivcii   to  the  |»roper  ani horit ies  to  iii;;kc  iii 
(pnries  and  to  take  any  measures  which  miuhl  legally  be  pos>ili|.',    I'Im' 
iiiV('sti;;ations  rem.iiiied  lor  some  time  witlmiit  any  delinite  result.   Tih 

1  >(•    Hi 


vessel  was  carcfnily  examined.  It  ap|»eared  thai  thi»ii.iih  in  cmi 
beii'i;  lilted  as  a  passenuer  ship,  she  possessed  some  pecnliaiil 
<'on-tr!<ction  which  remh'red  her  capable  of  beini;  converted  ill^l),lvt•^ 
scl  ser\iceable  for  warlike  use.  The  biiildeis,  however,  and  the  linn 
tl»roii.'.;h  whom  she  had  bi'cn  contracted  for.  disi-laimcd  any  kiinwIcilL:' 
of  .such  a. 1  intention,  , and  declared  their  belief  that  she  was  inieiiilcil 
for  the  mev!  ham  ser\  ici-.  The  evidence  as  |o  her  bciiiL;' inteinh  il  lur 
the  co!'!'cdeialt  sei  vile,  which  was  supplied  »y  tlic  Inited  Slalesinii 
Sill,  did  not  i;o  beyond  va^ne  rumor  and  hearsav. 

The  vessel  w  as '  launched  oil  the  L'Hth  of  (Klober,  iSIl;;,  On  |iie  I'Hii 
oJ'  Novcmbei  1  he  collecior  oi' customs  al  (ilas^ow  reported  Ihai.assiif 
V  ;,  >  beiii.4- r.ipidlv  .uot  re  idy  lor  sea,  he  had  arranji'ed  wil  h  the  <a|ii,iiii 
of  Her  Majeslv's  ship  I  lom'e,  Ihcn  stationed  in  the  ( 'lyde,  to  pnvrii' 
the  pc-sibilily  of  ;;  departure  pendili;.'  the  decision  <d'  lh<'  ailt  lim  llii'^ : 
;  lid  a  week  later  a  i;  i.-lmiit  was  tnooted  ahui.ushhr  of  Ium-  to  prcvcal  .i;i} 
chaiM'e  ol   her  lea\  iii;;'  sinreplitioiisly.' 

Ily  the  end  of  Novcmbei',  the  iinplirij'.s  ol'  the  ( lovel'IMlient  led  l>' tin' 
l)roduclioii  of  c\i(Ience  fdiovviii-j;  who  '  ere  the  real  ()V.iieis  ol  tin 
vessel,  and  that  liiey  had  coidiacted  to  sell  her  te  one  Sinclair,  cillin:; 
himself . I  cili/eii  oj'ihe  Coiitederalc  States.  A  letti-r  from  Siiiclaii  u.e 
prodiiccfl,  dated  in  the  previous  Sept«'Md)er,  in  which  lu-  said  thai  "ili'' 

'  Hi'itiNli  Ai»iH'inlix,  vul.  il,  itp.  4r)7-15y. 

-  n.i.i.,  p.  it;7. 
Mi.iit..  |i.  tim. 

*  lliiil,,  p.  WH. 


(ti'iM(»Ns  oK  Ml,'    \i.i;\AM>i;i;  ((M  i-!!II;n, 


■    \ 


•  ).)<> 


iti'llli^ill  (iT  ;|r. 

<l  It)  lilc  illll.i: 
I'tHlld  IKil  |,..| 
IcllCC  CDllili    lie 

iii;^'  pn-siTtiifil 

.  oil  lllC  '.till  „f 
T  into  tlli'(';Uf 

ioiictl  at  Ijvcr 

■    hT   prnciliiiiM 

SUll    aplMMlilln 

tll'.'lll.   lllilU;;|| 

their   |i:issiii;,' 
■y  w  I'lc  airiiii! 

stitin<'il  l',\  i!ir 
miltlii^  lor  ilir 
'ill  u!'  OiMiilifi, 

I  adllil  lilt!  In  I 
poit,  lllllV  V.lv 
'.  'alltOll.  !l;l\ll;. 
to  lie  lilh'il  11 !' 
V.  Mr.  Ailiii:,. 
'.|a(t's  ciiiivii!  iii 
itiiialioii  III  iiii' 
111'  ('(iii<!nicti''i! 
n  \s  liirli  III  li.iM' 

if^  to  mukt'  III- 
'  in>s>iltlr,    Till' 


!•     IfSlllt.      'I'll!' 

I  ill  ciiiirsc  111 
i'i;liarit!i'>  »i 
cil  iiili)  a  vc> 
:iu-.l  till-  111 '11 
iiy  kiiowlt'il;: 
was   iiiifiidrii 

'4  ilitt'iidi  il  li'i 

I I  Slates  full 

Oil  tlic  I'l^ii 
I  lliat.  a>  >'ii'- 
I    till-  capi.ini 

(Ic,   to  lUlVflll 

ailtlioliti''^: 
to  |»ii'\cat  .I.I} 

IX'llt    It'll  to  till' 
(•WllCiS     0\'    till' 

■  iiiclair.  falli'i- 
III  Siiicliiii  «'H 
saitl  tlial  -111'' 


,j,.;.|'iiiiliatioii  of  tin-  ;;o\  ciiiMiciit  to  |iic\('iit  tli«'  sailiii;!:  ol  aii,\  \  esse 
i,i!  i,<i;.,lit  Im'  siisiM'ctcd  of  lu-iiii:  tlif  |Ho|M'rt\  of  a  titizfii  of  the  Con- 
,.,|t<nitf  State"  v.as  made  .so  iiiaiiifrst,  that  he  had  coiK-liidrd  it  woiihl 
H.  lictlcr  tor  liiiii  to  ciidcavor  to  close  the  eoiitraei  and  ;;o  whcrt'  he 
,iiiil<l  iiavf  iiioie  lilieral  action  :"'  and  it  appeared  IVoiii  tlie  tintlier  cor- 
,.«|iiiiideiice  tliat  he  had  agreed  to  do  this,  even  on  condition  of  forfeit- 
11^  till' cotton  ccitilicates  which   lie  iiail  already  deposited  as  seem  it> . 

'  Tiu'  ranipero  was  seized  on  the  KMli  ot  1  )cceiiilier.  an  i  leuai  proceed- 
i!-N  were  instituted,  a  \eulict  waseiitcicil  aiiainst  lie  i»y  default .  and 
sill' I'i'iiiaiiied  under  sei/iiie  until  some  inoiitlis  :ifi<-r  ihe    termination  ot' 

|;li(M'ivil  war. 

I    As  icnart's  the  other  \esscl  liiiildiii;;    in    .Mosrs.   'riioinpson's  yard  at 

I  lii;isui>\v.  on  \\hieli  I  he  ant  hoiil  ies.  as  has  been    mentioiiid.      , 
lire  keeping  uatrli.    Mr.    Adams,    writiii};   respecting'   the  '■    ■"• 
s.:/iin' of  the  I'anipcio.  reports  as  follows.  (January  L'.^.  iNtJI  :) 

ii:ii' ;.;i>ihI  ■111  it  uf  ll|i'>r  \  lit  iiiii>  |iri)i'i'i'ilili;;s   |i:i>   iiri'li  t'l  I  rliiii\  r  nil  t'lM't  lirr  aiixii't  v 

I    .hirilii;;  til)'  •li'stiiialioii  i>t°  till-  t'i>i'iiiiiliili!i'  iri)ii-rla<l  laiii  in  iirmrss  iit'i'iiii>ti'iictiiiii  tit 

'!i<  >;iiiir  jilacr.     'I'lial   siir  was  oi'iti'ii'il   in   tlii'  lirst   inslaiii'i'  li,\  tlir  irln-ls,  I  liavr  IK) 

iiiiii-i' III'  iliiiilit  '  -^Ik'  lia-'  ii.iw  Im'i'M  iiiiiclia-'iil  l>y  liii'   l>aiii>li  ;:t>vri'iiiiiriit.  a>  1   Irani 

,.;ii  llic  Milli-I.  I.  M.  i!'.   I'.illf, 

111  Scpteinlier.    l.St;.;.    an   old  ;iil!i  liotit    naiiied    the  X'ictor.    heiii;;'    con 
.iili't'cd  as  roitcn  and  iiiisei\  icealde.  was  sold  l»y  the  llritisji 

.lAcriiiiient  to  a  jirivate  linn.     The  linn   iiaxiii;:-  afterward   '    '  ■      ' 

i|i|ili('il  till'  the  masts  and  sails  ot   tlie  \cssel,  tlie  question  of  Lii'aiitiiiy' 

•ill' ;i|i|ilication  was  iderred  to  Marl  K'usscll.  who  ad\ised.  tis  a  measure 

I  1  lircraiition,  that    the  masts  :ind  sails  should  for  the  pre.seiit   We  re- 

NiAi'il.    On  tlie  L'ltli  No\ciiilier.  ISO,",,  she  suddenly  left  Sheeiness,  w  liei'»' 

-hf  was  lieiiiy  prcjiared  for  sea,  at  inidiiiuhl,  and  cros>ed  o\  er  io  Calais.' 

Lsiii' was  still  III  a  comlitioli  <piite  unlit  to   :l;o   to  sea,  her    ii;^;iiii;;    Iseinj; 

'  iiriiiiiiiltlc  and  her  civ'W  delicieiit.     .\t  ("alais  her  commander  declared 

HI  til  lie  a  eon  fcde  late  v  essel  of  w  ar,  though  >lie  was  licit  her  eipiipped. 

iKiiiiifd.  nor  armed.      She  was  allowed    to   remain,  and    to  make  such 

ipiiiisas  were  iiecessarv  to  render  her  .seaworthy.  Init  the  precautions 

'.iki'ii  l/\  1  he  ant  hoi  it  ics  to  pre\  cut   her  liciii;.;  made  laore  set  \  icealde  tor 

I '.iiliki'  purposes   rendered  her  piaci  icall.\   useless    lor  the  ('onfeth'iate 

M'nicc.     it  lia\  in^  heeii  discoxcicd  that  lar^*' addit  ioiis  had  lieeii  made 

■'iluT  crew,  the  l''ieiicli  ;:o\<'i  nmeiit    rcliisctl   to   permit   her  departure. 

ami  she  was  e\eiitiial!y  ahandiuuMl  liy  her  ollicers. ' 

"Cniilrast,  a;:ain."  sa\  s  the  Case  of  the  I'nited  Slates  t  riiimphantlv . 
I '!lii' iiiiir^e  ol  the  l'"rench  ;4(»v«'rnmeiit  with  that  (d'the  llritish  j'.uNcrii- 
I  iii'iit  ill  like  ea.s«'s.  \\  Im'  xes.scl  iM'arin;^:  a  eommissioii  was  evor  dls- 
hiilicil  hy  a  P.iitish  ;;un  liotit.  no  nialter  how  lla;L;i'aiit  mi;;ht  have  been 
iit'i  \inhiti(tns  ol  I'.iitisli  so\erci;^iity  .'"  Had  those  who  ask  this  (pies- 
Hill  loryntteii  t he  ca.sc  id'  a  certain  \csscl  called  the  Canton,  or  I'aiu- 
I  "lo.  wliicli  was  ser\ed  exactly  in  the  same  manner,  ha\in;i  lirst  had  a 
unii  Itiial  placed  ahm^-side  of  ln'r  and  lia\iii.u  lieei;  alterwiird  seized  .' 

Ni>  iiiloi  Illation    had   Ih'i'mi   recei\«'d   hy    the   oo^<'rnmellt    tendiii;:-  to 

iliiiiw  any   suspicion   on    the    \  icior   iielore   her  departure.     I'lvideiiee 

Liviiii,;  siih.seipieiilly    liee;i    furnished   l»y  .Mr.  .\danis   to    I.oid    liu.ssell 

''iiiliii<^  It)  implictite  xaiions  pers(Uis  in  the  liltiiiuout  ot  this  vessel  and 

I"' itlitaiiiiiii;  a  crew  tor  her.  pio.seciitions  were  instil iitcd  iif,'ainst  such 

'    Itlilisll    .\|l|M'IHli\.    M>l.    II.    )l.  .Ml. 

■  t'liilnl  .siali'."^  l>oriiiiii'iitH.  \(il.  ii.  p.  •.".'.".. 

ItnliNll   .\|i|irlllli\.   Mil.   ii.  |l.  lil.'i. 

'  llilii..  p.  )il'.). 
Iliiil..  |i.  t'lT'i:   I  II  ill  il  Stati'^  liirniacii'.*.  m'1.  \  i,  \<   17  1. 


54 


Aiii;i  I  i.'AiioN    Ai    (  i:nk\  A, 


ol"    tlU'lM    ilS  SCCllK'tl    f(»   llllVC   1'('ImI<1C(I     tll<'lllS('l\  CS     liilltic     to   plllli.vllliii  ],; 

jilul  scvciiil  (>r  llicm  w err  coiiN  iricti  Ml'  |»I(M(I('(|  <;iiill.v.  Aiihiii;;  titlni^ 
procctMliii^'s  >\ci('  |;ik«'ii  ii;;iiii)st  .Mr.  U'liitihlc.  iiii  olliccr  in  the  i^dvi-ni 
liU'lit  (lock  viinl  ;it  Sliccilicss.iMitl.  tlioiiuli  In-  w  iis  ;i(<|iiil  ted,  I  lie 


CCClii 


iiU'iit  iiiiiikcd  tlicir  (lispliMsiii'c  ill  his  coikIi.cI  I)\  <lisiiiiN.>iii;;  liim  ||,,„, 
liis  ;i|)|>oiiitiiiciit  :iii(l  phiciii^  liiiii  iipoii  !i:ilt' |i:i.\ .  :is  itii  oHicci  in  wIkh, 
tlicy  <'oiilil  no  longer  put  iiny  roiilldcncf.' 

in  conscfj.tcncc  of  llic  i-\<-nts  conncclt'd  with  the  K'iippah;nMii<rk.  ih, 
Ilriti.sli  ^(ivci  nnicid  :it  oncc^^axc  ordcis  that  no  inoic  sliips  .shmiltl  i„. 
sohl  out  of  the  iiiivy  dnrin;^  thf  rontinnancc  oi   tlic  war. 

An  advanta^fous  olh-r  ha\  in;;  liccn  nnidt-  to  the  adniiialty.  in  I) 
bcr,  ISd.'l.  loi-  two  \rsst'ls  (tin*  K'cynard  and  Alacritv)  winch  ii  wjv 
thoMjilit  (hsiialdr  to  dispose  ol.  tlic  niattcr  was  idciitd  to  I'.ail  I,':;-, 
s«;i,  wlio  ^a\c  as  liis  ojanion  that  '"it  woidd  lie  innch  Itcttci-  aiiln 
jd'i'scid  liinc  not  to  sell  any  vessels  to  pi  ivate  liiins.  as  it  is  inipossiljic  i., 
ol>tain  any  snllicicnl  as.->mance  in  ic;nai'd  to  wiial  may  Im-  (hinr  wii). 
vessels  when  sohl  out  of  the  na\y."' 

It  was  also  thoniiht  ii;;hl  to  keep  cai  eiid  watch  on  another  ve-MJ.tii, 
.\niplnoii,  wiiicli  had  alrea<ly  Iteeii  sold  to  a  private  tirin. 
and  the  police  anthorilies  weic  directed  to  make  iMtpli^il^ 
on  the  sMi»ieet  in  .lannaix.  I^»<ll.'  The  \  essel  was  at  that  liinclv 
dismantled  aixl  dismasted,  hi  March  tollowiiiu'  Mr.  .\dams  wioti' 
call  liord  i.'iisseirs  allentiini  lo  the  siiitject.  and  a  constant  waldi 
kept  on  liei'  Ity  the  police.  She  seems  l<»  ha\e  been  in  i  slate  ipiite  iiii 
litle<l  tor  war  puiposes.  and  her  <lestiiiatioii  was  stated  to  lie  ('n|M'iili.i 
jicii.  She  \.as  evcntiiallx  stiamled  on  the  iJiiHsh  coast  a  tew  nmiiiliv 
later,  and  broken  np.' 

(Ml    the    1st    Aplil,   lS)i|,  the    suspicions    ol    the    ciistoins   eollectui    r 
(ilas"(»w  lia\  ini:  been  excited  b\ cerlaiii  pecnliai  ilie-^  nl C.ii 

III.-  II,  V.  k.  .  .  '  ,  1  1  '        ■  1  •  .  1 

stiuciion  III  a  \essel  recentl,\  iiiiilt  at  KCnlrew ,  and  iiiiiino 
tlie  Hawk,  he  reterred  the  matter  lo  the  authorities  in  London.  I'lm 
iii^  their  decision  he  lelnsed  t he  applicat ion  made  ibr  a  pass  in  cii;ii>ii 
her  to  lea\e  lor  the  latter  port.  On  the  Hith  ol'  I  he  same  montli  Mi. 
Atlams  addressed  a  representation  to  Lord  b'lissell  on  the  .same  siihjir;, 
The  Hawk  shortly  allerwaid  lelt  lor  London,  as  wa>  at  liist  bdic\iii. 
w  it  hoiil  a  :'!eaiaiice.  and  the  owner  was  called  upon  Ibr  e.\plaiialiiiii>. 
Tlie\ess(l    was  also  siiiijected   lo.sti'cl   examination   b\   the  police  nii'ij 

isl.ii 

W.i- 


\\\. 


\V,I> 


ciistoins  aiitlioiities.     The  explanalioiis  of  the  owner  pro\  in;;  sal 
td'ry,  and  n(»  evidence  appeaiin;;   to  iiistily   riirlhcr  measures,  she 
allowed  to  depaii — went   to  the  \\ Cst    Indies,   and   ictiinied,  ami  ".^ 
ne\er  «'iiiplo\<'d  for  any  warlike  piii|iose. 

i\)).ir   other    \es.sels    Ibiined    thesiibjecl   ol    repre.si  ntalioiis    l)>    M, 
•rh.A,nx.tiM  II,,    Adams  at  the  eoniineiicemenl   of  the  y«'av   l.Sti.l — the  .\jii\. 
th\^';nu!"« Am^iw  t''*'  H cic 1 1  h's.  t li c  \' i I j^  1 1 1  la ,  a  11(1  Ihe  Louisa  .\nn  l''aiiii,\.    A- 
">•  to  the  liist  (»:  tlusc  vessels.  iii\  e.>t i;j;al  ions  had  alieailv  iin; 

liiiidc   by   the   eastoiiis  aulliorilies  at   I  biblin.  w  Idle   she   was  l,\iii;:iii| 
Kiii;istoii  llaibor.      In    each   ease  in(|uiries  were  made  n(»t  only  Itv  lie 
home  aiilhiirities,  but  by  t  he  ;;<>vei  iiois  of  Lermiida  and  Nassau.     Nn''' 
of  t'le  V(  s.sels   in   (piestioii    were   ever  used    tor  other  than  coiiiint n  ' 
jmrposes. 

J    liave  only    fmther   lo  mention   the  ease  of  the  llotilla  ol   ,!;iiii  I'l'.ii- 

'  lllili^il  A|i|itiiiliv,  Mil.  ii,  |>.  <  T  I. 

Ilii.l.,  v.il.  V.  p.  -,'111. 

Iliiil.,  vol.  ii,  p.  ,'i()ii. 
'  lltiil..  pp.  ."HiH,  .'>7I.  iiiiil  ."iT'J. 

Ilii.l..  I. p.  .-i:il»MI. 


OPINIONS    Ol      --lU    AI.I.N.VNhKi;    (OCKIUI.'N. 


.).).> 


pllllisliiiiciu. 
liio'li;  (ttliciv. 

I      lllf    ,Ul»\('ll! 

I,  lllf  )H)\v 
ii.u'  liiiii  I'mii: 
U'ci    III   wlmii 


nKic'ir 


iciii 


I'll    I'ni'  till'  ('liiiicsc  L;(»\('niiii('iit  I»v   Mr.    liiiN,  wliicli    it   was   iii- 


•  iii-.-i. 


Ill- 


led  slioiild    in-   iiiafiiicd    and  (il1ic»'r''(l   l»\    I'.iilisli  >;ail<trs 
liiidii' till'  cniiiMiaiiil  oT  ('aplaiii  Slicranl  <)sl)tMii. 
(Ill  ilic  L'Slli  (»f  iM'luiiaiy,  IS(j;j.  ;i  letter  was  addressed  to  .Mr.  Lay,  J' 
ll  i;il>>-eirs  direetiuiis.  re»|liest  illy'  liiiii  to  ;;i\<'   tlic  pail  ieiilais  of  the 


vi.^.fl-.  olilaiiied  li\  I'liii  I'or  tliat  |)iii'|iose,  and  llie  intoriiialion  .^iveii  Ity 
\|r.  I,;i\  was  eoiiiiiinnieated  to  Mi.  Adams,  to  whom  it  was  likely 'to  l>e 
haiiiK-civ.  til,   ■  ,|  ^i.,vi,.,.  ill  (li>f  iiinnishin;;    the   vessels  leally  de>t  iiietl   lor   theserxiee 
lips  >li(iiil(|  Ih  ■„!  til,' llmiieror  ol'  rhiiia  rroiii  those  reported  to  he  so,  as  a   pretext    loi- 


Its.  ill  Hcccii, 

whieli  il  \v,i- 
to  Karl  ll;;- 
hetter  ;il  !li, 

■;  impos.>ihir  !■ 


.iljicr  purposes  eoiiiieeted  wit  h  the  conrcMlerale  ser\  ice 
Oil  tlie  arrival  of  tlie  lleet  in  rhiiia.  a  dillereiiee  arose   witli  tlie  Chi 
iiiM' ,un\eriimeii!    as   to   the  terms   on  which    tlie  edinmaiid  of  the   lleet 
shoiilil  iie  held,  and  ( 'aptain   Oshorn   evcntitaliy   declined   the  appoint- 


[iider  these  eireiimstaiico    the    IWiiish    ininisler  at    I'elviny  was  of 

hi'  doiif  NMil:  ^„|iiiiiiiii — an    opinion    whieli    was  shared    l»y  Ins  American  colleaiiiies — 

ml  il  the  Meet  was  allowed  to  remain  in  the  liands  of  tlieChliiese  ;;o\  • 


lier  \  (•'-•rl.liir 

I  pi  i\  .III'  tiiiii 
iiaUe  iiiii'iirii' 


rriiiiiciit.  tlu'ii'  was  jiicit  daiiiicr  of  llie   \(s-ssels   heiii^-    hniiuht    for  em 
iJiiMiieiit  as  confederate  ei  niseis.     It  was  iheiefore  arranged  that  Cap- 


Mill  Osltoine  shoidd  taUe  haci;  |)arl  of  the  lleet  to  lioinhas  and   part  to 
liat    ti'i'c  l.viii:  ■£||j.|;iii(|.  ;iiid  there  dispose  of  them  forthi     I'hiiiese   l;(>\  ernineiit  ;  and 


lams  wrote  \« 


vessels  were  hioiijuht  oaciv  aceoidin 


ml  watch  \v.i>  ■  llii  hearing  td'  this  arraiii;('meiit  the  I'.riti.-h  ;;i»veinmeiit  .ua\e  orders 
state  (juiie  nil  ^jjai  cvry  precaution  should  he  taUeii  to  pre\  cut  their  passin;^'  into  tlic 
:•)  he  ( '(i|iel  ' 


III. I 


Mill 


Is  of  any    iti'lli^cieni    pc.vei.     The   sale    of  uiie    of    the   vessels   af 
a  lew    iiioiitlh  ■];,;iiil,ji\  was  stopped:   l»iit    as   she    was    hu'IcIn  an    nnarined    dispatch- 


is    CO 


licet 


II,  the  prohioitiDa  w  as  siiiisetpieiilis  remo\  (mI 


lie  ol  her  ships  *\ei'e 


111    a' 


III  llie  custody  (»f  the  yo\  ei  iiiiieiit.  and  the  law  Dllii'crs    ha\  in;j^  ad- 

that  the  sale  w  ithiii  the  riiitish  ilominions  ul'  armed  ships  uf  w  ar. 

w,aud  n:iiii>'ira|.      |\  e.piipped  for  a  dilVereiit    piiri»ose.  u  as  not    coiiliar>   to    the    lor 

.ondoii.     I'll!'   Hi  ji  eiili>iiiieiit    act,    the    ;;<i\  einnieiit    determined    upon    taking'   upon 

pass  to  ciiiiiii' ■i||,,|||S(.|\,.s  tin-  respoiisiliilitv   of  detailMii;!  tliciii   unsold.      .\   coiiimittee 

me  moiitli   .Ml.  ■«;|.,  ;i,.,.,,i-,|j,,„|y  appointed  to  assess  the  values  nf  the   \cssels,  and   lli< 


larilic^  III  i"i 


e  same  siinier; 
liist   helicM'i,, 


1   CNI" 


aiiatiiiih 


-c  ,;o\  erniiient  weiea>sured  that    they  siidnld  not   ultimately  lose 
iiiiy  delay  in  the  sale.     Se\eral  o\ertiiiis  tor  the  imrchase  of  otic  or 
iiT  III'  the  ships  tell  through  in  ciiii.>e«pience   nf  the   stringent    nalnre 
the  police  ;iliM  ■[,!  til,,  „i, ,,,.,, Hj,.,.^  ,.,.,|,, i,.,,, I    ;,M;,ii|s|     tli-'ii     emplo\iiieiit     l>,\    l»elli;i;t'renls, 
o\iii};  salisfir  ^Jif limii  ,,(||,,|.  cjnises  ;   and   they  were   in   conseipiciice   not    dispo.sed   of 
arcs,  she  ^\■l'■l||  niter  the  close  iii    the  war.     The  delay  and  coiiscipienl  deterioration 
i:ued,  and  ":'^^,|  tlie  xessids  caused  a  lossofoxei    C!0(»,(MI(»,  which  was  made  ;;ood  by 
liiitish  •>()\ fi'iimcnl  lo  that  id'  (Miina. 
I'  tliiis  appears  that,  tliiriii^    the  whole  c(Hirse  of  the  civil   war,  Iwd 


atioii.- 


M. 


si;.".— the  .Viii\.™ii|,s  ,,iii> 


nil  l-'aniiv.    A^Biniil 


\\  I 


re   hiiilt    ill  (ircal    liiilaiii    for.   and   actnalh 


d  already  1 


in  !1 


'lii|iliUed  III.  llie  serviiM*  fif  tJM lifederates.      l''(Mir  oliiciH 


1,1 r  il  r.  -..It 


Fl'lr 


intended    to    lie    Imilt    and    eipiipped,    hut     were    arrested    while 


la  of  '^ilii 


II), ii- 


lliiv 


was  I.Mii-  '' ■}!  till'  ceiiise  <if  coiistriiclioii.  I'.iiir  merchant  ves,sels,  thou^ih  no. 
(it  only  h\  111' ■ii,||i|,.,i  |,„.  \\;,|li|;,.  |Mirposes.  were  converted  into  vessels  of  war  by 
Na.^saii.  •^"'''■auii- Minis  put  on  hoard,  but  oil  of  the  Jiirisdict  ion  of  the  llritisli 
laii  coiiiiiniTM^in,. 1,11, „, III — ivvouf  tin  in  in  eoiifedeiale  ports — and  this  by  reason  of 
im|M»s,sibilHy  (d' jii'lthij;  ships  of  war  built,  owiii';  to  the  active  \i<,nl- 
<>l  the  authorities.  And  it  is  upon  this  toiindation  that  (ileal 
il'iiii  is  represented  as  ha\  ni^  lieeii  ••the  iia\y  yard  ol  the  iiisur;.;ent 
Itiilfs,"  iind  that  liieii  who  must  be  supposed  \o  have  a  conscientious 
|lti<iiatio!i  of  what  is  ju.st  atid  'iitht.  accuse  lairl  IJiissidl  and  Mer 
liijistrs  ^rover.iment  of  '-a  ruiisisteiit  couise  ol  partiality  toward  the 
.:<iMs,"  aud  ol  "a  want  tif  diliy«"i.ce  bouleriii;;  upon  uilllul  iie!,;li 
piict'." 


T 


5(1 


AK'IWTUA  riON    A  |-    (.KM.NA. 


Ill    Uic    I'lliU'd    Slates   jir;^lim('llt    (lie   ]i|(M'('C(liii;;s    of   otiici    uumi; 
,, 1  .,t.,.,  liH'iits  iiif   «'(Hii|»iii»Ml   will)    lliHsr  of  ( iit'iit    I5iitiiiii,  to  tli 


iiliirr  gli\l>ll|lllfltl> 


«lis|)iuiiji('iiu'iit  «>r  tlui  lattiT,     'I'liiis,  of  Iliii/.il,  il  is  sniil 

Wr  Im-;^  Ir;i\c  to    IcI'iT    llli.^    lliull    Irililllinl    ti»    I  lie    .lillllillisl  rat  J  v  i'    li'^llhlliiilis  III  li 


liia/iliaii  Ijiipiii'  lor  tin-  riirmi  riiii'iit   <<l°  iit'iil  ralit.\   in   all   t 


t  lie  I'liipni'.  Ill  till'  am 


.l.'>l 


iiiaiiiK  r.  Iiy  illiiii'iir  artmii  mi    ilir  iian  ,,| 


iiii|ii'!'ial  iiiiiiisti'i >.  ami  nl'  the  imisimial  ini'siili'iii- 
III  tin    Aiiiciiraii  casr,  anil  tlir  (IcMiiiiic'iils  III  w  liiiji  ii  ii'lns,  t  lirn-  i>  •.iillii  init  nul . 
raliiiii  i>r  till'  Inxalty  ami   rl'lirii'iicy  \yU\\   wliirli   llir  liia/iliaii  ;;ii\  ii  iiininl  niaiiii;iii,< 
lt>  sii\  rlri;;nt  \   il^ililist   llic  ay;j;lc«.si\  r  i-lliUts  of  llir  riilll'i'lli'iatis. 

After  lilt'  corrcspoiiilrncc  wliicli  I  liaxc  alrcaily  ivst-ilctl.  I  iii;iy  vd, 
well  sa\  llial  imt  cNt'ii  with  llcf  Miijcstv's  uii\  ('iiiiiiciit  or  oHirn.s  (|i,i 
t lit' concspoiKlciict' of  tlic  I'liilcd  States  (loxcriiiiit'iit  assiimc  m»  ;iii;,'i\ 
a  tone  as  that  wliicli  |>t'i\atlrs  (lie  Ictlcrs  lictwccii  tlif  Aiiici  icaii  u\\n\^ 
lci- and  till'  iWa/.iliaii  ,uo\  eniiiiciit.'  * 

I'ortiiiiid  is  icfcncd  to  in  the  Aiiit'iicaii  ai'^i'mnciil  in  tlicsc  i(iiii>: 

A>   III   I'lirtiiiial,  V  ■•   ii'l'cr  to  llif  riiui's|Mini|c'ii.r  aniirxcil   li>  tin-  Aimi  ii  mm  ( 

(  asc,  III  siiow  that  >lir  al^n  iirv .  r  |iirtrnilril  llial  liiT  iii-ntial  iliitv  waMm 

I'-ri.-ii.  liliril  to  till'  cxrclltioll  of  Illf  |ilo\  isiiiiis  ol'  Iwr   pi'lial    ^o(lL^      Mle  alsii  |i: 

I'ortli  tile  cMTIItiM'  I  lower  of  till'  CniWII    to    ]i1r\  i-llt,  lr|irr.ss.  or    |c|irl  ;i, 

>iri'>si\r  act^  of  til''  I'oiit'iilt'iati's  in  vinlalion   ol' licr   Im^pitalilv.  or  in   tlrroj;aii 

Iii'r  so\t'ri-i;;nt  V.     Nay  mori'.  tlif  iio\  rriiiiu'iit  ol'  I'ortiijial.  limliii;;  its  own    na\al  I'nii 
iiiaili'i|nat('  to  prevent  the  loiil'i'ilerales  I'mm  alin-'infj;  the  ri;ihl  ol'  asylum  in  tlic  \\ 


nlltln 


c.l 


I'lii  Islamls,  expressly  aiilhori/i'il    the  Aineriean    <  iii\  ernnieiit    In  semi   a    iia\al  inu 

I  here  I'lir  the  purpose  of  iletrmllll;;  I  he  soS  eriij;ilt  \    ami  execiit  iiii;  I  he  law    of  I'ol  III;;:,. 

<  )n  tinning' to  tilt'  (lociuiK'iils   referred   to,  I    find   that    I'oitii.uiil  iIhI 
wlial,  a."'  a  iieiilial  iiowcr.  it  \\;is  lioniid  to  do.  naniely,  iiilcrfi'fe  to  jui 
\  fill  I  lie  A /.I  lies  I  Von  I  liciiin'  made  a  tlepot    of  in  tin  it  ions  of  war  m  i  >., 
lor  llie  eoiifederale  eilliseis. 

Willi  referciirr  to  llie  aiit  Iioiii  \  ;^i\  ell  lo  I  lie  I 'niled  Slates  (  Idniii 
nieiil  to  send  a  iia\ai  force  to  llie  A/ores,  all  that  appears  is,  ihal  wlnii 
\lr.  li.irv  (',\ .  the  Iniled  Slates  iniiiistcr,  infoiined  the  X'i.seoiinl  S;m! 
Ilaiitleiia,  the  iniiiisicr  for  war. ! hen  aeliiin  as  ininister  for  foreign  ;itl,iii>. 
what  w  as  ;;oin;;  on  at  the  A/ores,  the  iniiiisler  said.  ••Ihal  the  ishihii- 
iuipiestion  had  heeii  nsrd  and  ahiised  h\  corsairs  and  jiirates  iliirih. 
ceiilnries:  that  lhe\  were  exposed  and  iiiiproteclcd,  and  llieielMi. 
iiii;ihl  he  so  einploved  a;;aiii,  and  that  the  Itcsi  plan  woiild  he  to  semi  : 
siil'iicienl  force  there  to  proleel  American  ships  a;;ainst  ihreateiicd  ilr]' 
redat ions,  and  to  punish  criminal  olfciiders."  In  other  words,  llir  Aiiii: 
leans  were  to  !;:lveeare  of  tlu'iiiseh cs.  This  is  di^niiied  h\  the  imiiicH 
••  deleiidiiiy  the  so\  erei;int.v  aM«l  exeeiiliiijLi  the  law  of  l*(nln;;al."  1  iii;i; 
add  that  when  the  confederate  steanisliip  ^>|onewall  was  at  l,l^^|||; 
she  was  allowed  to  >npi»lv  herself  with  coal,  not  w  ithstaiidiii;^  then 
monstrances  of  the  American  consul.  In  conforiiiit\  with  the  ueiiriii! 
ride  she  was  retpiired  to  leave  in  t  wciit_\ -four  hours. 

The  .\iiierican  ar<;iiineiit  informs  ns  that 

When    alteni|its    were    liiaile    li>     tite     eonfeileiates    to    iiiiisti 


hel 


I  a   iiii 


ihl. 


ami   eipiip  ( riU'"i 
n   the  |iorl'>  of  I'laiiee,  on   inmplaiiit    In  inj;;   iiia<li    li\    the   iiiiiii->lit  " 
the    I'llileil  Slal's.  tile  eoiisl :  net  ion  ot    tliese  \ .  s,.,el,s   was  aili-'ti'il :    i"' 


r  proli 


(I  thai    M 


l>  Ulliler  eiilixiMii'tiiMi,  w  ilh  sllspieiiin  ol'    lirlll 


t  em  lei  I  I'm  I  !ii'  I  mill  <li'rali'~>.  w  eie  in  faei  inii'iiiii  <l  tor  a  iieiitial  );'>\  ■  iniiieiit ,  tin- 1  r>'iii 
minisicrs  leijniieil  prnof  '>!  siuli  pmieNM'il  Imne.si  intent  i<M<,  ami  ijr  itiilly  w  aii  inil  tin- 
Vessels  to  nial<e  r.ii|e  that  ihey  shoiitti  mil  yii  into  the  s,«  \  ire  i4  rlie  ;'iinfe(lelati">.  " 
this  point  We  i|  not  I'  the  hin>,':iaue  «•!'  nliit  iniiiiNlr!  of  in.tiiiie,  it>  t«<IK*ws  : 

"The  vessseU  of  war  to  whiell  \  «m  liave  (ailed  our  lltt'«'Ilt>»'»«v  >ii,ill  not  Irimt! 
porfH  of  Frame  until  it  shall  Itave  tM«-ti  pu.silivelv  ileiiMinsM-i*t«<<  linit  their  ili'sli:i'ii"' 
lines  not  alli'il  the  prim  iples  III    iien'ralitv .  whiili    tin-    I '  •.  infc    u<»\er,'inie'it  \vi>iic-i 

li;iiill>    iiliseive  towanl   Imtli  liellljjeT'f'lltH." 

Tiiitfd  Sttiti'is  AigiiiiMurt  p.  »*, 
Iltitl..  |>.  fiT. 


II. 


>.  ii: 


^T""*^ 


T 


(ii'iMtiNs  OF  sii:    \i,i;.\A\iti.i;  cocKi-.rijN. 


,t.M 


otlii'i  .uovciii 
IW'itiiiii,  to  til, 
il,  it.  is  siiiil: 

lv;;iilaliiilis  of  tli- 

ill    all    till'    |lll|'l«  ir 

<ill    I  III'  |i;n  I  III  r 

is  Miriirii'iit  nul 
lilhi'lil  iimIiiIiiii.... 

I'd,  1    lii;iy  Ml 
or  (»llin'r>  din 
smile   Ml  ;iiim\ 

.ni('i'i<'an  iiii!r> 

• 

lu'sc  lcriii> ; 

Allic-liiMli  Ciiiiii;. 
Ill  lal  illllN  WMs  m; 
imIc.  >Iii'  aUo  |i  • 
■|ilr.^s.  nr  h'lM-l  a. 
r  in  <lri(ii;aiiiiii  i  ■ 
s  iiwii  naval  I'm' 
s\  linn  in  lln-  WVm 
mil   a    naxal  i<>im 

if  law    III'  I'ullllj;;,, 

It     I'ol'f ll,u;il  illil 
lltcrlcic  tn  \>\> 
;   nf  war  nr  i  <... 

I  Slates  (InM'ii: 
H's  is.  lliat  win: 

\'isct»uiit  Sa  li 
)■  foreign  :itliiirv| 
that   tlie  isliiiiii> 
pirates  iliiiii;.] 
anil    tiu'rctiiii 

lid  he  In  m'ImI  i| 

llireatelieil  ili| 

ords,  llir  Ann: 
by  tlie  iiaiiii'i' 

•|ii;;al."     i  iii.i; 

was     at    l.i-!"': 
.taiidiii;^  'iif  i- 

itii    I  lie   "vlici;i: 


ami  i'i|iii|i  I  nil-';- 
ii\  I  lie  milii-lii  "; 
was  aiTfsli'il:  ■!'!' 
.)iirii>ii  of  lii'iii;,'  > 
Miini'iil.  Ill''  I'l'iK' 
ullv  walrliiiltli'"! 
'till(i'ili'lalr-<.    "■ 

h  'II   nil!   IniM'  ■  ■ 
,i   iht'ir  il("<li.i:ii  ' 
•lanic'il   \M''iii"' 


The  doeilineiits  annexed  to  Hie  Cniintei' ( 'ase  of  the  I'nited  States  do 
'„it  contain  more  tlian  a  small  select  ion  df  tlie  eoncspmidence  relalin<:  to 
lii^  siiltjeel.  wliieli  is  jiiveii  in  ;;iealer  detail  in  the  nieiiioire  and  doeii- 
iiiciits  snlniiitti'tl  by  the  (iiited  States  to  the  l''l«'neh  eonrts  of  jiistie*', 
u  tlie  "Allaire  Annan,"  doeiiiiieiils  which,  to  quote  the  wends  of  the 
,1'iiKiire  itsell',  ''show  most  clearly  the  daii.^eis  to  which  M.  Annan 
iiiil  his  associates  exposed  the  maint»'nancc  ol  peace  lietwcen  I'ranco, 
1  the  I'liiled  States."  ' 

The  suit  in  (|iicsti(Mi  was  institnted  in  No\eiiil»cr.  IStJT.  on  the  |»ait  of 
ilic  Tinted  States  a;;ainst  .MM.  Armaii.  \  (un/,  and  others,  for  the  re- 
iivciy  (if  moneys  disluused    liy    j'.nllock.  acting  as  a;^('iit  of  the  ( 'on- 

(Iciiite  States,  lor  the  construction  of  six  \esscls  *il  wai'  in  !•' ranee. 

Alter  cxplainin;:  'hat  the  nieasnres  taken  i>y  the  I'lritish  government 
I  r('S|iect  of  I  he  sei/iire  of  Imth  the  Alexandra  and  I'ampero,  and  the 
iilciitinii  of  the  l»irUenhead  rams,  had  conipelh^d  the  confederates  ••  to 
.ii'k  ill  I'liinee  the  market  they  weie  losinj*'  on  the  other  side  of  tho 
liai.iiel,""  the  nieiiioire  pr(»ceeds  to  relate  that  their  choice  fell  on  M. 
j.iiricii  .\rman,  inemher  for  I'lordeanx  in  the  I'rench  le;^islative  as- 
Miiildy.  •*  winise  ollicial  position  seeme(l  calcnlaled  to  secwre  <;reater 
:iiM'(l(iiii  and  celt  ain  inipiinily  fort  !i(cxecnt  ion  of  these  orders."  An  ai;rec- 
iiiciit  was  accordingly  enlere<l  into  with  Arman  liy  llnllock.  who  staled  in 
ilic  (•(Ultra' I  that  ••with;:  \  iew  to  establish  re^iiilar  eoiiimiinications  by 
-tram  liclweeii  Shanghai,  ( )sa(a,  ^  Cih*,  and  San  I'lancisco,  he  wished 
•ii|ii(i(iire  ill  !•' ranee  lour  steamers  of  ;;reat  speed,  lilted  to  carry  fr(nii 
til  In  twelve  ;;"niis,  foi'  their  protect i(»n  in  those  distant  parts."' 

Annan  undertook  to  bnild  two  of  these  steamers  in  his  own  yards  at 
ilaiilcanx,  and  sub  let  the  building  of  Hie  other  two  to  '•  another  deputy 
ifihccorps  leiiislatif,"  M.  \'(n  iiz.  of  Nantes,  r.esides  these  foni'  stcann'is 
hctintlier  entered,  on  the  HItli  .Inly,  l.S(i;>,  into  a  fresii  agreement  with 
ll!ill(ick  '•for  two  ironclad  steam  rams." 

One  (lilheidty  had  to  Im-  removed  before  the  liiial  ratilication  of  these 
niiitnicts,  and  that  was  the  restriction  jtlaced  by  the  royal  (ndinance  of 
i''17  (III  the  exportation  of  arms  and  munitions  of  war. 

It  has  been  already  shown  that  this  enactment  had  no  reference  to 
■lit' sjiccial  subject  oi' iicntrality,  and  simply  formed  partof  thiit  n'cneral 
V;'is|iition  by  which  the  state  in  I'rance  has  fre(pient ly  soiiyhl,  in  its 
"«ii  interest,  to  place  restraints  upon  pri\ale  c»imnieree  in  articles  of  a 
'illlike  character,  in  the  present  instance,  howcxcr,  its  practical 
■lli'd  was  Id  interfere  with  tlic  aiiniiii;  of  the  ncsscIs.  Accordiiiiily ,  M. 
Annan  applied  to  the  ;;<i\  (■iiiiiiciil  lur  permission  to  arm  t  he  four  ves- 
M'Is.  which  were  l»nildiii;.i  ostensibly  lor  service  in  the  China  Seas,  and 
"ills  was  readily  ;;iaiile(|.  <iii  ihi-  faith  (if  Ins  assiiranec.  liy  the  Marepiis 
Ic  Chassehmp  Laiibat.  the  ministtr  of  mai  inc. 

ill  the  followiiiji'  Septembci'  I  lie  know  Icd^^c  of  t  hese  facts  was  betrayed 
'II  .Mr.  I'.i^iclow.  then  I'liitcd  Slates  consul  at  I'aris.  by  a  clerk  of  M. 
Aiiiian,  who  fiiiioshcd  him.  at  the  same  time,  with  the  oi  i;L;inais  of  the 
'l"t'(ls  drawn  npliclweeii  his  ciiiphiy  cr  ami  I  he  conlederate  ay'elit.  l»nl- 
'"•'k.  as  well  as  of  the  eoi  respoiideiice  exchanged  between  lhe|iailies. 
iii'l  dtlier  papers,  which  placed  beytiiid  possiiiiliiy  ol  doubt  the  exist 
j''i"'c(ir  an  iiittMilioii  on  the  part  of  Arman  to  \iolate  the  iiciitiality  of 
fraiice, 

Mr.  ha,\toii  at  ciice  bioii^^ht  the  niatl(r  under  tin  notice  ol  M. 
I'l'iiiui  (|e  l.Iinys,  then  minisier  for  lorei^n  alVaiis,  and  lollowcd  up  his 

Ml  inniic  iiiiiir  li's  I'tatx-I  ni-  liWiiirininc.  p.  •'■  I. 


Pace  ». 


Ihi.l. 


I.  (• 


I ; 


:\')H 


AKlil TI.'AlloN    AT    (iHNKXA. 


'III. 
lull'. 


Hrst  ri'prcsciitiitiuiis  willi  a  rotiiial  (IciikiihI,  on  tlic  L'lM  ^<'|>tciiilMi.  ii,,,, 
"  flu'  iMTiiiissiitii  to  iiriii  the  ncsscIs  slioiiM  Im'  w  iilitliiiu  ii.  tin-  iiiiiiiiiiin 
tiii'i'  of  tlic  <:iiiis  iiiiil  sliDt  siis)M'nil('(l,  :iii)l  it'  alifiitl.s  (-()iii|)lfti'i|.  ii,;,| 
tln'  delivery  slioiild  l»e  |>reveiitetl."  Ileeaileil  on  ilic  I'leiicli  i^mmih 
nieiit  to  *•  take  siicli  steps  as  il  iiiiylit  deem  best  ealcidaled  to  slup  ^i,. 
luiildiiiu' or  departure  of  the  al»oveiiieiitioii»'d  \essels."  i 

W  riliiiy  on   the  !Mh  Oetolier,  to  expiess  Ids  approval  oT  thr  (..m., 
adrpU'd  l».v  Mr.  I>a,\tt)n,  .Mr.  Secretar\  Seuaid  says: 

It  is  liiirilly  iHTcssavv  to  iiilnnii  >iiiitli;it  tin'  I'n'siilcnl  avNiiils  w  iili  iniiili  Miljcitm!. 
till'   ili'<'i>ii)ii  til'  His   !iii|)i'i'i:il   .M,i,ir>ty\  <^ii\i'niiiii-iit    ii|miii  iIii'   :i|i|ilii';itiiiii   ymi  li;i\ 
iiiiidi'.  anil   caiiiioi   liiit    ic;;ai<l   an    atlvfi.se  di'i'lsimi   as    i'ir;;nanl    wiili  vn;.  mmhui. 
i'i»n.si'(|llrnrr.s. 

Oil   the   1st   of  NoNcinher  Ml".  Seward  writes  a^^ain   to  Mi.  |»,iyi 
e\pressiiio'   hjs  di^appoiiitiiieiil  at  the  iiidiicct  and  iiieoiicliisiv  e  ai 
received   ti'oin    the    l-'reiieii    ;;()\  ('iiiineiit.  and   relyin^-  on   .Mr.   I>;i\ 
eiideaNors  to  (»l»lain  a  more  salislaetorx  reply. 

'I'lie  minister  of  marine  withdrew  th(>  permis.-sioii  to  arm  the  msmK 
bill  Jiistilied  tliee(»iirse  he  had  taUe:i  in  j;raiilin,u  il  '-on  the  l)iiili|ii' 
declaration."  Tliis  measure.  Iiowev  er,  the  memorial  in  forms  us.  ■■iliil  im 
put  a  stop  to  the  const riiclioii  or  filliiiii  out  of  the  ncsscIs,"  whhi 
.\rmaii  coiitiniie<l,  possilily  in  the  hope  of  disposin;;  of  them  li  tin 
confederates;  but  this  the  measures  taken  by  tliC!  l"'reiich  oovciim 
prexeiited.  except  in  the  case  of  one  of  the  steam  rams  liiiililiiii 
liordeaiix. 

Tiie  hist«>ry  of  this  vessel,  originally  known  as  the  Sphinx  ma.\  hv  i 

siinime<l  lip  from  the  memoiie  and  corres|»ondeiice  aiiiii\i  ! 
(Iierelo  : 

Oil  the  Itli  l-'ebriiai., .  isdl,  M,  Droiiyiide  Miiiys  iiilbiiiied  Mr.  I>,i\ 
ton  that  .Vrman  had  '/w'W  him  the  most  positive  assurance  that  in-  Im: 
sold  the  t  wo  iron  dads.  \  i/,  the  Spldnx  and  her  sister-Ncssel.ihe  ('lini|h. 
toth<>  Danish  .u'ovei'niiK'til.'  .Mr.  Dayton  made  inipiii  ies  at  ( 'opeiili:i;:i'i:. 
which  resulted  in  a  tbrmal  cont ladicl ion  of  the  fact  Ity  tin-  D.iiii^!. 
minister  Ibr  loicioii  alfairs.  M.  .\rinaii  next  represented  to  .M.  |)rnii\, 
de  l-liii.\s  that  he  had  sold  thclii  to  Sweden,  and  .M.  Droiiyn  dc  l,liii\- 
repealed  to  Mr.  Dayton,  on  the  Vlh  of  .\pril,  this  new  siali'iin'iii  i. 
.\rmaii,  (w  liirh,  however,  was  almost  immedialely  allerward  iniilM 
ilicted  \>\  the  S.M'dish  (bieii;n  minister,)  declariii;;  himself  *•  .sat iMiiii 
tiiat  till  sale  hat!  been  comphted."  '  Mr.  Da,\toiidid  not  place  the  siiiiir 
conlidriice  ill  .Vrmaii's  assertions,  and  continued,  in  obedience  in  ili' 
instructions  111  his  (bncrnmeiil,  to  make  serious  representations  lo  M. 
Drouyii  lie  l,iiii,\s  on  tli;-  siiiijcc;  of  the  raius.  On  llie  ■>lli  .liaii' In 
u  riles  lo  .Ml.  Sewaid  : 

I  liail  :ilrcail\   iiil'oi  iiicij  M.  |tii'ii\n   dr    l.Ui.y  ■.  nl'  lih-    \riy  si  rimis  i  li.uai  lil    ul  ill' 
1,11    nI  JMIis.  .illii  till'  |i|i>lialilr  i'i.h>i'i|ll"1iri's  W  iiji'll   \\  I  III  III  ri'sllil    I  mill   l  hi'  i  ii|ll)ilrll'ill  > 


ll'il" 


nu- 


ll,. S|.,||,».,ll. 


lIl'iiMli    111'    llhSI'    M's..i.U     I"     lllr    I'llllll'llcrati 


I    iia\i'.  on  ail   lU'i  a.siinirf,  ii>ril  >liiiii. 


lan^ii  1^1'  w  lii'ii  ii|)|ili>il  III  lliisi'  i|iii'Htiu!iK.     I   tiilil  liiiu  lii-iiay  tliat,  in  i'\|iii'.smiiii;  iI>' 

\ii'\\.siir   III!'  I'i'i'siih'lil   nil  tlli-  .sl|li|i'i't.  I  loiilil    >rar(i'iy    spraK   «itll    ll<i'    lln  r^lliy  I'al 

ui'stiirss  ami  (liii'i  I  iii'ss,  wiliiiiiit  ii'i-ni-iiin;;  mi  tliat  i'r.-«|»i  ri  liil  I'm  liraraiii'i' nt  l:iiii;ii;i;'i 
In  \>iiirli  I  lii'sjrol  at  all  tiiiii's  to  liiiiil    iiixsilt   In  inir  nlliriai  iiilririHii>i>.     I  lulil  \nii^ 

llial  slimilil  tiii'.Hi'  M'ssi'l,  |i)|s.s  inlollii'  liamls  nl'  tin-  cmilrili  i^iIih.  Itrrniiii'  illltli  I  ai:'' 
I  Miiiliii'iii-i' a  sy.sli'in  III'  ili-|iii'<l.itiiili  mi  niil  rmniiirlri',  tlir  i'\..^|ii-i  al  inli  wnillil  lir>ii'! 
I  lial  I  111'  I  iiiN  I'i'iiinriif,  if  SI  I  ili>-|iiiTi|  o\  liirli  I  iliil  mil  intiiiiati  tlial  it  vmhi^-I  )>•'  <"''  ' 
M'arri'ly  liriji  lllr  |>i'.ii  I'  liitwrrll  llli-  I  Wfi  riilinlrirs. 

Ill  the  mean  time,  Anna     had  sncci'cdrd  in  def»-atiiiy  tin    \  i-ilaiin''^' 
tin'  I'li'iicli   aiithoiities  m  ihe  fdUouiii"   manner:    It    .March,  f^'d.  li' 


Ml.  Daytmi  In  Mi.  Si'wanl.  .\|irii  T.  I"*!!!. 
Ml  riioiii',  )i,  •,*-. 


oriMONS    OK    Sli;    ALKXANDI-.K    ((tCKIirKN. 


nf)!) 


'(•|>tCII|ltCl,   Il,,|! 

■t>tll|»Ii'l(il,  Iliii! 
•'|'<'IH'||     ^M\(ll| 

led  to  >lii]i  ill,. 
I   til'  the  ciiniM' 


ll    IIIMl'll    >oili'||'.i,| 
lii'MtiiMI    Mill   |i:i\ 

V  itii   vri;.   ^I'limi. 

10  .Ml'.    h.i.M.iii. 

Iflllsixc  illlSWil 

11  Mr.   Davioirv 

I'lii  tlif  \i'>>cN. 
on  (lie  liiiilili'i'. 
ins  us,  ••dill  nil- 

Vl'SSl'ls."    whirl! 

i)i'  tliclii  I'l  tin 
ell  j^DVi'iiiiiinr 
IMS    liiiililiii;;  :i: 

iii\  iii;i\  lif  tin;- 
idi'licc  iiiiiic\is 

)riii<'il  Mi.  I'.n 
ICC  that  lit'  liui; 

Sfl.tllt'  ("lllitlb. 

;it  ('ti|>fldi;i;rl. 
I>y  tilt'  l».llll-l. 
I'to  M.  I)ri>i,\, 
•OllVII  ilf  l,llii\- 

w  .Niatfiiii'iil  " 
t'rw.iitl  fiiiilr.i 
UM'lt'  ••  sati>lii-ii  j 
plat't'  ti.f  s,ii!ii' 
M'llit'iifi'  lit  ill' 
•iitalimis  lit  M. 
ic    -.ill   .lr.hr  111 


1  li:ira.'(ff  i-l'  111'- 
III'  luiiijdcl  It'll  ■i'>'' 
•^iiiiis,   iivil  >liiii; 
ill  (•\|»lr»lli:;  'I' 
||ic    Miir>v:liyi';il 

I  iiici'  III'  laii^iiii^ 

,.:IM',  I  loM  III'' 
lui  Clllll  111  111'  ■  1" 
I.. I,  Wdlllil  I'l'  >"'! 
il   \\  un''!  1"-    '"'•  ' 

(■  \  i-ilaiifi"^> 
dari'li.  I>'it.  ll' 


iiail  ntiicliulcd  a  <'(inti'a('t  of  siili>  with  the  l):iiiish  ;,^ovi>riMii('iit,  tlicii  nx 
;ii'  with  the  (Icriiiaii  ( 'onrctlciat  ion.  I  nit  the  coiidiiioiis  of  I  hi-  contrart 
;itil  liaxia;;'  been  (discrvcil.  tht*  Danish  oHiccr,  to  whom  the  Sphinx  was 
oliiivi'  hct'ii  liaiidcd  omt  at  ISordcaiix,- icriiscd  to  icfcivc  hrr.  Annan, 
i'lnvcvir  toid;  advaiiiayt'  of  litis  contract  lo  ^t'l  the  \csscl  out  td'  I'lcnch 
'(.Iters  iimlcr  the  iiaiiic  of  thi'  Stocrkoihicr,  and  sent  her  to  ( 'opcnhaji'cn 
.iiKJt'r  the  pn'tciicc  (d' auaiii  siilimittiim'  her  lo  inspection  tiu'i'c.  The 
jtuiisli  uKvernineiit  liaxiii;;'  peisisled  in  tlicir  rel'iis;il  tt»  purchase  liie 
\,sst'l.  he  olilainetl  ]>ei mission  to  hriii;;-  her  hacU.  reehristeiied  as  the 
Cliiitlc.  iimler  Danish  colors  it>  Honleaiix.  On  airiviu}.''  in  l-'rencli 
Wiilt'is.  oil  the  islainl  of  lloiial.  on  the  coast  of  iWiliaiiv,  she  sloppeil 
;ii  it'ccive  fidiii  another  sU-amer,  Ity  a  precoiicerleil  anaii;;'enient,  a  crew, 
with  an  arriiaincnt  of  artilh'ry  and  niiinitioiis  (d' war,  htdsled  tiie  con- 
ii'ili'iate  lla,u.  and,  chan;;iii]<>'  her  name  for  the  third  time  to  that  of  llu' 
Stdiifw all,  left  the  freiich  waters  for  I'errtd,  in  Spain,  where  she  oh 
::iiii('(l  permission  to  remain  and  make  some  necessarv  repairs. 
Tlicsc  proceedinjis  were  the  snltject  id' energetic  remonslances  at  I'ari.s 
.ml  .Mailrid.  and  woiihl,  in  nil  ptiilialiilit.\ ,  ha\'e  ;;iven  rise  to  much  more, 
mil  iiitt  the  close  of  the  civil  war  depri\ed  the  <pieslii>n  of  aiiv  practical 
iitcicst  it  mifiht  otherwise  have  had.  the  Stonewall  liavinu'  hci'n  niiahle 
11  I'lniiiiiit  any  acts  of  warfare.  'I'lie  American  (Jovcinnieiit  wisely 
'ivft'iit'il  to  drop  Its  uiievanci's.  as  .Mr.  Sewanl  e\pl;iins  [u  a  lettei'  to 
^li.  Kim'low.  Initeil  States  miiiistei  at  Paris,  datetl  l.'itli  March,   lS(jr>; 

1.1'  ijKiix  I'liii'intiit  ;i  ili'.ja.  niiilri'  Irs  j>iii^>aii('«s  inariliiiirs  iiii)ilii{Mi''i's  iliiiis  I't'lli- 
..liiiri',  lii's  cniisrs  lie  |ilMiiii(' ,isM'z  iKtiiiliiciiscs  ct  a.-""!'/ ;iia\  i"».  II  |)ii'i<'ir  iiiaiiiiHiins 
'iiii'ti'iiir  la  )iai\.  I'liai  nu'iiic  rt  rainitic  avii-  i  cs  |nils>.-iii('i'>,  |iliili')t  i|iii'  ilr  iriiiriclii-i 

■  •  MiillVillcN  I'Ci'M.siuiis  ill'  i|ll('l'i'll(',  I'l  il  .s'i'Sl  iuii'ia  t  li'^-ilrUlrllS  >i  lrs;l]i|ililirllMi)lls  i|lli' 

allairt' acliii'lli'  a  .■M'lilrvi'rsin' .sunt  [las  Jiisl  ilii  .-.s.   i.i  s  I'ii'ciin.staiici'^  si'iii!:'"'it  iraillriii's 

iMilisi-r  li'S  \M'll\  till  y,iinvi'l  lirllirlll  !l  (  rl  I'llillnil .  Ni'S  tlrrilii'l'>  a\is  li'lr;;rii|iliii|ni's 
'iii>  iiilii'iiii  lit  i|ii<'  It'  StiiiK'U  :ill  I'sl  mIi^iiIiiiiii'IiI  Ih'I's  tl'i'tat  ilr  It'iiif  Ui  iiii'i',  ct  i|iir.  I'liiii 
'•ti  r;ii'-(iii   rl    I'liiir  (riiMlrc-.    Irs    ci  iiuiin'N   niii    li    )ii>».  ilnit    clu'ii  ln'iit  a  >'iii  ilil'ar- 

riitiii  this  ii;irrali\  f  il  will  he  seen  ht»w   \er.\    dilVtifiil    was  the  view 
■;iM'ii  of  these  circilliistaiic«'s  Wy  the  ( !o\ ci  niiieiit  ol    lln-  riiiled  Stales, 
I  tilt' lime  w  hen  1  lie\  ociiii  retl,  from  I  he  ctdor   now    son;;hl    to  be  put 
'I'liii  tlie'ii  by  the  .\merican  arjiilineiit. 

Tlic  iiiiiiiiiiji  td   the  biockiide.  as  il  is  termed,  by  I'.ritisli  vessels,  nnd 

ill' use  of  the    Dahaiiias  ami  Itermiida  ami  ol  her   i>laiids.  as     ,.  „, 

i'latcs  by   means   id"  w  hich  the  blockade  riinnin;;  miulit  be    i- '•"''■  """"»•• 
ailiiatctl.  wi'ic,  t hroii^hont  the  war.  IIh*  cause  of  iince.isiim  and  loiitl 
iiiiiiplaint  on  the  part  «tf  the  I'niteil  Stales  ( lt>\  eriimeiit.      No   doubt    il 
«;i>a\i'ry  j^feat    annoyaiicc'   to  the    Initcd    States:   but    it    in    reality 
illi'iilt'd  IK)  If'^ilimate  c.inse  of  Liiicv  ance. 

Tliiit,  w  hen  t he  arms  and  miiiiilioiis  id    w.ii  iii'i'i'>.>aiy   to  the   corfed 


;{G0 


AKISiri;ATIn\    W    (JKM'.VA. 


iSiTi; 


J. 


"i' 


x: 


aiitics  of  its  pints  iii:i(l«'  if  «'\trt'iin'ly  (liHiciilt  lor  ncciiii  ;x<»iii;:'  \t'>si-K; 
ii\(>><l  piii'siiit  ;iii«l  (Mptiiir  ill  ciMlriivoriii;;'  to  nitri'  tlicin,  ail\iiiii;|M|.  ^^. 
tiikni  !>('  tlic  proximity  of  tlic  ISaliiiiiiii  Islands  and  l>criiiiid.i  tn  t| 
soiitlnTii    ixnts   In   fraiissliip   llu>  cargoes  sent  iVoni    llii^iland,  it  the 


pla 


CCS,  into  last  strainers  ol  li^^ht   <lran^lit,  w  liirli,  talviii* 


a.lv; 


II  \Uv 


■l.ll 


shallow  waters  into  wliicli  tlicy  could  not  easily  lie  pnisned.  cniild  ii 
liiid  means  mI  elndiii;!:  the  hostile  erniseis.    jiy  these  means,  tlioiiuli  >|| 
and  car;;»>es   to  the  \alne,  it  is  said,  of   CS.(llM>,oil(>  sierliii;;'  tell  mi 
hands  of  the  i'ederals.  a  Ncry  lar;;c  <piaiitity  of  anus  aii«l  articles,! 
traltaiid  of  war.  fotiiMl  their  way  to  the  eoiifederate  ;;overnmeiii. 

TIm"  lirst  (jnestion  which  pres«'iils  itselt'  is.  was  the  tiallic  iiiilnwrnl ; 
So  far  iinlawliil  iindoiihti'dly,  l»y  the  law  of  nation.;,  as  hetwcni  th, 
raderand  the  liloekadin;^  lielii;^erent.  that  if  the  lielli;;ei'enl  c(iii|i|c;i|,.{, 
tlie  vess<'l  in  the  act  of  hreaUiii;;  the  l»Iockade.  \fssel  and  car;;i»  wmilii 
lu'coiiici  lawful  prize;  hut  hy  tlie  law  of  nations  in\i)l\in<:'  no  iiltcii,>i 
lial)ilit\.  r>y  the  municipal  law  not  prohihited.  and  therefoi'e  intt  ini 
lawlnl — not  even  siitlicieiitly  so,  as  has  iteeii  lalei\  hehl  l>y  Lord  Wi-: 
Itnry  in  the  ease  off./'  inoli  ('liavasse  ///  »c  ( Ira/elnook,'  and  l»y  Ii; 
liiishinutoii  in  that  of  the  Helen,'  to  avoid  a  contract  inaile  in  cuiitii: 
platiini  of  such  a  transaction,  iloa  as  lietween  the  IdockadiiiL;  lull;. 
ereiit  and  the  country  ot'  the  lilockadernnnin.u  trader  .'  ('Ieari\  ainl  ii 
dispntal»!y  wylhont  conseipieii'-e  ol'  aii\  sort. 

It  has  never  heeii  contended  hy  any  one  llial  a  neutral  st.ite  iiiciiiiiMi 
any  respcinsiltility  1»>  the  ;;eneral  law  (d"  nati<»ns  l>y  reason  olaiiy  violi 
ti(»ii  of  neutrality  l»y  its  snhjects,  in  carrs  la;;  »»n  trade  with  a  l»lorl;,iiln! 
port.  It  is  therefore  clear  that  a  neutral  ;4'o\eriiinent  is  md  linuml  |» 
pridiihit  such  lra»le  hy  its  municipal  law.  With  the  sin;;le  cxccpiiui 
of  Denmark,  if  my  memory  does  not  decei\e  ine,  no  Mnropean  stale  lii^ 
l»rohihited  it.     'I'he  riiit«'((  Slates  have  no  law  which  does  su. 

Siicli  lieiii;;  the  state  of  the  international  law  of  the  ci\  ili/ed  wmli; 
and  the  innnicipal  law  of  (ireat  Britain  on  the  hreakin;;'  out  of  the  \v;ii. 
not  only  was  it  n(d  iiicninheiit  on  (ireat  Hritain  as  a  duty  to  alter  it> 
law,  with  a  \  iew  to  prohihitin;;  its  suhjects  from  trading  ^^>th  the  hlork 
aded  polls,  hut  to  iiave  don(>  so  woiihl  ha\e  been,  as  it  seems  to  iiie.  ii 
direct  cmdravention  (d'  a  fundaineidal  pi'iin'ipal  of  neutralit\ — iiaiiicl}. 
that  a  neutral  power  shall  not.  with  a  view  to  a  pendiii<;'  war.  C'  ([tt  >> 
far  as  may  lie  necessary  tor  the  fnllilliiK  lit  of  its  own  *d)li;^'ations  as  .1 
neutral,  alter  its  law,  or  make-  new  re;;ii)atioiis.  Iia\in;i'  the  ohjert  o: 
«'l1ect  of  faxorili;;' one  li«'lli;.'('rcnt  at  the  e\i»ense  of  the  other.  I'.iit  tlii' 
such  would  have  been  tln'  ellect  of  an  alteration  ol  the  law,  as  dcsiriil 
hy  the  I'nited  States,  hy  passin;;an  act  to  make  hlockade-runiiiii;.;  peiii!. 
is  maiiif*  St.  The  I'liited  States, as  hetwceii  them  and  t  lieii' ad\eis,iiii'>. 
were  masters  of  t!i«'  seas,  and  had  tlu'ir  ports  (»peii,  and  could,  tlieit'lnii. 
freely  n'ceive  tlu'  car^i'ocs  id' arms  and  mnnitioiis  id"  war  whiciiwni 
heili;;  daily  supplied  to  them.  To  t  he  conlederate  ,<;o\  eriiiiieiit  the  hlmk 
ade  riinner  atVordcd  the  only  means  of  idiiaiiiin;:;  the  arms  with  wliiili 
lu^  was  to  lijilit  for  inde|iendeiice.     An  .dteiation  of  the  law  would  li;iV' 


leen  to  place  him  helpless  in  the  powi 


r  ui  his  eiieinv.      Would  it  h-w 


hvi'U  consistent  with  iieutralilv  to  alter  the  law  at  such  a  time,  ami  wit 


the  eertaiiit  v  ot*  such  a  result 


Tl 


le  ri.i;ht   of  a    lielli;;ereiit   to  f\vU\>h 


the  copiinerce  of  a  neutral  from  a  hlockadeil  port  is  too  well  estahlislm 
t<»  he  shaken  ;  Init  it  is  the  most  odious  and  arbitrary  Ibrni  in  wliicli  ili' 
freeihmi  of  the  neutral  can  be  interfered  with,  and   I  <-aii  see,  tlicretui* 


II  .li 


I' 


leii. 


t  l.iiw  li'iji..  Ailiii.  all'!  i'.i'i  1.,  I. 


*'ii 


<H'i\io\s  or  sii;    M.iAAViir.i;  c.x  kui  i;\. 


U'A 


>\UI£  \t'SSclM,, 

nl\illlt;|^c\\;|v 
l'llll|l|.(     to    till 

:liiii»l,  .It  III,.,, 

iHlVMIll.llic  III 
I'll,  ftlllhl  lliii, 
,  tlimi;;li  S||||,^ 

;;'  i'fll  iiitii  III, 

I  illiil'lcs,  (nil 
IIIIIClll. 

Ilic  Miilawtiil: 

i     Ix'tWiTll    111, 

lit  <M)iili|cati|i 

(I  (Ml';;n  Wiilll,'; 

lij:  lilt  iiltciii'; 
rrloif  not  nil 
»\  lionl  Wcv' 
;','  mill  l>y  Id 
nlc  ill  niiiti'ii, 
•l<;i<liii,u  lirlli. 

'Iflirlx    ;llli|  11: 

.St. lie  iiii'iiriiii 
n  ol'  liny  vinj.i 
li  a  lilii('l;;li|n'; 

not      llOlllhl    In 
lljilc    CXCt'llliiil 

i|i«'aii  .*itiiit'  li,i> 
[s  .so. 
ivili/cil  Win  111 

tilt    ol'   lIlC   Will, 

ity  to  alter  \\- 

vi'tli  tilt'  liliii'k 

cin.s  to  nil'.  II 

alitN — natiii'l}. 

war.  <'  •   t'|it  >' 

(li^iiitioiis  ii> . 

the  olijcct  111 

lin-.     lint  till' 

i\v,  as  (loiifi; 

iiiiiiiiii<<;  |)<'ii,il> 

ir  aiht'isiirii'v 

illtl,  llicivliiii 

ir  w  liii'li  \vti, 

ifiit  till'  Itl'iiK 

IIS  with  \\liiii. 

i\v  woiilil  li;i\' 

N'oiiltl    It    llIM 

tiiiif.  anil  Willi 

•lit     to    CXflll'l' 

ell  »'slalilisiii'' 
II  in  -tsiiicli  lii' 
sec,  tlicn't'""' 


iiii  reason  why  a  ;;ov('iiinii'iit  shoiihl  iiitoil'crr  to  iiiake  tlif  cxtM'cM.sc  of 
till-  [Miwcr  Mioj-f  |)t'otliii-tivt'  ol'  tlrti'inieiit  to  the  colli  nil  TCI'  of  ivs  siiltjccts 
;|i;iii  it  lu'i'cssarilv  caiiics  with  it  at  present,  I'.iit  if  any  alteration  of 
tlic  law  is  to  take  place,  it  shoii'd  he  in  lime  of  peace,  not  when  the 
,li;iii;:c  would  pro\('  latal  to  one  of  the  coinUalaiits,  and  insure  vicrtory 
M  tlie  other. 

Karl  IJiissell  put  the  ni.itter  on  tin-  liylit  footin;;  when,  in  answer  to  a 
ii'iiioiistratiee  of  .Mr.  Adams,  on  the  l.tli  of  May.  I.stiJ,  he  replied: 

It'llli'  Itl'il  isll  ;;iiM'rnilirlil,  liv  \  il  llU'  nl  tllc  |H  rni;;;it  i\  I-  of  till'  (  'niwii.  Ill  l>\  .nil  III  oily 
i!  I'ariiallli'llt,  li.'lil  lirnliiMlril  .uid  riMliil  lia\  i'  |il  r\  I'tili'ij  till-  i'i)ii\  I'Viinri'  ill  lii'il  i-tll  lilrl  - 
,li;ml-'.lo|)H  III'  linns  mihI   aiiiiiiiiiiilinii   In  llic  ('oiiI'i'iIi'ImIi' Staiiw,  ami   Inul  allmvi'ij  ijn- 

I   111'  w.ir   In   N'l'W   Vurk   ami    In  miIut  I'ciliTal    p.iiis.  ilri 


IHIH) 


III    nl'  Hlli'll  rnlll  rati. MM 


\|:lii'^l>'"*  ;fn\  IMOIIH'III  W.iulil  liasr  i|c|(:lltril  rrniii  tlli'  lirlllral  |iiiiilinn  liny  lia\r  lls- 
viiiii'il  ami  iiiaiiitainril. 

II.  on  tlirntliiT  liamt.  Il<'r  .Maji'^ty's  ^^nvrrinoi'iil  liail  prnliihitnl  ami  rnnlil  liavr  pre- 
•  iiti-il  till-  tiaospnri  nl'  ai'iiei  anil  aioiioiiiil  ion  In  linlli  lln-  roiilcmlinL;  parlicH,  tlit-y 
iMiiliI  liaM<  ilcpiisi'il   llir    t'oili-il  .<talrs  nl' a  H'li.at    part   ol'  tin-   iiirans  li\   wliji'li  ||ii>y 

hivr  i'.ui'iril  nil  ilii'  war.     Till' ai'iiis  ami  amniiiiiitinn  n ivnl  I'rntii  lirral    Itrilain.  u>4 

.ill  as  I'lniii  nlliri  ni-nli'.il  rniinli'ii'H,  have  i-nalili-il  I  In-  t  nilnl  Slali's  In  III  mil   I  lie  I'nr- 

iihilili'  armii's  imw  ni^ani'il  in  canv  in;;  on  ilic  w.w  .niaiiist  I  lie  Smitlifin  Sialrs,  wliilc. 
ly  iiii'jiiiH  nl'  I  In-  lilnckaili'  rslalilisln-il  l>y  tin'  t'cdcral  ( invcinnienl .  Ilic  .'^nnlloTii  ."^latrs 

iVi'  111  III  ilt-piisi'il  nl'  -iniilar  ail\  .inta:;i's. 

I'lif  imparl  iai  nlt>ri\  amc  nf  ni'iitral  nlili'^al  imis  li\  Hit  Majesty's  ;;n\iTniniiii  lias 
I  'IS  liri'ii  I'MTi'ilinnly  ail\  aiita;;i'iins  in  t  lir  laiisc  nl  t  hi-  nmir  powrii'nl  of  t  lif  I  w  n  ■  nii- 
•iiiiiii;;  p.irlir.s. 

Tlie  same  reason  applies  to  the  fre(|iient  ii.se  of  the  ports  of  the  l>a- 
liaiiias  and  ISermiida  as  entrepots  for  the  blockade  riiiiiiiiin'  car;;'oes. and 
tlie  traiissliipntent  of  the  latter  into  linhicr  craft.  There  was  not liin;^' 
111  all  this  ill  any  way  contrary  to  law.  \'«'ssels  with  car^joes  of  anus 
iiileiided  for  tin*  Soiithcrii  p*»rts  had  a  peilect  ri;.:lit  to  enter,  reiiiaiii, 
mil  i|iiit,  when  and  as  they  tlioii;;hl  proper.  If  this  tratlie.  suddenly 
»|iiiii;,Mii;>'  lip,  soon  assiiined  such  larj;e  diineiisi(»ns,  the  i-an.se  was  to  We 
tiiiiiDl  in  the  tbreed  iiit<-rritptioii  of  the  trade  with  tli(>  Soiithern  ports 
;liroii;;li  the  ld«M'kade.  Here  aji'ain  a  neutral  ;i(»v«'rninent  could  not  lie 
rilled  upon  to  make  new  laws  to  pre\ent  the  neutral  trader  'roni  avail- 
ill:' himself  of  such  means,  not  piicoiisistent  with  law,  as  circuinstatie*  s 
I'lat'cd  at  his  disposal  in  seekinj;'  to  compensate  hiitiself  toi-  the  r*- 
-iniiiits  imposed  on  his  eonMner<'ial  freedom.  When  the  ordinary  coiir.M' 
III  tliiiiy:^  is  (listurlted  l>y  iiiterveninn;  force,  the  tendency  is  alway>.,  in 
Millie  shape  or  other,  to  a  restoration  of  the  etpiililiriiim.  Infortu. late- 
ly.instead  of  .seeiiin-  in  all  this  only  the  natural  etleet  of  coinme.'eial 
*|ii<'iilatioii  and  I'literprise,  the  I'liited  Slates  ( ioveiument,  in  the  e\- 
■itiiiieiit  of  the  time,  .saw  in  it  iiothinn-  Itiit  hostility  to  the  cause  of  tlu' 
'  iiioi:.  Impressed  with  this  idea,  .Mr.  .Seward  writes  to  Mr.  Adams,  on 
the  mil  of  .March,  JSiL': 

Infill  in.'ll  inn    lli'l'ivnl     I'lnlll    iilir   rnli>ii|     :it     l.i\rrpnn|     ('nnlil'lll-    I'l-pnlis     \s]|irli    lia\>- 


iiliril  M><  iliat  iiiMiiiamr  cniniiaiiies  in  r,n;ilaml  air  ii 


isnilll;^  \i>>c|>   (■iiy;a;ir(l   III  lilli- 


iiii;;  iiiii  MiicKailr,  ami  rvi'ii  vi'^si-Ih  ranv  hi;;  rnni  raliaiiil  nl'  war.     'I'liis  is.  in  rlli  rl.  a 

Iiiiialinii  nl'   Itrilisli  rapilalisis,  'inilrr  li';;.il    anllmrilv,  In   lev  \    war  a;;ainsl    llie 

i  mini  stairs.  It  is  I'litiii'ly  imniisisiciir  with  llir  rrlalinnsnr  rrii-mlsliip  w  liirli  wr, 
'loin  pait,  iiiainlaiM  tnwiinl  (tr<'al  Itritain  :  amiui'  ranmil  Itrlicv  r  thai  llrr  Itiilan- 
iii' .Majesty's  ;;n\riiiiiirnt  v\  ill  rcjjraiil  il  as  I'nmpalililr  with  thr  atlitiiili- >'!    iii-iitrality 

i'lillailmd  liy  that   miMMllinrllt.       Its  iHiit     is    tn    plnlnnn  Ihi'*   slllljf;;lf,  <|i  stiny   li'^jlti- 
lliall' lillllllUTl'f  nl     Itritisli  Slll»ir(ls,  allil  r\rilr  ill    lllis  eoilllliy  riflilins  of  <ltT|i  aliellll- 

'lllll. 

I'lay  liriiiu;  this  siiliiiTl  to  I  he  nntiti-nf  Mail  liiissi'll,  ami  ask  I'm  init-i  \  I'lilion  in  sonic 
■"fill  wlii.h  will  I lilricnt. 

*>iir  I'liiisiiK  in  l.iimlmi  anil  l.iM-r|iiMil  can  I'lirnish  ynii  with  all  the  int'nnnation  ymi 
'ill  iMiiiirf, ' 


f^ 


I'lliled  States  llncniliclils,  \nl.  i,  pp.  .Mtti,  ,'i;!7 
-  I'lliled  Slates  llnclinielits,  vol,  i,  p.  1>0. 


;(i2 


AintlllrMloN     Al     (iKNKNA. 


M  !, 


r»- 


^Ii'.  Atlaiiis,  ill  ;i  Irtirr  ((»  I.iud  Ifiisscll  mC  tin'  .".Otli  nf  DciimiIm-i.  Isiij 
<'i)lii|ilailis  ill  iMllirst  liiti;;il!i;;r  : 

It  is  II  Curl  tliat  I'i'w  |ii'isiins  in  jji^rlnnil  will  now  lir  Imlil  i'iiiiiii;li  inilniv,  hui.tli,' 
v'l'MMi-ls  li:iv<>  liri'ii  liiiilt  ill  Itiitisli  |iiirlH.  :i<«  wril  ii>>  niiiMiril  li\  i  lii  .Mii|i'<<t  \ '<. -nlii,, ,, 
Willi  llir  <li'>iL;ii  iiiiil  ii'lfiil  III  (im  >  (III  war  auiiin^l  llic  1  niliil  Si.iIih;  .•'•■I'lniiil),  il,,; 
ollifl'  \  i>si  Is  iiwiii  li  li.\  lliil  i>li  siiliji'ils  li:i\  I'  ItiTii  ami  air  Ml  ill  t  lii'  I'liiist  alil  [u.k  ||,, 
ol'  ili'|i;ii  I  ill!;  I'liiiii  liiiiioli  |)i>rl»,  laili'ii  ^^itll  rniii  laliaiiil  nl'  war  ami  tiiaiiy  nijn'r  <  cnii 
iiiiiiiii  ii 's,  Willi  I  III'  inlnil  In  lnraK  t  lir  lilnrkaii)'  ami  In  luni'i  a>l  iiiali-  I  In-  war:  tiiiiii;, 
thai  Mirli  \  rs'^i'ls  iiav  •'  III  I  n  ami  arc  iiisini'il  li\  |!i  iti>li  iiirii'liaiil>  in  I  In- ruiiiiiiiii  n 
tiiwiiM  III'  IIiIm  kiii;;i|iitii,  with  llir  iiiiiliTMaiiiliii;;  lliat  tlii.v  air  ili-<|>alrlii'il  t'ni' llial  ill< 
;^al  |iiii'|Mi>r.  It  is  liflii-\  I'll  III  III'  Iti'viiml  ili'iiial  that  ilritisli  siiliii-rts  Ikim' Iht 
runt  ill  III-  Id  Itf,  I'll  lisli'tl  in  this  Uiii;;iliini  in  tlir  mtn  ire  mI'  tlir  inNiir;!<'iits,  w  iih  t| 
tfiit  III  iiiaki'  war  on   tlir  I'niti'il  Stairs,  nr  In  lirraU   tlir   lilnrUaili'   lr<;itimali'l\ 


II.  aiM. 
If  III 

THial' 

I'lXlll. 


li.slii'il,  anil  to  a  |irii|iiirtiiiiiati'  rvti'iil  to  aiiiinl  its  |iiir|io-i'.  It  is  lirlicv  nl  thai  | 
lii^li  in  soi'ial  |iii>itiiiii  ami  in  I'mtiim' ronti  ilmti-  thrii  aiil,  iliri'i  ll\  am!  imliirri!v,n 
liiiihliii;;  ami  i'i|iii|i|ilii^  slii|i->  of  war  if^  will  a>  ot  hi'i'  \  I'sxrls,  ami  tiiriiishiii;;  uicini'v  :i. 
well  as  ^iioils  w  it  h  t  lir  liii|ir  i  if  sustain  iii<^  I  lir  insiir^iriils  in  t  hrir  ri'>.i--tani'r  In  I  lir  lim 
rniniriit.  Ti)  that  nnl  tlir  |iiirt  nl'  Na-Haii,  a  rnlnnial  i|r|irnili':ii'\  nl  (iirat  Iti  il;iiii.  Ii.i> 
lii'i'll  mat Ir.  ami  si  ill  rnlil  inilrit  In  III',  t  lir  ;;lrat  rntrr|ii>t  I'm  I  lir  still  in ;>  i<r  si||i|ilii'N  wjjii! 
air  I'liIlN  I'M'il  I'lnm  lllrnrrwilh  I  lir  i;rratrr  laril  it  V  illrvailill^  till'  liini'Kaili'.  In  ■.jiiiil 
Ml  t'ar  as  thr  arl>  nl  tlir-r  niinirrnii-<  ami  iiilliinitial  jiaitirs  ran  iiiMilvr  tlii'in,  rl' 
Itritisli  |ii'n|ilr  ina\  In-  rnnsiilriril  as  art  ii.'illv  ran  \  ini;  mi  w  ar  a'^ain^t  thr  t'ni  In  I  SiiHi . 
Alrrail.v  Krili-h  )irii|ii'i  ty  \  alnnl  at  r it; lit  millinn-^  nl'  iiniiinls  stn  lin;;  is  rrpni  in|  tu  |i;i\. 

Iirrll  i'ii|ltnrnl   liy  I  lir  vrssrls  III' I  hr  I'llitril  .S|atr>  Inl'  at  ti'ni|ils  to  \  iiilatr  thr  hliiikaii' 

ami   |iin|ii'rty  (it   far  ^rratrr  \ aim-  lias  rithrr  lirrii   surrrxst'iillv  inli'iiilnrnl  m   i->ip,' 
stiiiril  at  Nassau  a\>ailiii;;  I'avnralilr  n|i|inrlnnit  ii"~. 

Iliit  lii:il  t lii'si'  wi'ic  fotiitiirn-iiii  s|MM-iil:itiMiis,  and  liail  im  iiitMi'iiii 
to  any  political  syinpatliics,  is  plain.  Iiom  tin-  rnllowino^  Irttci'  I'lum  Mi 
.Morse,  the  I'liitcil  Stales  eoiisitl  ^^ciieral.  to  Mr.  .\(laiii^.  of  tlie  L' liji  ,,1 
the  same  inoiilli.  .Mter  iiieiit ioiiiti^  the  <lilVereiit  steamers  eii;:a;:i'il  iii 
the  hloeUatle  riiniiii/;i'.  he  sa\s: 

Thr  iiw  lii'rshi|i  nl'thrM'  slrainrl^.  thr  ial>;cirs  thrv   ral'lN    out.  ami  thr  niallllcl  iil'inli- 

iliii'l  in^  I  III'    tiailr.  is    a   iinrstinnnl'  inin  h    inlrirst    In   .Vinrrirans,      |iniiiiL(   tliy  far!. 
'Ia>;i's  III  thr  war  thr   iiinlrwas   rariinl   nii    pi  iiiri|ially  li.\  an 'iits   srni   ii\  rr  t'niiii  ll. 

inii-Ms  ami   ,'irti\i'  ■•>  III  path  i/^l^  in  tin- 

irni 


('nnrnlriatr  ."stairs,  aiili'd    li\    a   t'rW  inrlralllilr    1 


roiinlry.     'I'hr-'r  aj^riils,  with   llirir  tVirmls  hnr,  pni'rliasnl  thr  sii|iplirs,  ami  | 'ni'i 
slcai'irrs,  iiinstly   Ity  rhailrr,  ami  I'orwarilnl  lln- yinnils. 

lint  liy  lar  Ihr  lai';{rst  |iortiiiii  of  Ihr  traiir,  with  prrl.aps  thr  rM'rptinn  nl  tiniti; 
small  arms,  is  iiair.  .-iml  t'nr  a  hini;  tiinr  lias  Inrti.  nniirr  thr  inanaLirinriil  ami  niiitioli 
Itritlsh  inrrrlianls,  ll  is  rai  rinl  on  primip.'illx  li.\  Itrll  ish  rapital,  in  lliit  isli  ship..,  inn 
riossrH  tin-  .\tlaiitii'  ^imlrr  tin-  pint  nl  inn  i.f  thr  |ti  it  ish  Ihi'^. 

rariirs  ronir    iron.    Itirhllinml    with    rnnlrarts    liiaili'With    thr    h  Inl    i;n\  n  iilinlil  I 

prli'i'lila'^r    aliovr  thr  rnst    ill  rnlifrilrl.ilr  |Milt' 


illii'h   llir\    air   In  lrrri\r    a   MIX    hll 


nf  Ihr  all  irirs  spnilinl.       Hlilish    lllrlrhants    lirnniir  intrl'rstnl   ill    I  hrsr  i  (Hit  I  ail> 


|iart  ll  ipatr  in  t  hrir  pinnt> 


I  ll 


iliaw  n   nnl  in  il 


mil  ha\  r  III  aiit  of  nl  lire 


:l\r    srrli     llir    p.ilt  K  lllai  s  ii|    nlir  sili  ll  i  iilitrai  I 


'I'llrrr  air  j;nnil  rrasniis  fur  lirlirV  in;^  that  a  hll  ur  piirt  inn  III'  I  hr  siipplir-  liiolr  li'i  rilli 

sent  tollir  aiilol'thr  in^nr^riitshas  Imn  smi  hy  nirir  haul  son  thr  i  row  n  ar.'niint.    ,<i'Vi'm 
w  ill  Join  In^rthrr  to  rharlrr  a  slranirr,  ami    inakr   up  ii  car;;!)  inilrpriiilriit  of  nil  n': 
Irartors,  ra<'li  in\  est  in;;  as  iniirli  in  I  In-  riilripi  isr  as  hr  may  ilmii  rspnlirnl.  mi  ronini. 
to  Ills  /.rat  ill  the  I'l'lirl  rallsr,  nr  his  linpr  nl  rrall/in^  pi'niil  frnlll  thr  sprrlllat  ioli. 

Ajjaiii :  snnir  niir  w  ill  pill  lip  a  slranirr  to  carry  c.'ii;;ii  to  a  rdirl  pm  t  at  an  riiuriiix^ 
lalcol  firi^hi.  or  to  ports  on  thr  .Mlanlir  orllnlf  coast,  .siuh  as  lirrinmla.  N:!"':!:: 
Havana,  .M  ilamnras.  Acal  a  Irss  firi'^hl,  to  In-  from  thrir  ir-.hipiinl  to  siirh  Sniillnr^ 
ports  as  appeals  In  a  linn  I   I  he  lirst  nppnrt  iinil  irs  Inr  ^ainiii;;  an  riilranrr.     Ships  Imiiiim: 


isr,  nnl    ails  i'rti>ril,  nr    thrir  (list  iii.'itiiin    iiiailr  kinirtiil' 


on  I  hrsr  \  n\  a;;i's    arc,  of  rnl 

Ihr  piililir.     Thrir  I  ar^iirs  arr  ni.nir    lip  III    iniln  iiliial  shipnirnls,  on   an'oiint  ami  i 

of  I  hr  shippi  '  •.,  nr    ;;o  ill  In  a   Jnilit   stnrk  rnlirrin.  nil  am  ill  lit    ami  risk  nf  Ihr  nMiipall) 
I'.'irll  nirinlirr  (hrrftnf   irali/iliii  plolil  nl'    slllt'crili;;    Inss    ill    prnpnrlinn   III  thr  .lllliilllil  I'' 

iiiM'sinlin    thr    ail\  rut iiir,      Itiilh   slramrrs  ami    cai-ror.s   arc  nflcn,  if  imt    '^riii-ially 
insnicil  in  lin;;lanil  "  In  yn  tn  Aincrira  ir»'/i  lihirli/  In  run  tliv  lilnil.iiili  ."^ 

The  views  of   Her   Majesty's  ( io\  erniiieiit  wei'e    set    I'oith    in  a  li'l''' 
fioin  lOail  Kussell  to  Mr.  Ailams: 

With  ri';;,'iiil  In  thr  "  s\  strinat  ii   plan"  whirli  yon   -ay  lias  Inm  piirsnnl  1>\   IhiM' 
'  I  iiitnl  Stairs  Itncmnriits.  Mil.  i.  p.  T",".'. 


Iliiil. 


1' 


II. 


('n-iillii'i,  Isiij 
>  <l<'iiy.  rn-t,  111,' 

lajr^l  \  '•.    ^l|ll|,|  |. 

t ;    M'rii|iill\,  till! 

I'MIISillllll     |l|,|lll.. 

IllMliy  iillii'l'  mill 

I  111'  VMM  ;  lliii(i:\ 

II  I  III'  riilllllli  h  II 

i'lii'il  I'm  ili.ii  lili 
l>  li:i\  !•  lircii,  aiii 
•111-,  w  itii  llii'  III 
';;iliiniitrlv  i'«iaK 

'\  I'll    lllllt    |ll'lM>ll- 

IMll    ill<illri'l!v,  II 
lli>llill;;  lllulli'V  :i- 
lllllri-   III   till'  (in, 
ill'lll     I'll  lllllll.  Il,l> 
t>r  Sllll|lll|•^  wliii: 

K'Kiiili'.  Ill  >ii<ii; 
li\  iil\  I'   I  lii'iii,  ll  < 

III'  riiiiiij  M.iii 

I  rr|iiil  li'il  III  li.n 
lull'  I  III'  lilmkail. 

Illilll'I'll   HI     i"    ll>. 

il  lilt  rcji'ii'iii. 

(•Iter  iVtiiii  Ml 

o\'  tlic  L'lllio' 

•Ts  cnuiii'cil  111 


III'    lllllllllll    ol   '  >i' 

1  I'll  inn    III;'  •'■'! 

Ill  i)\  IT  riiiiii  \i, 


iliiillii/rr>  ill  llii- 
rs,  ami  I  'iM'iir"; 

't'|iliiiii  III  lliai  I 
III  ami  iiiiiiiiil'' 
l>iili>li  »lii|i'.  ai' 

I    n(i\  I'l  iiiiH'iil  !' 

I  iilllril'iali'  pi'l'" 
■.!•  riilltl'arlt,  ail'. 

mil'  ><ih  11  iiiiilrai' 

ir-  llimi-  li'i'i'lll. 
IC'lllllll.      Si'Vrli 

iiilciil  111'  all  I": 
M'lliiiil.  ai'fiiiiliii. 
i|M'riilal  inn. 

I I  at  all  rliullll":  ■ 
Ui'iiiimla,  N:i»:i- 

III  Mil  11   Sllllllli'l' 
ICl'.        Slli|lHlll'llll' 

iiiaili'  kiiii«iil; 
airiiiiiil  anil  H" 
,.r  till'  riilii|':i'i) 
III  llii'  aiiiiion'  ll- 
ii' mil    '^iiiii:il!^ 

•til     ill    :i   I''"''' 

sii.'il  liv  II' I  M' 


nl'|Mn\>    or    Sli;    AI.I'AAMil'.i;    (  iM  K|;|  |;\.  .'Ki;; 

,,|\  %  •  illijcctH   "  til  X  iiillllr  I  III-  liliM'kailf    liV    >|r,lll,\    rlliill','     llll'ir    air    snillr    I  rllrftiiHIH 

III!  Il  I  am  ^iiriirisnl  liii\  ■   iioi  tnriirnil  lo  ymi. 

Ijir  I  iiiti'il  Siaii's  iiii\  I' riinii'iit,  nil  till'  allruatinii  ofii  ri-liflllmt  )iri'\  iiilinir  fi'iMii  iiiiio 
;,,rii>\i'ii  Sialcsol'  till'  I'tiimi,  liasc  in.u,  I'lir  iimhi'  than  l\vt'l\i>  iiimillis.  rmliaMiiril  to 
iMllilalii  II  liliii'Uaili'  III'  llnri'  llimi-<atii|  liiili'>  of  riiiiii.     'l'lii-<  Mm  kaili',  krjit  il|>  lin-un 
,il\,  lull  wliiii  ••nrmri'il.  rMl'mrril  ii'Vrirls.  Iia<«  ni'iIoiikIs   ihiiiiiil  tlii'  tiaili'  ainl  iiiaiiii 
iiliiri">iil   till'  I  iiili'il  K  iii;;;ilmii.      Tlimisamlt  nl'  |ii  rMiii->  air   now   oli|i;;i'i|  in   ii<.<hiii|  Io 
•'..!..  I'.. ■. 1,1. .i.f ii...  I..  1 1,;^   1.1. ...I  ...1..       \  ..(    ii..i.  \i..i..^i .  ' 


f 


. .'  >i  a  lull's  to  a  III  III''  I  iili'i.il   lilorKa'lr,  ami  In  rarrv  iiilo  I'llii-i    t  In'  i'i'<4i  riiiioiis  mi 

iiiii'iri'  v\  liiili  I  III'  I   'lili  il  .'■'lull's.  I'm  tlii'ii  ou  II  |iiii'|iosrs,  Iia\  1'  I  limi;;lit  lil  to  iii»l  liiitr  , 

I  <i  till'  a|i|)lii-al  imi  111  \\  liirli  il  is  tin  ii  iliilv  l>i  i  miiiiii'  w  il  Inn  llif  li';;iiiin.ili'  limits  ul 
:il''rii.itliiii.il  law. 

It  is  Ii.ilillv  wiH'li  "Iiil"'  ti'  <l\\i'l!  on  till'  illlciMitIs  iii;|ili'  to  slmw  |»:ir 
'  .ility  :iiiil  inir;iir  i-iiinliirl  on  tin-  |i;ii'!  mI'  tin-  aiit  Imiitii-.s  al  N.issau. 
A  Mr.  Ili'vliu'i'r  apin'iiis  to  liaxi'  Ih'imi  snit  iIhmt  as  tin-  an'ciit  oi'  the 
Miiilrtli'iMlcs.  ami  a  Iftlcr  tiui'i  liiiii  lu  the  cniiriMhiiali'  oo\ ciniiii'iil  of 
lli'iTiiilu'i  "JT.  I.'stll,  is  »|iiiilc(l  III  till' rase  til  the  I  iiilcd  Sial(  s, '  in  u  liicli 
;  is  >aiil,  "  \\  r  lia\  (•  .siicccimIimI  m  nlitaiiiiiio  a  \  <'r,\  i  in  |  nut  a  tit  tiiinlilira 
iMii  III  I  lie  rxisiiii-  law  s,  \  iz.  the  jiiiv  il('i;c  ol  Iticakiiio-  lull  U  ami  liaii.s- 
<lii|iiii(iit,"     It  IS. sail!  ill  tin- case  ol   tiu'l  iiilcd  Slates — 

iliai  iiiiiiiilication  'Aas  all  iliai  tin'  iiisiiry;i'iits  \\  aiilril.  Tli.il  |»ri\il("^i' fiin\  mh  il  tln> 
j'lil  III  Nassau  into  an  iiisiu'Mi'iii  |tiii  l,  w  hirli  loiilil  mil  In'  lilorkailril  l>\  tin'  naval 
Mill's  111  till-  fniii'tl  .•stall's,  l''iirtlh'i'  >ia\'  ol'  tin'  I'nili'il  ."Slalrs  \f...i'U  ol'  war  was 
ii'iirnii-   ii.si'lrs>.     'I'lir   I  nili'il  ,'Slali's  ask   till'   li'iliiiiial    to  liml   that  I  his  ad,  Wi'liii;  a 


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AHr.lTRATION    A'l"    (JKNKVA, 


Tlie  rpc'<'iver-.i;onei'iil,  haviiij?  regard  ])r()l)al)l,v  to  tlio  (lostiiiatioii  df 
the  Ella  Warley,  St.  .John's  bciiift"  the  i)ort  for  whi(;h  blockatU'-niiinin;; 
vessels  were  in  the  habit  of  taking,'  clearances,  refused  lo  give  tlic  \\^m\ 
permission  unless  authorized  by  the  governor.  Thereupon  .Ales^.s.  ^d- 
derly  wrote  to  the  governor  explaining  that  all  they  asked  for  was  toltc 
(lispensed  from  the  formality  of  landing  the  goods  on  the  wliait',  aiul 
then  reshipping  them,  a  re<|uisition  which  had  on  i)revions  occasions 
been  done  siway  with  by  the  customs  authorities;  and  stating-  tliiii 
the  receiver-general  admitted  that  lie  had  no  ground  for  his  ohjcctioi!. 
''  being  fully  of  oi)inion  that  the  object  of  the  law  could  be  eanied  out. 
and  the  cargo  as  easily  checked  from  one  vessel  to  another  as  if  landed." 

The  governor,  with  the  consent  of  his  council,  granted  the  perinis;>iioii, 
and  indeed  there  seems  no  sutlicient  rea.son  why  lie  should  have  rehisi'il 
it.  He  could  not  in  any  case  have  prevented  the  goods  being  jiut  on 
board  the  Ella  Warley ;  he  could  only  insist  on  their  being  landed  on  tlic 
wharf  in  tranNitn.  3Ir.  lleyliger,  who  had  but  ju^st  arrived  in  the  cojonv. 
probably  misunderstood  the  nature  of  the  concession,  and  may  not  hnw 
been  sorry  to  exaggei'ate  it  to  his  superiors.  The  jjermission  liuviiiy 
been  granted  in  the  case  of  the  Eli/a  Bonsell,  may  possibly  have  iilsu 
been  given  in  other  cases,  but  it  is  diflicult  to  understand  on  wliat  iniii- 
ciple  it  can  be  alleged  to  constitute  a  ••  violation  o,f  the  duties  of  ;i 
neutral." 

Complaint  is  made  that  the  vessels  (Migaged  in  lunniug  the  blockadf. 
and  leaving'  Xassau  for  that  purpo.se,  were  allowed  to  clear  out  for  Sr. 
John's,  Xew  Brunswick,  though  it  was  well  known  that  their  destination 
was  a  southern  port.  J)Ut  there  is  n(>  means  of  controlling  vessels  in 
tills  respect.  The  nature,  and  operation  of  a  clearan(.'e  is  e\[tlained  in 
the  British  case : 

Cle.Tr.atico  sifjciiilies  llu*  liiiiil  otticinl  act  Ity  wliieli  the  i)r())i('r<)(ilicorol"cnst(iiiisiiotiiii 
tliat  all  lia.s  been  doue  which  the  law  reciiiiies  to  be  done  before  the  (lej)aituic  of  ship 
and  cavyo.  It  i.s  purely  for  enstoni.s  purposes,  the  main  objeets  beinii;  to  protect  tin- 
revenue,  aiul  to  .secure  statistics  as  to  the  number  of  shijts  and  iiuantity  of  nicrchaiiilisf 
entering  and  leaving  IJritish  ])orts.  As  there  are  in  ordinaiy  times  no  restrictions  m 
duties  on  the  export  of  articles  of  any  kind  from  the  United  Kingdom,  no  rigid  iiisper- 
tion  is  exercised  by  the  customs  authorities  over  the  general  nature  of  the  goods  sliippcil 
on  board  vessels  in  British  ports.  The  attention  of  the  authorities  is  mainly  dinctid 
to  the  shipment  of  those  articles  on  which  an  exemjition  from  import  duties  otlicr\v!>.' 
payable,  or  a  remis.siou  of  import  duties  already  paid,  is  (daimed  on  the  ground  of  tin  ir 
exportation  abroad.  The  object  of  the  inspection  is  to  ascertain  that  the  goods  of  tlii< 
nature  stated  to  be  thus  exiwrted  are  really  shi])p(!d  and  carri<'d  away  on  Im.ud  tin 
vessal.  The  .'igents  who  ship  such  goods  furnish  the  custouis  dejiartmeut  witii  stati- 
menta  in  the  form  of  shipping-bills,  of  the  amount  and  nature  <^hereof,  and  it  is  thi' 
duty  of  the  examining  ollieer  to  ascertain  that  the  pa<kag<'s  placed  on  board  tlic  vissrl 
correspond  with  these  statements.  lU'fore  starting  on  his  voyage  the  master  of  dn' 
ves.sel  is  bound  to  produce  a  paper  called  a  content,  giving  the  number  anddcscriptinii 
of  any  packages  of  mereliandise  shipped  on  board,  on  which  exemption  from  or  nuii.*- 
sion  of  duty  is  claimed,  but  nu'rely  si)eeifying  any  other  articles  as  "  sundry  jtiickap^ 
of  free  goods."  The  master  has  also  to  produce;  a  victualing  bill,  enuuicratiiig  tli'' 
amount  of  stores  liable  to  duty,  (s>u;h  as  tea,  spirits,  tobacco,  and  tlie  like,)  wliicli  li'' 
has  shipped  for  the  use  of  his  crew.  These  i»a])ers  are  couij^ared  with  the  sliippin;' 
bills  and  certificates  already  in  the  jtossossion  of  the  custouis  authorities,  and  if  tin) 
are  found  to  tally,  a  label,  signed  and  sealed  by  the  examiiing  otlicer  and  col]c(  tdf.  i^ 
afllixed  to  the  victualing  bill  and  certilicates,  and  theses  pajx-rs  arc  delivered  to  th'' 
master  as  his  clearance. 

It  is  true  that,  for  statistical  purposes,  the  agents  to  tli"  master  of  the  vessel  .nic  re- 
quired to  furnish  to  the  customs  department  a  list,  called  a  manifest,  giving  the  ininil'ii 
and  description  of  all  jiackages  of  goods,  whether  liable  to  duty  or  not.  sbiiipcil  <'" 
board  the  vessel,  and  the  shipjiing  agents  or  exjiorters  i»re  also  re(|uired  to  funiisii  spm 
fications  of  all  goods,  described  by  tin*  master  (ui  his  content  as  '"sundry  jiackiifjcs  m 
free  goods,"  and  subsecinently  further  described  in  his  numifest ;  but  the  law  docs  m'l 

'  Mritish  Ap)teiidix.  vol.  \,  ]>.  :tn. 


Ol'IMONS    OF    SIK    ALEXAXDEIi    COCKr.l'KN. 


;iGr) 


lostiiiatidii  of 
^kiule-iiiniiiiii; 

(wo  tilt'  USIllll 

n  3I('sv,s.  All- 
[  for  was  to  lie 
ho  wiiaif,  ami 
ons  occasions 
I  statiuj;-  tluil 
his  ohjcctioi!, 
;)('  carried  out. 
■  lis  if  landed." 
ho  ponnissioii. 
il  have  rcl'iisiMl 
s  boiiifi'  ])Ut  OIL 
;  hiixh'd  on  tlu' 
I  in  tho  colony. 
I  may  not  liaw 
tnission  liavin;; 
isibly  have  alsd 
[1  on  what  piiii- 
;he  (Inties  of  a 

i>'  the  hlockatlr. 
doav  ont  for  ^t. 
Iioir  destination 
jllinji  vessels  in 
!  is  explained  in 

■ofciistovnsuotiili 
e  (lci)iu-tiuc,  of  sliij) 
'itif^  to  prDti'C't  till' 
tity  (if  iiicicliiuidisi' 
s  110  restriftions  nr 
mi,  no  lijfid  im\m- 
if  the  "foods  sliippi'il 
,  18  inuiuly  diiectnl 
|vt  (hitics  (itlifr\v!>t' 
the  ground  of  tlnir 
t  the  >>oods  of  till- 
iwiiy  on  lioind  tlu' 
[rtniont  with  stat'- 
,reof,  iuid  it  ir<  tlu' 
:)n  boiird  the  v.'ssil 
the  niiister  of  ih' 
Iber  and  desriiiiti"" 
ion  from  or  ri'iuij- 
"  sundry  imcka^i* 
ennnieratiiis  tli'' 
iw  like,)  wliicli  111' 
Kvith  the  shijM"";-' 
orities,  und  if  dif) 
or  and  collctoiM'  i 
•,;  delivered  to  \h'  \ 

If  the  vessel  an^  re- 
loivin«theiiuml'ii 

1)7-  not,  shipiied  «'» 
j-odtofuniislisii'^i-, 
IjMidrv  i>a<l<ii};''^ '" 
It   the  law  does  li" 


ivijuirc  tliat  these  partienlars  should  be  j;iven  before  the  vessel  sails;  it  is  complied 
vjtli  provided  they  be  furnislied  within  six  days  after  .>  he  has  cleared. 

I'leviously  to  the  year  Ir^OT,  no  penalty  was  attaehed  by  law  to  the  departure  of  a 
vi'ssel  for  foreign  jiorts  without  a  clearance  jirovided  slie  was  iu  ballast,  and  liad  on 
iiiwrJ  no  stones  exeejit  such  as  were  free  or  had  paiil  duty.  Since  that  date,  however, 
tkaiaiice  has  been  required  in  these  as  well  as  in  other  leases. 

A  clearance,  may  not  In;  granted  until  the  master  of  the  sliiji  has  deidared  tlie  nation 
iowhicii  he  aHirins  that  she  belongs;  and  a  shii)  attempting  to  jtroeeod  to  sea  without 
a  clearance  may  \ni  detained  nntii  such  a  declaration  has  Iteeu  made.  TheoHieer,  liow- 
,vti',  cannot  question,  or  re(|uire  ]M-oof  of,  tin;  trutii  of  the  declaration.  As  to  the  des- 
tination of  ships  sailing  from  the  United  Kingdom,  the  ollicers  of  customs  have  little 
111' no  means  of  ascertaining  this  bi^yond  the  information  whi(;h  th(i  master  or  owncu- 
;iv(.'9on  entering  outwards.  It  frequently  happens  that  a  vtjsscl  cutercd  outwards  for 
,,  spocilied  destination  chang(>s  her  course  when  at  sea,  and  proceeds  Lo  a  diUcrent  des- 
liiiation.    There  are  no  means  of  jireveiiting  this.' 

If  these  vessels  htid  cleared  out  for  {i  confederate  port,  they  must 
iiHially  have  been  allowed  to  leave.  Jt  has  been  aryned  that  the  vessels 
employed  in  conveying  contrtibaud  of  war  for  the  use  of  the  confederate 
;i)verninent  shoukl  Inive  been  considered  as  transports,  ami  therefore  as 
lontravenino-  tiie  foreign-enli.stnient  act,  and  therefore  that  tliey  should 
liavc  boon  stopi)ed.  If  tliis  is  meant  to  be  said  figuratively,  it  comes  to 
nothing.  If  it  is  moiint  that  the  vessels  were  actually  built  or  titted  out 
liir,  and  made  over  to,  the  confederate  government,  to  be  used  by  them 
;is  tian.sports — in  which  case  only  they  would  come  within  the  foreign- 
enlistment  act — the  answer  is,  that  there  is  not  only  no  evidence  of  any- 
tliing  of  the  kind,  but  there  is  every  re.'i.son  to  believe  that  the  (^ontrtiry 
is  the  case,  and  tiiat  they  renmined  the  property  of  the  original  owners, 
who  found  the  employment  of  them  in  this  trade  proHtiible,  notwith- 
>t!indiiig  that  many  of  them  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  blockading  ships. 
It  is  plain,  from  the  letter  before  cited,  that  this  is  the  view  that  IMr. 
t'on.sul  Morse  took  of  the  nuitter. 

Angry  coni'ilaints  are  made  in  the  American  <locui!ionts  of  the  sym- 
pathy exhibited  at  Nassau,  ;tnd  in  several  other  British  col- 
iinics,  towjird  the  confe<lerate  cause. 

When  it  is  asserted,  in  jiiirticidiir  instances,  tlnit  this  favorable  feel- 
in"  toward  the  insui'gent  States  led  to  ]>artiidity,  inconsistent  with  it 
4ue  observance  of  ueutrality  on  the  ])!irt  of  the  authorities,  it  will  be 
lielter  to  deal  with  these  charges  w  hen  1  conu'  to  the  particuhir  cases 
in  which  it  is  alleged  to  have  occurred.     As  regards  the  inhabitants  of 
tliesc  places  genertdly,  it  seems  to  me  tlujt  it  was  quite  uatural  that,  at 
tlu'  iiahanuis  and   liermuda,  and  possibly  in   the  other  West  Inditi 
Islands,  the  tide  of  public  feeling  shoidd  run  strongly  in  favor  of  tlu^ 
(oulederates.    These  colonies  lay  more  or  less  contiguous  to  the  south- 
mi  coast.     What  trade  they  luul  had  before  with  the  United  States 
was  principally  w  ith  the  South.     JJut  what  wiis  more  likely  to  operate 
intiivorof  the  latter  was  the  active  tra<le  which  the  transmission  of 
"*liips  and  cargoes  to  the  southern  ports  siuldenly  brought  to  them. 
Iluuiau  nature  is  pretty  u)uch  the  same  at  Nassau  as  it  would  be  under 
siiniliir  circumstances  at  London  or  New  York.     We  are  apt  to  look 
with  favor  ou  those  who  bring  us  business  or  promote  our  wealth,  or 
who  in  any  way  cause  the  sun  of  prosperity  to  shine  upon  us.    No  gov- 
t'linnent  cau  control,  or  ought  to  eiuleav«u'  to  control,  or  to  interfere 
with,  public  feeling  in  such  cases,  if  leading  to  no  viol.ition  of  the  law. 
Independently,  however,  of  any  iuHuence  exercised  by  local  interest, 
I  cauuot  doubt  that,  as  the  great  contest  went  on,  and  while  the  infe- 
riority of  the  means  of  upholding  it  on  the  part  of  the  South  became 
more  and  more  manifest,  their  gallantry  and  courage  shone  out  the 
"lore  brightly  in  continuing  the  unequal  struggle,  there  did  arise  the 


S villi)  itliv 


■!..■• 


'  British  Appendix,  vol.  v,  p.  30. 


3G0 


AHIUTIJATION    AT    (iKNHVA. 


1 1    V 


;:i^ 


sympathy  wliicli  cndurinji'  coiii'Mfio  stniujiliiif''  with  ailvcvsity  iicvcr  fjiils 
to  inspire.  And  I  cannot  hclj*  thinkinj;'  that  the  liau^i'lity  and  olh-iisivc 
tone  iissunied  by  nnmy  of  tlie  representatives  of  the  United  .States 
helpetl  greatly  to  turn  the  tide  of  ]>nl)li('  fee  lin<>'  in  favcn-  of  their  (ippo. 
nents.  Men  refused  to  sec  in  the  leaders  of  the  South  the  "rebels" 
and  the  "pirates"  held  up  by  the  United  States  to  public  rciuohatioii. 
and  thus  the  ett'ect  which  a  nioie  ,t>enerous  a|)preciation  of  the  iiositioi; 
and  qualities  of  their  adversaries  niijiht  have  iiad  in  neutrali/inj;  tlic 
feelin<>"  in  their  favor,  tended  only  to  increase  it. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  1  assert  that,  whatever  individual  persons  inuy 
have  thought  or  felt,  (Jreat  Ihitain  as  a  nation  was  throughout  tlie 
contest  between  the  Northern  and  Southern  States  honestly  desirous 
that  perfect  neutrality  shoidd  be  maintained,  and  that  the  (^)neen's  gov- 
ernment, from  the  bejiinning  to  the  end,  were  animated  l)y  the  hoiKst 
desire  faithfully  to  dischar<;e  the  duty  which  their  position  as  the  min- 
isters and  servants  of  a  f^reat  sovereij^n,  [dedged  to  neutrality  in  tlic 
face  of  the  world,  imjwsed  ui)on  them. 

Having  tlius  passed  in  review  the  gcMieral   heads  of  complaint  put 

^p„, ,i„„,„,„„    forward  in  the  ])leadings  of  the  United  States,  for  tlie  jiur- 

i,.„L,rv.,Mi.,  pose  of  vindicating  the  IJritish  government  and  British  au- 
thorities from  w'hat  appear  to  me  unfounded  and  unjust  aspersions.  I 
l)roeeed  to  the  cases  of  the  individual  ships,  as  to  the  eipiipnient  ol 
which  it  is  alleged  that  the  Uritish  government  were  wanting  in  dill 
gence. 

But  it  is  here,  when  we  proceed  to  ai)ply,  practically,  the  test  of  due 
diligence  to  the  conduct  of  the  goveinment,  that  the  anomaly  of  the 
present  position,  to  which  I  adveited  in  the  outset,  makes  itself  sensi- 
bly felt.  As  1  have  shown  upon  abundant  authority,  the  e(ini]>[)in^ 
of  a  ship  for  sale  to  a  belligerent,  in  the  way  of  trade,  was  at  the 
time  in  question  no  oflense  agninst  the  law  of  nations,  or  a  viola 
tion  of  neutrality,  though  it  was  an  otfense  against  the  municipal  law  ol 
(Ireat  ]>ritain.  The  government  of  Her  IMajesty,  though  like  eveiy other 
government  it  was  bound  to  prevent  any  known  violation  of  the  law, 
was  under  no  ob'';  ition  to  a  belligerent  to  enforce  the  law  for  his  hen 
efit,  and  irtiuirrea  no  liability  to  such  belligerent  for  not  doing  so,  so 
long  as  the  law  was  not  enforced  against  the  latter  any  more  than 
against  his  enemy.  Any  hostileexi)edition  permitted  to  leave  the  shores 
of  Great  Britain,  which  the  government,  by  the  exer(;ise  of  reasonahlo 
diligence,  could  have  prevented,  would  have  amounteil  to  a  breach  of 
neutrality,  for  which  it  might  have  been  held  responsible.  But  for  the 
mere  equijtping  of  a  vessel,  by  ship-builders,  in  the  way  of  trade,  thonjjh 
intended  for  a  belligerent,  the  government  would  not  be  responsiblo: 
and  though  every  government  is  no  doubt  bound  to  prevent  infractions 
of  the  law,  so  far  as  it  knows  of  them  and  can  prevent  them,  still  this 
general  duty  which  it  owes  to  its  own  country  is  obviously  a  very  (lit' 
ferent  thing  from  the  responsibility  it  incurs  as  representing  the  state,  in 
relation  to  a  foreign  power.  In  the  one  case,  the  maintenance  of  the 
law  is  left  to  the  ordinary  authorities,  and  to  the  individuals  who  have 
occasion  to  seek  protection  or  redress  from  its  operation;  in  the  otbor. 
the  action  of  the  government  by  its  immediate  ofticers  becomes  iioces 
sary  for  its  own  protection.  N9  doubt,  as  a  matter  of  comity,  and  Iroin 
a  sense  of  Justice,  a  government  would  pay  ready  attention  to  the  rep 
resentatives  of  a  belligerent  power  complaining  of  an  infraction  of  tlu> 
munici])al  law  in  a  matter  in  which  the  interests  of  the  belligerent  \yt« 
att'ected — more  especially  in  a  matter  lying,  as  it  were,  on  the  contiiios 
of  municipal  and  international  law — and  would  call  into  action  the  pro 


OriNIOXS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDER    COCKIU'RN. 


;!G7 


Uio  tost  of  due 
inoiiiiily  of  tlu' 
;os  itself  seiisi- 
the  eqnii)iiins 
de,  was  at  tlic 
Ills,  or  a  violii- 
iniiieipallawol 
[like  every  otlu'V 
ion  of  tile  law. 
,i\v  for  liis  l)(Mi- 
;)t  (loin 54'  so,  so 
lany  more  tliaii 
leave  tlio  shores 
L>  of  reasoiiiiblo 
to  a  l)rea('h  of 
le.    Bnt  for  tlie 
trade,  thonti'li 
le  responsible: 
ent  infractions 
them,  still  tliis 
iisly  a  very  (lit- 
no' the  state,  in 
tenanee  of  the 
nals  wlio  have 
;  in  the  otber. 
Ibecomes  iieees 
mitv,  and  i'roni 
ion  to  the  reii 
itraction  of  tlu' 
ellijrerent  were 
'n  the  eontiiie!* 
action  the  pro 


veiitivc  powers  it  possessed,  to  lvee}>  the  law  from  bein<;  broken,  lint, 
luuler  such  circninstanees,  it  inij^ht  fairly  leave  to  the  representative  of 
tlu'bellijj;erent  to  make  out  a  case  for  the  application  of  tlu;  law,  jnst  as 
it  is  left  so  to  do  to  an  onlinary  individual  who  desires  to  put  tiie  law 
ill  motion  in  order  to  obtain  redress  on  his  own  behalf.  •  Hence,  no 
ilonbt,  had  arisen  the  practice,  cGn.mon  to  the.  <^()vernments  both  of  the 
I'liitwl  States  and  (-reat  Jiritain,  of  reciuirinj^-  the  representative  of  a 
iielligerent  power,  invoking?  the  aid  of  the  jjovernment,  to  produce  evi- 
ik'iicc  hy  which  the  action  of  the  executive,  when  brought  to  the  test  of 
judicial  inquiry,  can  be  Justified  and  uphehl. 

It  is  obvious  that  the  device  of  active  dilij;ence  which  could  reason- 
ably he  expected  from  a  government  under  such  circumstances,  is  very 
iljrt'eieiit  from  what  it  would  be  bound  to  exercise  in  order  to  prevent  a, 
violation  of  neutrality  according-  to  the  law  of  nations,  for  which,  as  a 
liiiveriiinent,  it  would  be  properly  responsible  to  a  belligerent  state. 

It  seems  to  me  that  though  by  the  treaty  of  Wasliington  it  must  be 
tiikeii  that  (Ireat  Britain  was  bound  to  use  due  diligence  to  prevent  the 
equipiiing  of  ships  as  a  matter  of  neutral  obligation,  and  not  as  a  mere 
iiiiitter  of  muiii(!ipal  law,  yet  that,  in  determining  whether  due  diligence 
wiistlien  ai)i)lied  or  not,  we  must  look  to  the  relative  position  of  the  par- 
lies at  the  time,  and  insist  on  no  more  than  would  have  satistie<l  the 
fxi^jviicy  of  obligations  then  existing.  Morally,  in  judging  the  conduct 
lit  the  government  of  that  time,  we  are  assui-edly  bound  to  do  so. 


CASE   OF   THE   ILOUIDA. 


are 


Al  l.:ViTlKiiil. 


The  following  are   the   facts  relating  to   the  Florida,  as   they 

lobe  gathere<l  from  the  cases,  counter  cases,  arguments, 

ami  pi'iiited  evidence  supplied  to  the  tribunal : 

This  vessel,  originally  named  the  Oreto,  was  no  doubt  built  for  war. 

I  The  contract  for  her  construction  was  nuule  by  Jiullock,  who,  it  has  since 

lieeomo  known,  (though  at  the  time  the  fact  was  altogether  unknown  to 

Her  Majesty's  government,)  was  an  agent  of  the  Confederate  States, 

with  Fawcett,  I'reston  »S:  Co.,  of  Liverpool,  by  whom  the  contract  fon' 

le  construction  of  the  hull  was  again  sublet  to  ^Miller  and  Sons,  ship- 

[luiiklers  at  that  port.     The  attention  of  JMr.  Dudley,  the  United  States 

[loiisiil  at  Liverpool,  was  attracted  to  the  vessel  as  early  as  the  end  of 

liuiuary,  18(ii}.     In  disi)atches  to  Mr.  Seward,  of  the  iilth  of  January  and 

Nth  of  February,  he  calls  attention  to  this  steamer  under  the  name  of 

tbeOritis,  or  Oretis.   in  the  letter  of  the  24:th  of  January  he  says :    "  She 

I  IS  reported  for  the  Italian  government,  but  the  fact  of  the  machinery 

III,'  supplied  by  Fawcett  &  Preston,  and  other  circumstances   con- 

I  netted  with  it,  make  me  suspicious,  and  cause  me  to  believe  she  is  in- 

I  tended  for  the  South.'*^ 

Oil  the  4tli  of  February  he  writes  to  ^Iv.  Seward  as  follows  : 

Iiiiny  last  two  diapatcbcis  I  ealltul  attontiou  to  tlio  iron  hciow  steiiiii  giiu-boat  Oreto, 
I'TOiitis, being  built  at  Liverpool,  and  fitted  out  by  Fawcett,  IVeston  &  Co.  She  is 
jMwtakiiijr  ill  ber  coal,and  appearances  indicate  that  Hhe  will  leave  hero  the  latter 
||iart(iftliis  week  without  ber  annanient.    The  i)robabilities  are  she  will  run  iuto  8onio 

*niall  port  and  take  it  and  ammunition  on  board.    This  ofitself  is  somewhat  suspieiouH. 

Tluy  pretend  she  is  built  for  the  Italian  government ;  but  the  Italian  consul  here  in- 
Ifwius  us  that  be  knows  nothing  about  it,  has  no  knowledge  whatever  of  any  vessels 
I  Willi;  built  for  bis  government.  There  is  much  secrecy  observed  about  her,  and  I  have 
j  wn  unable  to  get  anything  dednite,  but  my  inn)ressions  are  strong  that  she  is  intended 
I'wtlie Southern  C(mfederacy.  I  have  communicated  my  impressions  and  all  the  lacts 
I'oMr,  A(lanis,  our  minister  at  London.  8be  has  one  funnel,  three  musts,  bark-rigged, 
h'Kht  port-holes  for  gnus  on  each  side,  and  is  to  carry  sixteen  guns.* 

i :  '  ■ — "- 

1  United  States  Documents,  vol.  vi,  p.  214. 
-  Ibid.,  p.  213. 


f4 ;      1 


368 


AniilTKATION    AT    (iKNKN'A. 


It  tliii.s  iii»[)ear.s  that,  by  tlio  4th  of  February,  Mi.  Dudh-y  liad  put  .Mi, 
Ailam.s  ill  iiossessioii  of  such  information  as  ho  ])osse.sst'(l  concciiiinn 
this  vessel.  The  letter  of  Mr.  Dudley  to  Mr.  Adauis  has  not  been  pul' 
lished  anionj;'  the  American  documents;  but  it  is  evident  that  ^Ir.  A(l;iiii> 
did  not  consider  ilie  information  (communicated  to  him  suflicieut  towin 
rant  any  application  to  Her  ]\[ajesty*s  government,  for  none  was  niiidi' 
by  him  on  the  subjeiitof  this  vessel  till  tlie  receipt  of  another  letter  iVom 
Mr.  ])iulley,  a  fortni<;ht  later.  Indeed,  JVIr.  ] )udley  expressly  states  tliat 
he  was  unable  to  get  anything  delinite  about  the  vessel.  He  .speaks 
only  of  suspicions  and  impressions.  J le  had  nothing  to  comiiuiniciiti 
beyond  reports  and  rumors. 

Amongst  other  things  stated  by  Mv.  Dudley,  he  mentions  that  lie  hml 
made  incpiiry  of  the  Ital'  .n  consul  at  Liver[»o(>l,  who  had  told  him  tli;ii 
he  knew  nothing  of  the  vessel.  IJut  if,  as  was  stated  by  tlu^  huildeis. 
the  order  for  the  vessel  had  been  given  by  Thomas  Brothers,  of  PalernKi. 
the  Italian  consul  at  Liverpool  might  have  remained  without  inroiin;! 
tion  on  the  subject :  and  Mi:  J)udley,  while  mentioning  what  had  passed 
between  him  and  the  Italian  consul  to  Mr.  Seward,  does  not  appear  tu 
have  mentioned  it  to  Mv.  Adams.  The  fact  was  unknown  to  llci 
Majesty's  goveinnu^it. 


On  the  ITtli  of  February,  ^Ir. 
about  the  Oreto  as  follows: 


Dudley  again  writes  to    Mr.  Adaii; 


The  jjiin-lioat  Oivto  isstill  at  tins  port.  SIic  is  iiiakinj;  a  trial  tii|>  Id  the  ii\('r  to-iln). 
No  annaincnt  as  yet  on  board.  She  lias  put  uj)  a  second  sniokf-stack  siuci'  I  wiuti 
vou.  ^Slu!  thcrcfoi'tMias  two  I'miiicls,  Ilirf(,'  masts,  and  is  hark-rifj^fcd.  I  am  mow  in- 
tbimed  that  she  is  to  fairy  ci^ht  rilk'd  cannon,  and  two  lonjj  swivd-^nns  on  )ii\(il>>M 
an'an<;o<l  as  to  rake  Imth  tore  and  at't.  Xo  pains  or  t'.N))cnsc  has  been  sjiarcd  in  licicdii 
strnetion,  and  when  t'nlly  arnud  she  will  l)e  a  formidable  and  danjvtMons  crjil't :  ii 
strength  and  aruninK'iit  (jnite  eqnal  to  the  Tnsearora,  so  I  shoni<l  ,)iidj;-e  IVoiii  wlini  I 
h^irn. 

Mr.  Miller,  who  bnilt  the  linll,  says  lie  was  employed  by  Faweett,  Preston  A  (.'».. 
and  that  they  own  the  Acssel.  1  have  obtained  iiitbrniati(ni  I'roin  many  (lillfivnt 
sources,  all  ot'  which  j^oes  to  show  that  siie  is  intended  tor  the  t^onthern  Coiit'cdiraiy. 
1  am  satisfied  that  this  is  the  case.  Siie  is  ready  to  take  her  arms  on  board.  I  I'iiniini 
learn  whether  they  are  to  be  shipped  here  or  at  some  other  ]>ort.  Of  eonrso  slic  is  in- 
tended as  a  ]rivateer.  AVheii  ^he  sails,  it  will  be  to  bniii  and  destroy  wlialcvcr>li 
meets  with  bearing  the  American  llag.' 

In  a  po.stscript  he  adds,  "  The  gun-carriages  for  the  Oreto,  I  have  just  j 
learned,  Mere  taken  on  board  on  Fiiday  night la.st,  in  a  rough  state,  ami 
taken  down  in  the  hold.     Fraser,  Trenholm  &  Co.  have  made  advaiitts 
to  Faweett,  Freston  &  Co.,  and  Miller  the  builder.*' 

This  statement  as  to  the  gun-carriages  was  wholly  inconect. 

Having  received  the  letter  of  .Mr.  Dudley.  Mr.  Adams  writes,  iiiclos 
ing  it  to  Lord  I'ussell,  as  follows: 

Li;(i.\ri()N  or  tiik  r.Niri.D  St.vti:s, 

London,  Fdiniiirn  IH,  1-(I'.'. 

My  Loiut :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  to  your  consideration  the  coi»y  of  an  cxtiin; 
of  a  letter  addressed  to  me  by  tlie  ccmsnl  of  the  United  States  at  T.iverpool.  fjoiii;.'  I"| 
show  the  preparation  at  that  ]>ort  of  an  armed  steamer  evidently  intended  for  liostili 
operatioiiH  on  tlie  ocean.      From  the  evidence  fnrnislied  in  the  names  of  the  ii(is;ni> 
stated  to  be  concerned  in  her  construction  and  outilt,  I  entertain  little  doubt  tliiit  tin 
intention  is  precisely  that  indicated  in  the  letter  of  the  consul,  the  carrying""  "'"^1 
against  the  United  States.    The  parties  are  the  same  which  dispatched  the  lieriinidii  I 
laden  with  contraband  of  war  at  the  time,  in  August  last,  when  I  had  the  honor  otj 
calling  yonr  lordship's  attention  to  her  position,  which  vessel  then  succeeded  in  niiiiiiHr  j 
the  blockade,  and  whicli  now  np))ear8  to  be  about  again  to  depart  on  a  like  err.nnd. 

Should  further  evidence  to  sustain  the  allegations  respecting  the  Orelo  be  liiKl  "'"j 


British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  1  ;  United  States  Pocnments.  v(d.  vi.  p.  -'111. 


OriNIOXS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDER    COCKI'.rKN'. 


;;60 


[•y  1'ihI  put  .Ml. 
seel  (!oiic('i'iii!i^ 
;  not  bt'oii  pull 
hat  Mr.  A(l;\ni> 
ilUcuMit  to  Win 
iioni'  WHS  niiuli' 
:1k'1'  letter  from 
s.sly  states  tliat 
;el.     He  spinalis 

0  connuuui(.'iitc 

)iis  that  he  liad 

1  tohl  huM  tliai 
)y  tlie  huihhns. 
ers,  of  Palci'UKi. 
ithtmt  iiiloi'ina 
k'hat  liatl  passed 
s  not  appear  tn 
ikiiown  to  llii 

to   Ml'.  A(laiii> 


in  (hf  vivci  t(i-il;i) 
-stiU'k  si  net'  1  widi' 
:^vd.  I  iiiii  now  ill- 
i'l-<iuns  on  jiivotssii 
■n  siiiircd  in  licr  ion- 
liinfiorons  cMid't :  in 
I  jinlj;i.'  IVoui  wliat  i 

Icctt.  Prcr-.tiin  \  (.".. 
oni  many  tliticicut 
llicrn  L'ont'cdiTiKy. 
n  board.  I  ciiiuioi 
Of  con  ISO  slic  is  ill- 
stroy  \vliat(vi'i>lii 

Ireto,  1  have  just 

Irouji'h  state,  ami 

made  advaucis 

looneet. 

lis  write.s.  iiiclns- 


liTKi)  8T.vri.>, 
\F(hni(t)!i\'',  t-<i-' 

J  copy  of  i>"  t'xtiai ; 
iT.ivi'rpool.  },'i>iii!; '" 
liitt-iuli'd  tor  bostili 

[inu'S  of  tlie  Vfisoii> 
Ittic  tloulit  that  tin 
Iho  carryiiif? oil  ";", 
Itched  the  licriiiiulii 
1  had  the  liouor  "t 

[icceededinniiiiiii';;] 

Jon  a  hke  cirand. 

|ie  OrPto  be  lield  "'• 

L-oi.  vi.  1>.  -'"'• 


iis-iitiy  to  cft'oct  the  object  of  sccni'ioir  thi^  intei'|);)siti(ir.  of  H''i'  MaJ('-;ty's  ,s;i>\ATnment. 
juiH  tiiake  an  <'libit  to  procure  it  in  .i  i!n>i<'  fiirni;i!  roaiuier. 
I  iiave,  Ac, 

CIIAULK.S  FRANCIS  ADA^IS.' 

It  is  elear  that,  in  the  iufoiiDatio!!  thus  eouveyed  to  Lord  Iviis.sell, 
tlit'ir  was,  so  far,  nothing-'  that  eould  jiistily  the  .seizure  of  the  ves.sel. 
Wiiether  ^Fr.  J)ii(ney  eoniinunieated  to  Mr.  A<lains  the  <letails  of  the  in- 

miation,  to  whi(;h  lie  refers  in  general  terms  in  his  letter  of  the  17th, 
M  not,  it  is  certain  that  no  details  were  eommunieated  to  Her  ^lajesty's 
i;oveniiiient.  Notiiinj;'  was  specilieally  stated  beyond  the  names  of  the 
iiiu'ties  for  whom  and  by  whom  tile  ves.sel  had  been  built,  and  that  the 
iormcr  were  the  same  as  had,  in  the  preeedinjj  August,  disi>atehed  the 
Doniuida  laden  with  munitions  of  war,  with  wineli  slie  had  succeeded  in 
■.iiiiuiiif!;  the  blockade.  JJeyond  tliis,  all  is  susjiicion,  or,  at  best,  the  be- 
lief of  two  zealous  .servants  of  the  United  States  Cioverninent,  with 
!  only  ii  general  reference  to  information  received  by  one  of  them  from 
"luaiiy  different  sourc^es,''  no  details  of  which  are  jjiveii,  or  means 
liitibi'ded  of  testing-  its  accuracy  or  trustworthiness.  It  is  obvious  that, 
f  upon  such  ii  rei>re.sentation  the  (lovernment  had  proceeded  to  seize 
|;lieve.ssel,  no  court  could  have  condemned  her ;  .she  must  inevitably  have 
lieeii  relea.sed.  Indeed,  .Mr.  Adams  him.self  .seems  to  have  been  consciou.s 
[;li;it  his  representation  was  not  one  on  which  the  (Tovernment  could  act 
[without  further  inateri.ils;  for  he  ends  his  letter  by  .saying,  "Should 
faitlier  evidence  to  sustain  the  allegations  resi»ecting:  the  Oreto  be  held 
[necessary  to  effect  the  object  of  securing  the  interi)osition  of  Her  Ma- 
jesty's government,  I  will  make  an  etibrt  to  procure  it  in  a  more  formal 
I  manner." 

It  is  plain  from  this  that,  as  late  as  the  IStli  of  February,  Mr.  Adam.s 
nvasnot  iu  j)ossession  of  evidence  on  which  he  telt  he  had  a  right  to  call 
lor  the  interposition  of  the  (Government. 

Nor  does  Mr.  Dudley  appear  to  have  succeeded  in  obtaining  any  more 
|re!ial»le  information.     On  the  lOth  he  writes  again  to  Mr.  Seward  : 

liln  not  think  there  is  any  doubt  lint  whatslie  (the  Florida)  is  intended  for  t  lie  so-called 
ISmitli'nii  Confederacy.  Inforniaf.ioii  from  many  ditltM'enl  sources  all  contirni  it,  and 
Isiiuie  (if  the  Southern  Aj^e.nts  have  admitted  it.  Oil  Friday  ni,ij;lit  last,  her  jfun-ear- 
niiijcs,  in  jtieces,  and  some  in  a  rough  Ktate,  wer(^  taki^n  on  board  and  put  down  in  the, 
liold.  It  is  iinder.stood  that  her  guns  are  at  the  ftnindery  of  Fawcett,  Preston  &  Co.  It 
i>innl)able  they  may  be  taken  on  in  boxe>!,  anil  mounted  after  they  get  ont  to  .sea  ; 
liiit  1  iiave  nothing  to  warrant  this  supposition,  except  the  I'aet  of  the  gun-carriages 
iWiiij,' taken  on  board  in  the  night-time,  aiul  in  the  manner  they  w(!re.  She  will  be 
Viiif  i(|iial  in  strt^ngtli  and  armament  to  the  Tuscarora  when  completed.  SIk'  made  a 
!ii,il  trip  of  twenty  miles  yesterday.  I  have  made  this  vessel  the  subject  of  two  dis- 
Hitdics  to  Minister  Adams,  and  communicated  to  him  all  the  particnlars.- 

Here  again,  when  Mr.  Dudley  profes.ses  to  be  in  possession  of  the  ini- 

jpoi'tant  fact  that  some  of  the  Southern  Agents  had  admitted  that  the 

jOreto  was  intended  for  the  .Sonthern  Confederacy,  he  communicated  the 

liittonly  to  Mr.  Seward.    No  such  iuformatio.i  is  given  to  Mr.  Adams, 

still  less  to  the  Government  or  to  the  local  authorities,  by  whom,  had  it 

|Weii  imparted  to  them,  the  information  might  have  been  followed  up. 

IJoth  iu  this  and  his  former  letter  Mr.  Dudley's  information  as  to 
jtlie gun-carriages  having  been  conveyed  on  board  the  Oreto,  with  the 
Nihtionally  suspic'ous  circumstance  of  this  having  been  done  by  night, 
iroved  altogether  mistaken.  The  report  made  by  the  custom-house 
jofficers  of  Liverpool  on  the  lilst  of  February  shows  that  the  vessel  had 
I'lo  guu-carriages  on  board.    It  further  appears  by  reports  made  at  a 

'British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  1  ;   United  8tate8  Dccumeats,  vol.  vi,  p.  216. 
•Uuited  States  Documents,  vol.  vi,  p.  218. 

24  b 


AKIUTKATION    AT    GliXKVA. 


'1^ 


570 

liitcr  period  thai  she  liail  no  ymiciiri'!ii;i('s  on  boiiid  w lieu  s\u>  linal!,- 
left  Liverpool.     kSlie  had  none  uii  '.juard  when  she  arrived  at  Nassau, 

All  that  nuder  the  eircuinstanccs  couhl  possibly  he  asked  I'oi',  on  the 
information  conveyed  to  the  g(jvernment  by  3Ir.  Adams,  was  iiKjiiJn  ; 
and  this  Her  ^Majesty's  government  at  once  i)roceede(l  to  institute. 

lnune(liat«'ly  on  the  receipt  of  ]Mr.  A<lains's  letter,  VlnA  Kasscjl  tdn,; 
the  ne(;essary  stejjs  for  causing'  local  inqniries  as  to  the  Oreto  to  be  uiinlc 
by  the  oflicers  to  whose  department  it  a])pertiiined  to  investi<,'ate  sinii 
a  nnitter.  Xo  clew  havinj*'  been  j;iveii  to  the  secret  sources  of  int'orniii 
tion  which  Mr.  Dudley  niay  have  pc^ssessed,  these  olTlicersi  could  only 
apply  in  the  lirst  instance  to  the  builders  of  the  vessel.  The  result  of 
their  in(piiries,  as  shown  in  the  re[)i)rts  made  by  them,  appeiued  \m: 
t'ectly  satisfactory.  The  commissioni'rs  of  customs,  on  the  I'L'd  of  Fob 
ruary,  report  to  the  treasury  as  follows: 

On  ret't'ipt  of  your  lordship's  rt'fiM'cnot!.  we  fortlnvitli  iiistriieti'il  our  colli'ctdi  at 
liivcrpool  to  iniil<r  iiKiiiirics  in  icifiinl  to  tiic  x-csscl  Oicto.  ami  it  ai>i)i,'iir.s  I'loiii  iusn! 
port  tiiat  siio  Las  ht'vu  Imilt  by  M(;ssrs.  Millci'  &  8ous  tbi-  Messrs.  Fawcott,  I'rt'stoii  A 
i'o.,  t'n;^inet'rs,  of  lJvi'r])ool,  anil  is  intcnihid  for  tlio  iiso  of  Messrs.  Thomas  IJi'otlu'b, 
of  I'alorn.o,  ono  of  that  lirm  having  tVeiiuently  visiteilthc  vessel  during  tlie  juoLe^s  ul" 
hnilding. 


X  ii.wi;tHi.  IV  1  ri'."iH>n.  i^ie.'ssiM.  jimer  iv  •-■iiiih  .siaui  iiiuir  ixjiiei  iiiai  luu  (U'sruiiUloii  l^ 
ralonno,  as  thoy  have  been  requested  to  recommend  a  master  to  take  her  to  tli.it  pm;, 
and  our  collector  at  Jjiverpool  st  ites  that  he  has  every  reason  to  believe  that  tiii'  vev 
hel  is  for  the  Italian  government. 

We  beg  further  to  add,  that  special  directioiis  h.ive  been  given  to  the  oIlii'iT-  ;ifj 
Liver|)ool  to  watch  the  movements  of  the  \  essel,  and  that  we  will  not  fail  to  nimiil 
forthwith  anv  circum.sta;ict>  which  niav  occur  worthv  of  vour  lonlship's  cogni/ami!.   I 

THO.  v.  FKEMANTLE.  ' 

GKENV'ILLE  C.  L.  BERKELEY. 

The  statement  of  the  comaiissiouer.s  was  based  on  tlie  following  re- 
ports which  tliey  had  received  from  their  olticers  at  Liver{)ool: 

Mr.  !uhiay(h  lo  lite  commisttonerti  of  customs. 

Ln'KRPoor,,  Fi'hninry'-il,l'^^'il 

lIi»N'oi:.viii.K  Sii!,^  :  Tlie  builders  of  the  vt^ssel  Oreto  are  Messrs.  Miller  A:  Sons.    Jlr.J 

Milli'r  is  the  chief  surveyor  far  tonnage.     By  tlieir  iioti;  iiiclo.'„.il   the  vessel  is  concillvf 

described,  and  I  have  every  reason  to  believe  that  she  is  for  the  Italian  goveriimw 

and  not  for  tin*  Confederates.  ■ 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  note  of  the  surveyiu',  Mr.  Morgan,  which  I  aune.K,  that,  asyt'tl 

she  has  nothing  in  her,  so  that  tlie  inforaiation  furnished  to  the  government  is,  hutinf 

incorrect,  L 

.Si>eeial  directiiins  have  bi-en  given  to  the  ofhcers  to  observe  the  nioveinents  ni' tiit)| 

vessel,  so  that  whatever  takes  place  can  be  made  known  to  the  board  at  any  tiiiK'. 

Jvespvctfullv.  Ac, 

S.  I'lilCE  EDWARDS. 
Mr.  Miiirr  t;  Mr.  Jkluard-. 

LiVKRi'Dor.,  Fthrnary  21, 1^02. 
.Siij:  We  have  l)U!lt  the  di->atch-vessel  Oreto  for  Messrs.  Fa  wcett,  Preston  &0'| 
engineers,  of  this  town,  who  are  the  agents  of  Messrs.  Thomas  Brothers,  of  Palermo,  wi 
whose  use  the  vessel,  we  understand,  has  been  built.  She  is  pierced  for  four  gunsi^lil 
Las  taken  nothing  whatever  on  board  except  coals  and  ballast ;  she  is  in  no  way  titiitP 
for  the  reeoi»tiou  of  guns,  as  yet ;  uordo  we  know  that  she  is  to  have  gnus  while  iij 
England.  Mr.  Thomas,  of  tlie  tinu  at  Palermo,  frequently  visited  the  ship  wbilesli 
was  being  built. 

We  Inive  handed  her  over  to  the  engineers,  and  have  been  paid  for  her.    Aceor'liiij;  tj 
the  best  of  my  information  the  present  destination  of  the  vessel  is  Palermo;  aml«'| 
have  been  asked  to  reeomuiend  a  master  to  take  her  out  to  Palermo. 
1  remain,  &.  ., 

T.  MILLER. 

'  But. sir  Appendix,  voL  i,  p.  •<!. 


^"■■w 


OPINION'S    OF    SIK    ALKXANDER    COCKIMJRN. 


371 


lllCE  EDWARDS. 


Mr.  Morjivi  Id  Mr.  Kdininlt. 

ri-.lll!lAI!V  'Jl,  \-iiVi. 

mi::  I  hi';;  ti)  .Htati- tliiit  I   liavc   iiispi'i-tcd    tlif   OiCfo,    imw    l,\iiiy;  in  'I'nxtt't'.i  Dock, 
;i.M':ilil.V  witli  your  tliroi'tioiis  issiU'il  to-(l;iy. 

Mie  is  11  Nlileinlid  stfaiiu'i',  siiitiililc  (or  a  (li.-icitcli-lioiit  :  jtiiTct'tl  for  jiiiiis.  Init  1i:ih 
;iiitiiny  oil  l>oanl,  nor  uie  tlieri-  any  i;nn-(ariia,ui'>.     Coals  ami   l);illast  an-  all  tliat  tbo 

>':,!,  rontain. 

liL'spi'L'tfullv,  fSiC, 

('.  M(,)It(iAN,  Collcrlor.' 

Ik'ic,  tlieivforo,  wus  tlii'  assuraiici'  of  a  ios]>«'ctable  linn  of  .sliip-builtl- 
,is.  by  whom  the  vessel  had  been  built,  that  it  was  understood  by  them 
lolirtvc  been  built  for  Thomas  IJrothersof  Palermo,  whose  agents  Faw- 
ivtt&  Co.  were,  and  that  ]Mr.  Thomas,  a  member  of  the  Palermo  firm,  had 
fiiMluently  visited  the  ship  while  she  was  in  the  course  of  eonstruetion. 
Ilioie  was  the  statement  of  IVfr.  ICdwards,  an  otlicer  possessinf>"  the  con- 
riileiico  of  the  governnent,  that  he  had  every  reason  to  believe  that  the 
vi'ssol  was  built  for  the  Italian  government,  and  notfortheeonfederates. 
And  from  the  report  of  Mr.  INIoroan,  another  government  oHicer,  as  well 
iislVom  the  statement  of  ]Mr.  JMiller,  it  further  appeared  that  the  reju'e- 
HMitation  of  Mr.   Dudley,   that  the  vessel  "  had  received  her  gun-ear- 
liiiites and  wasready  to  takeherarms  on  board,"  wasaltogether  incorrect, 
there  being  no  gun-carriages  on  board,  or  preparation  of  any  sort  for 
tiic  reception  of  guns. 
If,  prior  to  the  receipt  of  these  reports,  the  evidence  was  insuflicient 
to  justify  the  seizure  or  detention  of  the  vessel,  assnredly  after  them 
Her  Majesty's  government  would  have  acted  most  improi)erly  if  they 
liiul  directed  their  otticers  to  adopt  so  arbitrary  aud  unwarranted  a  pro- 
reoiling. 
It  may  be  said  that  further  inquiries  should  have  been  in-itituted. 
lint  of  whom  '     31  r.  Dudley,  to  whom  every  one  who  had  conceived 
iiiiV  suspicion:^  about  the  vessel,  or  heard  any  rumors  respecting  her, 
iillieius  to  have  .  uu,  and  who   of  course  was  naturally  dis[>osed  to 
listen  to  any  statements  of  the  kind,  made  a  point  of  not  giving  up  the 
names  of  his  informants,     No  facts  were  ever  communicated  by  Mr. 
Diulley,  either  to  the  officers  of  the  port  or  to  the  policp  of  Liverpool. 
The  reports  received  from  the  commissioners  of  customs  by  the  gov- 
ernment were  at  once  communicated  to  ^Iv.  Adams.     I  cannot  help 
tliir.king  that  then  was  the  time  for  putting  ller  Majesty's  government 
ill  possession  of  any  information  which  had  been  obtained  by  Mr.  Dud- 
ley tVom  so  "many  different  sources,"  if  that  information  could  have 
lieeu  made  available,  and  for  procuring  the  evidence  which  Mr.  Adams 
liad  expressed  himself  willing  to  make  an  effort  to  obtain.    ]jut  nothing 
tiiitlu'i"  was  heard  from  tliat  gentleman  till  the  20th  of  IMarch,  (up- 
i^iUtls  of  a  month  later,)  when  the  vessel  had  actually  sailed.     V^ither 
Ml.  Adams  felt,  after  the  reports  made  to  the  government  by  its  otticers, 
'liiU  the  zeal  of  Mr.  Dudley  had  led  him  to  form  hasty  conclusions, 
jW  the  information,  though  derived    from  "  many  diti'erent  sources," 
turned  out  to  l)e  such  as  could  not  be  relied  on,  or  the  evidence  was 
pOHiul  not  to  be  forthcoming.    Even  ]\Ir.  Dudley,  whose  untiring  industry 
nil  zeal  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty  is  certainly  entitled  to  admi- 
i'tion,  does  not  appear  to  have  supplied  Mr.  Adams  during  the  whole  of 
Ws  period  with  any  evidence  of  importance,  or  to  have  been  required 
IV  ^Ir.  Adams  to  procure  evidence  upon  which  the  government  could 
e  called  upon  to  act.    It  appears  to  me,  under  these  circumstances, 
jngularly  inconsistent  and  unjust  to  impute  as  matter  of  blamf?  to  Earl 
ussell,  as  is  done  in  the  case  of  the  United  States,  that  he  did  not  call 


'Britiab  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  lo'J. 


'1-1  '-' 


:  -jj^ifliil 


■r 


I 


nm 


sr 


If  i'l    ' 

i  4Jf  I 

IP  ^^^ 

RS.I      .     <  J 


\ 

t 

( 

't 

.<  * 

i 

i^ 

372 


AKHITIJATION    AT    GCNEVA. 


upon  Mr.  Atliiins  to  fiiinisli  fniHicr  evidence.     Tlie  j^oveniiiieiit  wcn. 
satisfied  witli  tlie  reports  of  their  ollicers,  iiiiviii^  re(;eive(l  wlijcli  ti|,,y 
lui^lit  reasoiiiihly,  and  witliout  beiiiy'  liable  to  any  inijiiitatioii  of  wmit 
oi"  due  eaie,  be  ol'  opinion  tliat  tliey  ouj;Iit  to  rest  content,  at  all  events 
till  sonietliin;-'  nntre  should  be  brought  forward.     Tlier<i  was  no  rcusim 
why  they  sliould  doubt  the  written  statement  of  Messrs.  Miller,  aiiiin 
of  known  respectability,  and  one  of  the  niendters  of  which  was  a  i^ov 
ernnient  oHicer  at  the  port.     All  the  linns  mentioned  had  carrioddn 
buHinoss  at  Liverpool  previously  to  the  war,  and  it  neither  is,  nor  cim 
be,  snjjj;ested  that  after  the  wai'  h;id  be-^tin  they  hiul  no  busiiu'ss  (|(.;i|. 
ings  or  transitctions  except  with  the  Confederate  States.     At  tlit'sinnc 
time,  as  there  was  no  doubt  that  the  vessel  was  on«'  which  was  c;i|i;ilii,. 
ofbeiny  juhipted  to  the  iMir|)oseof  war,  it  wasrif^ht  at  such  a  conjaiictiiic 
that  a  watchful  eye  should  be   kept  on  her.     Directions  to  tliis  ctliMt 
were  accordin<;iy  given  by  the  commissioners  of  customs,  and  tlic  vcs- 
8el  was  <liligently  watcluid  until   the  hour  of  her  departure.     Ifcvi- 
(Umicc  had  been  forthcoming  to  sh*»w  that  the  government  ol'liceis  wen. 
deceived,  it  was  for  Mr.  Dudley,  who  professed  to  know  where  it  wastu 
be  found,  to  pnxbute  it.     He  would  have  been  wholly  wanting  in  hjv  | 
duty  if,  being  possessed  of,  or  enabled  to  obtain  such  evidence,  lie  iiail 
failed  to  produce  it.    The  fact  that  neither  Mr.  Dudley  nor  .Mr.  Adams  | 
made  any  communication  to  the  government  till  after  the  vessel  liml 
sailed  is,  as  it  seems  to  nie,  very  strong  to  show  that  no  such  eviilciiic 
was  to  be  had. 

If  Mr.  Dudley,  to  whom  everybody  appears  to  have  resorted  who  had 
anything  to  communicate,  could  find  nothing  on  which  his  sui)eii(ii, j 
Mr.  Adams,  ever  ready  to  address  requisitions  or  remonstrances  tn  j 
Earl  Itussell,  could  call  for  tlie  intervention  of  Iter  Majesty's  govern 
inent,  it  seems  unreasonable  to  reproach  the  government  with  want  ni 
due  diligence  in  not  making  inquiries  which,  there  is  every  reason  U)\ 
think,  could  have  led  to  no  profitable  result. 

Tliat  the  government  were  sincerely  desirous  of  ascertaining  the  ti!io| 
character  of  this  vessel,  lest,  possibly,  any  violation  of  neutrality  slumlil 
be  contemplated,  is  showu  by  this,  that  instead  of  resting  satisfied  with  I 
the  inquiries  o*f  tlie  local  oiticers,  a  belief  having  been  expressed  tliiit 
the  vessel  was  being  built  for  the  Italian  government.  Lord  Kussell,  oiij 
the  2()th  of  February,  telegraphed  to  Sir  James  Hudson,  the  Britisli 
minister  at  Turin,  desiring  him  to  "ascertain  and  rei)ort  whether  a  vessd 
called  the  Oreto,  now  fitting  out  at  Liverpool,  is  intended  for  the  useotj 
the  Italian  government."  '     Sir  James  Hudson  having  referred  to  8isiior 
Kicasoli,  the  minister  for  foreign  alfairs,  telegraphs,  in  answer:  "Kicij 
soli  tells  me  he  has  no  knowledge  whatever  of  the  ship  Oreto,  but  wi 
cause  in(pury  to  be  made.''^    As  the  construction  of  such  a  vessel  wouldl 
belong  to  tlie  department  of  the  marine,  the  faet  of  Signer  Ivicasolif 
being  unaware  of  any  order  having  been  given  for  its  construction 
would,  of  course,  not  be  conclusive.    Indeed,  Signor  Iticasoli  would  not 
take  upon  himself  to  negative  the  fact,  but  promised  to  make  inqnin] 
on  the  subject.     Unfortunately  tlie  result  of  the  inquiry,  which  was  thai 
the  vessel  had  not  been  built  for  the  Italian  government,  was  not  com- 1 
municated  to  Sir  James  Hudson  till  the  25th  of  March,  by  which  time! 
the  Oreto  had  actually  sailed. '    The  delay  is  believed  to  have  becuj 
owing  to  a  change  in  the  Italian  ministry,  which  occurred  about  tliej 
period  in  question ;  for  the  answer  to  Sir  James  Hudson  was  given  not  j 

'  British  A)ti>eL(lix,  vol.  i,  p.  3. 
'  Ibid. 
•Ibid.,  p.  €i. 


OPINIONS    OF    MW    ALKXANDKR    COCKIM'RN. 


ovcrniiu'ut  wcic 
Vt'd  which  they 
iitation  of  wiinr 
'lit,  at  all  events 
•<'  was  no  M'lisoii 
rs.  Miller,  a  lirm 
liich  was  a  jjov 

liad  canitMl  mi 
tht'V  is,  nor  ciui 
10  business  (Ifiil. 
.'S.  At  thcsiiiiic 
licli  was  ('ii|iiilili' 
icli  a  conjnnctiiic 
i>ns  to  this  I'ti'irt 
nns,  and  the  ves- 
■[)ai'tnie.  Ifcvi 
ent  olTiceis  wcic 
V  where  it  wastn 
ly  wantinjf  in  liis 
evidence,  he  liad 

nor  31  r.  Adams  j 
;  the  vessel  liail 
no  such  evitleiat' 

resorted  who  liad 
lieh  his  superior. 
reinonstranees  tm 
Majesty's  {iovern 
ent  with  want  nf 
every  reason  to  | 

rtaining  the  trao 
neutrality  should  I 
ing  satisHed  witli 
n  expressed  that 

Lord  Kusselhoiii 
dson,  the  British 

whether  a  vessel 
led  for  the  useot 
•eferred  to  Sif-iw 

answer:  "Kiei-I 

p  Oreto,  but  wi! 
ch  a  vessel  would 

Signer  Ivicusolil 

its  construction 
icasoli  would  not 

to  make  inquiry 

',  which  was  tliat 

^nt,  was  not  com- 

h,  bv  which  time 

ed  to  have  been 

urred  about  tlie 
[>n  was  given  not 


|,v  Si,uiior  Ivicasoli,  but  by  Signor  lJata/,/.i,  who  had  succeeded  him  as 
;iliiiistcr  tor  ro.eign  alVairs.  The  delay  is  certainly  not  one  for  which 
llcr  Majesty's  goveinnient  can  in  any  way  be  held  I'csponsible.  Until 
ilic  tiual  answer  to  Sir  -lames  Hudson's  intjuiiy  had  been  gi\-en.  the  un- 
imiiiu  answer  of  Signor  JJicasoli  could  not,  tor  the  reason  already 
„iv(>ii — namely,  that  tin^  matter  was  nt)t  one  belonging  to  his  de|',art- 
iiiiMit— sul1i(  (^  to  warrant  the  seizure  or  detention  of  the.  vessel.  The  ig- 
imiiince  of  the  Italian  consul  at  laxerpool,  who  would  not  luM'cssarily  be 
iafornicd  of  an  order  given  by  the  Italian  government,  especially  if  the 
(lulcr  had  been  given  to  Thomas  Ibothers  of  ralenno,  <'ould  not  nuiUe 
It  unnecessary  to  wait  for  Signor  liata//.i"s  answer,  llu'  the  alleged 
i;'iiorauce  of  the  Italian  <'onsul  was  lun'er  (M)mmunicated  to  the  govern- 
iiii'iit  or  to  the  local  autluu'ities.  The  information  was  given  by  INlr. 
Dudley  to  INIr.  Seward  alout':  in  other  words,  was  thrown  away. 

Mr.  Diullcy  continued  to  keep  a  watchful  eye  on  the  Oreto,  On  the 
:iiliof  February  he  writes  to  Mr.  Seward: 

1  liiivi'  )i()sitivo  ('Vidciiit'  tlial  the  ( )ii'tii  ;;iin-1)i)jit  is  itilcinii'd  lor  the  sDiithiTii  cKiil'cd- 
ir.ii'V.  Slu'  in  to  ciirry  sixteen  ^iuns.  i-i  inteiideil  as  ii  inivnteer,  and,  tVuni  iiKiseat  »[■>- 
jiiiriiiices,  l()()l<s  as  if  she  woiilil  stait  du  lier  cniise  diri'ct  tVoni  this  \Hivt.  Slu!  has 
iikiii  on  board,  this  mornin;;;,  seventy  harrejs  of  pork  and  lieef, sixty  sacks  of  navy  and 
>;)i  liuirels  of  cal)in  bread,  lo;;-etlier  with  oilier  ]ii()vi>'oiis.  'I'lie  j;ii!,s  are  to  be  shippud 
lisoiiie  utlier  port  in  Knj^l.inil. 

Again  on  the  1st  of  .Alarcli : 

Till' day  before  yesterday  I  wrote  tln'  D.'partnn'iit  that  I  liiid  obtained  ovideiiee.  tliut 
ihc^uii-boat  Oicto  was  intended  as  a  inivateer,  and  tliat  slie  was  takin;^  on  lier  \nO' 
\isiuiis,  iVc.  >Since  then  slie  lias  been  quite  busy  in  takiiii;'  on  jirovisions.  She  lias  a 
\iiy  lari;e  (|iianlity,  <'nonj;'h  for  a  bm;;'  cniise.  Tiiey  an-  jiettiiijr  as  many  sonthtUTJ 
■liimsas  tiu-y  can.  Tin-y  want  1:'>(I  ineii  if  tiiey  ciii  ]Mocnre  them.  The  pilot  has  been 
t.ililtliey  wonld  h>avi!  to-day:  tliey  are  only  waitinii,  for  .!ie  arrival  of  the  West  bnlia 
1m;i1  :it  Southamiilon.  The  captain  who  is  to  comiiiaml  her  is  to  come  by  this  boat.  A 
iiiiii  liy  the  name  of  Dnj;nid,  a  Scotchman,  is  to  take  her  out  of  this  ))oit  as  an  I'iii^rlisli 
\i-si'l.  Her  transfer  will  be  made  outside.  The  pilot  thinks  she  will  not  come  bacli 
I'lLivt-rpoid  after  liei-  ti'al  tri|).  lie  is  eiven  to  understand  that  she  will  ijo  to  tho  Lslo 
M'Maii,  then  to  Holyhead,  and  some  oilier  ports,  in  one  of  wliich  lier  j^niis  will  l>o 
]i!;ict'il  on  board,  and  then  slu-  will  enter  at  once  on  her  crnise,  and  sail  to  the  Mediter- 
laiii'iiii.  1  have  made  arraii;;emeiits  by  wlii(di  I  think  intellij;cnee  of  her  movemonts 
v.illlie  coimiuinieatcMl  to  me.  Vesti'rday  I  addressed  letters  to  tlui  consuls  on  the  Mod- 
iiiiraueaii,  and  sea-iiorts  of  .Spain,  I'ortn.^al,  and  some  others,  advisint;  them  of  iliis 
vi'isel.aiid  reiinestin,;;'  them  to  report  her  if  she  should  visit  the  port.  Tlu!  i)r();i;r;unnie, 
a-'iiid  down  to  the  i>ilot,  may  not  be  ('arried  out.  but  it  looks  very  prol)able  whoii 
tiki'ii  ill  connection  with  tho  larj^e  sajiplies  of  provisions  she  has  n.'ceived  on  board.  ' 

The  i>rograinme  was  not  carried  otit.  The  (Jreto  neither  went  to  the 
I>leof  Man,  nor  Holyhead,  m)r  the  ?.Iediterranean  ;  nor  did  she  get  any 
MUitheru  sailors. 

lu  the  foregoing  letters  Mr.  Dudley  says  he  has  "  [)ositive  evidence  " 
that  the  gun-boat  Oreto  was  inteiuled  as  a  i>rivateer,  and  for  the  south- 
em  confederacy.  If  so,  one  is  naturally  in<luced  to  ask  how  it  was  that 
this  evidence  was  not  communicated  to  IMr.  Adams,  by  whom  it  might 
iiiimedlately  have  been  made  available,  instead  of  being  only  spoken  of, 
aud  that  only  in  general  terms,  to  ]Mr.  Seward,  who,  being  on  the  other 
i'iile  of  the  Atlantic,  conld  not,  of  course,  make  use  of  it  to  stop  the  ves- 
wl.  Is  not  the  fair  inference  to  be  drawn  from  this  and  the  other  let- 
ters of  this  gentleman,  when  we  see  how  little  resulted  from  them,  that 
anxious  to  show  his  zeal  in  the  best  light,  he  was  more  disposed  to 
address  himself  to  the  Secretary  of  State  than  to  the  minister  in  Lon- 
don, aud  was  somewhat  apt  to  boast  of  possessing  evidence,  when,  in 
fact,  he  had  nothing  more  than  reports  and  conjectures,  which,  though, 
not  inconsistent  with  probability,  possessed  no  substantial  or  available 

'  United  States  Documents,  vol.  vi,  p.  i^iO. 


m 


1 1  i ' 


£ls  ;lv 


5i   >  al,^ 


Hi 


374 


AIMtrrifATION    AT    (IKNKVA. 


reulity  .'     Or  was  it  tliat  iiis  iiiforniation  was  obtained  l>y  sccri't  iiicans 
which  wouUl  hav«>  stairiped  it  with  discixMlit  if  prodiiccMl  .' 
On  tlieiith  ol'.Man'li  3lr.  Diidk-y  ayaiii  writes  Mr.  Seward  ; 

Owiii;;,  as  it  is  allr^ctl,  to  tlii^  aiitlioi  itics  hen',  tlic  ( (icto  li:is  1» 'cii  cKiiiiPilii.il  (d  t,  . 
iMtcr  as  an  Kii^lisli  vcsncI,  and  lie  Ti'^riilmiy  cutiTcd,  iVc.  SIic  fiitcrcil  oii  Suture!,", 
last  i'oi'  J'alcriiio,  in  Sicily,  ami  .lauiaica,  in  tlic  W'fst  Indies.  W.  V.  .Miller  as  nw  nci, ,,  [ 
l)n;;ni(l  as  coinniander.  Her  ^nns  are  not  on  lioanl.  Slie  shipijed  lier  crew  on  .Mimii|;\ 
last.  Inelosed  (ind  a  (.•(ti>y  of  an  a^feenuMit  j^iveii  l>y  the  captain  to  one  ot'  tlio  U(!i, 
My  it  you  will  seo  that,  \vllil(^  stiller  is  tlm  owner,  Fawcett,  I'reston  A-.  Co.  i,.; 
tlio  men.  I  lia\(' this  (loeninent  teni|Miraiily  in  niy  |)()ssession.  Tlio  traiusler  of  t!,, 
vessel  t<i  tlie  soutliern  conl'edeiai'y  will  not  be  made  liei'e,  hut  at  sonic  )ilaie  cuitsiil'; 
it  nniy  Ik-  at  Palermo  or  Iteinnida.  Init  most  likely  at  sonn'  jdai'i'  in  tlie  .NieditiMr,iii(i:i. 
as  tlie  pilot  and  ail  the  men  are  now  yi\  t'li  to  iinderstaml  that  they  are  lirst  to  att  ili.;,. 
The  (oi'em.in  in  I'aweett,  I'reston  iV  t'o.'s  told  a  yonn;^  man,  t'ornierly  in  the  eiaiilny  :> 
that  eompany,  that  the  ;;iins  for  the  Oieto  were  to  l>e  shipped  to  I'.ilerino,  ami  |Mit  i.i 
hoard  at  that  jdace ;  while  anothei'  iier.>on  in  tlieir  fonndery  told  om-  of  my  imu  t'.i- 
the  jruiis  had  lieeii  sent  on  in  the  steamer  Iicrnnida.  and  were  to  he  landed  at  i;  .. 
miida,  an<l  that  tiie  Oreto  was  tocall  there  for  them.  Which  of  these,  or  whetlirr  cit',.; 
of  them,  is  title,  I  cannot  tell :  Init  what  yives  some  streimth  t)  the  i.itter  statciiii'ii'  , 
the  fact  thill  on  Saturday  mornin;;  last,  \\liile  the  Uermuda  was  in  tlm  river,  ami  j.;-- 
hefoio  she  sailed,  several  lar;;e  c.iimon  were  ]daced  on  lioard  (d' her.  IJotli  of  tins- ]i, ;. 
sons  in  the  employ  of  Fawcett,  I'reston  ».V  Co.  stated  that  slie  w,is  intended  fir  ti, 
confederates.  The  report  is  that  she  is  to  stojiat  Holyhead.  I  have  se.ut  a  111:111  tli";v 
to  watidi  her.  and  made  arrangements  with  one  of  the  crew  to  i;iv(!  informitioa  tV.i::! 
time  to  time  ;  made  her  the  siil>ject  of  :v  nu!ii!ie|-  of  eouim  1111  i  cat  ions  to  .Mr.  .Vflaiiis  a  ,  I 
on  I'liday  addressed  11  circular  to  all  our  consuls  in  tlii>  .MiMliterraneau,  re(|iiiNt:',_ 
them  to  look  after  and  report  to  the  iK-partm  'Ut  in  case  siie  should  vi>'it  the  put.  T  1 
jn'ovisions  of  the  Orcto  are  of  the  very  h-st  kind,  an  1  very  anijd'vitho  pilntsi  - 
enoii;;h  to  last  a  .\ear,)  with  ahnndaiici'  <d'  wines  and  liiiiiors  lor  tiie  oitireis.  S; 
sailed  from  here  last  evening; — the  hill  of  i-ntry  s.iys  for  I'.ilerni  >  w.'.l  l.im  tici  in  li,,- 
last.     Her  Clew  shipped  consists  of  liffy-t\>-o  men.' 

The  eonllietiiift'  .statements  set  Ibrtli  in  this  letter  sliow  liow  iimciti  1 
and  unreliable  were  the  rei>orts  whicli  were  conveyed  to  .Mr.  J)ii(lley  ;  v 
persons  who  i^ave  their  oonji^cturt's  as  t'aets,  as  well  as  how  little  nl: 
anee  ean  be  plaeed  on  the  inlbrniation  of  3Ir.  Dudley,  anil  how  rciidi: 
that  gentleaum  aceei)ted  unauthentic  rumors  and  rejjorts  as  the  foiindi 
tion  of  his  statements.  31r.  ^liller  was  not  rej;istered  as  owner,  but,  ;- 
we  shall  see  in  n  nu»ment,  .Air.  John  Ilenry  Thomas,  a  merchant  en;! 
nected  with  Palermo.  In  the  agreement  with  the  crew,  printed  in  tli' 
British  appendix,  the  lirm  of  Fawcett,  Preston  &  (lo.  arc  meiitiDiirl 
as  "managinj;'  owners;"' no  mention  is  made  of  ^Ir.  Miller,  citlu'i  ;,- 
registered  or  managing  owner. 

The  guns  for  the  Oreto,  Avhich  it  was  asserted  were  to  go  out  in  tliN 
Bermuda,  did  not  go  out  in  that  vessel. 

Here,  again,  I  cannot  but  repeat  the  observation  that  while  facts 
which,  if  true,  were  no  doubt  of  importance,  are  comnumicated  to  .Mi. 
iSeward,  no  information  respecting  them  is  given  to  Mr.  Adams,  liv 
whom  they  might  have  been  turned  to  good  account,  or  to  the  locii! 
authorities,  to  whom  they  might  have  attordeda  clue  to  get  at  tlietintb, 
The  statements  made  by  the  foreman  and  workmen  of  Fawcett,  Preston. 
&  Co.,  if  mentioned  in  the  proper  (piarter,  might  have  led  to  iini)ortai!'| 
revelations. 

The  attention  of  the  local  authorities  at  Liverpool  had  not  been  with  j 
drawn  from  the  vessel.  They  insisted,  as  appears  from  ]\Ir.  Dadlev's 
letter  to  Mr.  Seward,  of  the  oth  of  March,  that  the  8hii>  should  be  re^' 
istered,  no  doubt  as  the  condition  of  her  clearance,  and  on  the  3(1  oi 
March,  she  was  registered  accordingly,  in  the  nam*,  of  "  John  Heiin  | 
Thomas,  of  Liverpool,  in  the  county  of  Lancaster,  merchant,"  appar- 
ently either  a  member  of  or  connected  with  the  Palermo  firm — the  saul 

'  United  States  Documeuts,  vol.  vi,  p.  221. 


^-1 


^1# 


oi'iNiONs  OF  sii;  ali:xa\I'|;k'  c<K'Ki;ri;\. 


.'575 


Jiilm  Ilciay  Thomas  tluMi  in.ikinj;'  tlie  rollowiii;;'  (Icclaratioii,  accoi'din;;- 
;u  tlK'  usual  I'orm  : 

I,  till'  iiM(l(M'siijii('il  , I, ill, I  If.-ni'y  T!ii)!ii:is,  of  Lis-i-ritunl,  ciuiiity  of  I.  amiistcr,  iiicr- 
haiit,  ili'ilart' iiN  follows  :  I  iiiii  a  iiatiiiiil-lioiii  ll.itisli  .suliji-ct,  lioru  at  ralt'iiiio,  in 
llic island  of  Sicily,  of  liiitinh  p.irciit-i,  and  lia\(i  iicviT  takfii  tin;  oath  of  al!(';;iaii('i'  to 
,iiiy  liirri;;n  state.  Tim  altovc  ycni'ial  dcsci  iiilioii  of  the  sliip  is  cont'i't.  .lames  Alcx- 
amliT  iMi^iiiid.  whose  certilieato  of  coinpetency  oi-  serviee  is  No,  l.dTIt,  is  the  master  of 
.;ii(l  .ship.  lam  entitled  to  he  re^fistefed  as  owner  (d' sixty-fonr  shares  of  the  said 
>lii]i,  Tothehestof  Miy  knowIedj;e  and  heliel'iio  jieisou  or  liody  of  persoiiN  other  tiiaii 
villi  |icisiiiis  orhodies  ol'  persons  as  are  hy  tln^  nieicliant  shippin;;  aet,  h"'.")l,  <pnilified 
•0  III' owners  of'lhitisli  ships,  is  entitled,  as  owner,  to  any  interest  \Nhatever,  eitlier 
!(.rr|il  (ir  lienelleial,  in  the  said  slii)).  And  I  make  tliis  soleniii  th'ilaration,  eonseii'n- 
tioiisly  ludievinj;  tie-  sani''  to  In-  triie. 

•loKN  II.  THOMAS. 


M;l'I'  ail   siihser'hiMl   tie 
I'liiDiias,  in  rhv'  jn-'seifi'  of- 


Isr  i'.,:y  ol  .Ala.vli,  I*' IJ,  hy  t'u;  .ilMve-iiamed  John  Henry 

.1.  C.  .JOIIX.STONK.  ,Ii;., 
Ri(jW.raioJ'  .Sli'iiqniitj,  I'uit  of  l.ircriinoL' 

The  I'dcfc  ot'  ]\[r.  Thomas,  who  thiistlcolai'cd  himself  to  be  a  native  of 
r.ik'niio,  lu'liiii' rcyi-rei'ed  us  the  owner,  and  his  declaration  that  no  ])er- 
siiiiof  body  of  jicrsoMs,  other  than  siicli  as  were  by  tiu^  merchant  sliip- 
[liiif;  act  (jualilied  to  be  owners  of  llritish  ships,  ^\  is  entitled,  as  owner, 
to  any  interest,  lej^al  or  ben(»(icial,  in  tln^  vc-  il.  wer(^  of  course  calcu- 
lated to  inive  sujtport  to  the  statement  that  the  v*  sel  was  intended  for 
'Jic  firm  of  Thomas  I'rothers  of  that  place. 

On  the  ensuiu};'  day,  thetth,  the  Oreto  e'  ared  oat  for  TalerJiio  and 
J.tiiiaica. 

Attention  is  called  in  the  case  of  the  United  States  to  the  fact  that, 
"iioi'V  I  standing;'  the  alle^'ed  belief  of  the  Livei  pool  olUcers  that  the 
vessel  was  intended  for  the  Kin^'  of  Italy,  she  was  allowed  to  clear  for 
An/i (((■(•((  in  ballast.''  In  fact,  she  cleared  for  rdleniioiunl  Jamaica;  tiot, 
lis  would  ai>pear  to  be  thus  represented,  for  .laimiiea  alone.  Ami  it  is  to 
be  observed  that  the  belief  of  3Ir.  Edwards,  the  colketor,  on  this  liead 
had  been  expressed  as  nineli  as  a  month  before,  without,  as  it  woidd 
iipticar,  any  delinite  •grounds  ;  and  that,  on  the  other  liami,  ^Messrs.  .Mil- 
hr  had  stated  thiit  she  had  been  bnilt  for  the  I'alermo  lirm,  and  that 
this  stiitement  had  received  eontiirmation  from  the  registration  of 
Tlioinas  as  her  owner. 

Tlion<«h  represented  as  destined  to  be  banded  over  to  the  Italian  yov- 
friiiiioiit,  as  a  disi)ateh-boat,  yet,  if  built  in  tlie  first  instance  i'uv  a  pri- 
vate tirui,  it  was  not  impossible  that  it  might  l»e  intended  that  she  should 
make  a  voyage  to  the  West  Indies  before  being  parted  ^vith.  Even  if 
lior  being-  cleared  for  Jamaica,  as  well  as  I'alermo,  had  been  deemed  a 
cii't'innstance  of  suspicion,  it  would  not  have  Justified  a  .seizure  of  the 
vessel,  unless  there  was  something  to  show  that  the  clearance  was  ficti- 
tious and  fraudulent.  It  was  only  by  subse<iuent  events  that  this  was 
made  to  appear. 

Attention  is  invited  in  the  case  of  the  United  States  to  what  is  called 
tlie  "easy  credulity  "  of  these  ofhcicals,  "  who  to  the  tirst  charges  of 
Mr.  Adams  replied  by  putting  forward  the  belief  of  the  builders  as  to 
the  destination  of  the  vessel,  and  who  met  his  subsequent  complaints 
l>,y  extracting  from  the  custom-house  records  the  false  clearance  which 
Bullock  and  Fraser,  Trenholra  »&  Co.  had  caused  to  be  entered  there.'" 

This  representation  appears  to  me  very  unfair.  Tnese  officers,  on  re- 
ceiving instructions  from  the  commissioners  of  customs  to  make  inquiry, 

'  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  10. 
-'  Case  of  the  United  States,  p.  337. 


37G 


ARBITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


'■«  ■  -i 


had  no  oiio  to  resort  to  on  the  first  oocasioii  but  tho  hiiildors.  They 
could  report  no  other  than  whattho  builders  stated,  whi<!h  was  tliat  "to 
tlic  best  of  their  inforniation  "  the  present  destiinition  of  the  vessel  was 
I'alenno,  as  it  had  been  built  for  the  firm  of  Thomas  Brothers,  of  tlir.t 
place,  and  thev  had  been  asked  to  recommend  a  master  to  take  lier  om 
to  I'alermo.  When  it  is  said  that  on  the  second  occasion  the  ollicois 
extracivMl  from  the  customhouse  records  the  false  clearance  "which  JSul. 
lock  and  Fraser,  Trenholm  «S:  Co.  had  caused  to  be  entered  there,  it  i,> 
a<;aiu  to  be  bi)rne  in  mind  that  it  was  their  duty  to  communiciUe  the 
entry  of  the  ship's  clearance  to  their  superiors,  accordin,i;'  as  it  stood  on 
the  register;  besides,  there  is  no  evidence  of  the  entry  having;'  hwn 
made  by  Jiidlock  or  by  Fraser.  Trenholm,  cv  Co.  Indeed,  thiit  Ihillod; 
can  liavc  been  a  party  to  the  clearance  is  impossible.  The  recklessnoss 
of  the  assertion  is  apparent  from  the  fai^t  that  the  clearance  was  eflVctcil, 
and  the  eiitry  of  it  made  on  the  .'Id  of  March  ;  whereas  lUillock  did  iidt 
arrive  at  Livcr[»ool  in  the  Annie  Childs  till  the  11th.'  If  Fraser  &  Co. 
were  i)arties  to  the  clearance  the  fact  ap})ears  to  have  been  uidcnown  to 
!Mr.  Dudley  ;  no  suggestion  of  the  kind  is  anywhere  made  by  him.  Stji! 
less  is  there  any  ground  whatever  for  supposing  that  theollicershadany 
knowledge  or  reason  to  susjH'ct  that  the  entry  had  been  made  by  tlicsc 
parties,  or  wasinany  rcspe(,'t  false.  The  slur  attempted  to  becast  on  tliosf 
ollicers,  who  are  said  to  have  been  deceived  only  "  because  they  wislicil 
to  be  deceived,"'  appears  to  me,  I  must  say,  wholly  unfounded,  and  one 
cannot  but  regret  to  see  imi)utations  of  this  kind  introduced  into  a  case 
stated  on  the  i)art  of  the  American  Government. 

JJut  the  question,  it  must  never  be  forgotten,  is  not  whether  tliOM> 
oflicers  were  unduly  credulous ;  the  question  on  which  the  liability  of  tlic 
IJritish  government  must  dei)endis  wliether  there  were  facts  ascertained, 
or  capable  of  being  ascertained,  upon  which  they  would  have  been  Jib 
tilled  in  taking  possession  of  tliis  vessel.  It  seems  to  mo  that  tlieiv 
were  not. 

Upon  what  evidence  could  Her  .Majesty's  government  have  supported 
the  sei/uie,  or  asked  for  the  confiscation  of  this  vessel  in  an  IjinMsii 
court  of  law  ! 

It  is  hei'e  all  essential  to  keei»  in  mind  what  it  was  which  in  a  cointol' 
law  it  would  have  been  imaimbent  on  the  [)ul)li<;  prosecutor  to  estahli.sli. 
in  order  to  the  condemnation  of  the  vessel  under  the  foreign-enlisiiiien: 
act.  Jle  would  have  had  in  the  first  place  to  show  that  the  vessel  v;t^ 
e(|uipped  lor  ^^ar.  As  to  this,  it  is  true  there  would  have  been  no  ditli 
culty.  The  vessel  was  pierced  for  guns,  and  had  the  necessary  fittings 
for  war;  she  was  represented  as  a  dispatch-boat,  which  means  a  vessel 
capable  of  being  armed,  and  therefore  of  being  used  for  war.  lUit  it 
would  have  been  further  necessary  to  prove  that  the  vessel  was  in- 
tended to  be  used  against  a  belligerent  with  whom  Great  Britain  was  at 
l^eace.  Here  lay  the  ditticulty ;  for  on  this  head  the  evidence  totally 
iailed.  lieyoud  surmises,  suspicwn,  rumor,  there  was  nothing,  at  lea^t 
nothing  tangible  or  that  could  be  made  practicably  available.  Accord 
ing  to  the  safe  and  sound  rules  of  evidence,  which  happily  prevail  in  an 
English  court  of  justice,  as  also  in  those  of  America,  (for  the  procedure 
is  the  same  in  both,)  the  suspicions  and  impressions  of  Mr.  Dudley  woultl 
liave  been  wholly  inadmissible ;  the  reports  received  by  him  from  per 
sous  who  could  not  be  brought  forward  would  have  been  rejected  as 
mere  hearsay;  the  gossip  of  the  docks  or  the  shipwrights'  yards  would 
have  been   at  once  excluded ;   insinuations,  imputing  to  respectable 


'  United  Statos  DucnmeiitH,  vol.  vi,  p.  223. 


1^ 


OPIN'IONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDER    COCKBrRN'. 


377 


uilder.s.     They 
h  was  tluit  "  to 
the  vessel  wns 
•othors,  of  tbiU 
to  take,  lior  out 
ion  the  oiricois 
lice  Avhicli  IJiil. 
L'eil  tliore,  it  i.> 
luinuiiicatL'  tlic 
,<;•  as  it  stood  oil 
[•y  having  bow 
d,  that  r.ullock 
he  rofklcssiiess 
ice  waset'locttMl, 
IJuHoi'k  «h(l  iKit 
li'  Frasci'tS:  (0. 
oeii  unknown  to 
le  by  him.    Stii! 
otliccrsliiuluiiy 
1  nuule  by  tlicso 
I  be  cast  ontliosi- 
iise  they  wislicd 
unded,  and  one 
need  into  a  oase 


oiliooi's  abandonnuMit  of  (hity  and  coni[)li(;ity  in  crime,  n'ckh'ssly  nn\de 
;iiul  iuisupirorted  by  proof,  wouhl  have  been  treated  with  proper  disre- 
ff;utl.  J>iit>  beyond  this,  what  was  there  to  show  that  this  vessel  was 
iiiteiided  for  the  service  of  the  Confederate  vStates  ?  Positively  nothinj;-; 
wliile,  on  the  other  haml,  there  was  the  fact  that  an  ai)parently  respect- 
;i!)kMiierchant.  a  native  of  Palermo,  had  reuistered  himself  as  the  owner  ; 
tluit  the  vessel  had  cleared  for  Palermo  and  -Tamaica,  and  that  her  crew 
li;i(l  sijiiied  articles  for  a  voyaj^e  to  those  })laces. 

A  circumstance  to  which  the  ojlicers  at  Liverpool  ap[)ear  to  have  at- 
Mcliod  considerable  importance,  was  that  tlu>  vessel,  thou.^■h  'pierced  ibr 
pins,  had  not  even  jiun-carriaj^es  on  board,  and  was  wholly  unarmed 
•!iul  destitute  of  munitions  of  war.  It  mi,i;ht  indeetl  be  surmised  by  ]Mr. 
Dmlloy  that  the  vessel  would  receive  her  armament  elsewhere,  and  the 
■I'qiR'l  proved  that  his  susjjicions  were  well  founded ;  but  on  his  own 
.-liowins;  he  was  wholly  withoui  evidence'  to  prove  that  such  was  to  be 
tilt' case.  Xor  must  it  be  forgotten  that  the  Florida  was  the  lirst  vessel 
it' war  built  in  I''nf;land  for  the  Confederate  States,  and  that  the  artitices 
iiiiti  tricks,  to  whi(;h  the  unscrupulous  cunninj;' of  the  confederate  a;ients 
liil  not  hesitate  to  resort  in  violation  of  IJritish  neutrality,  had  not  till 
tiiou  been  brou<;ht  into  play.  The  ollicers  therefore  lindin,^",  after  hav- 
i;i:4unceasinj4ly  watched  the  vessel,  that  no  attiMni)t  was  made  to  arm 
Lii',  niiiy  not  unreasonal)ly  have  l)een  s.itislied  that  she  was  leavinin'  on 
;'!i  innocent  voyajie;  or,  at  all  events,  without  there  beiuiu' any  intention 
utai'ininji'  her  in  llritish  waters.  To  some  min»ls  this  may  seem  "easy 
(redulity."  To  others,  less  astute,  it  may  seem  natural  enoui-h,  atid  not 
to  he  jnstly  imi)ntable  to  want  of  pro[)','r  dili,i;ence  or  to  intentional 
licjllect  of  duty. 

if,  indeed,  the  olMccrs  had  beeome  aware  that  anotlun"  Ncssel  had  been 

;t  that  time  takin<4' on  board  ;run-carria,ues  ami  j^uns  capable  of  bein*;' 

jiiit  on  board  the  (jreto  after  she  had  left  the  i>ort,  such  a  circumstance 

hvimld  have  been  well  calculated  to  excite  susi)icion  that  the  professed 

viiya^^e  to  Palermo  and  rlamai(.'a  was  but  the  i>rt'tendeil  destination  of 

iic  vessel. 

Hut  nothin.n'  of  the  kind  existed.     'SI.  Sta(>mptli,  who  has  insisted  on 

acli  a  fact  as  one  of  the  main  jiiounds  of  a  decision  a:;ainst  tht>  P>ritish 

:u\oriunent,  has  here  fallen  into  a  very  serious  error.     Instead  of  the 

|,;;imsand  their  carria.ues  iMdnp;  bron,i;ht,as  he  has  inm.i^inedjfrom  Ilartle- 

101)1  to  Liverpool  and  there  ship[)e(l,  they  were,  in  fact, in  order  to  avoid 

[ ^iisiiic'ion,  transmitted  by  railway,  unknown  to  the  authorities,  from 

Liverpool  to  Hartlepool,  a  \Hnt  on  the  o]>itosite  coast  of  England,  and 

I  ilierc  shipped  ;  so  that,  while  the  olhcers  at  Liverpool  kiuMv  nothin<>'  of 

111'  shipment  of  the  guns,  the  ollicers  at  Hartlepool  knew  nothing  of  the 

l^iiling  of  the  Oreto.    To  this  it  may  be  added  that,  though  Mr.  Dudley 

h'as  aware  of  the  sailing  of  both  the  ships,  and  also  of  the  transport  of 

L'liiisaml  nuinitions  of  war  from  Liverpool  to  Hartlepool  by  Fawcett  & 

Uo., to  form  ]>art  of  the  cargo  of  the  IJahama,  it  inner  occurred  to  him 

tiMmagine  ihat  there  was  any  connection  between  the  two  vessels. 

P^liile  he  believed  that  the  Oreto  was  about  to  proceed  to  the  Mediter- 

I'liioau,  his  letters  show  that  he  believed  that  the  guns  and  munitions 

|of  war  sent  to  the  Bahama  were  intended  to  run  the  blockatle  or  bo 

liken  toBermuuR  or  Nasvsau,  to  be  there  transshipped  for  that  puri)0se. 

Ou  the  7th  of  March  he  writes  to  Mr.  Seward  : 

'*>«mo  tliree  weeks  affo  I  was  crndibly  iiifonnod  that  the  same  paities  who  had  piir- 
I'liaHeiltlit)  Herald  had  bought;  the  steamer  Bahama ;  that  they  would  h)ad  her  with 
•  '"'iiitioiiH  ot"  war  for  the  so-caUed  s«)utlieru  coufederacy,  and  either  run  (lie  lilockade 
l^f  else  IiukI  her  cargo  at  .Heruiuda  aud  ruu  it  iuto  Charleston  ou  suialler  vesHels.     I 


V    1 

M 

\  1 

ijtitii-? 

■■  'i 

,|-.|>M  ;   '. 

!        'f. 

i 

♦V 

i'^^  I 


iv-v 


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378 


ARHITEATIOX   AT    GENEVA. 


%. 


VJJ' 


I' 


.;  I? 


fiM 


made  inf|uiiics  to  liiul  lior,  and  wrote  to  ditfereut  consulates  without  obtaiiiiiij;  aiiv 
information  about  her, or  any  vessel  of  that  name.  Yesterday  rve  discovered  tlnit  Faw- 
cctt,  I'reston  »&  Co.  were  shippinj;,  by  rail,  cases  containinji;  shells  and  shot,  also  cases 
supposed  to  contain  cannon  and  rifles,  directed  to  "  I'ickfonl  A:  Co.,  West  ILntkpdol, 
for  shijduent  per  steamer  Bahama,  for  Planibur};."'  This  Hartlepool  is  the  same  jilaoi' 
where  the  Bermuila,  on  her  first  trip,  received  a  portion  of  lier  crj^o.  I  have  written 
to  tlie  consuls  at  Leeds  and  London,  and  will  cinb-avor  to  learn  something  more  aliuat 
this  business.' 

On  the  12th  of  March  : 

The  vice-consul  at  Newcastle  wiiies  nu'  that  tlii're  is  a  steamer,  called  the  liahaiMi. 
loadin,t;  at  West  Hartlepool.  He  no  doubt  will  ad\  isc  the  Drpartnient  and  };iv('  all  tin. 
ItartifnliMS  in  reference  to  her.  Fawcett,  I'reston  iV  Co.  are  sendiufj  lar<;c  <|iiMiititie. 
of  munitions  of  war  to  tliis  vessel.  They  have  aln^ady  s:  nt  from  Liverpool  tlvi-  limi. 
dred  cases  of  shot  and  shells,  npwanl  of  twenty  tons  of  cannon,  and  about  lour  ton- 
of  j^un  carriages.  This  vessel  will  either  run  tlu;  blockade  or  land  her  c;u',i;o  at  I't;. 
muda  or  Nassau,  and  have  it  ferried  over  in  snuiller  vi'ssels.- 

Wheu  Mr.  J3iulloy  himself  had  not  the  sliadow  of  a  suspieiou  iha: 
the  jjun.s  sent  over  to  Ilarth?p'x»l  to  be  headed  in  the  Bahanni  were  in- 
tended for  the  Oreto,  it  would  he  unreasonable,  even  independently  ui 
the  nii.stake  1  have  adverted  to,  to  e.\[»ect  that  the  Livc'r[)ool  onioi,:., 
should  have  .seen  throuoh  the  contrivance. 

Now,  indeed,  we  are  enabled  to  see  the.se  thiiijis  by  the  li;.;lit  of  s  •,!  • 
sequent  events  and  since-acquired  knowled<ie.     \\'e  now  know  that  ti:i' 
Oreto  wa.s  ordered  by  liullock  for  the  Confederaie  States,  and  that  l!ii.- 
h)ck  was  an  ai;'ent  of  those  States,     liut  at  that  time  these  lacts  wi :■ 
entirely  nrdcnown  to  Her  Majesty's  jjovcrnment,  and  the  tirst  of  tlu'iii, 
at  least,  equally  .so  to  3[r.  Dudley  himself.     Subse«iuent  events  havt- 
shown  that  the  susi)ieions  entertained  by  ^Ir.  Dudley  and  others  woiv 
well  founded  ;  but  though  these  suspicions  nniy  have  had  more  or  k<< 
of  probability,  they  were  but  suspicions,  and  were,  therefore,  ineapaMo 
of  being  made  practically  available,     it  is  easy  to  be  wise  after  tb 
event.     '•Erintu.s  stnltonoii  nuuiisfci;"  says  the  adage.     The   tribunal 
must  be  on  its  guard  against  the  impression  likely  to  be  produced  liv  I 
the  adroit  way  ir'  which,  in  the  United  States  pleadings,  the  story  oil 
these  vessels  is  told  witliout  distinguishing  what  was  formerly  known, 
and  what  is  now  known  about  them.     J>ut  obviously  nothing  can  b^' 
more  irrationtd  or  unjust  than  to  say  that  Iler  ^Majesty's  governnieii'l 
were  bound  to  have  seen  things  then  as  we  .see  them  now, or  to  seek  tliej 
condemnation  of  the  Oreto  on  such  evidence  as  was  then  forthcoiiiiiii, 
because  subsecpient  events  have  made  manifest  what  was  then  imnipi- 
ble  of  being  proved. 

The  iimbility  of  ]\Ir.  Dudley  to  obtain  any  eviilence  as  to  the  de.sti!i;i| 
tion  of  the  vessel  becomes  the  more  remarkable  from  the  fact  tliat 
owing  to  an  accident,  an  additional  three  weeks  from  the  clearinjj  (in:| 
of  the  Oreto  was  attbrded  him  for  discovery.  The  vessel  in  goinj;' oiir.j 
after  she  had  cleared,  sustained  some  injury,  and  liad  to  put  back  for| 
repairs,  and  was  iletaiued  till  the  li2d  of  March,  when  she  ttnally  saiieil. 
Notwithstanding  this  favorable  circumstance  3[r.  Dudley  appears  tol 
have  been  unable  to  obtain  any  proof  of  the  vessel  being  iiiteiuled  tnj 
the  confederate  service. 

Ou  the  12th  of  March  he  writes  to  Mr.  Seward  : 

The  steam  gun-boat  Oreto  put  back  into  the  river  yesterday  again.    This  is  the  tlii:it 
time  she  has  come  back.     She  is  now  anchored  in  the  stream.     I  am  unite  unable  t(H 
account  fi»r  her  conduct.     She,  no  «loubt,  is  either  waiting  for  her  gnus  or  souie  pevftonl 
I  was  told,  some  two  weeks  ago,  that  a  southern  naval  officer  was  to  come  over  to  tiik*! 
command  after  they  transferred  her  ;  it  is  jtossible  they  are  waiting  for  his  arrival.' 

'  '  United  States  Documents,  vol.  vi,  p.  282. 

-  Ibid.,  page  'jyH. 
'Ibid. 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR   ALEXANDER    COCKDURN. 


379 


mmm 


w 


%^  :.; 


t  (ibtiiiiiiiij;  any 
)vcre(l  tliiU  Finv- 
il  shot,  iilsii  casi's 
West  Hiirtli'p(i.il, 
s  the  Siiuifi  |ilacT 
,  I  hiivc  written 
thitiK  iiuii't'  a'ioat 


llud  the  l'.aliai!;;i, 
\t  ami  j;ivc  all  tln' 
rj  liU'ifc.  (piantitit'' 
ivei'itool  live  hmi- 
11(1  about  I'oui-  till). 
,  her  car,!::!!  at  !'.•■;- 

saspi('i.)U  t'a.i: 
ijhaiiiii  were  in- 
dopendi'iitly  oi 

vcriiool  ()llii:i:;' 

he  li,uUt  til'  s;'..- 
V  know  tli;it  ily 
:>*(,  and  that  I'.u.- 
these  I'aots  \\v:-' 
le  first  of  tlie'.i!. 
nt  events  hiivc 
and  others  woiv 
had  more  or  k'->^ 
refore,  ineapaWo 
i  Avise  after  \\w 
The  tribunal 
l)C  produeed  by 
ig-s,  the  story  ct 
formerly  known. 
nothing  eaii  V 
ty's  goveriimeir 
\v,or  to  seek  tin'] 
len  forthcomiu;.] 
as  then  iucapa- 

s  to  the  destiiial 
in  the  fixet  tliat. 

the  clearing  m'-I 
sel  in  o'oinji' oll^| 

to  put  back  foil 
she  ttnally  sailetll 
ndley  appears  t.i| 
■ing  inteiidetl 


in.    This  is  the  tluiil| 

am  quit"  ""ii'^''' 
uvinsorsoim'pfi*'^,"! 
to  come  over  to  t.u«| 
ng  for  bis  arrival. 


Again,  ou  the  15th,  lie  writes  : 

The  Oreto  is  still  in  the  river,  lying  ort' Eggmont.  She  is  evidently  not  ready  for 
sea,  and  is  waiting  for  her  guns  or  el.so  for  some  person.  I  was  informed  yesterday 
that  her  gnus  arc  to  be  placed  on  board  before  she  leaves  this  port ;  that  they  are  to  bo 
boxed,  taken  over  to  Birkenhead,  and  there  jdaeed  cm  tugs  or  lighters  and  conveyed  to 
the  vessel.  I  have  no  means  of  verifying  t!:is  statement.  I  have  conininnieated  it  to 
oiir  miui^;ter  at  London.  - 

Aceording  to  these  letters,  and  that  ot  the  5th  of  ]\[areh,  previonsly 
quoted,  31  r.  Dndley  had  ad<lressed  several  couiinnnications  to  Mr. 
Adams  on  the  subjeet  of  the  Oreto.  Xo  new  facts  can,  however,  have 
beeu  coniinunicated  which  Mr.  Adams  deemed  worthy  of  being  snb- 
mitted  to  Her  3Iajesty's  government  for  no  commnnication  was  re- 
ceived from  him.  If  3Ir.  Dudley  was  in  possession  of  available  infor- 
mation, and  failed  to  communicate  it  to  ]Mr.  Adams,  or  if  .such  informa- 
tion was  communicated  to  3Ir.  Adams,  but  that  gentleman  omitted  to 
make  Her  Majesty's  government  acfiuainted  with  it,  there  would  have 
been  a  want  of  "  due  diligence"'  on  tlie  i)art  of  the  agents  of  the  rnited 
States  Government.  J5ut  the  kiu^wn  vigilance  and  assiduity  of  these 
jientk'inen  reiulers  such  an  imputation  impossible. 

On  the  22d  of  March,  the  day  the  Oret'.  actually  sailed.  :\Ir.  Dudley 
writes  thus  to  Mr.  Adams  : 

The  C)rero  is  still  in  the  river.  \  llat-bnar  lias  taken  part  of  I'.er  armament  to  her. 
.\liartof  the  crew  of  the  steamer  Annie  Cliihls.  which  caiin'  to  this  port  loaded  with 
iiittoii.  lia\(' jnst  left  my  oflice.  They  tell  me  that  ('.-iptain  iJnllock  is  to  conmiiind  the 
(Iri'tvi.  and  tliat  four  other  oi(i(.('is  for  this  vessel  came  over  with  them  in  the  L'hilds. 
TllenauH^s  of  three  are  Yonng.  Low,  anrl  Matfet  or  Mollit,  the  fonrtli  was  called  Eddy  ; 
lilt' tirst  two  are  lientenants,  and  the  two  last  named  midshipnu'ii.  Theyfnrther  state 
that  tlics(M)tliccrs  (hiring  the  voyagii  wore  naval  uniforms;  that  they  came  on  the'Jliilds 
ata  ]>]ace  called  Smithvillc,  some  twenty  miles  down  the  river  from  Wilniingto-! ;  tlnit 
it  was  talked  about  and  nndtn-stood  by  all  on  board  that  their  object  in  coming  \>:'S  to 
take  Cdinmand  of  this  vessel,  which  was  being  built  in  England  for  tlu^  sonthern  con- 
lnli'iai  y.  They  further  state  that  it  was  understood  in  Wilmington,  before  they  left, 
that  several  war-vessels  w(we  being  built  in  England  for  tin?  South.  As  th(>y  were 
coining  u])  the  river  in  the  Childs,  as  they  passed  the  Oreto.  she  dipped  her  (lag  to  the 
Childs.  I  liav(>  had  this  last  from  sevt^ral  sources,  and  t'le  additional  fact  that  the 
siiue  evening,  after  the  arrival  of  this  steamer,  a  dinner  w.is  given  in  the  Onito  to  the 
iillircrs  who  came  over  in  tin;  Childs.  1  understand  she  will  iiiaki'  direct  for  Madeiia 
and  Nassau. - 

Here  was.  Indeed,  information  of  importance,  but  untbrtunately  it 
came  too  late  ;  nor  was  it  communicated  to  the  (lovernment  or  to  the 
local  authorities  till  the  ship  had  sailed.  Had  3Ir.  Dndley,  in.stead  of 
contenting  him.self  with  writing  to^Ir.  Adams,  at  once  put  the  collector 
of  customs  in  communication  with  the  part  of  the  crew  of  the  Annie 
(.'liikls  to  whom  he  refers  in  his  letter,  the  statement  thu.s  made,  had  it 
appeared  to  be  such  as  could  be  depended  on,  might  ha\e  made  it  in- 
cumbent on  that  otiicer  to  detain  the  vessel.  But  this  obvious  course 
does  not  appear  to  have  occurred  to  'Sir.  Dudley.  He  contented  him- 
self with  writing  to  Mr.  Adams.  The  opportunitv  was  lost  and  the 
vessel  left. 

It  is  further  to  be  observed  that  a  considerable  portion  of  this  iufor- 
[ttiation  turned  out  to  be  untrue.  In  what  is  stated  in  the  foregoing  let- 
ter h.s  to  Captain  Bullock  and  four  other  officers  being  intended  for  the 
Oreto,  Mr.  Dudley  was  again  misled  by  bis  informants,  whose  names  as 
usual  are  not  given.  Only  one  of  these  parties,  a  Mr.  Low,  went  out  in 
her.  Her  master  and  crew  were  English,  and  shipped,  as  we  have  seen, 
for  the  voyage  to  Palermo  and  Jamaica. 


'I 


'  United  States  Documents,  vol.  vi 
''  United  States  Documents,  vol.  vi 


•<J4S ; 


British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  5. 


380 


ARBITUATION    AT    GENEVA. 


&  i 


I  -'If  J  J 


i.;!! 


On  the  I'.jth  of  ^laroli,  having  received  r\rr.  Dudley's  letter  of  tlie 
22d,  ]VIr.  Adams,  tor  the  tirst  time  sinee  his  letter  of  the  l.Sth  of  LVi,. 
ruarj',  a  period  of  live  weeks,  again  writes  to  Earl  llussell  on  tlic  miIj. 
ject  of  the  Oreto  : 

My  L<)I!U:  I  li;iv<!  tlif  honor  to  sulmiU  to  yoiu'  ('oii>iiltM'iilion  tin'  fojiy  ol' u  letter 
iVL'(;ivi!(l  I'roiu  till'  coiisiil  of  tlic  I'liitcd  Stjitcs  at  Livi'i'iiool,  toiicliiiij;  tlic  case  of  the 
stcjuiii  jj;mi-boat  On-to,  wliicli  I  liavo  iilrciidy  iiiiitlf  tlio  siihjt'ct  of  a  (.■oiiiininiiciitiini 
sonic  time  iisjo.  It  is  witli  Ki'eat  reluctance  that  1  am  driven  Vo  the  conviction  tliattlu' 
representations  made  to  yonr  lordsliip  of  the  ]inrposes  ami  destination  of  tli.it  vi'ssej 
were  delnsive,  and  that  thoiif^h  at  lirst  it  may  have  Itecn  intended  for  service  in  Sicily, 
\ct  that  such  an  intiMition  has  lieeii  long  since  ahandoned  in  fact,  and  the  jirctciiw 
has  been  held  uj)  only  the  Initter  to  conceal  the  true  object  of  the  parties  enjinned. 
That  ob,j<'ct  is  to  make  war  on  the  United  States.  All  the  persons  thns  far  known  to 
be  most  connected  with  the  nndertakinj^  are  either  directly  employed  by  tin-  iiisiii. 
jieiits  in  the  L'nit(Ml  States  of  America,  or  residents  of  Great  Ibitain  iiotoi jungly  in 
symjiathy  with  and  j^ivinj^  aid  aud  comfort  to  them  on  this  side  of  the  water.' 

The  letter,  which  is  of  considerable  len^ith,  then  quits  the  snhjcct  of 
the  Oreto,  and  goes  into  the  (inestioii  of  the  a.ssistance  derived  l)y  the 
insurgent  States  from  England.  It  is  so  far  inii)ortant  to  the  ])resent 
l)urpo.se,  that  it  shows  that,  while  making  g«Mieral  complaints  on  the 
piirt  taken  by  British  sul)Jects  iu  what  was  going  on,  jMr.  Adams  liiidiio 
specific  complaint  to  make  on  the  score  of  the  Oreto.  lie  nowhere 
complains  of  the  Oreto  not  having  been  seized,  nor  had  he  ever  oiilloii 
upon  the  Government  to  seize  her ;  nor  has  his  complaint  reference  U\ 
the  insufficiency  of  the  existing  municipal  law  to  meet  such  a  case  as 
that  of  the  Oreto ;  the  complaint  relates  to  the  assistance  derived  by 
the  confederates  from  (Ireat  Britain  in  other  way.s — such  as  blockade- 
running  and  importation  of  contraband  of  war  and  other  articles— and 
not  to  the  special  subject  of  the  Oreto,  or  the  foreign-enlistment  act. 

At  this  time  Her  Majesty's  government  were  not  aware  that  the 
Oreto  ha'l,  in  fact,  sailed.  Earl  llussell,  therefore,  on  receiving  the 
letter  of  Mr.  Ad;  ms  of  the  25th,  immediately  directed  that  the  treasury 
and  customs  should  be  requested  to  take  such  steps  as  might  benocos 
sary  to  ascertain  whether  the  Oreto  was  equipped  for  the  purpo.se  nf 
nutking  war  on  the  I'nited  States,  and  if  that  fact  could  be  proved,  tn 
detain  the  ve.s.sel.^  He  informed  ]\Ir.  Adams  that  he  had  done  .'^o.  In 
reply  to  the  general  complaints  of  ^Ir.  Adams,  he  observes : 

Yon  have  not  yourself  hitherto  fiiri  -shod  me  with  evidence  that  any  vessel  1ki> 
received  a  hostile  or  warlike  eiinipniei..  in  Hritish  watei's,  which  lias  been  afteiwiinl 
used  af^ainst  the  United  States.  The  care  that  was  taken  to  i)revent  the  \vailike 
eiiuipment  of  the  Nashville  in  ISritish  waters  must  be  familiar  to  your  reeollcctioii.' 

~  The  reference  to  the  eommi.ssioners  of  cu.stoms  led  to  the  folluwiii<! 
rej)ort  of  xVpril  the  ith : 

Your  lordships  having  referred  to  us  the  annexed  letter  from  Mr.  Hammond,  triin:' 
mittiiig,  by  desire  of  Earl  Russell,  a  copy  of  a  fiuther  letter,  addressed  by  the,  Unittd 
States  consul  at  Liverpool  to  Mr.  Adams,  the  United  States  minister  at.  this  coiiit,  in 
which  it  is  again  attirmed  that  tho  Oreto  is  being  fitted  out  as  a  vessel  of  war  for  tL 
southern  confederacy,  and  various  statements  arc  reported  in  support  of  that  ass 'i- 1 
tion,  and  requesting  that  your  lordships  would  instruct  this  board  to  give  directiou* 
that  the  Oreto  might  be  vigilantly  watched,  and  that,  if  any  armament  prohiltiteiliiv  | 
the  foreign-enlistment  act  should  be  discovered,  the  vessel  might  be  at  ouco  detaiued; 

We  report — 

Thatj  on  the  receipt  of  your  lordships'  reference,  we  directed  our  collector  at  Liv- 
erpool immediately  to  inquire  into  the  further  allegations  made  iu  regard  to  tlieOri'tn,  I 
jiud    to  govern  himself   in  accordance   with    the  instructions    contained   in   Mr. 
Hammond's  letter,  and,  Laving  received  the  report  of  the  collector,  we  find  that  the  I 

'  United  States  Documents,  vol.  vi,  p.  227  ;  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  4.        ^m  

^  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  r». 

'*  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  G ;  United  States  Documents,  vol.  vi,  p.  liO. 


OriNION.S    OF    SIR    ALEXANDER    COCKBURX. 


381 


■\s  lettor  of  the 
he  l.Stli  of  Fi'l). 
L'll  on  till'  sub- 


10  C(»iiy  of  n  li-ttiT 
njj;  tilt!  CUM'  of  till- 
r  ;i  foiiiiiiiuiiciitiiiii 
conviction  tliutthi' 
tioii  of  that  vt'ssil 
for  service  in  Sicily, 
,  iuul  the  jirctfiiM' 
0  parties  eiij^antMl. 
thus  t'jir  known  t(i 
',ve<l  hy  the  iiisiii- 
aiu  notoriously  in 
the  water.' 

S  the  suliji'ct  (if 
derived  liy  tlu 
to  the  prcsont 
iiphtint.s  oil  tlic 
'.  Adams  hiidiio 
).  lie  iiowliei'c 
.  lie  ever  oalloil 
int  refereiuie  tn 
sueh  a  case  as 
,nce  derived  In 
ek  as  blockade- 
er  articles— and 
nlistiuent  att. 
aware  that  tk' 
ti  receiving  the 
;hat  the  treasury 
might  beiiecps- 
the  purpose  (if 
d  be  proved,  to 
id  done  so.  In 
■ves : 


lat  any  vcNsel  lias 
a.s  lieeii  at'teiwiml 
reveiit  the  warlike 
uuv  rei'olleotioii,' 

0  the  folio wiiiL' 


■.  Haiiimoud,  trims 
■8.sed  by  thtf  Uiiitwl  | 
er  at.  this  court,  in 
i388el  of  war  for  tli- 
pport  of  that  ass'i- 
1  to  give  <lirecti(iu>| 
.uioiit  prohihitcdby 
I  at  uuco  detaiueil; 

ir  collector  at  LiV' 
rejjard  to  the  Oreto, 
contained    iu    Mr. 
jt,  we  find  that  the  | 

ix,  vol.  i,  p.  4. 
rol.  vi,  p.  30. 


vt\i.sel  ill  qucHtion  was  registered  on  the  :id  nltiiiio,  in  the  name  of  .loliii  Henry  Thomas, 
of  Liverpool,  as  Hole  owner ;  that  she  cleared  on  the  following  day  for  I'al'erino  and 
Jamaica  in  ballast,  but  did  not  sail  until  the  2'2d,  the  day  on  which  tlio  American 
consul's  letter  is  dated,  having  a  crew  of  fifty-two  men,  all'Hriti.sli,  with  the  exception 
of  three  or  fonr,  one  of  Avhom  only  was  an  American.  She  had  no  gnnpowder,  nor 
fvcu  a  single  gun,  and  no  colors,  saving  Maryatt's  code  of  signals  and  a  IJritish  ensign, 
nor  any  goods  on  board  except  the  stores  enumerated  on  the  accompanying  copy  of 
her  victualing  bill. 

With  regard  to  the  statements  in  the  letter  of  tlie  consul,  the  collector  further 
reports  that  it  is  clear  the  ]»assengers  br— .ight  by  the  Annie  Cliilds,  the  ves.sel  therein 
mentioned,  which  has  recently  arrived  from  one  of  tiie  Southern  States,  were  not 
inteuded  to  form  any  portion  of  the  crew  of  the  Oreto,  inasmuch  as  they  were  still  in 
Liverpool,  and  that  the  dipping  of  the  ensign  on  board  the  latter  vessel  on  the  arrival 
of  tlie  Annie  Childs,  as  far  as  the  collector  had  been  enabled  to  ascertain,  was  intended 
jw  a  compliment  to  one  of  the  (Junard  steamers  and  another  vessel  which  sainted  the 
Ainiio  Chihls  on  her  arrival,  tlie  masters  of  the  several  vessels  being  known  to  one 
iinotbcr. 

TllO.  F.  FREMAXTLE. 

(iRENVILLE  C.  L.  BERKEL1:Y,' 

It  further  ai)pears  from  .statenients  made  afterward  iu  August,  ISGlf, 
by  tlie  oflrtcers  of  customs  at  Liverpool,  wheu  evidence  was  being  col- 
lected, to  be  used  in  the  proceedings  instituted  against  the  Oreto  at 
Nassau,  that  those  ofticers  never  lost  sight  of  the  Oreto  to  the  time  of 
lier  final  departure;  and  it  also  appears,  from  their  statement  and  that  of 
the  pilot  who  took  the  vessel  out  of  the  ]Mersey,  that  her  condition  was 
to  the  last  wholly  incompatible  with  any  present  purpose  of  war. 

Statciiicni  of  Mr.  Edward  Morgan. 

I  am  one  of  the  surveyors  of  customs  at  this  port.  Pursuant  to  instructions  I  re- 
ceived from  tlie  colhfctor  on  the  'ilst  of  February  in  the  present  year  and  at  subseciuont 
(liitt'8, 1  visited  the  steamer  Oreto  at  various  times,  when  she  was  being  fitted  out  in 
the  dock,  close  to  the  yard  of  Messrs.  Miller  &  Sons,  the  builders  of  the  vessel.  I  con- 
tinued this  inspection  from  time  to  time  until  she  left  the  dock,  and  I  am  certain  that 
when  she  left  the  river  she  had  no  warlike  stores  of  any  kind  whatever  on  board. 

After  she  went  into  the  river  she  was  constantly  watched  by  the  boarding  officers, 
who  were  directed  to  report  to  me  whenever  any  goods  were  taken  on  board,  but,  iu 
reply  to  my  frecjuent  iiniuiries,  they  stated  nothing  was  ])ut  iu  the  sliij>  but  coals. 

EDWARD  MORGAN,  Smvnjor. 

Statement  of  Mr.  Hinry  Lloyd. 

In  conseciuence  of  instructions  received  from  Mr.  Morgan,  surveyor,  I,  in  conjunction 
with  the  otlmr  three  surveyors  of  tlie  river,  kept  watch  on  th(!  proceedings  of  ilie  vessel 
Oreto  from  the  time  she  left  the  Toxteth  Dock,  on  the  4th  March  last,  till  the  day  she 
siiilt'd  the  I22d  of  the  sanie  month.  On  one  occasion  I  was  alongside  of  her,  and  spoke  to 
Mr,  Parry,  the  pilot,  ami  the  chief  mate.  Neither  I  nor  any  of  the  other  river  surveyors 
saw  at  any  time  any  arms  or  warlike  animuniticm  of  any  kind  taken  on  board,  and  we 
are  perfectly  satislied  that  none  such  was  taken  on  board  during  her  stay  in  the  river. 

WA^LOY'D,  F.xamiHUKj  (Jffwer. 

Statanrnt  on  oath  of  Mr.  ll'iUiam  Parry. 

I«iis  the  jiilot  in  charge  of  the  shi]t  Oreto  whi'ii  she  left  the  Toxteth  ]>ock  on  tin- 
Itli  March,  lf*()2.  I  continiuid  on  board  to  tht^  day  of  her  sailing,  which  was  the  '-iiitl 
'.the  .same  month,  and  never  left  her  save  on  Sunday,  when  all  work  was  suspemled, 
I  Kuv  the  ship  betbre  the  coals  and  provisions  were  taken  into  her;  there  were  no 
iMiinilions  of  war  in  her,  that  is  to  say,  she  ha<l  no  guns,  carriages,  shot,  shell,  or  pow. 
ilir;  liiid  there  been  any  on  btiard  I  must  have  seen  it.  I  piloted  the  ship  out  of  the 
Mersey,  to  I'oint  Lynas,  off  Anglesea,  where  I  left  her,  and  she  proceeded  down  chan- 
nel, since  which  she  has  not  returned.  From  the  time  th(!  vessel  left  tbti  river  until  I 
left  her  elie  held  no  communication  with  the  shore,  or  with  any  other  vessel,  for  the 
P'lrpose  of  receiving  anything  like  cargo  on  board.  I  freipiently  saw  Mr.  Lloyd,  the 
tide  surveyor,  alongside  the  eiiip  while  in  the  riv(ir. 

WM.  PARRY.^ 

Sworn  before  me  at  the  custoin-liouse,  Liverpool,  this  2M  August.  18(52. 

S.  PRK  E  EDWARDS,  Colhctor. 

'  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  7;  United  States  Documents,  vol.  vi,  p.  231. 
•  Ihitish  Ca8e,,p.  58;  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  34. 


(■:«» 


H^a^F^^^f 

i 

1 

■ 

382 


AKUITRATIOX   AT    GENEVA. 


U    1 

6 


Upon  tbe  farts  to  wliieli  I  have  l>oen  referring,  it  seems  to  me  iinpos- 
siblc  to  entertain  a  .serious  doubt  that  if  tlie  cause  had  been  lirouglit 
into  a  court  of  justice,  the  case  of  the  government  must  have  \  "oken 
down  hopelessly,  and  the  vessel  must  have  been  forthwith  releasoi .  hi 
discussing  the  legal  questions  bearing  on  this  i)art  of  the  case,  I  liavcal 
already  given  my  reasons  for  thinking  that  under  such  circumstances  agov- 
ernment  would  not  be  justitied  in  instituting  legal  proceedings.  I  reiterate 
that  opinion  here.  1  think  it  would  have  been  useless,  and  therefore 
wrong,  to  seize,  and  take  proceedings  to  condemn,  the  Oreto. 

The  deficiency  of  proof,  up  to  the  time  of  the  departure  of  the  Florida 
from  Liverpool,  as  to  the  vessel  being  intended  for  the  Confederate 
States,  is  now  sought  to  be  nmde  good  by  a  general  and  sweeping  state 
ment  as  to  the  "  notoriety  "  of  the  fact.    "All  the  facts  about  the  Flor 
Ida,"  it  is  said,  "  and  about  the  hostile  expedition  which  it  was  proposed 
to  make  against  the  United  States,  were  open  and  notorious  at  Liver 
])ool.''^    Of  course  nothing  is  more  easy  than  to  make  a  general  asser- 
tion of  this  kind ;  but  such  an  assertion  ought  not  to  be  made  without 
some  evidence  to  support  ii.    The  only  proofs  to  which  we  are  referred 
are  the  dispatches  of  Mr.  Dudley  during  the  period  in  question ;  but  hav- 
ing gone  carefull}^  through  these  dispatches,  almost  all  of  which  I  jiave 
hereinbefore  set  out,  I  find  nowhere  any  reference  whatsoever  to  the  "no 
toi'iety"  which,  on  the  authority  of  these  dispatches,  is  thus  boldly  asserted 
to  have  existed.    I  find,  however,  strong  proof  of  the  contrary  in  the 
statement  of  Mr.  Dudley  himself,  as  to  the  great  secrecy  that  was  main 
tained  about  the  vessel,  and  his  consequent  inability  to  obtain  auy 
"definite  information"  concerning  her,  as  well  as  in  the  fact  that  iu  ail 
his  statements  respecting  her  he  seldom  adduced  any  definite  or  specific 
information,  which  did  not  afterward  turn  out  to  be  incorrect.    The 
British  government  is,  therefore,  as  it  seems  to  me,  well  warranted  in  ask 
jng,  where  is  the  proof  of  these  assertions  ?    Where  is  the  proof  that  even 
the  American  consul  at  Liverpool,  whose  activity  in  lumtiug  for  secretin 
formation  appears  to  have  been  indefatigable,  and  to  whom  every  one 
resorted  who  had  information  to  disclose,  knew  of  the  contract  with 
Bullock,  or  of  the  dispatch,  cargo,  and  destination  of  the  Bahama! 
And  if  he  knew  them,  why  did  he  not  either  communicate  his  knowledge 
and  the  proofs  in  his  possession  to  the  British  government,  or  himself 
lay  an  information  on  oath  against  the  ship  '^ 

But  there  is  an  important  tact,  w^hich  appears  to  me  conclusive  to  dis 
prove  the  alleged  notoriety  thus  positively  asserted.  The  crew  of  the 
Oreto  had  shipped  at  Liverpool  for  what  tliey  believed  to  be  a  mertan 
tile  voyage  to  Palermo  and  Jamaica.  By  the  time  they  had  arrived  at 
Nassau,  they  began  to  suspect  the  true  character  of  the  vessel,  and  that 
she  was  intended  for  a  vessel  of  war  for  the  Confederate  States,  whore 
upon  they  refused  to  continue  in  her,  and  insiste<l  on  their  discharge. 
It  is  plain  that  these  men,  coming  from  the  port  of  Liverpool,  had  been 
wholly  unaware  of  what  is  now  represented  to  have  been  there  matter 
of  open  notoriety.  No  one  acquain;ed  with  the  habits  of  seamen,  and 
aware  of  the  interest  this  class  of  men  take  iii  che  character  of  a  vessel 
in  which  they  are  about  to  ship  for  a  long  voyage,  can  be  credulous 
enough  to  believe,  upon  the  mere  credit  of  an  assertion  unsupported  bv 
proof,  that  a  crew  of  fifty  men  could  have  shipped  on  board  of  this  vessel 
iu  utter  ignorance  of  a  fact  allege<l  to  have  been  notorious  to  every  one 
at  the  port;  and  which,  if  known  to  them,  would,  as  the  sequel  showed, 


'  Case  of  the  Uuited  States,  p.  IWO. 
'BritisU  Counter  Case,  p.  74. 


opixiON.s  OF  siK  .\i.i:xani>i:k  cockbirn. 


3S3 


jtouco  liave  (letenrd  them  from  taking'  sorvic'c  in  lier.  It  is  impos.sible 
to  believe  in  an.Ytliing  so  unlikely. 

But  even  if  this  alleged  nr>toiiety  li.ul  existiMl,  it  would  have  availed 
iifltliiiig  toward  pioof  of  the  facts  to  be  esi:al>lished.  It  facts  are  not(»ri- 
ous,  they  can  the  nuue  readily  be  proved.  JJut  if  notoriety  rests,  not  on 
nioof  capable  of  being  adduced,  but  on  coninion  talk  and  rnnioi', 
fviileiiceof  such  notoriety  is  iinuluiissible  in  an  Knglish  court.  It  would 
liave  availetl  the  government  nothing  to  allege  that  the  destination  of 
iheOreto  to  the  confederate  service  was  matter  of  notoiiety  at  Liverpool, 
even  had  the  fact  tliat  such  notoriety  existed  been  true,  wiiich,  however, 
iippears  not  to  have  been  the  case. 

The  substance  of  the  facts  to  be  gathered  from  the  correspondence,  as 
jtiited  in  the  Uritish  Counter  Case,  ai)pearsto  me,  alter  a  careful  exain- 
iiiiitioii,  to  be  so  accurately  stated,  that  1  have  no  liesitation  in  tran- 
Miibing  it  and  giving  the  sanction  of  uiy  contirmation: 

It  is  rlear  tliut  Mr.  Dii(H»\v  liiiiisclf  was  in  iy;ii<)rance  of  tlie  facts  whicli,  in  the  caso 
ft'tbe  United  States,  are  as.sertod  to  have  been  ()i)eii  and  notorious  to  all.  Hi.s  attention 
liaillieen  called  to  the  Florida,  then  in  the  builder's  yard,  as  early  as  November,  1."itil. 
1)11  the  'J4th  January,  18t!2,  ho  writes  that  "she  is  reported  for  the  Italian  {i;overnnient;" 
lilt  the  fact  of  the  niaehineiy  beinj?  sni>i)lied  by  Fawccrtt  &  Preston,  and  other  eir- 
iiiiistaiices,  make  him  "  susi»icious,"  and  cause  him  to  believe  she  is  intended  for  the 
Ninth.     On  the  4th  February  the  circumstances   are  still    "somewhat  susj»ieious." 

There  is  much  secrecy  observed  about  her,  and  I  have  been  unable  to  j^et  auythin;; 
Jitiiiite,  but  my  impressions  are  stronj;  that  she  is  intended  for  the  southern  eonfed- 
iiucy.  I  have  communicated  my  impressions  and  all  the  facts  to  Mr.  Adams,  our 
iiiiiiister  in  London."  At  that  moment  the  ship  was  takinj^  in  her  coal ;  and  "  appear- 
iiiuos  indicate."  he  wrote,  "  that  -she  will  leave  here  the  latter  part  of  tliis  week."  He 
makes,  however,  no  representation  to  the  government,  nor  does  Mr.  Adams  make  any. 
(Ill  the  l"2th  he  writes  to  Mr.  Seward  that  everything  he  sees  and  hears  contirms  him  in 
the  belief  that  the  vessel  is  intended  for  the  confeileraey ;  but  he  mentions  no  fact, 
rxcept  that  Miller  (the  builder)  had  said  that  Fawcett,  Preston  &  Ce  gave  liim  the 
iiiiitriict.  Still  no  rei)resentation  is  made.  On  the  17th, he  has  "obtaineil  information 
lioiii  many  diHerent  sources,"  which  "goes  to  show  "  that  she  is  intended  for  the  Con- 
Inleiate  States.  Nevertheless,  the  solitary  fact  mentioned  is  that  Fawcett,  Preston  & 
(o.  are  said  to  be  the  owners,  with  the  a''dition  that  advances  are  said  to  have  been 
iiKute  to  them  and  to  Miller  by  Fraser,  Trenholm  &  Co.  Afterward  he  tells  Mr.  Seward 
t!i;it  be  has  "  no  doubt,"  and  has  "  positive  evidence  that  she  is  for  the  South  ;"  and,  on 
till' .'itli  March,  that  two  persons  in  tlie  employ  of  Fawcett,  I'reston  &  Co.  hatl  said  so. 
iliil  up  to  the  time  when  she  left  Liverpool,  his  correspondenct^  mentions  not  a  single 
cniiinstance  proving,  or  tending  to  prove,  for  what  purpose  she  was  intendeil,  beyond 
Mime  runiors  as  to  her  i»robable  movements,  which  turned  out  to  be  erroneous.  With 
ilii;  "  notorious  fact"  that  she  had  been  ordered  by  Hnllock  he  is  eviilently  quite  unac- 
li'iiiiuted.  As  to  the  Bahama,  so  far  is  he  from  being  aware  of  the  "  notorious  fact  " 
i:iat  she  was  about  to  take  out  the  Florida's  armament,  that  uj)  to  the  tith  March  he  is 
making  fruitless  in(|uiries  about  that  vessel,  and  can  obtain  no  information  about  \n'v, 
"i  any  vessel  of  that  name.  Several  days  afterward  he  learns  that  she  is  loatling  with 
•  aiiimn  and  other  munitions  of  war  at  Hartlepool,  and  "■  will  cither  run  the  blockade,  ov 
laiiii  lier  cargo  at  l!ermu(hi  or  Nassau,  and  hare  it  ferried  orer  in  smaller  renifeli."  He  be- 
!i 'Vcs  ber.  in  short,  to  the  last,  to  b,-  merely  a  l)lockade-rmmer  laden  with  articles  eoii- 
lialianil  of  war,  and  has  no  idea  of  her  having  any  conmctioM  with  the  I'lorida.' 

Unt  it  is  said  that  Her  Majesty's  government  ought  not  to  have  re- 
iiwiiiod  satisfied  w  ith  the  inquiry  made  by  its  olticers  ;  that  it  should 
liitve  pushed  its  inqnries  further;  and  tlnit  had  it  done  so  with 
line  diligence,  it  might  have  obtained  means  to  establi.sh  the  fact 
lit' tile  Oieto  being-  intended  for  the  confederate  service.  But  we  are  not 
tt)i(l  where  such  further  inquiry  could  or  should  have  been  made,  or 
^vliere  this  sui)posed  evidence  could  have  been  obttiined.  We  know  from 
Mr.  Dudley  that  the  greatest  secrecy  was  observed,  so  that  even  he  could 
(lis(;over  nothing  definite.     The   secret   woulu,  of  coui\se,  be  confined 


to  a 

liiive 


very 
soon 


few 


and 


iiit'onnation 


persons ; 
sprung-  up  and  "iveu 
which  found 


though  surmise 


and   conjecture   may 

rise  to  the  rumors  and  pretended 

ay  to  Mr.  Dudley,  the  persons  really 


!'  r  : 


British  Counter  Case,  p.  74. 


384 


AKHITKATION    AT    GENEVA. 


i 


\ 


I 


w,: 


h!P 


ynf 


}  : 


It 


possessed  of  tlie  secret  would  be  little  likely  to  reveal  it.  Ilowevd 
pressiii'--  the  iiKjiiiry,  the  same  story  would  in  all  i)robability  have  been 
persisted  in.  The  builders  had  already  been  applied  to,  and  had  <,'iv(.ii 
an  ai)parently  satisfactory  answer.  i\Ir.  Adams  himself  appears  (fnim 
his  letter  of  the  li'ith  of  .March)  to  have  believed  at  one  time  tliat  the 
vessel  ini{^ht  at  first  have  been  intended  for  service  in  Sicily,  iinl 
that  such  an  intention  bad  afterward  been  abandone<l.  Tiie  linn  Ir, 
whom  she  had  been  built  was  a  resjtectable  one,  and  it  (;ould  hadly  lie 
assumed  that  they  would  knowingly  lend  their  names  to  an  intentionally 
false  statenjent.  It  is  now  plain  that  the  statement  then  made  was  im. 
true;  but  there  was  no  reason  to  believe  so  then.  I'ossibly  the  liim 
were  themselves  misled.  ^Alr.  Thomas  and  the  Palermo  firm  may  liavc 
been  introduced  for  the  i)uri>ose  of  deceiving  Miller  &  Sons  into  the  be- 
lief that  in  building  the  vessel  they  were  doing  nothing  wrong.  JJe  this 
as  it  may,  the  ijuestion  is,  what  means  the  government  then  had  oi 
knowing  or  discovering  that  the  Oreto  was  not  meant  for  the  tiniidi 
Thomas  Brothers  of  I'alermo,  but  for  a  belligerent  state.  (.)f  whom  else 
is  it  suggested  that  the  authorities  coidd  have  inquired  and  ascertaiiRil 
the  truth  ? 

It  may  be  said  that  it  would  have  been  better  if  the  government  liail 
again  telegraphed  to  the  British  minister  in  Italy,  but  a  period  of  up. 
ward  of  a  month  had  elapsed  since  anything  had  been  heard  from  Mr. 
Adams  about  the  Oreto;  the  vessel  was  still  unarmed,  nor  had  tlii' 
government  reason  to  suppose  she  was  about  to  leave.  It  may,  perhai)s. 
be  said  that  inquiry  should  have  been  made  of  Fawcett,  Preston  «S:  Co.: 
and  I  agree  that  it  woiddhave  been  better  if  that  course  had  been  taken, 
but  I  greatly  doubt  whether  it  woiild  liave  produced  any  other  an.swtr 
than  that  which  had  been  given  by  Miller  &  Sons. 

It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the  persons  who  carried  information. 
more  or  less  entitled  to  credit,  to  Mr.  Dudley,  communicated  with  him 
in  confidence  and  insisted  on  secrecy.  ^Ir.  Dudley  more  than  once  states 
that  the  information  having  been  given  in  confidence,  he  is  not  at  liberty 
to  disclose  the  names  of  his  informers.  It  is  obvious  tluit  these  parties 
would  not  be  likely  to  give  similar  information  to  the  authorities,  who 
certainly  would  not  have  treated  it  as  confidential.  AV^hile  aspersions 
are  cast  on  the  officers  for  omitting  to  make  inquiry,  I  look  in  vain  for  a 
suggestion  as  to  where  such  inquiry  should  have  been  made. 

And  here  it  is  necessary  to  point  out  what  perhaps  will  appear  straiijje 
to  those  who  are  unacquainted  with  English  procedure,  which  in  tills 
respect  is  identical  with  that  of  America  ;  namely,  that  pt^rsons  against 
whom  a  i)rovsecution,  or  proceeding  to  recover  penalties,  is  either  pend- 
ing or  about  to  be  instituted,  cannot  ba  interrogated;  nor,  if  per- 
sons are  called  on  to  give  evidence  as  witnesses,  can  any  (juestions  he 
I)ut  to  them  which  have  a  tendency  to  implicate  them  in  any  breailiot 
the  law. 

Still  less  is  it  in  the  power  of  the  government  to  institute  any  com- 
pulsory inquiry  with  a  view  to  establish  a  breach  of  the  law,  except  ac 
cording  to  regular  process  of  law ;  or  to  search  a  person's  premises,  o) 
to  insist  on  '»xplanations  from  persons  suspected  of  having  committed 
an  offense  against  the  law.  The  government  had,  therefore,  no  [tos.sible 
means  of  obtaining  information,  except  from  those  who  miglit  be  volun- 
tarily disposed  to  give  it.  If  Mr.  Dudley  had  opened  any  of  his  secret 
sources  of  information,  supposing  him  really  to  have  possessed  such,  a 
clew  to  the  truth  might  possibly  have  been  discovered ;  but  he  kept 
them  to  himself,  and  those  who  were  ready  to  furnish  informal  ion  to 
bim  kept  aloof  trom  imparting  it  to  the  authorities. 


OPINIONS   OF    SIR   ALEXANDER   COCKBURN. 


385 


Liistly,  there  is  not  in  Eiijyland,  any  more  than  in  Anioriea,  aiij'  sys- 
tem of  es[)iona{;e  or  secret  police  to  pry  into  men's  secu'et  actions  or 
obtain  iut'orniation  for  the  government  by  underhand  and  unworthy 
luoiins. 

Ciiii  it  be  contended  that  Great  Tiritfun  shonUl  have  abandoned  prin- 
liplcs  and  ruhvs  of  public  (jonduct,  liitlunto  lu'ld  sacred,  for  tlie  benefit 
ototlicr  nations iMiibarlvcd  in  (inarrcls  and  wars  in  wliich  slie  lieiself  had 
110  concern — at  all  events  before  experience  had  shown  that  her  existing- 
liiw  WiKS  insnilicient  ? 

Wlien,  therefore,  a  member  of  this  tribunal  states  as  the  principal 
{irnuud  of  a  judgment  advers<5  toClreat  Hritaiu  that,  notwithstanding 
till' complaints  of  Mr.  Adams,  the  English  authorities  did  not  take  the 
iiiiti.itive ;  that  they  did  not  insist  on  its  being  ])roved  what  was  the 
true  destination  of  the  ship,  who  was  the  true  owner,  who  had  given  the 
iiidcrs  for  it,  and  who  was  to  ]»ay  for  it,  and  did  not  insist  on  the  true 
liosition  of  Fraser,  Trenliolm  <S:  Co.  being  shown  by  legal  |)roof,  oi'  upon 
img  positively  informed  as  to  the  crew  of  the  vessel,  I  am  at  a  loss  to 
know  whether  lie  means  that  the  law  of  England  was  such  as  that  the 
pivernment  could  have  exercised  the  powers  wliich  he  says  they  ought 
toiiiive  used,  or  whether  he  means  to  say  that  (Ireat  JJritain  ought  to 
Iwvt'  changed  the  tenor  of  her  law  and  tiie  course  of  her  procedure, 
lict'ore  the  necessity  of  such  a  change  had  become  apparent,  simply 
liicaiise  war  had  broken  out  between  the  Xorthern  and  Southei'ii  States 
of  tiic  American  Union.  If  the  former,  the  proposition  appears  to  mo 
untenable;  if  the  latter,  I  must  be  allowed  to  express  my  regret  that 
(Ireat  Britain  should  have  to  suffer  by  reason  of  a  judgment  founded 
ii|iou  an  api)arent  misconception  of  her  law. 

If  it  is  really  nu'ant  to  be  said  that  (Jreat  Britain  is  to  be  held 
responsible  because  her  law  ought  to  inive  been  other  than  it  was,  ami 
iiiiglit  to  have  been  such  as  to  give  power  to  the  executive  to  insist 
nil  proof  of  the  innocent  destination  of  this  vessel,  and  to  detiiin   her 

ill  such  proof  was  given,  or  to  euiible  it  to  exercise  inquisitorial  pow- 

tis  as  to  her  character,  I  fall  back  on   the  position  1  asserted  some 

time  simie,  and  say  that  not  only  could  no  such  thing  reasonal)ly  be 

■txpected,  but  that,  inasnuich  as  the  (lovernment  of  the  United  States 

jiiis-^essed  no  such  ])ower — for  their  assertion  tliat  they  did  possess  it 

ii"i.  as  I  have  shown,  but  a  i)retense — and  therefore,  if  the  position  of 

the  two  governments  had  been  reversed,  coiUd  not  have  done  for  (xreat 

Dritaui  what  they  now  say  (Jreat   Britain  should  have  done  for  the 

lieuetit  of  the  United  States,  they  can  have  no  claim  in  justi(!e  or  eipiity 

|lovsiu!h  an  exercise  of  po^ver  cm  the  |)art  of  the  liritish  government. 

Atter  a  careful  review  of  the  whole  case,  my  opinion  is  that  upon  the 
Itlieii  existing  state  of  facts,  and  witii  the  anuMint  of  evidence  th(>y  then 
I  pii-^^essed,  Her  ^lajesty's  governnuMir  were  guilty  of  no  want  of  due  dili- 
ki'iice  in  suffering  the  Oreto  to  leave  the  port  of  Liverpool,  and,  on  the 
liiiiitrary,  would  not  have  been  justified  in  detaining  her. 

Fiutiu'r,  I  am  of  o[»inion  tliat  Her  Majesty's  government  were  not 

hviiiitliig  in  due  diligence  in  not  procuring  the  evidence  necessary  to 

iii'^iue  the  condemnation  of  the  Oreto,  for  the  simple  re.ison  that  1   am 

satisliod  that  there  were  no  means  whatever  in  their  power  of  obtain- 

liiigit. 

I  am  very  far  from  saying  that  ofhcers  to  whom  is  committed  the  <luty 

l|it  guarding  against  any  infraction  of  this  part  of  the  law  are  justified 

ill  considering  themselves  merely  as  the  recipients  of  evidence  to  be 

tiiriiislied  by  the  agent  of  a  belligerent  government,  and  that  they  may 

["•main  inactive  till  the  latter  has  made  out  a  complete  case  against  a 

25  b 


38G 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


f    S 


S.^f 


vessel,  MS  to  whicli  a  violation  of  the  foreifjn-eiilistinciit  aet  is  susiK-ctiil 
to  have  taken  place.     If  reasomible  yronnds  of  snspieion  appear,  it  In-. 
conn^s  their  dnty  to  nnjkeincjniry,  aceordinff  to  the  best  of  their  ability, 
and  to  take  active  measnres  to  prevent  a  breach  of  the  law.    On  tin 
other  hainl,  it  is  the  dnty  of  a  foreign  agent,  if  information  comes  to  \\U  j 
knowledge  of  which  the  anthorities  are  not  possessed,  to  set  tlieiii-  in 
motion,  and  to  aid  them  in  their  proceedings,  more  esi)ecially  if  li,. 
ha|»pens  to  have  access  to  secret  sonrces  of  information  not  (iix-ii  im 
them.     Here  Mr.  Dudley  either  had  inlbrnnition  which  could  be  iiuuli 
available,  or  he  ha<l  not.    If  he  had,  he  onght  to  have  given  the  iiutlioii 
ties  s(nne  clew  whereby  they  might  have  got  at  the  truth.     Had  lie  in 
formed  them,  or  ]Mr.  Adams,  of  the  facts  which,  transmitted  to  ^Ir,  j 
Seward  alone,  became   useless,  incpiiries  might   have   been  instituted 
which  might  have  led  to  the  <letention  of  the  vessel.    If  ^Ir.  J)ndle.v]i;iil 
available  infornnition  and  neglected  to  communicate  it  in  the  piopei 
(pnirter,  the  fault  was  his,  and  Her  .Majesty's  goverinnent  onght  not  tui 
beheld  resjionsible  for  the  default  of  an  agent  of  the  United  States,, 
when  the  latter  are  seeking  (himages  at  their  hands.     If  he,  with  his 
sui)erior  opportnnities,  was  unable  to  obtain  sncli  intVuMnation,  it  oiij;lit 
not  to  be  imputed  to  the  authorities  as  negligence  that  they  were  mm 
ble  to  do  better. 

To  snm  np  the  matter  in  a  word  : 

The  ecjuipping  of  this  vessel  not  amonnting  to  a  violation  of  neiitinl 
ity,  but  simi)Iy  to  a  breach  of  the  foreign-enlistment  act,  the  governiiient 
had  no  authority  to  seize  it  by  the  mere  exercise  of  the  prerogative  ni 
the  Crown,  or  l)y  virtue  of  any  exe(;utive  i)ower.  Its  powers  wen 
derived  from  the  act  of  the  oUth  of  George  III,  the  foreigu-enliM 
nient  act. 

There  was  not  evidence  on  which  to  seize  this  vessel  and  to  ask  fei 
lier  condemnation  nnder  the  foreign-enlistment  act. 

There  were  no  means  of  obtaining  such  evidence  except  by  the  exei 
eise  of  inrpiisitorial  ])owers  which  the  government  did  not  possess. 

It^vas  not  incnmbent  on  the  government  of  Great  IJritain  to  ask  for, 
or  on  Parliament  to  grant,  po\.  .'"s  inconsistent  with  the  establisluil 
principles  of  British  law  and  government  and  with  the  general  institii 
tions  of  the  country. 

It  cannot  proi)erly  be  imputed  to  the  government,  as  want  of  duo  dil 
igence,  that  it  did  not  endeavor  to  obtain  such  powers  when  the  exist 
ing  law  had  hitherto  proved  suliicient. 

It  would  be  in  the  highest  degree  inequitable  and  unjust  to  hold  the] 
contrary  in  favor  of  the  United  States,  wheu  the  law  of  the  latter  \va>| 
substantially,  if  iM)t  absolutely,  the  san)e  as  that  of  Great  Britain,  ami 
therefore  could  have  attbrded  no  more  eflicacious  means  of  prevention | 
than  that  of  Great  Britain. 

I  pass  on  to  what  nuiy  be  termed  the  second  stage  in  the  history  ofj 
this  vessel,  namely,  the  events  which  took  place  ou  beil 

At  Nnssnu.  •         1       x    il         r>     1  ' 

arrival  at  the  Bahamas. 
Having  left  Liverpool  on  the  22d  of  March,  she  arrived  at  !l^assaii 
•  the  28th  of  April.i  Ou  the  2()th  she  quitted  the  part  of  the  liarbDij 
which  is  adjacent  to  the  toMu  of  Nassau,  and  proceeded  to  Cochrau('>j 
anchorage,  a  station  distant  from  the  town  about  iifteeu  miles.  It  vah 
stated  that  this  was  done  by  the  advice  of  the  pilot  who  had  charge  oil 
her,  for  the  reason  that  there  was  not  room  for  her  in  the  harbor;^  biitl 
it  is  probable  that  this  was  ouiy  a  pretext. 

'  British  Appeudix,  vol.  i,  p.  58. 
2  Ibid.,  p.  G3. 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR   ALEXANDER    COCKHURN. 


3.S7 


act  is  siisiicctcil 
11  appeal',  it  lie. 


3I  and  to  ask  I'm 


Toil  ilays  afterward,  namely,  on  the  Otii  of  May,  Mr.  Wliitiiis",  tlie 
iDiisul  of  lli(^  United  States  at  Nassau,  writes  to  Mr.  JJayley,  the  gov- 
ii'iior  of  the  iJahainas,  as  fodows: 

I  liiivt' tlu!  honor  to  (!oiuiiuiiiic!iti)  to  your  fxciiUcucy  sovoral  facts  of  importaiici', 
ilcriiiiiij;  it  to  lie  my  duty  sd  to  »lo,  iis  reprcseutativo  ot"  tlio  GovurnuiiMit  of  tin;  I'uilfd 
sciti's  ol'  Anit'iifa. 

Till'  tn^f  l'"aiiny  Lewis,  wliicli  arrived  liere  from  liiverpool  on  the  titli  instant,  lias  on 
hiiiiid.  I  am  ere(lil)ly  iul'oi'nn.'d  l»y  letters  receiv((d  from  that  ]M)i't,  a  larnc  (|uautity  of 
[Hiwdef  for  the  reliel  States  of  America,  oi-  foi'  the  so  <Mlied  Conl'eilerate  Slates. 

(Ill  tiic  •J'rtii  ultimo  the  st(^amer  Or  eo  also  arrived  otV  this  poit  from  Liverpool,  and 
iiiiw  lies  at  Cochrane's  an<'horaj;'c.  wiicre.  it  is  lielieved,  and  so  reported  liy  many  resi- 
iliiits  here,  that  she  is  heinjf  preparcid  and  liMed  out  as  u  confedcratu  privateer,  to  i»rey 
nil  tlu' commcri'c  of  tins  ruited  States  of  Ameri(^a. 

1  inclose  for  your  excidleuoy's  perusal  a  .slip  from  the  Wilniin<iton,  North  Carolina, 
]i;i)i('i' (if  the  "JOth  Ajiril. 

jciumot  hut  think  that  your  excellency  will  <'onsi(ler  it  iirojx-r  that  some  impiiry 
>liiMil(l  he  made,  to  asceitain  how  far  the  vessels  allmled  to  are  ju'eservin;;  the  strict 
iiiiitiidity  sot^ariu'stly  enjoined  hy  Her  Majesty's  late  ]ir<)cIamatioii,  and  1  am  <'onlident 
tliat  I  pay  hut  a  deserved  trihnte  to  your  excellency's  hi^^h  chaiacter  wIkmi  1  cxiiri;.ss 
!iiy  tiiia  lielief  that  no  illcffal  steps  will  be  allowed  to  thoso  who  seok  to  subvert  the 
iMivernuieut  which  1  haxo  the  honor  to  reprc^seut.' 

As  tlie  (M)lonial  anthorities  of  the  Uahaintis,  inclinling,  of  course,  the 
;;()veriit)r  and  his  k^jj^jd  adviser,  have,  in  tiie  case  of  the  United  States, 
lii'cii  i)iiblicly  accused  of  "open  partiality  to  the  cause  of  the  South," 
ami  of  havino'  hceii  "actively  friendly  to  tln^  insurgents,"  and  it  is 
iliR'(!tly  imputed  to  them  that,  in  the  course  tliey  i)iirsued  with  reference 
til  till' Oreto,  they  were  induced  by  these  motives  to  depart  Irom  what 
would  have  been  the  line  of  (conduct  which  a  sense  of  duty  would  have 
IHt'scribcd,  I  deem  it  no  more  than  is  due  to  absent  men.  whose  honor 
is  iluis  impugned,  to  call  particular  attention  to  the  corrcsiumdence 
«iiidi  pas.sed  on  this  subject  and  to  the  facts  which  actually  occurred. 

Oil  the  recei[>t  of  Mr.  Whiting's  letter,  the  governor  requested  an  im- 
|iiiiMliiite  report  from  the  receiver-general  of  tlio  colony  as  to  tln^  truth 
lit  the  allegations  ctintained  in  it,  and  received  from  him  the  following 
ivpl}-,  tlatetl  the  same  day  :'- 

riic  Ihitish  steainer  Oreto  entered  at  this  ollioe  on  the  2-fth  April  froiti  Liverpool 
Eii;;liiiid)  with  ballast.     She  did  not  enter   the  harbor,  and  now  lies  at  Cochraue's 
;iiirliiiriij;e.  and  I  have   no  iiifornnition  as  to  her  future  )iroi;eedin;rs. 

Ti:e  liritish  brij;-  Fanny  Lewis  entiU'edTth  May  from  Liverpool  with  "assorted  car^o, 

I  lint  to  Ik;  landtHl."     She  now  lies  near  I'otter's  Cay,  and   lam   confident  that  she  has 

ii»t  transferred  any  part  of  her  carffo,  as  no  ])ermission  to  do  so  has  been  ."isUed,  .and 

I  witliiiut  apei'uiitshe  would  be  subject  to  a  heavy  penalty.     lcaniu)t  tell  whether  she  has 

any  powder  on  board,  as  no  such  aitiele  is  nieutioued  in  the  man'''    f. 

The  matter  was  at  once  referred  by  the  governor  to  the  attorney- 
;'eiioial  of  the  colony  in  the  usual  course.     The  attorney-general,  on 
|tlii!Siuue  9th  of  May,  reported  as  follows: 

Assuiniuf;  the  car<^o  of  the  Fanny  Ltnvls  to  be  such  as  stated  by  the  Unittsd  States 
|iiiiisiil,  it  is  nevertheless  one  that  can  le>;ally  be  imported  here  fnun  the  United  Kiuf^- 

'li.iMi.  and  its  future  presumed  destination  does  not  invest  it  with  any  character  of  ille- 
hiility  which  calls  for  or  would  authorize  any  action  with  respect  to  it  on  the  part  of 
jtliifxiicutive  or  other  authorities  of  the  colony. 
<•  With  respect  to  th(»  Oreto,  the  consul's  alle<fation  is  to  the  effect  that  it  is  be 

liiviiil  and  reported  hy  many  residents  here  that  she  is  lieiug  jireiiared  and  titted  out 
l«liiicslie  now  lies  at  Cochraius's  aiiehora<^(!,  whitdi  is  within  the  limits  of  the  port  of 
I  Nassau,  as  a' confederate  privateer.  Now  if  smdi  is  the  fact,  an  offense  a<;ainst  the 
jliiicjirn-iMilistmtMit  act  has  been  committed,  all  parties  implicated  in  which  ;ire  liablo 
I'" lie  criminally  proceeded  aj^aiust  for  misdemeanor,  and  the  vessel  may  be  si'ized  liy 
|miy  naval  or  revenue  otlicer  ;  but  to  justify  procee;linf;s  either  aj^ainst  tlu^  iiaities  ov 
I  ilie,V(;issil,  the  matter  must  not  rest  ou  repute  or  belief  alone,  but  the  authorities  must 

'  British  Appendix,  vol  i,  p.  14. 
«Ibid.,  vol.  V,  p.  35.       ' 


388 


AKniTKVTIOX   AT    GENEVA. 


'A 


\ 


Si 


liiivr  ]H).Hitiv('  fiicts  to  <;n)iiiul  tlifii'  |ii<KT»')lin;is  on,  !nnl  nnlt'ss  tlic  roiisnl  can  jkMih, 
Nil 'li,  or  llii'V  ciHi  lie  olilaiiK'il  tln'oiii^li  otlicr  clitMiiicl.s,  nu  ttlt'p.s  ciiii  Iti;  taken  riilici  lui 
tlie  arroHt  of  tho  vchhuI  or  tlioHc  on  lioiutl  of  Ik  r. 

G.  C.  ANDKIfsox., 

The  jittorncy-ftoiHM'iil  wjis  perfectly  rij^lit  on  both  ])ointH.  Tlic  <t{)\. 
vvuor  liiid  IK)  power  to  i>reveiit  u  inercliaiit-vessel,  siu;h  as  the  Iwiiinv 
Lewis,  \vill»  <'arji'o,  IVoiii  iitteinptinji'  to  run  the  l)h)ekiMh';  lie  Imd  im 
power  to  seize  or  interfere  with  ii  vessel  as  I'or  si  breaeli  of  the  foicjiiii- 
eiilistnieiit  aet,  iinh'ss  it  (!Ouhl  he  sliowii  not  only  that  slu^  was  e(|iiip|Mi| 
for  war,  but  also  that  she  was  destined  for  the  servi«te  ()f  a  bellijucrciit. 

Upon  tlu^  latter  point,  evidence  was  at  this  time  wholly  wanlinji',  mid 
therefoi'e,  so  far,  all  was  riyht.  At  a  later  period  the  cirennistaiiccN 
beeanie  niat<'rially  altered. 

i)n  the  !>th  of  May,  (lovernor  IJayley  wrote  ^illieially  to  Addcrlcx  vV 
(,'0.,  a  mercantile  tirm  at  Nassau,  who  were  the  consi<^nees  of  the  OiHk. 
notifying"  to  them  that,  "  if  th(\v  were  armiuji'  or  |)uttin};'  arms  on  honnl 
that  vessel,  he  should  enforce  the  rides  laid  <lown  in  ller  .Miijcstvs 
)>roclamation  ;  as,  in  such  ease,  lookinj*'  to  the  descrii)tion  of  the  vessel, 
lie  must  infer  that  she  was  a  vessel  of  war,  intended  to  a(!t  against  tin 
United  States;"  adding;'  that,  "as  Her  ^Majesty's  j;'<>vernment  had  ex 
]»ressed  their  deliberate  intention  of  (►l)servin;;'  and  enforcin<;' neutiaiit.v 
in  the  (,)ueen's  i»ossessions,  he  sln)uld  use  his  stronj^est  etl'orts  to  \nv- 
vent  either  of  th<'  belligerent  powers  from  arming;'  or  equi^ipiny  vessels 
of  war  in  that  port."'- 

The  reply  of  Adderley  »&  Co.  ai)peared  <juito  satisfa(!tory.  In  \Hm- 
tive  terms  they  say  :  "  We  beg  to  state,  for  the  inforiinition  of  hisoxicl- 
lency  the  governor,  that  we  have  neither  attempted  to  arm  or  pat  iiims 
on  board  t)f  the  British  steamer  Oreto,  consigned  to  our  firm;  nor  arc 
we  aware  of  there  being'  any  intention  on  tho  pare  of  the  owners  to  aim 
that  vessel."^ 

So  matters  remained  till  the  28th  of  the  month,  when  Coiniiiaiidcr 
McKilloi>,  then  eommandin;:;'  Her  ^Majesty's  ship  Ijulldo;^'  in  the  port  oi 
Jfassau,  wrote  to  the  governor  as  follows: 

.Several  steamers  liiiviiijf  anchored  at  Cocliranc's  ancliornjjo,  I  sent  an  olllicer  ycsiir 
(lay  to  visit  them  iind  muster  their  crews,  and  iiscortain  what  tliey  were  and  Ikhv 
employed. 

Tlie  ollii('er  reports  tliat  out;  steamer,  th(>  Oreto,  is  iii»i>iir(!ntly  littinj;-  and  i)r('|iariii: 
for  a  vessel  of  war;  under  theses  circumstances,  I  would  sujjgest  thatslu'  slioidil  i(inii- 
into  the  harhor  of  Nassau  to  ]>rt!vent  any  misunderstandin;;-  as  to  her  (Mpiippinj;  iiitlii> 
port,  contrary  to  the  foreign-enlistment  act,  as  a  privateer  or  war-vessel. ^ 

On   receipt   of  this  letter  the  governor  desired  the   advice  of  tin 
attorney-general  as  to  whether  he  had  jjower,  in  point  of  law,  to  onlti 
the  removal  of  the  vessel  from  her  then  anchorage  to  Nassau,  a  (|ii("* 
tion  about  which  he  might  well  entertain  serious  doubts.    TheicuiiDii  | 
that  ollicer  reported  as  follows  : 

Any  Ihitish  or  foreign  trading-vessel  has  a  right,  in  carrying  on  lier  lawful  cdiii- 
mercial  i)nrsuits,  to  use  as  anidiorage-places  any  of  the  harhors,  roadsteads,  ami 
anchorages  in  the  colony;  she  can,  liowevcr,  only  lade  or  unlade  cargo  at  siicM 
jdaces  as  nuiy  be  authorized  for  tho  i>urpose  by  the  revenue  department,  amliiil 
the  ])resence  of  a  re^'iMiue  olHcer;  an<l  as  the  revenue,  department  is,  by  the  tiinlij 
act,  17  Vict.,  cai>.  15,  placed  under  the  jurisdiction  and  nninagomcMit  of  the  govciiiurl 
an(l  the  executive  council,  it  will  be  lawful  for  the  governor,  acting  with  the  adl 
vice  of  the  council,  to  prohibit  the  lading  of  cargo  on  board  of  the  Orc^to  otlitrwixf 
than  in  the  harlxu-  of  Nassau  ;  but  beyond  extu'cising  tho  powers  conferred  on  liiiiili}  ( 
the  trade  laws,  his  excellency  has  no  power  to  compel  tho  removal  of  the  Oreto  Ikii>  ' 


'  British  Ai)pendix,  vol,  i,  p.  15. 

« Ibid. 

^  Ibid.,  p.  IC. 

^Tbid. 


OPINIONS    OF   SIR    ALKXAN'DER   COfKIU'KN'. 


.'{SO 


;.  ANDKIv'soN, 


liiT pn'-iiMit  aitcli(>i;i;;o,  iinli'ss  soiiiii  act  liiis  Iiccii  (loiic  in  I'l'spccf  of  licr  wliicli  wiiiild 
iiiiintitiilf  ii  violiitioii  of  linv  aiiil  siil)jr('t  her  to  M'iziiiT.  'I'liis  liiiii;;s  me  to  tin'  i|iii's- 
lidinvlicllK-r  tlii'i't'  In  aiiytliiii;;  disclosrd  in  .\<iiir  roiiiiniinicatioii  wliirli  would,  in  a 
mint  ol'  law,  Jnstit'y  tiif  Curciidi'  r<-niovai  of  tlir  vcsncI  iVoni  Iut  pri'si'iit  position.  Tlio 
iiil'oi'iiialion  anionntH  to  this,  that  the  scnioi'  na\  al  ol'lircr  on  thr  .station  lias  olliciallA' 
iv|iiirtc(i  to  tiif  pivcrnor  tliat  "tliis  vessel  is  apiiaii'iitly  littinj^  ami  prfpaiin;;- lor  a 
vi'sNcl  of  wai';"'  or,  as  stated  in  your  note  of  yesterday,  '"  has  the  a|ipeai'anee  of  a  pri- 
viiti'iT  arniini;  herself.''  Now,  nnless  Captain  .MeKillop  ^i-onnds  the  opinicni  formed 
iiiiil  reported  liy  him  on  some  overt  a(^t,  sin  h  as  the.  ])la(Mn^  of  arms  or  oth(>r  innni- 
timisof  war  on  hoard  of  the  vessid  withont  the  saiietion  of  the  revennt*  department, 
iiiKoiiie  snch  similar  act,  evithtneiii;;  an  intention  on  the  ]iart  of  the  |iersons  in  ehar^ro 
, if  liie  vessel  to  lit  her  out  as  a  vessel  (d'  war  to  he,  eni|doyed  in  the  service  of  a  foreijiii 
liiili);erent  powei,  the  foreilde  leinoval  of  the  vessel  from  her  jiresent  position,  merely 
tii;;uin'd  a^^ainst  a  ]>os.sihle  infract  imi  of  the  law,  could  not  lie  Jnstilied.  Snch  removal 
wiiiild  in  fact  constitute  ii  "seizure,"  whi(di  the  i>arties  inakinj;  would  he  responsihhi 
till  ill  danuiKcs,  unless  tln^v  <'ould  show  a  U'^n]  justilication,  which  nnist  ln^  hased  upon 
Miincthin;;  lieyoud  mere  suspicion  ;  hut  while  nuMt^  suspicimi  is  not  .sutlicient  to  autlnn- 
i/.i'tlic  course  of  i)rocec(linj;  iudicateil  in  your  letter,  it  is  certainly  Nutli<Ment  to  call  for 
I'li'iautioiiary  measures,  nucIi  as  I  atlvised  in  respect  of  this  very  vcsscd  in  my  miiiuto 
nil  the  rcceivci'-ii;encrars  letter  referred  to  me  hy  the  j^overnor  two  or  three  days  siiu-c 
ii:iincly,  that  the  rccciver-;;cneral  shinild,  under  the  ])owers  <d'  his  otlice,  jdai'c  a  revc- 
inii' iilliccr  on  hoard  of  her  to  watch  the  ])roceediu<;s  iti  the  ]iarties  (mi  hoard,  in  mder 
tliat  if  any  actual  (lontraventiou  of  the  law  took  plai'c.  it  nnj;ht  he  at  once  lepcuted, 
;iiiil  prompt  measures  taken  hy  si-i/uro  of  the  vesstd  and  otherwi.sc  to  i»nnish  all  par- 
ties iiui.licatcd  therein.' 

So  fjir,  the  oi>iiuon  given  by  the  attorney-neneral  was  perfectly 
soiiixl. 

The  letter  of  the  receiver- general  here  referred  to  wa.s  one  dated  the 
L'lltli  of  May,  in  wliich  that  oHicer  stilted  that  he  'latl  every  reason  to 
liclicve  that  the  (!onsign(M's  of  the  vessel  intended  diipniii};'  hw^o,  qmrn- 
titles  of  arms  and  nninitions  of  war  its  «'ar<>'o,  and  i  liyht  probiihly  iipply 
fur  iHTinission  to  transship  cargo  to  her  from  other  vessels  where  she 

In  a  letter  to  the  colonial  secretiiry  of  the  next  diiy  (Mtiy  30)  the  at- 
t  iniey- general  writes : 

A'  act  of  arndnjj,  or  any  attempt  to  arm.  a  vessel  in  contravention  of  the  imperial 
<t;i;>itB,  conuuonly  known  as  the  foreiifu-enlistmeut  act,  \,'ill  subject  the  vessel  to 
^  /lire;  and  it  is  qnito  iunuaterial  in  what  mauiur  the  violation  of  the  law  is  asc<\r- 
taiiii'd,  or  l>y  whosti  testimony  it  is  cstahlishcd,  the  only  n(!(M'ssary  rei|uirement  Itcinjf 
tliiil  tlu^  facts  tcstilied  to  should  he  such  as  would  he  received  in  ii  court  of  law  as  le^al 
iHdiif  of  the  violation  of  the  statute  sought  to  he  estaltlished.'' 

Having  received  the  attorney-general's  r«>port,  the  governor,  on  the 
2il()f  June,  thns  writes  to  Connnander  IMcKillop  : 

I  iiiiiy  say  that  it  i.s  quite  impossihle  that  the  Orcto,  or  any  otlior  vessid,  should  he 
ailiiwt'd  to  arm  herself  for  helli<ierent  purposes  within  the  ,iurisdi(!tion  of  tluOiarhor. 

Tiic  Oreto  is  re<>;istered  as  ii  liritish  vessel,  and  carries  tlie  IJritish  llajj;.  Therefore 
>lii' would  he<j;uilty  of  piracy  if,  without  chan<;in<j,li<'r  Ihitish  nationality,  shee(|uippc(l 
iiiisflf  as  a  vessel  of  war.  And  wei'c  she  to  chanjj;e  her  nationality  and  to  be  eiinipped 
i»r  tlie  service  of  cither  of  two  belligerent  states,  with  both  of  wlnnn  (ireat  Hritain  is 
;itin'iK'c,  she  would,  uiulcr  the  directions  of  Her  Majesty'.s  government,  l)e  prediuled 
t'foiii  remaining  more  than  twenty-four  consecutive  hours  in  our  harbor. 

lint  iiiiismuch  as  it  is  not  yet  proved  beyond  doubt  that  the  Oreto  is  a  vessel  of  war, 
'iinlas  it  is  Just  possibhs  that  she  may  be  only  a  uierchant-siiip,  taking  arms  and  im- 
jili'iiu'iits  of  war  sc^dy  for  exportation,  it  is  desirable  tluit  a  more  special  and  minute 
ixamiiiution  of  her  conditions  and  etiuipment  shouhl  he  nnule  before  she  <'an  Im;  treated 
ii*a])irate,  a  privateer,  or  foreign  niini-of-war  arming  within  onr  waters;  for,  while 
it  would  be  in  contravention  of  the  foroign-enlistment  act  to  arm  an  English  vessel  for 
tile  service  of  a  foreign  belligerent  power,  and  contrary  to  the  positive  orders  of  the 
Qnoen's  government  to  allow  a  vessel  of  war  belonging  either  to  the  Federal  or  con- 
federate government  to  arm  herself  in  an  English  port,  it  would  be  equally  illegal  on 
"iirpart  to  seize  a  merchant-vessel  honestly  and  exclusively  employed  iu  the  shipment 
'f  cargo  for  the  purpose  of    oninierce. 

•  X.  itish  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  17. 
2  -  ,i(|.^  vol.  V,  pp.  35, 3G. 
2  Ibid.,  vol.  i,  p.  18. 


m 

:- 

1; 

^^fei't 

^^^^^e1  :" 

I, 

1 

1 

fl 


390 


ARBITRATION   AT   GENEVA. 


I 


jf: 


':| 


II 


s. 


1 ) 


L  4' 


,..| 


Tlicrcforc  I  rcfinost  that  yoii  will  tako  siicli  stops  as  in  your  jJi-oA'ssional  oijinion  scfm 
licst  ior  flic  jtiirposo  of  asccrliiiiiiiii^  tlie  true  cliarat'tiT  of  tin;  C)rft(i,  and  tlic  iialuif  dt 
licr  ('(|ni|tin(Mit ;  and  if,  aftef  inspcctinjr  her  f;iins,  Insr  (!i('\v,  and  tlic  ^iriicriil  (lis|iii>i. 
tion  of  tilt',  vosscl,  you  an;  convinced  that  sins  is  in  rcidity  a  man-of-war  or  iniva- 
leer  ainiinji  Iicisclf  Ikto,  then  it  will  hctonn!  your  duty  cither  to  eoneeit  nicasuics  fm 
luinjiin;;'  the  t>re,to  down  into  this  i)ait  of  th<i  hailior,  or,  what  would  lie  a  saf' rcoinsr, 
to  remove  your  own  ship  to  Cochraue's  anchorage,  and  thero  watch  her  pnic(iL'diii"s 
from  day  to  day. 

I  should  muclj  regret  to  disarrangi^  your  plans  in  any  way,  or  to  imjtoso  on  yon  am 
irksome  duty,  and  I  iiope  tlui  necessity  of  eitht^r  nniy  he  averted.  Ihit  I  am  sine  vim 
will  concur  with  me  in  thinking  that  all  ctnisiderations  (except  that  of  alloidinjr^ln,. 
j)rotection  to  the  harhor)  must  give  way  to  the  ohligatiou  of  ohserving  the  strictest 
neutrality  in  our  dealings  witli  the  two  contending  American  federations,  and  caiiyinif 
out  the  (Queen's  orders  with  the  most  perfect  good  faith.'" 

Can  it  bo  doubted  tbat  tlie  governor  iu  tbiis  writing  was  acting  ac- 
cording to  an  honest  sense  of  duty  ? 

It  appears  tbat  about  this  time  a  man  of  the  name  of  Jones,  who  bad 
come  out  as  boatswain  of  the  Oreto,  together  with  two  of  the  crew,  liav- 
ing  got  on  shore,  had  refused  to  return  ro  the  vessel;  whereupon,  lio 
and  bis  companions  had  been,  at  tlie  instance  of  the  captain,  apprc 
bended  and  sent  to  prison,  as  having  deserted  from  a  Britisli  vessti 
Tliis  man,  Jones,  put  himself  in  communication  witli  JNIr.  Whitiiifr. 
the  United  States  consul.  On  the  4th  of  June  Mr.  Whiting  forwarded 
to  the  governor  the  following  letter  from  Jones  to  himself: 

Nassau  Pitisox,  JiDivi,  Wf2. 

Rik:  The  ship  I  am  from  is  the  Oreto,  huilt  hy  W.  C.  Miller,  in  Liv<>rpoo].  alter  tin 
model  of  the  English  navy  gun-boats,  with  magazine,  shot-lockers,  ports  and  bolts  Im 
twenty  guns.  Everything  is  rigg»'d,  and  ready  for  mounting;  even  all  tin;  artitlo 
necessary  tor  seanuMi,  such  as  hammocks,  bedding,  kettles  and  pans,  with  tince  \fM< 
provisions.     In  short,  she  is  a  jierfcet   nuiu-of-war.     Captain,   Jauu's   Duguitl ;  chitl 

oftici'r,  \\'illian!l)uggin  ;  second  oHicer, Hudson  ;  I,  sir,  was  third  odice)'  and  Ixiat- 

swain  ;  the  chief  steward  and  purs(;r,  who  refused  duty,  are  in  jail  here.-' 

This  letter  only  confirmed  what  was  already  known,  namely,  tlio  ca- 
pacity of  the  vessel  for  the  purpose  of  war.  No  e/idence  of  her  Ixdlij; 
erent  destination  was  attbnled  in  it,  or  iu  the  rei)ort  of  Coniinaiidii 
]McKillop  to  the  governor  of  the  Oth  of  June,  wherein  he  says  that  lie 
"  has  visited  the  scnew-steamer  Oreto  and  examined  her,  and  tliat  slit> 
is  Jitted  out  in  every  way  for  war  purposes — magazines,  shell  rooms. 
and  other  fittings,  totally  at  variance  with  the  character  of  a  merchant 
vessel.  She  has  no  guns  or  ammunition  on  board.  The  captain  docs 
not  deny  that  she  is  intended  for  a  war-vessel."' 

Ou  tiiis,  taking  the  same  view  as  before,  the  attorney-general  ir 

ports : 

There  are  no  facts  set  forth  in  the  within  letter  which  would,  in  my  opinion,  aiitlim- 
ize  the  seizure  of  the  Orc^lo.  They  constitute  only  circumstances  of  suspicion,  wliiili. 
if  cou))le(l  with  some  actmil  overt  a(!t,  would  doubtless  nuiterially  strt^ngthcn  the  ca.v 
against  the  vessel,  but  which  do  not  in  themselves  form  a  ground  of  seizure.' 

In  a  note  of  the  8th  of  June,  Commaiuler  McKillop  again  adverts  t(i 
tlic  warlike  character  of  this  ves.sel,  aiul  states  his  opinion  "  that  slic 
was  not  capable  of  taking  in  any  cargo,  having  no  stowage:  addiii;; 
that,  should  she  take  in  guns  or  ammunition,  he  should  consider  it  liis 
duty  to  seize  her."^ 

On  the  12th  of  June  Mr.  Whiting  again  calls  the  attention  ot 
the  governor  to  the  Oreto.  "  One  of  her  officers,"  he  says — 1  iiresniiic 
he  refers  to  Jones,  the  boatswain — "testifies  to  her  warlike  cliarat'tci 
and  e<piipment,  with  everything  that  marks  a  vessel  of  war — ports 

'  British  A]ipeudix,  vol.  i,  p.  18. 

•  Ibid.,  p.  1S». 
3  Ibid.,  p.  W. 

*  Ibid. 
61bid.,  p.  21. 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDER    COCKBURN. 


391 


I  was  acting  ac- 


7 

es,  slu'll-rooiiis. 


■iiey-general  re 


f^aiti  advorts  to 

iiion  "  tliiit  slic 

towajio ;  addiii;; 

I  coiisidor  it  liis 


iiiagazinos,  shot-lockers,  &(i.  ITe  avers  that  shells  were  transferred 
iiiiiu  tije  steamer  Hero  to  the  Oreto  at  Cochrane's  anchorage,  an  act 
which,  I  suppose,  would  warrant  her  seizure  and  detention.  Tlie  steamer 
Mclita,  from  England,  laiuled  here  last  Sunday  Captain  Semnu's  and 
ollicers  of  the  pirate  Sam»^er,  and  I  have  no  doubt  they  are  here  to  join 
the  Oreto  and  pursue  their  maritime  depredations."  ^ 

The  colonial  secretary  replies : 

His  excellency  liiis  boon  assnred  by  the  agpnts  of  tlio  Oroto  that,  it  is  their  intention 
III cicar  her  in  ballast  for  Havana;  and  he  has  received  from  the  trtjasnrer  (as  col- 
littor  of  the  colonial  cnstonis)  an  application  to  giva  her  this  clearance,  an  application 
to  which  he  has  accorded  his  assent. 

His  excellency  has,  therefore,  no  right  to  assntuo  that  she  is  now  eqnipping  herself, 
,11  will  leave  this  port  e([aippo(l,  as  a  privateer. 

While  his  excellency  is  i)oiind  by  his  instructions  to  obscrvt;  the  strictest  neutrality 
hctwiMMi  the  United  States  and  th(»  Confeihirate  States  of  North  America,  he  has  mo 
piiwer  whatever  to  act  on  general  suspicion  or  hearsay.  He  is  bound  to  give  the 
iwt'iity-fonr  hours'  notice  to  any  known  privateer  or  man-of-war  belonging  to  either 
nlfho  belligerent  States  which  may  put  into  this  port  foi  indispensable  suppliiss,  itut 
111' is  not  bound  to  tletain  orobstru(!t  any  vess(ds  professing  to  be  isngaged  on  a  com- 
iiRTcial  voyage,  unless  he  has  evidence  strong  enough  to  satisfy  the  court  of  admi- 
ralty that  she  is  in  fact  a  belligerent  vessel,  proceeding  on  a  bidligctrent  mission. 

Not  having  any  proof  whicli  would  warrant  the  condenuiation  of  tlui  Oreto  by  a  com- 
peteiit  court  of  Jurisdiction,  or  which  would  connect  hisr  with  any  privateering  (Miter- 
prisf,  his  excellency  feeds  that  it  is  as  yt!t  out  of  his  i)ower  to  intcrftu'c  with  this  vessel, 
ur  prevent  her  presumably  pea^iefnl  and  innocent  voyage  to  Havami.- 

It  would  appear  that,  in  the  hrst  days  of  June,  the  consignees  of  the 
Oretohad  applied  to  the  receiver-general  of  the  colony  for  permission  to 
load  the  vessel  with  cargo  for  a  voyage  to  Saint  John's,  New  IJrnnswiclc, 
that  i)ort  being  the  usual  destination  for  which  vessels  intending  to  run 
the  blockade  ostensibly  cleared.  The  receiver-general,  before  acceding 
to  this  request,  referred  the  matter  to  the  governor.  The  permission 
to  ship  the  cargo  was  granted,  but,  in  consenuencte  of  the  susj)icions 
attaching  to  the  vessel,  the  following  order  was  at  the  sanie  time  adopted 
hv  the  go\  ernor  in  council  on  the  ith  of  June  :  ^ 

.IrxK  4,  mvi. 

At  an  executive  council  his  excellency  the  governor,  with  the  advice  of  the  board, 
was  pleased  tit  niaUe  the.  following  order : 

1.  That  the  Oreto,  if  practicable,  should  take  in  her  cargo  within  the  port  of 
Nassau. 

'.'.  Tliat  if,  how(\ver,  it  be  found  impracticabh;,  from  the  dejdhof  water  in  jtort  or 
"tliiTwi  ,e,  tliat  she  cannot  conveniently  rake  in  her  cargo  within  the  [tort,  tliiMi  that 
^lif  1)1' [)i)rniitted  to  do  so  at  Co(!hrani>'s  Anchorage,  under  tins  din^cit  su[>ervlsion  of 
"idoers  of  the  riMtnnc  deitartment,  to  be  s[»ecially  appointed  for  the  jmrpose. 

X  That,  in  conHciinenct!  of  tlie  sn:ii)icions  which  have  arisen  n!spe(!ting  the  character 
of  tlic  Oreto,  it  is  iulvisalde  that  a  Hritish  vessel  of  war  should  remain  at  L'ochrane's 
Anchorage,  in  the  iuMneiliate  vicinity  of  the  Oreto,  while  she  is  tilving  in  cargo,  and  to 
invvi'iit  snc^li  vessel  being  detained  at  the  anchorage  an  inconvenieiilly  long  time,  there 
111' iiiilMi,>..'d  as  a  conditiiiii,  for  the  p(!rmission  for  the  Oreto  to  load  without  the  port, 
iliat  she  comiilete  her  billing  at  Cochrane's  Anchorag<>,  within  a  period  to  be  designated 
'ly  the  chief  olHcer  of  tln^  revenue  d<'partuuMit. 

His  excellency  was  further  pleased  to  direct  that  a  copy  of  the  foregoing  order  be 
liiriiishet!  to  the  receivei-geuiual  and  treasurer,  and  the  (tommander  of  Her  Majesty's 
•^liili  IliHldog,  respe<;tively,  for  their  informatiim  and  guidance. 

This  order  having  been  communicated  to  the  consignees,  the  latter 
(letmiuined  to  remove  the  Oreto  froni  Cochrane's  Anchorage  to  the  port 
of  Nas.sau,  which  she  entered  on  the  7th  of  June.  On  the  Oth  she  com- 
menced taking  in  empty  shells  as  cargo,  of  which  upward  of  400  boxes 
vere  shipped.  * 


Uritish  Appen<lix,  vol.  i,  i).  '21. 


I  Ibid. 


PI), 


21,  22. 


^Ibid,  p.r)3. 

*  Ibid,  uud  vol.  v,  pp.  38,  40,  aud  47. 


BBam 

m 

iis^ 

i'w^ 

KuiSn  ^ 

twi 

'f 


392 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


\3 


l"* 


In  tleference,  however,  as  it  seems,  to  the  desire  of  the  jrovenior,  tlic 
coiisijyiiees  cliaiiftcd  tlieir  ])uii)ose,  and  determined  to  ck^ar  tlie  vessel 
in  ballast  for  Havana,  and  the  shells  were  therefore  dischaiged.' 

In  the  mean  time  Mr.  Whiting  continued  his  commnnieatioiis  with 
Jones,  and  on  the  13th  June  drew  up  the  stateu)ents  of  the  latter  in  the 
forni  of  an  aiiidavit,  in  which  all  that  had  taken  place  since  the  vessel 
had  left  Liveri)ool  was  detailed,  and  the  true  character  of  the  vessel 
placed  beyond  a  doubt. 

The  following  is  the  affidavit : 

I,  the  nn<ler.sij>np(l,  Edward  Jones,  late  tlilril  officer  of  the  steamer  Orcto,  dosoleiiinlv 
Hwear  to  the  following  facts,  viz  : 

1.  That,  on  the  ;5d  day  of  March,  lHfi2,  I  shii)ped  on  hoard  the  steamer  Oreto  at  Liv- 
erpool, as  boatswain;  the  articles  si)ecifying  that  the  vessel  was  bound  to  tlu;  ixntnt 
Palermo;  thence,  if  ref[nired,  to  any  i)ort  in  the  M(Mliterranean  or  the  West  Indies, 
and  back  to  a  linal  port  of  discharge  in  the  United  Kingdom  ;  the  term  of  servico  not 
to  exceed  six  montlis. 

2.  That  the  Oreto  was  expressly  bnilt  for  a  man-of-war,  and  was  said  to  be  destiiiwl 
for  the  King  of  Sardinia;  that  she  has  twenty  ports,  magazine  of  50  tons  CMpiKity, 
shot-lockers,  &c. :  that  on  her  i)assage  to  this  port,  breeehings  and  gun-tackles  weiv 
fitted  and  everything  got  in  readiness  for  mounting  guns. 

3.  Tliat  the  Oreto  was  supplied  with  two  suits  of  sails,  spare  wire  rigging,  a  l)ii<.'i' 
(juantity  of  provisions,  said  to  be  snilicient  for  three  years'  supply  for  seveiitN  live 
men,  Ac,  &e. 

4.  That  after  leaving  the  channel  the  courses  were  frequently  altered,  and  that  my 
susjiicions  were  tlien  aroused  as  to  her  true  destination  as  a  rebel  privat('(;r,  ami  I 
refused  duty  ;  that  on  the  thirty-tifth  day  out,  wii  anchor<Ml  olf  tin;  port  of  Nassau, NCw 
Piovidence,  T?ahauias,  and  tlie  next  day  procetsded  to  Cochranii's  Anchorage  ;  tliatswin 
after  I  left  the  Oreto,  an<l  was  imjtrisoned  as  a  deserter  at  Nassau,  for  two  wciks, 
when,  after  sending  a  petition  to  the  governor,  I  was  at  last  released. 

r>.  I  also  testify  to  the  fact  that,  for  several  nights  prior  to  our  arrival  at  Xassini,  tin 
lights  on  board  the  Oreto  wen^  ordered  to  be  put  out,  and  the  snioke-staeks  >vere  rt'i'tVil, 
wliile  look-outs  were  kejtt  at  the  mast-lieads,  and  great  anxiety  was  manifested  and  | 
exi)ressed  by  the  officers  lest  they  should  fall  in  with  AuKaican  cruisers. 

1  do  also  .solennily  swear  that  the  Oreto  is,  to  my  certain  knowk'dge,  owned  by  tin 
so-called  Confederate  States  of  North  America,  and  that  she  is  intended  for  ont'oij 
tlieir  men-of-war,  or  armed  privatetus;   which  facts  I  stated  iu  my  petition  to  Governor  I 
Bay  ley  while  I  was  in  prison  at  Nassau.-' 

Mr.  Whiting  coinnjitted  the  nnpa:  lOnable  mistake  of  sending  offtliisj 
alfulavit  to  Mr.  Seward,  instead  of  making  it  known  to  the  local  gov 
ernnient. 

In  the  mean  time,  Captain  McKillop  having  gone  on  other  s('rvire,| 
his  jdace  had  been  taken  by  Captain  Ilickley  of  Her  Majesty's  sh 
(Ireyhound.  On  Ihe  lOth  of  June  Captain  Ilickley,  having  previonsivi 
had  a  conversation  with  the  governor  and  the  Attorney  (Jeneral,  itl 
five  to  rhe  Oreto  taking  in  warlike  stores  for  the  i)nrpose  of  becoiuiii;'! 
an  armed  vessel,  and  perceiving  ligliters  alongside  <»f  her,  went  witlij 
competent  surveying  officers  to  examine  her,  after  which  he  aud  tlicj 
other  officers  made  the  following  report : 

On  going  on  board  the  Oreto  this  morning,  the  captain  informed  me  that  tliorrf"! 
had  refused  to  get  the  anchor  up  until  they  c()uld  be  certain  as  to  where  tlie  Rliip«;ij| 
going,  as  they  did  not  know  what  might  become  of  them  after  leaving  port,  and  tliiiil 
iln:  Oreto  was  a  suspicions  vessel.  I  tlien  i)roceeded  round  her  decks  to  note  \m  liiT 
tings,  &c.,  and  to  ascertain  whether  sh'i  had  any  warlike  stox'es  on  board  for  liirowii| 
equipment,  and  I  Jiave  the  honor  to  make  the  following  report : 

That  the  Oreto  is  in  every  respect  iitted  as  a  man-of-war,  on  the  principle  of  the disl 
l)atch  gun-vessels  in  Her  Majesty's  naval  servico.  f 

That  she  has  a  crew  of  fifty  men,  and  is  capable  of  carrying  two  pivot-giuis  aniiill 
ships  and  four  broadside,  botli  forward  and  aft,  the  ports  being  made  to  "  ship  and  iilI 
ship,"  port  bars,  breeching,  side  tackle,  bolts,  &c.  I 

Tliat  she  has  shell-rooms,  a  magazine,  and  light-rooms,  and  "handing  scuttles" fo'| 

'  British  Ajtpendix,  vol.  i,  p.  24, 

*  United  States  Documents,  vol.  vi,  p.  251. 


Oreto,  do  solcuinlv 


>t'scntlins'  otttliis] 
to  the  locul  gov- 


Jiaiiding  scnttles^'l 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR   ALKXANDER    COCKBFRN. 


303 


liiimliiiS  powdor  out  of  tlie  majjazine.  v-n  fitted  in  the  naval  service,  and  s1\ot-1>oxos  for 
Aniistront?  shot,  or  shot  siniihxr  totlicin.  Ronnd  tlio  ni>i»or  deek  slie  lias  live  boats,  (I 
jlidiilil  say,)  a  ten-oared  cntter,  an  eijiht-oared  entter,  two  k'b'*)  '^"•'  "  .jolly-hoat,  and 
davits  for  lioistinj;  them  up — her  aeconiniodation  beinj;  in  no  respect  difi'erent  from  her 
^illli]ilr  class  of  vessels  in  the  royal  naval  service. 

And  on  my  askin<f  the  captain  of  the  Oreto,  l)(^fore  my  own  officers  and  three  of  his 
own,  whether  she  had  h'ft  Liverpo(»l  litted  in  all  resjtects  as  she  was  at  ])res(!nt,  his 
answer  was,  "  Yes,  in  all  resr/jcts ;"  and  that  "uo  addition  or  alteration  had  been  made 
wliatevci-."' ' 

111  trausmitting  this  report  to  the  governor,  Capt.ain  Hicklej'  adds : 

Wlii'ii  I  boarded  the  Oreto  she  appeared  to  be  disduryinj^  her  carjjo,  and  this  carg ), 
Id  all  appearance,  sh(dls;  and  I  was  proceeding;  to  go  on  with  the  examination  when 
ilu'  consiirneo  (Mr.  Harris)  and  a  revenne  oflicer  told  me  that  she  (the  Oieto)  had 
(Icared  in  ballast  for  the  Havana,  and  was  to  sail  shortly,  (I  understood  the  next  <lay,) 
audtliat  due  notice  had  been  givtsn  at  the  custom-house.  On  this  I  considered  inter- 
firencc  unnecessary  ou  my  jtart,  and  came  immediately  with  the  consignee  to  you,  to 
report  what  had  taken  place,  aiul  the  determined  destination  of  the  Oreto,  bnt  with 
the  understanding  that,  owing  to  the  suspicions  already  cast  on  the  A'essel,  I  was  to 
iyiiin  visit  her  before  her  leaving.  This  took  place  on  the  10th,  and  the  11th  and  Ititli 
imsseil,  and  the  Oreto  did  not  sail,  which  again  aroused  my  suspicions  that  the  vesstd 
WHS  not  acting  in  good  faith,  and  that  she  was  still  ecpiijjping,  or  nuiking  very  detinitu 
;m:in<;'enients  for  so  doing. 

This  morning,  at  6.:{0  a.  ui.,  I  was  informed  by  M.'.  Harris  that  the  Oreto  was  to  sail 
iiiiinediately,  at  8  r..  m.;  and  feeling  it  a  bimnden  duty  to  ascertain  lu^r  character 
littdie  her  leaving,  to  make  my  report  to  your  excellency,  that  by  so  doing  I  might 
have  the  law-otHicers'  opinion  as  to  the  legality  of  her  sailing  before  she  (piitted  the 
|iiirf. 

Iliave  the  honor  to  inclose  my  report  for  your  excellency's  infornuiiion,  for  the 
iipinion  of  the  attorney-general  and  Queen's  advocate,  that  my  course  may  be  clear 
;h  to  my  dealing  with  ;he  Oreto,  and  whether,  niuler  tins  circumstances  detailed 
theiein,  she  is  entitled  to  go  her  way  on  the  high  seas  uiuler  British  cidors.-' 

A.5  the  report  of  the  oflicers  and  the  letter  of  Commander  Hiekley, 
while  conchisively  establishing  the  warlike  character  of  the  vessel, 
tailed  to  carry  the  case  any  farther  as  to  attempt  to  eqni))  or  arm  her 
within  the  waters  of  the  Bahamas,  the  attorney-general,  to  whom 
these  documents  were  referred,  still  adhered  to  his  former  view,  ami 
[advised  that  there  was  nothing  contained  in  them  which  would  justify 
Ithedeteiition  of  the  vessel. 

From  the  foregoing  letter  of  Captain  Ilickley,  it  appears  that,  ou 

[iimliii<>'  that  the  Oreto  was  discharging  shells  out  of  the  vessel,  ami  on 

lieiiio-  told  by  Mr.  Harris,  one  of  the  consignees,  and  by  a  revenue  officer 

on  Ijo.ird,  that  she  had  cleared  out  in  ballast  for  the  Havana,  and  was 

[tosail,  as  he  understood,  the  next  day,  and  that  due  notice  had  been 

Liven  at  the  custom-house.  Captain  Ilickley,  however,  desirous  of  ]>re- 

vinting  with  inflexible  rigor  any  brea<rh  of  neutrality  in  a  port  of  Her 

.Majesty,  considered  that  all  ground  for  further  interference  with   the 

vessel— provided  always  that  this  undertaking  should  be  carried  out — 

pvasat  an  end. 

I  Two  more  days,  however,  having  elai)sed  since  his  last  letter,  and 
Ithe  vessel  still  remaining  at  her  anchorage,  the  suspici(jns  of  Caj)- 
I'liiii  llicklej'  became  aroused  anew.  He  does  not  ai)pear  to  have 
jWeu  at  tirst  aware  that  the  cause  of  the  delay  was  the  continue«l 
jjffiKsul  of  the  crew  to  remain  in  the  ship,  in  consev^pienco  of  which 
I't  liiul  become  necessary  to  collect  another  crew.  On  the  l.lth,  the 
jkitswiiin,  Jones,  and  some  of  the  crew  of  the  Oreto,  acting  under 
[the  iiiHuence  and  at  the  instigation  of  Mr.  Whiting,  as  appears  from 
jtlie  letter  of  the  latter  to  Mr.  Seward  of  the  18th  of  June,  came  on 
pm\  the  Greyhound,  and  made,  as  Captain  Hickley  reports,  publicly 

statements  to  the  prejudice  of  the  vessel  as  a 


iiety 


'  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  2<\. 
2  ibid.,  p.  aii. 


:;f 


I 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


* 


1' 


A' 


.1} 


legal  trader,  both  on  her  first  leaving  and  subsequently  to  lior  loaviim 
Liverpool,  stating  tiiat  they  had  now  left  the  Oreto,  as  they  eould  no^ 
ascertain  her  destination,  although  she  had  cleared  out  for  the  lliivauii 
some  days  since.' 

Referring  to  the  statements  made  ;o  him  by  the  boatswain  and  cnw, 
Captain  Hickley  writes  to  the  governor : 

These  circiimstancos,  Ikh'  lon^  detention  in  this  poit,  hor  character,  her  fittinif.s.  con- 
vinceti  as  I  am  also  tliat  tlnring  her  stay  in  the  port  arrangements  have  been  imulc  tni 
arming  lier  outside,  witli  the  previous  correspondence  on  her  account,  and  the  suspi- 
cions already  cast  on  her,  her  evid(Mit  e(iuipment  for  war  pur[ioses,  altlimij;li  not  m 
present  armed,  or  to  my  knowledge  having  any  arms  on  board,  and  my  conviction,  in 
also  that  of  my  officers  and  men  that  have  been  on  board  her,  that  she  is  built  inten- 
tionally for  a  war- vessel  and  not  for  a  merchant  ship,  make  It  incumbent  on  uk;  tosiizf 
the  Oreto,  as  a  vessel  that  can  be  no  more  considered  as  a  free-trader,  but  tliat  slic  is, 
on  the  contrjiry,  calculated  to  be  turned  into  a  formidable  vessel  of  war  in  twcnty-t'din 
hours  ;  and  that  this,  I  am  convinced,  will  be  the  case  if  she  is  permitted  to  kiivc 
Nassau. 

Captain  Hickley  accordingly  proceeded  to  seize  the  vessel,  and  re 
ported  to  the  governor  that  lie  had  done  so.  In  his  letter  he  proposes 
to  "send  the  vessel  to  the  commodore  or  commander-in-chief  on  his  own 
luofessional  responsibility.''^ 

On  the  other  hand,  Governor  B.ayley,  in  reply,  states  his  general  con- 
currence with  the  opinion  of  the  attorney-gt^ueral : 

I  do  not  consider,  he  says,  that  suspicion  alone  would  justify  the  .seizure  of  the  Oreto. 
and  the  case  as  stated  by  yourself  hardly  seems  to  go  beyond  suspicion. 

And  the  suspicion  itself  attaches  not  to  any  acts  done  by  the  Oreto,  but  only  to  the 
intention  of  her  ecpiipment.  Indeed,  the  testimony  of  the  crew  I  nnderstand  to  iininimt 
to  no  more  than  an  expression  of  suspicion.  Now,  I  do  not  consider  that  I  linvi'  any 
legal  authority  to  seize  a  vessel  merely  on  the  suspicion  of  her  intentions.  It  seems 
to  me  tliat  such  an  act  on  my  part  would  violate  the  hospitalities  of  the  harbor,  and  be 
a  precedent  for  grave  injustice  on  future  occasions, 

Tlie  Oreto,  as  you  are  aware,  has,  in  dttference  to  your  remonstrances  and  my  orders, 
discharged  her  cargo  of  shell,  shot,  and  ammunition,  and  is  ready  to  clear  in  ballast. 
She  has  thus  divested  herself  of  the  character  of  an  armed  vessel  leaving  this  poit  tor 
belligerent  purposes.  I  do  not  think  it  consistent  with  law  or  public  policy  that  she 
should  now  be  seized  on  the  hypothesis  that  she  is  clearing  out  for  tiie  imrpose  of 
arming  herself  as  a  vessel  of  war  beyond  the  limits  of  the  harbor.  We  have  done  our 
duty  In  seeing  that  she  does  not  leave  the  harbor  equipped  and  prepared  to  act  otVeii- 
sively  against  one  of  two  belligerent  nation^,  with  each  of  whom  Great  Britain  is  ut 
peace. 

And  if  she  hasstill  .anysnch  intention — an  intention  which  cannot  be  fnhilled  witliin 
the  harbor — I  think  this  could  bi»  eftectually  thwarted  by  giving  instructions  that  the 
vessels  which  are  supposed  tolte  freighted  with  her  arms,  and  to  be  prepared  to  yooui 
with  her,  should  not  leave  the  harbor  within  forty-eight  hours  after  the  Oreto  hib 
left  it. 

If,  however,  you  still  retain  the  firm  conviction  not  only  that  she  is  about  to  arni;is 
a  vessel  of  war,  but  also  that  she  is  already  partially  equipped  as  one,  and,  moreover. 
tlnit  she  is  engaged  to  act  against  a  belligerent  State  which  is  at  peace  with  Great 
Britain,  and  that  she  has  enlisted  a  crew  for  that  object,  your  proper  cour.se  un- 
doubtedly Is,  on  seizing  tlie  Oreto,  to  submit  the  question  of  her  condemnation  to  the 
vlee-admlralty  court  of  this  colony, 

To  remove  her  to  Bermuda,  Halifax,  or  any  other  colony,  for  the  purpose  of  iiaviug  | 
her  condtsmned  there,  would  be  a  course  not  only  at  variance  with  prescriptive  iisiijie, 
but,  as  I  cannot  help  thinking,  open  to  censure,  as  implying  an  unmerited  inipntatieii 
on  the  fairness  and  competency  of  the  court  of  this  colony.     It  is  a  cour.se  wliicii  I  can- 
not my.self  recounnend  or  sanction,  and  which,  if  adopted  by  you,  must  be  adopted  on  ^ 
your  own  responsibility,* 

The  oi)inion  of  the  attorney-gemeral  remained  unshaken  : 

"  The  report  of  Captain  Hickley,"  he  writes,  "does  not  appear  to  nie  to  carry  the  oa.'f  j 
against  the  Oreto  further  than  that  shown  in  the  previous  reports  of  himself  and  t'om- 

'  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  pp.  23, 5J4. 
2  Ibid.,  pp.  24,  25. 


OPINIONS   OF    SIR    ALEXANDER   COCKBURN. 


395 


,vaiQ  and  civw, 


aithi)iii;ii  iKit  lit 


his  general  con- 


I  inaiider  McKillop,  jiiul  I  coiitenil  that  no  ciisc  lias  as  yot  been  mado  out  for  tlio  seizure 

I  rftliiit  vessel  under  tlic  fbrei<^n-enli«tni(!nt  act. 

"With  respect  to  the  sufifjestion  in  the  concluding  part  of  Commander  H  rkley's  let- 
ter, I  liiive  to  rennirk  that,  if  the  vessel  i»  liahu^  to  s;M/urc  at  all,  it  must  he  uiuler  the 
uriivisioiis  of  the  foreign-enlistment  act,  and  if  so  seized,  th(!  (luestion  of  luu-  liability 
iiKViis  readily  and  efficiently  he  decided  in  thti  court  of  vice-admiralty  in  this  colony 
asiiet'ore  any  tribunal  in  Her  Majesty's  colonial  poss(!ssions,  and  conse(|uenlly  that  no 
Dtci'ssity  exists,  nor  do  I  think  that  any  excuse   can    be  nnide  for  sendinji  her,  as  sug- 

l.-stedhy  C'oininander  Hickley,  to  the  commodore  or  connnander-in-chief,  who,  I  pre- 
*imio,  arc  either  at  IJermiula  or  Halifax  ;  while,  on  the  oth»;r  hand,  if  I  am  eorrt'ct  in 
ilievii'w  I  have  taken  of  her  non-liability  to  seizure,  the  reasons  against  sending  her 
lifuoe  will,  of  course,  be  far  more  i)owerfuI ;  and  therefore,  on  either  vi(!w  of  the  case, 

I  ladvi.se  his  excellency  to  withhold  his  sanction  from  the  course  of  action  suggested."' 

On  the  receipt  of  these  communications,  Captain  Hickle;^'"  replies, 
•'repeating-  his  professional  opinion,  and  that  of  his  brother  oltieers, 

j  ami  again  expressing  his  oouvictioii  that  the  Oreto  was  a  vessel  of  war 
liat  could  be  equipped  in  twenty-four  hours  for  battle,  and  that  she  was 

Itlieii  going  out  of  the  harbor  as  nearly  equipped  as  a  vessel  of  war  could 
be  without  guns,  arms,  or  ammunition  ;"  but  "  declining  to  take  on  him- 
self the  responsibility  of  the  further  detention  of  the  ()reto  for    .e  pur- 

hioseof  placing  her  in  the  admiralty  court,  it  being  contrary  to  tne  law 
oilicers' opinion,  or  of  adopting  the  course  of  sending  her  to  the  command- 
fi  ill-chief  contrary  to  the  governor's  wishes."     lie  announced  his  inten- 
tion, therefore,  of  removing  the  otHcers  and  men  from  the  Oreto,  and 
as  a  final  decision  had  been  come  to,  of  oftering  no  further  obstacle  to 

I  lier  sailing.''^ 
Oil  the  17th,  Governor  Bayley  replies  that  he  "  had  felt  it  to  be  his 

I  duty,  ill  his  letter  of  the  day  before,  to  exi)ress  unreservedly  his  opinion 
111  the  case  of  the  Oreto,  and  the  doubt  he  entertained  respecting  the 
ej;iility  and  policy  of  preventing  her  from  leaving  the  harbor — doubts 
ivliich  iiad  been  much  increased  by  the  strong  opinion  expressed  by  the 
law  otlicer  of  the  Crown,  who  discharged  the  conjoint  duties  of  (Queen's 
ailvocate  and  attorney- general  in  this  colony."    He  continues  : 

III  (leferenco  to  the  views  entertained  by  that  oHicer  and  myself,  you  have,  I  now  un- 
iliTstaiid,  removed  the  oHlcers  and  crew  who  were  in  charge  of  the  Oreto,  and  thereby 
ijiviMiher  the  option  of  leaving  the  harbor. 

ISut,  ui  the  letter  which  announces  this  proceeding,  yon  repeat  the  expression  of  yonr 

|iiwiiiiii(l  yonr  oflicers'  conviction  that  "  the  Oreto  is  a  vessel  of  war,  which  can  be 

I ti|iiiiiptd  in  twenty-four  hours  for  battle."    And  in  your  brief  conversation   with  me 

iliisiiioniiiig,  you  stated  that  though  the  Oreto.had  discharged  some  of  her  suspected 

i;ii';,'ii  lierc.  still  slu^  was  not  leaving  the  port  empty.    A  professional  opinion,  coming 

I  liiiui  ail  (iflicer  of  yonr  character  and  rank,  cannot  fail  to  liave  'ts  duo  weight  with  me. 

'liitlie  one  hand,  I  am  unwilling  to  jdace  any  njstraint  on  a  vessel  which   has  not  as 

lyHliWMi  formally  proved  to  have  violated  the  law,  or  impugned  the  neutrality  of  the 

liiirliorby  any  overt  act.    I  am  equally  unwilling  to  i)lace  any  limit  on  the  rights  of 

liiispitallty  usually  accorded  to  vessels  of  all  nations  in  English  harbors.     I  am  most 

iniiwilling  to  strain  the  law  to  the  prejudice  of  any  vessel  seeking  that  hi)spitality. 

>it.  at  tli(i  same  time,  I  cannot  fail  to  recognize  the  great  importaiuse  of  the  testimony 

hvliitlniiiiy  be  brought  tbrward  by  yourself  and  your  crtiw  ;  nor  can  I  fail   t'j  seethe 

U'Mvi'conseipiencijs  whicdi  might  result  if  a  vtsssel,  e(iuipi)ed  and  litted  as  you    repre- 

[siiit  lor  till' purposes  of  war,  were  ([iiietly  allowetl  to  take  a  crew  here  and  quit  the 

1)01'  with  the  intention  of  lighting  on  the  side  of  one  or  two  belligerent  states,  with 

|Ki(iiof  whom  Great  Hritain  is  at  peace. 

Toflio  doubts  which  this  dilemma  crt-ates,  I  can  see  only  one  solution.     The  cipiip- 

|iiii'iit  (if  the  Oreto,  the  object  of  her  voyage  hither,  the   intent  of  her  voyage  hence, 

li''  natmc  of  her  crew,  and  the  purpose  of  their  eidistment  iire  all  the  fairsulijeets  of  ju- 

I'liiial  investigation.     Wo  cannot  detain  or  condenni  her  on  mere  suspicion  ;  nor,  when 

h'l'^piiioii  has  been  so  generally  aroused,  can  weiiermit  her  to  depart  unexamined  and 

Iiiiialisolvod. 

I  ii(l(!r  t;very  aspect  therefore  of   the  case,  I  think  the  best  course  which  can  be  taken 

"'111' interests  of  yourself,  the  colony,  and  the  Government,  will  be  to  seize  the  Oreto, 

jimlat  once  submit  the  question  of  her  condemnation  to  the  local  court  of  vice-admi- 

'  Uritish  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  25. 
-Ibid.,  p.  2«i. 


f^h 


i  - ;; . 

If 

'■'': 

it 

396 


ARBITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


lalty;  ntuT  I  am  glafl  to  soo  tlmt  yon  abandon  the  idoa  of  carrying liorhcfoiotliocnnrt 
of  any  otlmr  colony.  It,  on  tlio  evidence  wliicli  yon  addncc?,  the  conrt  condt'iiin  Im. 
yon  will  have  the  satisfaction  of  haviiiff  i)reventcd,  certainly  an  illeffal,  and  ipidlinliiv 
a  diaastrons  voya<];e.  If  the  conrt  do  not  condenui  her,  yon  will  have  the  satistiiciioii 
of  havin;;;  discharged  yonr  duty  nnder  ciicnnistances  of  anxions  donl)t  and  (lilliinltv. 
tin-  solntion  of  wliich  will  hereafter  sn'iooth  the  conrse  of  others  placed  in  situiitiuiis 
equally  tryinj;  and  enibarrassinfj. 

My  ojiinion  is  that  an  appeal  to  the  decisior  '  the  local  vice-admiralty  court  is  tln' 
best  expcdi<'nt  which  conhl  be  embraced  '  ^  ..11  the  parties  interested  in  tlic  luattii, 
I  will  give  the  necessary  iustrnctions  to  tne  Queen's  advocate.' 

The  course  suggested  was  accordingly  adopted.  The  Oreto  was  soi/.iil 
and  proceedings  taken  in  the  admiralty  court  of  the  Bahamas  for  Iitr 
condemnation,  the  result  of  which  I  shall  advert  to  further  on. 

From  the  correspondence  which,  in  view  of  the  accusations  made,  I 
Lave  thought  it  my  duty  toward  absent  men,  deprived  of  all  means  of  I 
defense,  to  set  out  in  some  detail  before  the  tribunal,  even  at  tlie  risk 
of  appearing  tedious,  it  is  apparent  thattwo  difterent  and  opi)ositc  views 
were  taken  as  to  the  propriety  of  seizing  the  Oreto.    The  naval  ofticeis. 
finding  her  equipped  as  a  ship  of  war,  and  from  her  presence  at  Nassau. 
and  the  other  suspicious  circumstances  connected  with  her,  entertain 
ing  no  moral  doubt  that  she  was  intended  for  the  service  of  the  tdii- 
federates  against  the  United  States,  were  for  seizing  her  witli  a  hij; 
hand.    The  civil  authorities,  sensible  that  to  seize  the  vessel,  uiikss  I 
they  could    afterward  hold  her  upon  legal  proof  of  her    destination  j 
as  a  belligerent  vessel,  sucli  as  would  be  received  in  a  court  of  law,  would 
be  worse  than  useless,  and  seeing  no  such  [troof  forthcoming,  weronu  | 
willing  to  take  upon  themselves  the  responsibility  of  a  proceeding  wliici 
if  it  ended  in  defeat,  would  be  attended  with  serious  consequen(!os.    In] 
addition  to  this  the  attorney-general  appears  to  have  entertained  an 
opinion  that,  in  order  to  warrant  a  seizure  at  Nassau,  some  e<iiiipiiient| 
of  the  vessel  must  have  taken  place  within  the  precincts  of  the  col 
ony — an  opinion  which,  as  we  shall  see  presently,  was  shared  by  tiie 
judge  (»f  the  vice-adnrralty  court.    That  oi)inion  was,  in  my  judgment.  | 
erroneous;  but,  after  a  careful  perusal  of  the  correspondence  aiul  ecu 
sideration  of  the  facts,  I  am  bound,  in  common  justice  to  these  parties.  I 
whose  conduct  has  been  so  cruelly  iuipugned,  to  say  that  I  cannot  tiud| 
any  ground  to  justify  the  suggestion  that  the  views  put  forward  by  tlio 
governor  and  attorney-general,  in  the  course  of  these  proceedings,  were] 
not  honestly  and  sincerely  entertained. 

But  while  1  feel  bound  to  give  credit  to  the  governor  Jind  attorney- 
general  for  i)erfect  honesty  of  intention,  I  am  not  prepared  to  go  tliel 
length  of  saying  that,  in  my  judgment,  a  degree  of  activity  such  as  tlic] 
circumstances  demanded  was  exliibited  in  ascertaining  the  true  diarac 
ter  of  the  Oreto.  Down  to  the  time,  indeed,  when  revelations  as  tol 
the  antecedents  of  the  vessel  were  made  by  the  crew,  and  while  all  that  j 
bad  happened  at  Liverpool  remained  unknown  in  the  colony,  I  am  en  I 
tirely  of  opinion  with  the  law-oflicer  of  the  colony  that  the  seizure  of 
the  vessel  would  not  have  been  warianted.  However  strong  the  sns  | 
picion,  there  was  till  then  no  actual  proof  of  her  destination.  But  wlii'iii 
the  men  on  the  4tli  of  June  communicated  all  the  facts  to  Mr.  Wliitiuft.l 
and  afterward,  at  his  suggestion,  to  Commander  Hickley,  and  it  tbnsj 
became  known  to  the  authorities  that  there  were  antecedents  of  a  sus  r 
picious  character  connected  with  the  vessel,  it  became,  in  my  jndguientJ 
the  business  of  the  law-officers  to  inquire  into  the  facts.  It  is  true  Mr.l 
Whiting  neglected  the  obvious  duty  of  communicating  to  the  authorij 
ties  the  affidavit  made  by  the  boatswain  Jones.    But  the  attorney- 


'  British  Ai)pendix,  vol.  i,  pp.  26,  27. 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR   ALEXANDER   COCKBURN. 


307 


lior  before  tlio  cniirt 
loiirt  ('oiideniii  lni, 
k'^al,  and  urolKiliiy 
ive  the  sutisfactiii'ii 
:)nbt  iind  <litliiiilty, 
tlacecl  iu  Hitdatimis 

miralty  court  is  tlii> 
.■sted  ill  the  iiuUtir, 

Oreto  was  soizcil 
Baluinias  for  her 
ther  oil. 
isations  made,  I 
of  all  means  of 
even  at  the  risk 
id  opposite  vit'Ws 
he  naval  officers. 
sence  at  Nasssiii. 
h  her,  oiitertaiii- 
rvice  of  th(^  eon- 
her  with  a  lii;;li 
he  vessel,  unless  | 
her   destination 
)urt  of  law,  would 
icoiiiinfi',  were  nil- 
►rooeediiij''  wliieli. 
oiisequeiu;es.    In 
'e  entertained  an  I 
some  eciuipmeiit 
eincts  of  the  col- 
IS  shared  hy  tin- 
in  my  jiuls'mt'iit. 
nndence  and  ecu- 
i  to  these  parties.  I 
at  I  cannot  tind 
It  forward  bytlio 
)roceedin}>s,  were 

lor  and  attorney- 
■epared  to  j;o  tlie 
ivity  sueh  as  tlicl 
V  the  true  eharac 
revelations  as  tnl 
and  while  all  tliat| 
colony,  I  am  er 
at  the  seiznre  ot'| 
strong  the  siis  ^ 
ation.     But  when 
4  to  Mr.  Whitin?, 

cley,  and  it  tbns 
cedents  of  a  sns 

inmyjndgment. 

s.  It  is  true  Mr, 
ig  to  the  authori| 
kit  the  attorney- 


I 


.»eneral  must  have  been  aware  that  ther"  were  important  matters  con- 
nected with  this  ves.sel  which  the  men  who  had  come  out  in  liei-  were 
prepared  to  disclose;  and  I  cannot  but  thiidc  that,  in  such  a  state  of 
tilings,  he  should  have  taken  -}tcps  to  iinpiire  Into  ami  ascertain  the 
tiuts.  In  all  probability  the  oi)iuiou — as  I  thiuU,  a  mistaken  one — that 
nothing  but  wliat  took  place  in  the  waters  of  the  colony  could  be  made 
available  against  the  vessel,  may  have  had  the  etl'ect  of  inducing  him 
to  remain  passive. 
But  tlie  (juestion  whether  the  omission  to  resort  to  this  source  of 
information  did  not  amount  to  a  want  of  due  diligence,  loses  its  import- 
ance by  rea.son  of  the  circumstance  that,  in  sjute  of  the  opinion  of  the 
attorney-general,  the  Oreto  was  in  fact  .seized  and  brought  into  court 
ith  a  view  to  her  ctuidemnation.  Upon  that  fact  supervening,  any 
previous  omissicm  in  this  respect  becomes,  i»ractically  speaking,  wholly 
immaterial.  Whether  the  vessel  was  seized  a  few  days  sooner  or  a  few 
days  later  can,  obviously,  under  the  circumstances,  not  have  been  of 
tlie  slightest  consequence. 

In  like  manner,  when  M.  Staempfli  suggests  that  the  government  at 
liome  were  wanting  in  due  diligence,  becau.se,  on  linding  th^t  the  Oreto 
bad  not  been  built  for  the  Italian  government,  tiiey  did  not  .send  out 
to  Nassau  and  other  British  colonies  to  direct  the  .seizure  of  the  vessel 
sliouUl  she  come  into  a  British  port,  the  obvious  answer  wiiicli  I 
sliouUl  liave  hoped  would  have  occurred  to  his  own  mind  is  that,  even 
assuming  that  tlie  government  were  bound  to  seiu^  'u.structions  to  that 
ctlect  all  over  the  globe,  the  only  jiurpose  which  sn  a  exemplary  activ- 
ity eould  have  served  would  have  been  to  secure  the  seizure  of  the 
vessel  and  tlu^  bringing  her  into  court.  But  this  end  having  been 
otlierwi.se  etlected  by  the  action  of  Captain  Ilickley  and  the  governor, 
any  want  of  diligence  in  any  other  (piarter  becomes  wholly  immaterial. 

When  once  the  end  to  be  obtained  is  by  .some  means  or  other  etfeeted, 
vliat  Inatters  it  whether  some  other  means  whereby  the  same  result 
nijiiht  possibly  have  been  brought  about  may  have  been  omitted  to  be 
resorted  to  ? 

It  cannot  surely  be  necessary  to  point  out  that  the  omission  to  u.se 
hhie  diligence,  if  it  produces  no  injury  to  a  [mrty  entitled  to  claim  the 
oxereise  of  such  diligence,  affords  no  ground  tor  conqtlaint  or  compeiusa- 
i  tioii.  If,  for  example,  a  vessel  were,  by  tlie  negligence  of  the  authorities, 
pi'iniitted  to  be  equipped  and  armed  ami  to  go  forth  to  wage  war  on  a 
btllij;erent,  but  betbre  doing  any  actual  mischief,  were  fallen  in  with 
Ua  more  powerful  enemy  and  taken,  no  amount  of  negligence  in  suffer- 
in],'  her  to  go  forth  could  constitute  a  ground  for  asking  for  p(!cuniary 
I  compensation. 

We  may,  therefore,  pass  over  all  the  laets  preliminary  to  the  seizure 
[of the  vessel,  and  come  to  the  trial  before  the  judge  of  the  court  of  ad- 
[iniralty  of  the  colony. 

Xow,  latonce  feel  bound  to  say  that  with  the  result  of  this  trial  I  am 
jiinythiiig  but  satislied.  In  my  opinion,  the  Oreto  ought  to  have  been 
loiidemned,  and  there  was  a  miscarriage  of  justice  in  her  ac(piittal.  Not 
iliat,  on  the  point  which  the  judge  of  the  vice-admiralty  court  tlnuight 
tlie  only  issue  iu  the  <!ase,  namely,  whether  there  liad  been  any  e<iuip- 
inentof  the  vessel  within  the  waters  of  the  colony,  I  am  ]>repared  to 
i|iiaiTel  with  the  judgment.  The  mistake  of  the  judge,  which  led  to  the 
i'wputtal  of  the  Oreto,  consisted  in  holding  that  tlie  ecpiipment  of  a 
[vessel  in  any  part  of  the  British  dominions,  for  a  purpose  prohibited  by 
the  foreign-enlistment  act,  would  not,  so  long  as  the  property  in  it  re- 
luaiiied  iu  a  British  subject  and  had  not  been  transferred  to  a  foreign 


i4\ 


398 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


ft 


1  'V 


bolli<>oroiit,  of  which  tliore  was  hero  no  snfluneiit  proof,  form  a  snflicicnt] 
j»i()mi(l  ol' (toiMh'mnatioii  in  any  (!onrt  of  coinpotiMit  atitlioiity,  witliin 
whose  Jurisdiction  tiie  vessel  niif>;ht  be  fouml,  thoufth  no  [nirt  of  siulil 
e(|ui|>nieiit  iiii^ht  liave  taken  plai;;;  within  such  jurisiJictioii.    I'^ittedontJ 
(■(jiiipped,  or  armed  within  British  doniinioiiK,  in  eontraventioii  of  tlu' 
statute,  a  vessel  becomes  at  once  forfeited  by  the  ett'ect  of  the  slatiitc 
and  lu'comes  liable  to  be  seized  and  condemned  as  fcn'feited.    The  cliar. 
acter  of  Ibrreiture  once  attachin{>;  to  her  reujaiiis  permanently  allixcd  tdi 
her,  and  the  proceediuj;'  being'  i>i,  rem,  any  comi)etent  court  within  whose  j 
jurisdiction  she  nuiy  be    may  adjudge  her  to  be  the  property  of  the 
Ci'own,  and  give  effect  to  the  seizure  of  her  as  such. 

It  is  admitted  by  I ler  IMajesty's  government,  upon  the  advice  of  Its 
law-officers,  that  such  is  the  law. 

It  is  clear  that,  if  the  judge  on  the  trial  had  acte<l  (»n  this  ])riii(i|il(\ 
there  was  abundant  evidence  on  which  to  condemn  this  vessel,  and  timt 
she  ought  to  have  been  condemned. 

That  sh(!  was  erpiipped,  .hough  not  armed  for  war,  not  oidy  whciil 
at  the  Dahamas,  but  also  when  she  left  Liverpool,  is  undoubted.    Tiic 
obstacle  to  her  seizure  at  Liverpool  was  the  absence  of  sullicicnt  jn'onf  j 
o\'  her  being  intended  for  a  belligerent.     But  wlien  it  turned  oat  tliiirj 
her  asserted  destination  for  a  tirni  at  Palermo,  or  for  the  Italian  govcn 
nient,  was  a  mere  pretense,  and  that,  having  cleared  out  and  sliipptMl] 
her  crew  foi'  ralermo  and  Jamaica,  she  never  went  near  either,  bat  itnt- 
ceeded  at  once  to  Xassau,  a  port  conveniently  situated  with  referciici' 
to  the  coast  of  the  Southern  States;  and  when  to  these  facts  was  adik'il 
the  evidence  of  the  statenuMits  of  those  who  had  had  charge  of  iier  tliat 
she  was  intended  lor  the  confederate  service,  evidence  which  actjuircd 
additional  force  from  tln^  antecedent  circun)stances,  no  rational  doiilitl 
could  remain  of  the  service  for  which  the  vessel  was  designed.    Had 
the  adjudication  i)roceeded  on  right  legal  princiides,  the  vessel  nuisti 
clearly  have  been  condemned. 

But,  when  I  am  asked  to  sanction  the  imputation  that  the  prosccii 
tion  was  conducted  by  the  attorney-general  in  the  scandalously  corrupt  I 
nninner  imputed  to  him — that  he  directed  it  with  the  predeterniiiuilj 
lHir[»ose  of  getting  the  Oreto  released;  that  he  hurried  on  the  tiial 
before  evidence  could  be  obtained  from  Liverpool ;  that  he  conducted  I 
his  cross-examinations  so  as  to  suppress  evidence  unfavorable  to  tlu' 
Oreto  when  it  could  be  done;  that  he  neglected  to  summon  witnesses.! 
who  must  have  been  within  his  control,  who  could  have  shown  con- 
clusively that  the  Oreto  was  built  for  the  insurgents,  and  was  to  l)e| 
converted  into  a  vessel  of  war — witnesses,  I  may  add,  by  the  way,  who. 
if  called,  would  have  been  privileged  from  answering,  or  certaiidy  would 
have  been  hostile,  and  whom,  therefore,  a  counsel,  in  the  exercise  of  liis 
discretion,  would  scarcely  think  of  calling — witnesses,  too,  who  could  I 
have  added  nothing  as  to  that  which  the  attorney-general  and  the  jiulue 
believed  to  be:  the  essential  matter  to  be  i)roved — namelj',  an  eqaipiiieiit 
of  the  vessel  in  the  port — and  when  I  am  asked  to  ascribe  toajud;;e 
the  disgraceful  partiality  imputed  to  Mr.  Lees,  I  must  refuse  my  assent 
to  imputations  which  go  to  fix  a  stigma  on  the  character  of  high  le};;d 
functionaries,  who  are  not  here  to  defend  themselves,  on  grounds  whidi 
appear  to  me  of  the  most  shadowj'  and  unsubstantial  character.    These f 
imputations  of  scandalous  dereliction  of  duty  in  a  public  prosecutor. 
and  of  gross  partiality  in  i^  judge,  are  of  a  very  grave  and  serious  char 
arcter.     I  must  express  my  opinion  that  they  ought  never  to  have  heeiij 
made,  more  especially  in  the  tone  of  careless  and  offensive  levity  i" 
which  they  are  presented  to  us  in  the  pages  of  the  American  case.  Feff 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDER    COCKIURN. 


399 


;he  advice  of  its 


e  ItaliiUi  "ovoi'i 


tilings  of  tlio  kind,  I  can  say  with  tnitli,  ever  gave  nio  more  pain  tlian 
the  pciiisal  of  the  observations  in  that  document  lehitinj;'  to  this  i)art 
of  tlie  ease. 

I  say  thisthe  more,  because  it  api)ears  to  me  that  tliese  ac(Misations 
vciv  nuneeessary  to  the  ease  of  the  United  States.  There  was  a  niis- 
iaiTiaf;e  of  justi<!e  on  the  trial  of  the  IMorichi.  If  that  niisearriajic  can 
he  iiiil)uted  to  the  British  government  as  negligence,  so  as  to  render  it 
ivsitoiisible,  the  CJovernment  of  the  United  States  is  entitled  to  the 
bi'iictit  of  it,  no  matter  whether  the  miscarriage  arose  from  ccn-inpt 
ibiftii  or  mistake  of  law.  It  would  surely  have  been  sulllicient  to  show 
ihc  judgment  to  be  wrong  without  assailing  men's  characters  by  the 
iiii]iiUiition  of  base  and  evil  motives  and  corru]>t  disiegijid  of  dtiiy. 

I  liave  yet  to  consider  whether  any  default  on  the  part  of  1  ler  Majesty's 
government  can  have  contribute*!  to  tin?  failure  of  the  pnxH'cdings 
ii^aiiist  the  Florida.  It  is  certain  that,  as  soon  as  the  fact  of  tlu'  seizure 
i)t  tlic  vessel  an<l  the  institution  of  the  suit  was  communicated  to  the 
jioviiiiment  at  home,  they  approved  of  andratilied  what  had  been  done, 
iiiid  directed  that  Connnander  llickley,  as  tlie  prosecutor,  should  he  in- 
ilemiiiiied  against  all  the  expenses  of  tlu^  suit.  Instructions  were  given 
that  any  witnesses  from  Liverpool,  who  could  give  evidence  mateiial  to 
the  case,  should  be  sent  to  Nassau.  But  when  the  evidence  came  to  be 
looked  into  by  Sir  11.  I'hillimore,  who  had  then  succeeded  to  the  otli<-e 
lit'  (|)iieen's  advocate,  it  turned  out  that  the  Liverpool  witnesses  could 
ically  add  uothing  to  the  evidenc-e  already  forthcoming  at  Nassau.' 
I  Their  evidence  went  to  prove  that  the  vessel,  when  she  left  Liverpool, 
;  was  equipped  so  as  to  be  capable  of  being  arnuM] ;  but  to  prove  this,  no 
evidence  was  needed.  The  fact  could  not  be  disputed  ;  if  it  had  been, 
1  there  was  the  vessel  at  Nassau  to  si)eak  for  herself. 

Tlic  Liverpool  evidence  would,  in<leed,  have  established  that  the  Oreto 

I  had  cleared  out  on  what  after-events  showed  to  have  been  a  ])retended 

mid  li(;titious  voyage — no  doubt  a  nu)st  material  fact ;  but  of  tliis  again 

|iibuii(lant  evidence  was  fortlKioming,  from  the  evidence  of  the  ci'cw,  who 

had  signed  articles  for  the  voyage  to  Palermo  and  Janmica.     The  evi- 

ik'iice  was,  theretbre,  unnecessary  ;  what  is  more,  had  it  been  forthcom- 

jiii;>,  it  would  have  proved  unavailing,  by  reason  of  the  judge  holding 

the  absence  of  e<iuipment  at  Nassau  to  be  fatal  to  the  exercise  of  his 

1  jiiiisdiction  to  condemn  the  vessel. 

It  is  complained  that  the  attorney-general  lairried  on  the  trial  to  avoid 
Itheevidence  of  the  Liverpool  witnesses.  Now,  as  I  have  just  remarked,  no 
witnesses  were  sent,  or  were  thought  by  Sir  H.  I'hillimore  of  suHicient  im- 
imi'taiice  to  be  sent  for  the  purpose  of  the  trial ;  which  is  a  sufticient  answer 
to  this  head  of  complaint.  It  is  complained  that  ^latht  and  other  persons 
wnuected  with  the  Oreto  were  not  called  on  the  trial ;  and  this  head  of 
charge  is  also  dwelt  upon  by  M.  Staem])tii,  as  one  of  the  grounds  of  his 
indguient.  But  this  was  a  matter  on  which  it  was  for  the  public  pros- 
|mitor  to  exercise  his  discretion. 

Ill  the  first  place,  the  witnesses  would  of  course  have  been  hostile, 

lid  it  is  not  usual  with  English  advocates  to  call  w''^nesses  known  to  be 
jiidverse ;  thej'  leave  them  to  be  called  on  the  other  side,  that  they  may 
lliave  the  advantage  of  cross-examining  them,  w  Inch  they  are  not  per- 
jiiiitted  to  <lo  if  they  produce  them  themselves.  Had  the  attorney-general 
jciilied  these  witnesses  himself,  the  complaint  would  probably  have  taken 
jtlie  o])posite  form.  It  would  then  have  been  said  that  he  had  called 
rvitiiesses  from  the  enemy's  camp  for  the  purpose  of  damaging  his  own 
|i.'a.se. 


r^ 


400 


AKHITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


I , 


hi 


{ 1 


In  the  second  place,  as  thoso,  witnesses,  if  mixed  up  in  a  tiaiisiu  'on 
involving  a  Ineacii  oftlie  foieiHii-enlistuient  act,  such  as  was  iiivoUnl 
in  tliis  suit,  would  have  been  liable  to  be  prosecuted  and  ijunisiicd.  tiny 
woidd,  by  English  law,  have  been  privileyed  tVoai  giving  evi  leiice  at 
all. 

Thirdly,  all  that  these  persons,  if  called,  could  have  proved,  was  tliat 
the  vessel  was  intended  for  tlu^  confederate  service.  Hut  this,  in  flic  view 
unfortunately  taken  by  theju«lge,  that  e«piipinent  within  the  local  jiinits 
of  his  jurisdiction  was  indispensable  as  the  foundation  of  his  aiitIioiit\ 
to  condemn,  would  obviously  have  availed  nothing,  and  tlicri  iWic  nii 
detriment  can  have  arisen  on  the  residt  from  its  not  being  produced. 

There  is  an  observation  of  the  honorable  arbitrator,  M.  StaiMii|iili, 
namely,  that  the  witnesses  on  the  trial  were  not  examined  on  oath,  wliidi 
it  is  necessary  to  correct,  lest  it  should  go  forth  to  the  public  tliar  the 
attorney-general  and  the  Judge  were  so  unmiiulful  or  ignoi'ant  of  their 
d  uty  as  to  allow  the  witness«'s  to  be  examined  without  the  sanction  otiiu 
oath.  This  statement  must  have  been  founded  on  an  oversight ;  every 
witness  called  is  shown  by  the  report  of  tlie  trial  to  have  bi'i'ii  sworn 
before  he  was  examined.  I  am  sure  the  honorable  gentleman  willrc,i;rei 
bis  mistake. 

The  Oreto  ought  to  ha^'c  been  condemned.     She  eseapod  cDnilcmiui 
tion  by  reason  of  a  m'-i.iive  on  a  n)atter  of  law  of  tlio  juilgc  bct'orc 
whom   she   was  brought   for  condemnation.     Can  su(!h  a  failine  l)i' 
ascribed  to  the  government?    The  question  is  one  of  serious  impin 
tance.     I  have  already  stated  my  views  on  it  in  an  earlier  stage  of  thesi' 
remarks. 

J>ut  a  further  charge  of  negligence  is  brought  against  the  goviMii 
meat  of  the  llahamas  by  reason  of  the  Oreto  having  received  her  anna 
ment  in  the  waters  of  tlie  (colony.    The  facts  are  as  follows: 

Having  been  released  by  the  court  of  admiralty,  the  Oreto  cloaml 
out  as  a  merchant-vessel  for  Saint  John's,  New  Brunswiiik,  in  l)allast.' 
the  port  for  \vhi(;h  vessels  intending  to  run  the  blockade  usually  (;lcare(l. 
On  the  7th  of  August  the  vessel  went  out,  into  the  neighborhood  of  Ho;' 
Island,  to  try  her  steam.-  She  was  at  that  time  very  short-haiKleil.  It 
ap[)ears,  from  the  .letter  of  the  United  States  consul  to  Mr.  Seward  ot| 
the  0th  of  September,  that  her  crew  at  that  time  was  "  a  very  small  one. 
and  that  the  ollicers  expressiMl  great  (h)ubts  of  being  able  to  man  liei 
suJliciently  for  their  nefarious  pur|)oses."'  It  is  stated  in  the  ITiiiteil 
States  ca.se  that  the  Oreto  lay  outside,  with  a  hawser  attached  to  oiiool'l 
Her  Majesty's  shii>s  of  war. 

In  a  letter  of  the  United  States  consul  of  the  9th  of  August,  that] 
"entleman  writes  to  Mr.  Seward  as  follows: 


UNrrEH  Statks  Coxstrr-vTi:. 
Xassan,  Xeiv  Froridence,  Aiiifiist  'J,  If^tW. 

Sir  :  I  liavo  the  honor  to  inform  yon  of  tlio  .arrival  off  this  port,  yesterday  luoniin;;. 
of  the  United  States  steani.shi))  K.  U.  Cnyh'r,  Winslow  eonnnander,  ei^^ht  diiys  iVdiiil 
Jioston.     Tlie  .steamer  Oreto  liad  hd't  this  harltor  tlie  day  previous  and  aneliinvd  oit| 
J loj;-  Island;  hut  (iarly  on  the  morniny  of  the  Cuyler's  jirrival  she  got  under  way,  ami 
kept  "  backinj.;  and  (illiug  "  around  that  vrssel  while  she  lay  off  the  port.     Seeing'  tlif-i' 
Huspicious   inovemeiits  of  so  suspieioiis  ;t  vessid,  Captain  Wiuslow  coneluded  not  t" 
leave  his  shiii,  hut  sent  a  boat  for  iiie,  and  I  promptly  joined  him  on  board,  ^ivin^  lii"i| 
all  the  inforination  in   my   power.     He  concluded  to  stand  over  for  the  XortliwotI 
Passajfe,  as  I  advised  that  conrso  as  the  most  likely  method  of  trapping  the  Oni". 
which  vessel  is  reported  to  bo  bound  for  Charleston. 


'  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  58. 

'^  United  States  Doennients,  vol.  vi,  p.  IJO.");  British  Appendix,  vol.  v,  p.  50, 

^  United  States  Documents,  vol.  vi,  j).  :iU7. 


Tf 


OPINIONS    OP    SIR   ALEXANDER   COCKBURN. 


401 


II  a  traiisiu'ou 
s  was  iiivdlvcd 
punislicd.  tlii'V 
iig  cvi  l(Mi(:('  at 

roved,  was  tliiit 
this,  in  tlu'vicw 
the  lociil  limits 
)t'  his  aiitliovit\ 
lul  thci'cl'ini'  III) 
ij;'  pi'oihuMMJ. 

,  y\,  stiuMiiiitii, 

I  on  oiith,  wliicli 
imblic  tliar  tlic 
[••norant  ol'  tlicir 
e  sanction  of  im 
versij'ht ;  oven 
ave  briMi  sworn 
L'inau  willi'o,i,'ivi 

ipiMl  eomliMnuii- 
10  ju(l,i;'(^  bet'orc 
!h  a  failme  lie 
if  serious  iiiipm- 
i»r  stage  of  tliesi' 

linst  the  jiovoni 
ceived  her  iuiiiii- 
lows: 

le  Oreto  cleared  ] 

wiek,  in  l)allast.' 

usually  cleared 

borhood  of  llo^ 

ort-handed.    It 

0  Mr.  Seward  tif 

1  very  small  oui',] 
ableto  man  licr 
d  in  the  ITiiitcil 
tached  to  oui'ot'j 

1  oC  August,  that  I 


C<-»XSfI.ATK. 

YCsttTiliiy  moviiin;;. 
lev,  ciKlit  'I'lys  tioiii] 
Is  iiud  aucliiiifil  »rt] 
Igot  niuU'r  way.  ainl 
liMU-t.     Seeing  tlii'S''] 

k'  coiicludcil  not  t"l 

|iil)i>artl,  j-ivin«lm» 
for  till!  Ni»itli«f>' 

Itmityiiig  till!  OiH". 


Shortly  after  tin-  Ciiyler  had  dlHapiifarcd  tlu!  Orctit  canio  to  anchor  off  tlio  iiioutli  of  t  ho 
Imibor,  and  Ilur  Majesty's  steamer  I'eterel,  Watson  eoniniandcr,  went  out  and  anelmred 
iiiiir  her  as  "a  protection  ajxainst  the  Yankees  ciittin;j  ont  tln^  i)rivat«!ci'." 

Last  nijilit  t^nns  and  sliells  were  transported  to  the  Orcto  l«y  the  schooin-r  I'rince 

AllVid,  whi<'h  lias  liccn  purchased  by  tho  Cttnfedcrato  States  aj^ent,  Lalittc,  for  a  tender 

(HI  the  ISritish  confederate  sliips, 

A  person  lanilin;;  at  Nassau,  ignorant  of  facts,  would  certainly  think  that  this  was 

Eiij,'laiiirs  war.  from  the  activity  of  tho  people  here  to  forward  supplies  to  tho  rebels. 

I  have,  &c., 

SAMUEL  WIIITINIJ.' 
Hon.  William  II.  .Skwaisp, 

Heart  art/  of  State. 

Fidl  explanation  of  the  circumstances  referred  to,  so  far  as  the 
Poterel  is  concerned,  is  given  in  two  letters  of  Cuptain  Watson,  who 
was  in  command  of  the  ship  in  question.  Her  Miijesty's  ship  IVterel,  in 
answer  to  au  inquiry  from  tho  admiralty  iu  consoquonco  of  this  state-  . 

nit'iit : 

Hkh  Majk.stv's  Sini'  rKMuitoKi:, 

SbvcnunH,  Mtiirh  -i'i,  1H7'2. 
Sii! :  I  have  tho  lionor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  hotter  dated  I'.Hh  instant, 
nitliits  iiu'losure  from  Admiral  Sir  Alexander  Mihu^,  dated  If^th  March,  If^l'i. 

Ill  reply,  I  beg  leave  to  report  that  I  imrfectly  remember  tho  circnmstam;e  con- 
iiictt'il  witli  the  British  steam-vess(^l,  called  tho  Oreto,  that  had  been  j)laced  in  tho 
vici-ailuiiralty  ccuirt  at  Nassau,  New  I'rovidence,  by  Connnander  Ilickh^y,  of  Hoc 
M;:.ji!sty's  ship  Greyhonnil,  and  that  aft»!r  a  trial  of  some  length  she  was  nih-ased. 

I  ii'iiiember  rect-iving  a  communication  from  his  excelh^ncy  the  govi^ruor  of  the  Halia- 
iiias,  to  the  ett'eet  that  tiiero  were  two  Au'ierican  sliii)s  of  war  under  steam  inside  tho 
lav,  anil  that  he  would  be  glad  if  I  could  \n\t  mys(?lf  in  personal  communication  with 
liieir  captains,  and  offer  them   tho  customary  hosi»italities.     On   receii>r  of  liis  exeel- 
Ifiiiy's  connnnnicatiou,  or  as  soon  Hft(ri  as  the  tide  piirmitted,  I   [uoceedecl  iu   He- 
Miiji'sty's  ship  nndt^rmy  command,  nnder  steam,  across  the  bar,  ami  went  on  iioard  thr 
Uiiiti'd  Stati's  steamship  of  war  \\.  \l.  Cnyler,  whens  I  had  a  long  and  friendly  convere 
KitidM  with  her  captain.     Wiuslow,  I  think,  was  his  mime. 
At  the  time  I  was  on  board  the  K.  It.  Cuylor,  the  Oreto,  with  two  other  British  ships, 
wnesteaming  up  and  down  the  coast  abreast  Hog  Island,  trying  their  machinery.    Tlio 
Hiilo  certainly  was,  as  I  know  she  came  out  for  that  pnrpose,  it  being  the  first  <lay  sho 
luilhad  her  steam  np  since  being  placed  in  the  vice-admiralty  court. 
Till!  two  Uuit<!d  States  steamers  of  war,  having  declined  tho  hospit.alities  of  the  jiort, 
IHiiiccded  toward  Abaco,  as  far  as  I  can  reinemlter,  and  I  anchored  tins  retrsrel  oiUside 
tbf  liar  of  Hog  Islaml,  the  tide  or  lateness  of  the  dat<!  preventing  my  recrossiug  it. 
Having  anchored  as  altovt^  stated,  a  boat  came  to  me  from  the  Oreto,  asking  for  the 
assistance  of  some  men,  nmler  thi!  following  circnmstances; 
A  man,  who  stated  h»^  was  tho  master  in  command  of  tho  Oreto,  said  he  was  very 
'liiii't-handcd,  and  wanted  to  anchor  for  abont  two  honrs  to  adjust  his  machinery,  but 
il  lie  anchortid  outside  he  had  not  sntUcient  crow  to  weigh  his  anchor,  and  begged  I 
I  «iii\l(l  assist  him  by  lending  him  men. 
lilctlined  holding  him  any  men,  but  told  him  bo  might  hold  on  astern  of  the  Peterel, 
aiiill  would  give  him  a  line  for  that  pnrpose. 
Alidiit  G.:{0  or  7  p.  m,,  having  seen  tlie  Oreto  fast,  holding  on  by  ono  of  our  hawsers,  I 
Wit  down  to  dinner,  and  when  I  came  on  deck  again  she  was  gone. 
I  liiul  told  the  master  that  she  nnist  go  ont  of  our  waters  before  the  tide!  slacked, 
riiis  small  act  of  courtesy  I  consiilerod  a  duty  that  I  should  have  extended  to  any 
■lu|i,  British  or  foreign,  and  nntil  the  receipt  of  your  connnnnicatiou  never  gave  it  a 
I  wiiiid  tlionght;  in  fact,  I  must  have  considered  it  too  trivial  to  mention  in  my  letters 
I  «t  proceedings,  which  at  that  time  were  full  of  nnitter  of  far  greater  interest. 

Ill  conclusion,  I  may  remark  that  the  only  reason  I  had  for  refusing  to  send  men  on 
Willi  was  in  consequence  of  tho  i)rovalonce  of  yellow  fevttr  in  the  merchant  shipping 
|iitXa9sau,  and  I  had  prohibited  all  communication,  as  far  as  practicable,  with  them. 
1  have,  »&c., 

G.  W.  WATSON, 

Captain.- 
Vernon  Lusiiington,  Esq.,  Admiralty. 


•■J''- 


vol.  V,  p.  5t^' 


26  B 


•  United  States  Appendix,  vol.  vi,  p.  304. 
-  British  Appendix,  vol.  v,  i).  50. 


402 


ARBITUATION   AT   GKNEVA. 


a. 


IIkh  Ma.tksty's  Siih'  T'i'.MiujnKi:. 

SluiriiCMn,  .)/((/•(•/(  ;!|,  1>7;), 

Sin:  Willi  n-fcroiuo  to  my  Ictttjr  of  tlio  'i'id  in.staiit,  I  wmIi  to  inukf  (lit«  t'ollowin.r 
altcnilioh  ill  ]ijirsi;;rii]ili  <!: 

1.  Iliiviii;{  iiiiclioi'cti  SIM  !il)iiv<<  stiitt'd,  HO  rinnmiiiiiraliiin  of'iiiiy  sort  took  pliict'  lictwrcii 
Hit  Miijcsiy's  sliip  I't-fi'ifl  and  tlio  Itritisli  iniTcliaiit-Mlii|»  Ort-to,  iiiitil  tiic  t'Dildwiiir 
fviMiiii^,  (.Satiirtlay,)  wIilmi  ii  l)oat  raiiii>  aloii^Miilt-  tVoin  tlir  Orcto,  iiNkin^  loc  llic  nsshf. 
JUKI'.  »  »  •  #  •  Till)  leiniiiiidcr  of  th«!  iiaiiijj;nii»li  iind  Ictttn- rt'iiiaiiis  111,. 
Haiiic. 

•J.  Wlirii  I  HPiit  my  lottcr  of  t)i(!  y'iil,  I  had  not  my  private  .journal  or  Icttir  \vitli  mi', 

:>.  I  winli  to  ad<l  also  to  my  fonncr  Ifttcr  that  I  iifViT  had  any  other  coiiiiiiiuiii'iitiiin. 
direct  or  iiidiieet,  with  tlie  Oreto,  or  any  oiio  coiiiiceted  with  hur,  except  an  set  fditli  i 
my  ollicial  eoricspomlenct;. 
1  Lavu,  JScii., 

J.  J.  WATSON. 

V.  LUMiiixriTON',  E.sf|., 

Sivirlary  of  the  AHmlmllji. 

Wo  now  see  how  inifomided  was  Mr.  Whiting's  su.s])icion  as  to  tliej 
intentions  of  the  IVtcrel. 

The  Orcto  being  in  tliis  position,  on  the  0th  of  Angnst  a  small  steaniei 
called  the  I'lince  Alfred,  having  been  loaded  with  the  arinainoiit  iiiti'iidiMl 
for  the  Oreto,  which  had  been  bronght  ont  partly  in  the  steamer  JJiiliiinin. 
l)artly  in  other  vcvssels,  having  also  cleared  ont  for  Saint  Jolin's,  left] 
Is^tssaii,  as  if  with  the  intention  of  rnnning  the  blockade.^    The  I'liiMc 
Alfred  having  passed  the  Oreto,  the  latter  soon  afterward  let  go  tin' 
hawser,  and  pnt  to  sea  ;  atid  having  overtaken  the  Prince  Alfred,  took  I 
lier  in  tow,  when  both  vessels  proceeded  to  Green  Cay,  a  small  (Icscitj 
island,  lying  sixty  miles  south  of  Nassau,  on  the  edge  of  the  (Irciit  Ita 
hania  IJank,  wholly  uniidiabited,  and  only  frequented  at  times  by  lisli 
ermen.    There,  out  of  sight  of  every  one,  the  armament  of  the  Oretoj 
vas  transferred  to  her  from  the  Prince  Alfred,  the  confederate  flag  wasj 
hoisted,  and  the  Oreto  thenceforth  received  the  name  uX  the  Floritla.' 

It  had  been  surmised  in  the  colony  that  the  Prince  Alfred  was  takinjrj 
out  the  armament  of  the  Oreto,  but  the  matter  went  no  further  tli;mj 
surmise.     The  harbor  was  full  of  shipping,  and  vessels  were  leaviii;; 
every  day  loaded  with  contrabanti  of  war  for  the  jiurpose  of  runiiiiij,'| 
tWe  blockade. 

Mr.  Whiting,  as  we  have  seen,  had  stated  it  as  a  fact  in  Ins  letter  i 
the  9th.    In  a  later  letter  to  Mr.  Seward  of  the  12th  he  speaks  witlij 
less  certainty.    He  says: 

( )n  the  9th,  tho  schooner  Prince  Alfred,  which  had  been  purchased  hy  Lafittc,  tlii)| 
confederate  a^;cnt  here,  left  this  port,  and  it  was  currently  reported  and  f^entaiillv  1m- 
lieved  that  she  Inul  on  board  the  armament  for  the  Oreto,  and  as  that  vessel  lett  tliui 
same  niyiit,  (both  eleariny  for  Saint  John's,)  I  think  it  probable. 

I  have  <;iven  full  details  ol"  these  movements  to  the  commanders  of  the  Adiroiuliiik 
and  Cuyler,  and  also  sent  m;cI,  ii  formation  to  the«lill'erent  consnlates.^ 

On  the  IGth,  a  report  d  the  two  vessels  having  gone  to  Green  C'in'| 
appears  to  have  reac  Ik  <'  Nassau. 
Mr.  Whiting  writes  on  that  day : 

The  Oreto  is  reported  to  have  g(«uo  to  Green  Cay,  about  fifty  miles  soutlnvcst  iVoia 
Providence  Island,  and  it  is  also  reported  that  the  schooner  Prince  Alfred  has  gou^ 
there  to  deliver  to  the  Oreto  her  piratical  armament. 

I  have  sent  dispatches  to  the  United  States  cruisers  by  the  best  channels  ojieii  ti< 
me." 


*  British  Appendix,  vol.  v,  p.  51. 

-  United  States  Docnineuts,  vol.  vi,  p.  324. 

•■'  Ibid.,  pp.  :{07,  319-231. 

••  Ibid.,  p.  305. 

6  Ibid. 


T 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDKU    COCKIUKN. 


403 


plcloii  as  to  tlio 


3t  cbauuelH  open  li 


Tlio  fart  (lid  not,  li(»\v«»v»^r,  hfconie  actually  known  at  Nassau  till  tlio 
Titli  ot'St'pti'inlH'r,  wliiMi  ct'iliiiu  iuimi,  who  liail  in'cu  »Mi;;ayfi'(l  at  Nassau 
to  iio  out  in  tlic  Orcio  for  tliti  purpose  of  assistinj;'  in  transferring  Mie 
jjiiiisand  arms  from  tlu'  I'riiict^  Alfred,  having'  n'tnrued  to  Nassau,  ^favi; 
til  tlio  American  consul  an  ac(;ount  of  what  had  iiappened  at  (Ireen 
Ci.v.' 

That,  till  a  wm^k  after  the  v(^ssels  Inul  lett,  no  one  in  the  colony  had 
any  idcik  of  an  intention  to  transter  the  armament  in  any  pla(;e  in  the 
lliiliamas,  is  plain.  So  far  from  expeetinj;'  anythinjf  of  the  kind,  Mr. 
WliitintJ  expressly  states,  in  his  letter  of  the  Dth,  that  he  "  advised  (Jap- 
taiii  Winslow  to  stand  out  for  the  northwest  Providence  Channel,  as  tho 
most  likely  method  of  trap|)in;''  th(5  Oreto,  as  she  was  reported  to  ho 
bimiid  for  Charhvston."  Upon  tho  faith  of  this  belief,  Mr.  Whitinfj,  as 
lie  tells  US,  '-j^avc  lull  details  of  these  movemeiits  to  the  commanders 
ot  the  two  American  ships  of  war,  the  Adirondack  and  Cuyler.'- 

What,  then,  is  tho  negligence  complained  of  in  res[)ect  oftlui  arming 
of  the  Oreto  within  tho  waters  of  tho  colony?  In  tho  American  case 
the  argument  is  put  thus: 

Tilt'  iinimjii'iiiontsfor  itriiiiiig  won*  iniiihi  in  tho  harbor  of  NiiHsiiu,  mid  Mio  two  ves- 
sels left  thiit  i>i>rt.  almost  siiiiiiUiiiKMnisly,  iiiiil  jtroitoiulod  to  Orcon  Cay  tojfotlior.  Tho 
liiii'lioHi'  for  whicli  they  wont  was  luttorioiis  in  Nassau.  This  was  so  ))al|iahh-'  an  ovu- 
niuii  that  tho  act  shouhl  ho  assiunod  us  havinjj  talvtMi  phico  in  tho  harhor  ol  Nassan.' 

This  is  a  very  adroit  way  of  jjutting  tho  case,  but  is  it  a  Just  one  ?  Jni 
till'  lirst  place,  it  is  a  groat  deal  too  much  to  assunu^  that  it  was  "  noto- 
rious" that  tho  Prince  Alfred  had  on  board  tho  armament  of  tho  other 
vessel.  The  consul  puts  it  no  higher  than  that  it  was  so  report»»d,  an«l 
tlie  {jfovernineni  ooidd  not  act  on  mere  report.  Tho  fact  was  never  said 
toliave  boon  notorious  till  1805,  three  years  later,  when  Mr.  Kirkpatrick,. 
tlie  then  consul,  who  know  nothing  of  tho  facts  when  thoy  bapponod, 
thought  proper  so  to  stato.^ 

But  the  argument  further  puts  it  as  thongh  the  purpose  of  going  to 
Green  Cay  was  notorious  ;  whereas  we  now  know  that  neither  the  con- 
sul nor  any  one  else  had  tho  remotest  idea  that  tho  transfer  of  the  arma- 
ment was  intended  to  bo  ettoctod  within  the  limits  of  the  colony.  Tho 
consul  believed  that  both  vessels  were  going  to  Charleston.  Can  it  be 
said  that  tho  governor  ought  to  have  sent  a  British  ship  of  war  to  ac- 
company the  two  ships  some  sixty  miles  or  more,  till  clear  of  tlie  waters 
ottbe  Bahamas,  to  prevent  the  possibility  of  a  violation  of  neutrality  in 
tliis  respect  1 

But  then  it  is  said,  "The  act  was  committed  within  British  jurisdic- 
tion, and  was  therefore  a  violation  of  tho  first  clause  of  the  first  rule  of 
tlie  treaty." 

lUit,  with  submission,  the  act  is  not  nocessaril}'  within  the  first  rule  of 
tlie  treaty  because  it  was  committed  in  British  jurisdiction.  To  bring 
it  within  the  first  rule  of  the  treaty  it  must  bo  shown  that  there  was  a 
\iaut  of  due  diligence  in  uot  preventing  the  act  so  done,  and  of  this  I  find 
110  proof  in  the  American  documents. 

To  be  sure,  our  honorable  colleague,  Mr.  Staempfli,  in  the  grounds 
of  bis  judgment,  says: 

Que  Green  Cay  dtait  6lo\gn6  et  pou  fr6qncnt<5 ;  cette  objection  est  d'antant  moina 
iiuiwrtaute  que  tout  ce  qui  se  tit  h  Green  Cay  par  tit  de  Nassau,  et  pouvait  fort  bieu 
sapereevoir  depuis  ce  doruier  endroit. 


'  United  States  Documents,  vol.  vi,  p.  306. 

"Ilml.,  pp.  304,  m'>. 

3  United  States  Case,  p.  439. 

'*  Uuited  States  Documents,  vol.  vi,  p.  337. 


mi 


■  ( 


404 


ARBITRATION    AT   GENEVA. 


f  f 


1 


I  confess  T  do  not  quite  undorstaiul  what  is  meant  by  tliis.  I  do  not 
suppose  M.  Staeuiptii  can  mean  that  what  was  done  at  Green  Cay  could 
be  seen  at  Nassau,  sixty  miles  otf".  I  must,  therefore,  take  it  that  wliat  lie 
means  is,  that  the  loadinj?  of  the  Prince  Alfred  an«l  the  nearly  sinrnlta- 
neous  departure  of  the  two  ships  from  Nassau  could  have  been  seen  at 
Nassau — which,  as  it  strikes  me,  is  aself-ex  ident  proposition.  ]5iit  if  he 
mejins  that,  because  the  cargo  of  the  Prince  Alfred  consisted  of  guns  and 
arms  that  might  be  transferred  to  the  Oreto,  therefore  the  autliorities 
ought  to  have  stopped  the  Prince  Alfred,  .he  answer  is  that,  until  sucli 
transfer  ha«l  actually  taken  place,  or  was  about  to  take  idace,  in  lUitisIi 
waters,  the  authorities  had  no  i)ower  to  seize  or  detain  the  vessels. 

The  Prince  Alfred  had  a  perfect  right,  subject  to  the  chance  (d' cap- 
ture, to  take  arms  to  a  belligerent  j>ort.  There  was  nothing  to  show  tliat 
she  was  not  about  to  do  so.  The  American  consul  believed  she  was. 
What  authority  had  the  government  to  assume  the  contrary  i 

Lastly,  M.  Staemptii  makes  it  a  matter  of  reproach  to  the  local  gov- 
ernment that  no  prosecution  was  instituted  against  the  master  of  the 
Prince  Alfred. 

I  must  observe  that  this  tribunal  has  nothing  whatever  to  do  with  the 
question  of  whether  Her  Majesty's  government  should  or  should  not 
Inive  directed  a  prosecution  in  this  or  that  ])articular  instance.  Tlioush 
this  is  a  point  which  has  more  than  once  been  dwelt  upon,  it  is  wholly 
irrelevant  to  our  incpiiry. 

However,  let  us  see  how  the  facts  staiul  in  this  res])ect.  On  the  sth 
of  September  IMr.  Whiting,  having  seen  the  men  who  hadretnriied  liom 
the  Oreto,  and  having  obtained  a  deposition  from  them,  writes  to  tht- 
governor : 

I  have  the  honor  to  inform  yonr  cxcc^llcncy  that  I  have  fifoofl  authority  for  stntiiu; 
that  the  schooner  I'rinee  Alfred,  of  Xassan,  took  tlie  Oreto's  armament  from  tliisiinit 
and  diseharjred  th<>  sam(M>n  hoard  tiiat  steamer  at  (Jreen  Cay,  one  of  tiie  lialiiniias. 
That  the  Oreto  afterward  left  (Jrecii  Cay  with  the  secession  llaf;'  <lyiii<j  at  her  jicak. 
That  th<(  Prince  Alfred  has  returned  to  this  Jtort,  and  now  liesat  Coehram's  Ant_liiiia;;c, 
aiul  I  am  cre(lil)ly  informed  that  her  {'ajitain  is  af;ain  shipping  men  to  be  seat  to  tin; 
Oreto,  in  direct  eontravt'iitiou  of  the  foreij^ii-eidistment  act. 

I  earnestly  uri;-e  upon  your  excellency  tin'  propri(!ty  of  institutiujj;  some  iiii|un y  iiitn 
these  matters,  and  of  preventiufj;  acts  so  prejinlicial  to  the  interests  of  the  frieiidly  Uov- 
crnnient  which  I  have  the  honor  to  represent.' 

To  which  the  colonial  secretary-  answers  : 

Coi.oxiAi,  Oi'i  ic'i:,  Xansaii,  September  [),  1-t'r,'. 
Sir:  In  reply  to  your  letter  of  the  8tii  instant,  directed  to  the  governor,  I  am  iii- 
Btriicted  hy  his  cxeerieiu'y  to  inform  you  that,  if  you  feel  assured  that  yon  Imvc  siilli- 
cient  creililth!  evidentse  to  suhstantiatc*  your' allegation,  and  will  put  your  eviili'ii'' 
in  the  hamls  of  tht^  attorney-gemaal,  his  excelhsucy  will  direct  a  jirosecution  aj^iiin-t  j 
the  captain  of  the  I'rinee  Alfred,  or  others  who  nniy  liavo  been  guilty  of  violatiii;,'  tin 
foreign-enlistment  act.  I 

Pint  his  excellency  has  no  authority  to  take  anj-  8tei)8  against  the  Oreto,  which  is  out 
of  his  excellency's  jurisdiction. 
I  have,  »fcc., 

0.  R.  NESI51TT, 
Colonial  Sicnlani} 

Instead  of  putting  his  evidence  into  the  hands  of  the  attorm^y-geiu'iaU 

■who,  of  course,  was  not  himself  in  the  possession  of  any,  iNIr.  Whitiiifrj 

allowed  the  matter  to  drop,     lie  i)robably  thought,  and  tliought  rijihtl.v.l 

thiit  it  would  profit  the  United  States  Government  very  little  to  piinis'' 

this  nnin.  , 

Another  charge  in  respect  of  this  vessel  is  that  Maflitt,  her  conunaiuler.j 


>  British  Appendix,  vol,  i,  p.  87. 


^^w 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR   ALEXANDER    COCKBURN. 


405 


m 


Orcto,  wliiolii^i"" 


when  at  Nnssnn,  indiicod  about  forty  men  to  enlist  on  board    Aiir„dre<ru,tment 
the  Ureto.    Tlie  United  States  case,  without  more,  sets  this  "^"^"''■ 
down  as  {I  viohition  of  the  second  rule  of  the  treaty,  but  is  wholly  silent 
as  to  any  nejiligence  of  the  local  S(>vernment  in  tliis  behalf. 

M.  Staemplli,  nevertheless,  but  without  any  reference  to  facts  showing 
negligence,  states,  as  a  ground  of  his  Judgment,  that  the  manning  of  the 
Oretoat  Nassau  is  to  beimi)uted  to  tlie  negligence  of  the  British  author- 
ities.   In  the  first  place,  it  does  not  appear  that  the  authorities  knew 
anything  whatsoever  about  the  matter.     In  the  second  place,  th6  Oreto, 
lit  the  time  these  men  were  engaged,  had  not  adopted  the  character  of 
a  slii[)  of  war ;  it  was  not  known  that  she  would  do  so  ;  it  was  not  known 
to  the  local  government,  or  even  to  jMr.  Whiting,  that  she  had  been  nuule 
over.to  the  confederate  government;  it  was  not  known  that  Maflitt  had 
liiken  possession  of  her  as  their  oflicer;  l)uguid,  who  had  brought  her 
out,  still  remained  apparently  the  niaster  of  her;  her  former  crew  had 
all  left  h€»r;  the  ciew  she  had  engaged  were  wholly  insutHcient  as  a 
lighting  crew,  and  there  was  not,  and  could  not  be,  any  i)resent  purpose 
of  iisiisg  her  as  a  lighting  ship;  it  was  believed  she  was  going  to  run 
the  blockade.    If  that  fact  had  turned  out  to  be  true,  the  allowing  her 
to  hire  a  crew  would  have  been  perfectly  legitimate,  and  could  not  have 
been  prevented. 
Was  the  vessel  to  be  kept  at  Nassau  permanently  for  want  of  a  crew? 
It  is  quite  true  that,  by  the  second  rule  of  the  trt^aty,  a  neutral  gov- 
t'lnnient  is  not  to  permit  its  ports  or  waters  to  be  used  by  a  belligerent 
lor  tiie  recruitment  of  men.    But  at  this  time,  as  I  have  already  re- 
inarked,  though  it  was  known  that  the  vessel  was  intended  for  the  con- 
iiMleiate  government,  it  was  not  known  that  she  had  been  transferred  to 
tluiii,  still  less  that  s'ne  was  about  to  be  used  for  belligerent  purposes, 
ivhicli,  indeed,  she  could  not  be  till  a  dift'erent  crew  could  be  obtained. 
Till  then  she  might  be  liable  to  capture  as  contraband  of  war,  but  she 
would  not  be  liable  to  seizure  as  for  a  breach  of  the  municipal  law. 

I  confess  I  do  not  see  the  negligence  which  ^I.  iStaempiii's  keener 
>i;;lit  is  enabled  to  discover. 

When  the  Florida  had  taken  in  her  armament  at  Green  Cay,  the  crew 
snipped  ao  Nassau  being  altogether  inadequate  for  the  ves-  Ki,m,ia  un^r i™v. 
^I'l  .IS  a  ship  of  war,  she  proceeded  to  the  port  of  Cardeiias,  "'* """'" ' '•'• 
111  Cuba,  w  here  she  remained  till  the  .'Ust  of  August.  8he  there  at- 
Uinptcd  to  ship  a  erew,  but  the  matter  having  conu;  to  the  knowledge 
i)t  the  authorities,  the  otticer  in  commaiul  repudiated  the  transaction, 
iiiul  left  the  port  without  any  increase  of  his  numbers.^  Unable  to  keep 
the  sea  for  purposes  of  war  vv  ith  so  insutlicient  a  crew,  the  Florida  ran 
past  the  hostile  cruisers,  though  challenged  and  tired  at,  and  su(;ceeded 
insettin.'j  into  the  confederate  i)ort  of  Mobile,  where  she  arrived  on  the 
Wi  of  Se])tember.- 

She  remained  in  the  pore  of  ]\[obile  ui)wards  of  four  months,  at  the  end 
fit' which  time,  having  shipped  a  erew,  she  was  sent  out,  on  the  loth  of 
lauuiuy,  1803,  under  the  command  of  JMailitt,  as  a  confederate  ship  of 
war.'' 

A  grave  question  here  presents  itself,  whether  Great  Britain,  even  if 
open  to  the  inqjutation  of  want  of  due  diligence  in  respect 


ol  the  original  e(iuii)ment  of  the  Oreto,  or  of  her  arming  at  r.-r\ZT.Zmu".Li 

^  *'-----  -    -  reiiMitiiiitt  lit  Miibile. 


her  conunautlei'.M  Jt 


Gieen  Cay,  can  properly  be  held  respoKsible  i'ct  the  acts  of 
tliisship  subsequently  to  her  entry  into  Mobile. 
It  is  all-important  to  bear  in  mind  that  the  original  C(|uipment  of  this 


'United  States  Docmiients,  vol.  vi,  p.  XM, 

sil.id.,  p.  -XVi. 

"Ui'itish  Appcudix,  vol.  i,  pp.  117,  120,  122. 


Iv^* 


h     > 

Is 

l.r      ;V 


r 


r' 

-i 

■     ■■         * 

II 

406 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


nA  I 


vessel,  tliongh  an  oflfense  ajjainst  the  municipal  law  of  Great  Britain 
uas  not,  tiiere  being-,  up  to  tiie  time  slie  arrived  at  tlie  Baliaiuas,  no 
present  intention  of  war,  an  ollense  against  international  law.  All  tlio 
])ower  which  the  government  conhl  exercise  against  her,  in  respect  of 
any  offense  agair)st  the  municipal  law,  was  such  as  was  derived  from 
that  law;  that  is  to  say,  from  the  foreign-enlistment  act.  Now,  all  that 
the  latter  empowered  the  government  to  do  was  to  seize  the  vessel  and 
to  bring  her  before  a  competent  court  for  condemnation.  If,  when  such 
a  procee<ling  has  been  adopted,  it  results  in  the  acquittal  and  reloasoof 
the  vessel,  the  nuitter  becomes  rcn  jufUcnta,  iho  original  ^  ice  be(;otnes 
purged,  and  no  further  proceeding  in  rem  can  be  had.  A  ship  cannot 
be  seized  and  brought  into  court  again  and  again  when  once  it  lias  been 
decided  by  a  competent  court  that  she  was  not  liable  to  seizure  and 
condemnation  at  all.  After  the  Oreto  had  been  thus  acquitted,  all 
power  of  further  seizure,  as  for  an  infraction  of  the  foreign-enlistment 
act  in  her  original  equipment,  was  at  an  end.  I  grant  that  the  right  of 
a  belligerent  to  redress  for  a  breach  of  neutrality  against  international 
law  would  not  be  affected  by  a  judicial  proceeding  under  the  nnniiciital 
law ;  but,  there  Laving  been  here,  according  to  my  view,  no  more  than 
a  breach  of  the  municipal  law,  all  that  the  belligerent  could  possibly  ex- 
act was  that  the  municipal  law  should  be  put  in  force  by  a  i)roceeding 
against  the  vessel.  When  under  such  a  proceeding  the  vessel  had  been 
a(!quitted,  the  matter  was  at  an  end. 

It  will  be  said  that  a  second  offense  was  committed  in  T^M'tisli  juris- 
di(!tion  by  the  arming  of  this  vessel  at  Green  Cay ;  an<i  .:v  v  be  so; 
but  here  again  we  have,  in  like  manner,  no  breach  of  n  n..;  .  ^>  accord- 
ing to  international  law,  if,  owing  to  the  deficiency  of  the  ciew,  there 
"was  no  present  intention  of  a])plying  the  ship  to  the  purpose  of  war. 

Tiiere  is  a  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  which 
casonf  tin  iMiiea  '^  lu  polut  to  tlic  prcscut  (juestiou,  in  the  case  of  the  United 
F,a.e«r,,iu.(iui,„y.  gtatcs  Vfi.  Uc  Quiiicy,  rcportcd  in  the  Gth  volume  of  IVterss 
Keports,  page  445.* 

In  that  case  the  defendant  was  indicted,  under  the  third  section  of  the 
American  act  of  1818.  for  Imving  been  concerned  in  fitting  out  a  vessel 
called  the  Bolivar,  afterward  Las  Dainas  Argeiitinas,  with  intent  that 
such  A'essel  should  be  employed  in  the  service  of  the  United  I'rovinccs 
of  Eio  do  hi  j/lata  against  the  subjects  of  the  Emperor  of  Brazil,  with 
whom  the  United  States  were  then  at  peace.  The  vessel  in  (inestioii, 
originally  a  pilot-boat,  had  been  fitted  out  at  Baltimore  for  the  defem' 
ant  and  one  Armstrong,  and  adapted  for  carrying  a  gun.  She  sai'  ' 
from  lialtimore  to  the  island  of  St.  Thomas,  Arnistrong  beii»g  oii  '•  .;  ' 
as  part  owner  and  agent  for  the  other  owners.  On  the  Wii;,  ^  . 
Tiioums,  Armstrong  told  a  witness  tiiat  it  was  his  intention  and  wi- 
to  employ  the  vessel  as  a  privateer,  but  that  he  had  no  funds.  He  spn'r- 
of  the  ditticulty  of  getting  any,  and  said  he  could  not  tell,  until  lie  ^  : 
to  the  West  Indies,  whether  he  should  be  able  to  procure  any.  After 
negotiating  for  two  or  three  days  at  St.  Thomas,  Armstrong  snc- 
ceeded  in  oljfaining  funds ;  the  IJolivar  was  fitted  out  as  a  privateer ;  and, 
Arnistrong  having  provided  himself  with  a  commission  from  the  Buenos 
Ayres  governnient,  the  vessel,  under  the  name  of  Las  ]>annis  Arj!en- 
tinas,  cruised  under  the  flag  of  that  governnient,  and  took  several  prizes. 
Two  questions  presented  tliemselves  for  the  decision  of  t\u  n.'v  is  to 
the  direction  wliich  should  be  given  to  the  Jury.  Tiie  first  's  iw  :'  i. 
to  constitute  an  olfense  witliin  the  act,  it  was  necessary  that  iin  - 
should  have  been  armed  when  she  left  Jhiltimore  the  decision  on  \i..  " 


^'. 


'  Sec  also  UiitUb  A|)|)undix,,  vol.  iii,  u,  9si. 


OPINIONS   OF    SIR    ALEXANDER    COCKBURN. 


407 


Trent  Britain, 
lialiiiinns,  no 
law.  All  tlio 
,  in  respect  of 
derived  from 
Now,  all  tliat 
lie  vessel  and 
If,  when  such 
and  releasiiof 
A  ice  beeoines 
^.  shii)  eannot 
ice  it  liaslxH'ii 
)  seizure  and 
acquitted,  all 
gn-eidistnieiit 
It  the  rijilit  of 
international 
the  inunieiital 
no  more  than 
x\  possibly  ex- 
r  a  jn'oceeding 
assel  had  been 

1  T^^r'rish  juris- 
V  be  so; 
iruii.^  accord- 
iie  cu'W,  there 
ose  of  war. 
1  States  which 
'  of  the  United 
me  of  I'eters's 

section  of  tlio 

4'  out  a  vessel 

til  intent  that 

ted  Provinees 

f  l>razil,  with 

in  (luestion, 

)r  the  delem' 

She  sal'   [ 

n\^<X  on  "   v;;' 

Wii;,     >      . 

tion  and  wi- 

ds.    He  spot.' 

1,  until  he  i,  : 

,  any.    Alter 

mstrons  snc- 

rivateer;and, 

)ni  the  Buenos 

)anias  Ar;;eii- 

several  prizes. 

hi  J  (.n:    as  to 

hat  im    : 
ision  on  v..:" 


islmmaterifil  to  the  present  purpose.  The  second  question  is  the  one 
ffhich  touches  the  present  case.  On  the  part  of  the  defendant,  it  was 
submitted  that  the  jury  should  be  directed — 

That  if  the  jury  believe  that,  >vheu  tlie  Bolivar  was  fitted  out  aud  eiiuippetl  at  IVilti- 
nuiie,  tiie  owner  and  etpiipitcr  intended  to  go  to  tlie  West  Indies  in  scare  1 1  of  funds, 
ffitli  wliicli  to  arm  and  e(|nip  the  said  vessel,  and  had  n<>  present  intention  t>f  nsin^  or 
eiiiplnyiuK  the  said  vessel  aa  a  ]uivateer,  but  intendeil,  wlien  \w  ecpiipped  Iwr,  to  ;;<>  to 
the  West  Indies  to  endeavor  to  raise  funds  to  prepare  her  for  a  cruise,  then  the  defend- 
ant is  not  {>;uilty. 

Or,  if  the  jury  believe  that  when  the  Btdivar  was  ecpiippcd  at  Baltimore,  and  wlieu 
she  left  the  United  States,  the  e([uipper  had  no  tixed  intention  to  employ  her  as  a 
privateer,  but  had  a  wish  so  to  employ  her,  the  fuKillnumt  of  v>  Inch  wish  depcinled  on 
ills  ability  to  obtain  fuinls  in  tht^  West  Indies  for  the  purpose  of  armiufj;  and  preparing 
lierfor  war,  then  the  defendant  is  not  guilty. 

The  court  said : 

We  think  these  instructions  ought  to  Ix*  given.  The  ofTiiUsc  consists  itrineipally  in 
tlii>  intention  wit'.i  which  the  preparations  were  nnide.  Tiiese  preparations,  according 
Mtlie  very  terms  of  the  act,  must  be  nnide  witiiin  the  limits  of  the  United  States;  and 
it  is  equally  necessary  that  the  intention  with  respect  to  thiMMuployment  of  tlie  vessel 
glimiUl  be  formed  before  she  leaves  the  Unitt.'d  States;  and  this  must  l)e  a  lixed  inteii- 
ijoii,  not  conditional  or  contingent,  depending  on  some  future  arrangements.  Tliis  in- 
tciitiou  is  a  ([uestion  belonging  exclusively  to  the  jury  to  decide.  It  is  the  mati  rial 
[loiiit  on  which  the  legality  or  criminality  of  the  act  must  turn,  and  it  decides  whether 
the  adventure  is  of  a  commercial  or  warlike  character.' 

At  the  .same  time  the  cou^^t,  at  the  instance  of  the  prosecution,  held 
that  if  there  was  an  intention  of  employinjj;  the  vessel  as  a  privateer 
when  she  left  Baltimore,  the  offense  would  be  complete,  thonj;h  subse- 
i|iient  events  might  have  prevented  that  intention  from  being  carried 
into  effect. 

The  distinction  is  a  .sound  one.  A  present  intention  does  not  the  less 
exist,  because  unexpected  events  may  afterward  change  it;  but  an  in- 
tention which  is  to  dejiend  on  uncertain  eontingeneies  eannot  be  said  to 
be  a  present  one.  It  is  the  present  intention  of  the  immediate  employ- 
ment of  the  vessel  for  hostile  puri)oses  which  makes  the  sending  out  an 
armed  ship  an  otten.se  against  the  law  of  nations,  as  a  violation  of  neu- 
trality, as  distinguished  from  merely  making  it  e(  iitraband  of  war.  As- 
suredly there  must  be  a  distinction  between  the  two  things,  and  I  am  at 
a  loss  to  .sec  where  the  line  can  otherwise  be  drawn. 

A  similar  purpose,  in  like  manner,  makes  the  equipping  of  a  vessel  an 
ofl'ense  against  the  municipal  law,  when  without  it — as  if,  for  instance, 
tlie  vessel  had  been  already  bui^t  and  equippcnl — the  transaction  would 
lie  siinidy  o  le  of  trade.  Xow,  in  the  case  before  us,  it  may,  perhaps,  be 
questioned  whether  there  was  any  present  intention  of  using  the  Florida 
IS  a  ship  ol'  war,  or  whether  such  employment  was  not  contingent  on 
!ier  obtaining  a  war  crew.  If  no  crew  could  be  got,  the  cruise  was,  as 
'lie  sequel  shows,  to  be  given  up,  and  an  attempt  made  to  run  her  into 
"le  of  hei-  own  ports.  lie  this  as  it  may,  the  belligerent  purpose,  if  any 
>'icli  existed,  was  frustrated  by  the  sliii>  not  obtaining  a  crew,  and  the 
voyage  was  lost.  This  being  so,  nhy,  as  Sir  Ronndell  I'abner  jiuts  it  to 
lis  should  not  a  vessel  equipoed  in  a  neutral  i)ort,  contrary  to  themuni- 
'iiml  law  of  the  neutral,  be  C(,'isider(!d,  like  any  other  contraband  of 
ffai— such  being,  in  point  of  intern.itioiial  law,  the  true  character  of  such 
a  vessel  till  she  actually  enters  on  her  employment  as  a  ship  of  war — as 
110  longer  in  delicto  when  she  has  once  reached  the  port  of  the  bel- 
lii;e';.'nt  f 

iluving  shown,  as  I  think,  abundant  grounds  for  saying  that  as  to 
what  passed  at  Clreen  Cay,  no  [)ossible  imputation  of  want  of  due  dili- 
gence can  attach,  it  seems  to  me  that  it  would  be  carrying  the  doctrine 

'  British  Appends ■,  vol.  iii,  p.  U3. 


fcf 


M '  ;■' 


408 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


s  ,' 


I 


i 


,-ifl..in    cuitiiiiK  into 
llnli»li  i«iit. 


of  iioutral  responsibility  to  an  unheard-of  and  most  unreasonable  lenoth 
to  say  that,  after  a  lapse  of  five  months,  durinj^  which  no  vessel  of 
the  United  States  was  captured  by  the  Florida,  and  after  this  vessel 
had  been  f(Wir  months  in  a  confederate  port,  an<l  had  there  shipijed  a 
new  crew,  Great  Britain  is  to  be  held  liable  for  damage  afterward  done 
by  her. 

I  agree  with  Sir  Roundell  Palmer  in  thinking  that,  with  her  anivnl  wt 
Mobile,  if  not  with  iier  departure  from  the  Bahamas,  the  illegal  vovajne 
upon  whi(!h  any  liability  attached  came  to  an  end,  and  witb  it  ail  re- 
sponsibility which  can  reasonably  be  fastened  on  the  government  of 
Great  Britain. 

B.ut  it  is  said  that  the  Florida,  having  again  come  into  a  British  port, 

iiPMion  whfthpr  '^"^^  being  known  to  be  engaged  in  hostile  operations  against 
th/'KS/\'imMM  the  United  States,  ought  to  have  been  detained,  it  beinij' 
obligatory  on  the  British  government  to  stop  such  a  vessel, 
bj'  reason  of  the  a<iaiission  in  the  second  branch  of  the 
first  rule,  viz,  that  "a  neutral  nation  is  bound  to  use  d'le  diligenee  to 
prevent  the  departure  from  its  jurisdiction  of  any  vessel  intended  to 
cruise  or  carry  on  war"  under  the  circumstances  referred  to  in  the  first 
branch ;  "  such  vessel  having  been  si)ecially  adapted  in  whole  or  in 
part,  within  its  Jurisdiction,  to  warlike  use." 

Tin  '1  lestion  is  one  of  considerable  importance,  as  it  may  att'ect  not 
only  tl  -  '  'da,  but  also  the  (Jeorgia  and  the  Siienandoah.  vessels  as 
to  the  cij  ,ng  of  whi(^h  it  will  be  impossible  to  fix  the  British  govern- 
ment witli      <nt  of  due  diligence. 

I  cannot  understand  how  such  a  contention  can  have  been  raised.  It 
appears  to  me  to  rest  on  a  thorough  i)erversion  of  the  obvious  meanin<>' 
of  the  rule.  It  is  impossible  to  read  the  first  rule  without  seeing  tlnit 
it  is  inten<led  to  apply  to  two  branches  of  one  entire  transaction,  wliidi 
consists,  first,  in  allowing  the  vessel  to  be  equipped,  next  in  allowing 
her  to  dei)art ;  the  second  branch  of  the  rule  being  intended  to  meet  a 
ease  in  which  a  vessel  may  have  been  equi])ped  in  such  a  manner  ns  to 
elu<le  the  diligence  of  the  authorities,  but  where  there  may  be  an  opjmr- 
tunity,  on  her  character  being  discovered,  to  arrest  her  before  she  has 
quitted  neutral  waters. 

The  second  branch  of  the  rule  is  obviously  intended  to  apply  to  tlie 
first  departure  of  a  vessel — that  is  to  say,  its  <leparture  from  a  neutral 
port  before  passing  into  the  hands  of  a  belligerent  government,  and  to 
that  alone. 

It  is  absurd  to  suppose  that,  if  it  had  been  intended  that  Great  Brit- 
ain shouhl  be  held  liable  for  not.  having  seized  these  vessels  on  their 
re-entering  her  ports,  this  would  not  have  been  expressly  stated,  espe- 
cially when  it  is  remembered  that  this  might  have  been  virtindly  to  admit 
liability  in  respect  of  all  these  vessels,  if  shown  to  have  been  specially 
adapted  for  war  within  British  tenitory,  for  every  one  of  them  returned 
to  a  British  port  at  an  early  period  of  its  career.  It  is  plain  that  it 
never  could  luive  entered  into  the  mind  of  the  liritish  ministry  tliatllie 
rule  would  be  treated  as  applicable  to  anything  beyond  ihe  first  depa't- 
ure  of  the  vessel. 

The  moral  bearing  of  the  question  has  been  admirably  pointed  out  in 

i^ir  II.  Talmer's  argument: 

It  woidil  have  lu'eome  the.  jilaiii  duty  of  niiy  iioiitial  state  which  had  entered  iiili* 
8iieh  an  eii;^a!j;<Miu'iit  to  <;iv<>  notice  of  it  bi'foicliand  to  ail  hcllifjercnt  j^jwcrs,  lict'dii'  it 
could  1mi  jmt  in  force  to  tlicir  in-cjudit^o.  It  is  impossible  that  an  act,  whicli  woulil '"' 
a  lircacli  of  jMiblic  faith  andot  international  law  toward  one  liclli^icront,  cimld  be  luiil 
to  constitntc  any  ])art  of  tlu;  " </i7iV/p)ice  diic"  by  a  neutral  to  the  other  bclli^eicnl.  Ijn' 
rnle  says  nothing  of  any  obligation  to  vdvludv  this  class  of  vessels,  when  once  coimins- 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR   ALEXANDER    COCKllURN. 


409 


sonaWe  loiioth 
li  no  vosscl  of 
tor  til  is  vessel 
ere  shipped  a 
Iterward  done 

I  her  arrival  ;it 
illegal  vo.vajie 
with  it  all  ie- 
^overninent  of 

a  British  port, 
'utioiis  aji'aiiist 
lined,  it  beiii}:' 

such  a  vessel, 
branch  of  the 
10  dili^cuee  to 
i\  intcnch'd  to 

to  in  the  lirst 
iu  whole  or  in 

may  attect  not 
r,\h^  vessels  as 
iritish  j>overn- 

IP  en  raised.  It 
vious  meaning 
at  sceiiii;'  tli;it 
sactioii,  which 
:t  in  allowing' 
ded  to  meet  a 
manner  as  to 
y  be  an  oppor- 
>etore  she  has 

apply  to  the 
troin  a  lunitral 
iment,  and  to 

it  (Ireat  Brit- 
ssels  on  their 
y  stated,  espe- 
nally  to  admit 
been  specially 
them  returned 
plain  that  it 
listry  that  the 
e  first  depa-'t- 

pointed  out  in 

had  oiitcrcil  into 
powers,  Itcl'tili'  it 
wliich  \voiil<l  ln' 
iit.fDiilil  lit'  lii'lil 
ht'lllK.'n'iit.  Till- 
oil  oiic'c  coiuinis- 


iiiiiicd  fis  puldic  ships  of  war,  from  eiitraiico  into  neutral  ports  np  tlio  ordinary  foot- 
Ijii.t,    If  th(iy  were  so  oxcliuUul  by  proper  notice,  they  would  not  enter;  and  tlie  ndo 

ill  that  case)  conld  ncv(!r  operate  to  prevent  their  (h-parture.  If  they  were  not  so 
irttliiilcd,  instead  of  heinj^  "  due  dili<;<'nce,"  it  wonhl  bo  a  llaj^rant  act  of  treachery  and 
Kmii};  to  take  advantaj;;e  of  their  entrance,  in  order  to  eil'ect  their  detention  or  captnre. 

Can  Hci'Majcsty  hi',  supposed  to  have  (tonsentcMl  to  be  r(!tros])ectively  jndjj;cd  as  wantinjj; 

;ii(lii(Mlilij;ene(\  because,  not  havinj;  excluded  these  confederate  shijis  of  war  from  her 
Liitshyany  prohibition  or  notice,  she  did  not  break  faith  witli  them,  and  commit  an  ont- 
liajeoii  every  jirinciide  of  justice  and  n(Mitrality  by  their  seizure  ?     The  rules  themsidves 

bi  no  existeni^e  at  the  time  of  the  war;  the  coniederati's  knew,  and  could  know,  noth- 

;;i;'()f  them;  their  retrospective  applicaticni  camiot  make  an  act  cjr  poxt  fiicto  "  due," 
hpou  the  footinjj;  of  "dili}>ence,"  to  the  one  party  in  the*  war,  which,  if  it  liad  been  act- 

jiliydone,  would  have  been  a  wholly  nujnstifiable  outraj^e  ajjainst  the  other. 

And  this  being  so,  it  may  safely  be  asserted  that  the  United  States 

|(io\ernment  must  have  framed  the  rnles  with  a  like  mind  ;  lor  it  would 

k  to  give  them  credit  for  sham  practice  indeed,  if,  while  the  British 

Ijovernment  agreed  to  the  rnle,  on  the  snpposition   that  its  ai)plicatiou 

WHS  to  be  limited  to  the  first  departure  of  an  offending  vessel,  the 

United  States  should  be  at  liberty  to  insist  on  its  applicati»)n,  toties 

Ifiiics,  to  every  subsequent  departure.    1  will  say  no  more  than  that  the 

iiinstruction  thus  sought  to  be  put  on  the  second  branch  of  the  first  rule 

I  IS  quite  preposterous. 

But  it  is  said,  in  the  second  place,  that  the  equipment  and  sending 

I  out  of  an  armed  vessel  from  the  port  of  a  neutral  being  a  violation  ot 

I  its  territory  and  neutral  rights,  and  therefore  a  hostile  act,  Great  Biitaiii 

liad  the  right  to  seize  these  vessels  on  their  again  coming  within  her 

jurisdiction,  and  Mas  bound  to  do  so,  to  prevent  them  from  continuing 

I  to  make  war  on  vessels  of  the  United  States. 

The  answer  of  the  British  government  is  threefold  : 

1st.  That  it  had  not  the  right,  according  to  international  law,  to  seize 
tiR'se  vessels,  seeing  that  when  they  came  again  into  British  ports,  they 
we  admitted  as  the  commissioned  ships  of  war  of  a  belIig«Ment  state. 

I'd.  That,  independently  of  the  foregoing  ground,  the  British  govern- 
iiioiit  could  not,  as  a  neutral  government,  seize  a  ship  of  war  of  a  bellig- 
iioiit  state  for  thai  which  was  not  a  violation  of  neutrality,  but  only  of 
its  own  municipal  lav 

M. 
m  it. 

The  first  of  these  grounds  depends  on  t}.'3  effect  of  the  commissions 
«iiicli  these  vessels  had  in  the  mean  time  leceivcd  from  the  Kiie.t  ..r  runnnn- 
jovernuient  of  the  Confederate  States  as  ships  of  war.  Mom.,.,-i,„„„iw,.r. 

Now,  it  must  be  taken  as  an  nnqucstionable  fact  that  these  ships  were 
I'liilt,  or  e(juipi)tMl,  for  the  dcfavto  government  of  the  Confederate  States, 
m\  were  employed  by  it  as  regular  shii)s  of  war,  nn<lcr  tiie  coinmainl 
It  otlicers  regularly  commissioned.  llereui)on  two  questions  i>resent 
tiitinselves :  Were  these  commissions  valid!?  If  so,  what  was  their 
fitttt  as  to  affording  immunity  to  a  vessel,  thus  commissioned,  from 
Seizure  by  the  government  of  (ireat  IJiilain  ? 

It  is  a  familiar  princi[de  of  international  law  that  the  ships  of  war  of 
a  state  aie  entitled  to  the  privilege  of  exterritoriality.    This    ,1,1,..  ..r  war  «• 
i;*i»  point  on  which  leading  publicists  are  agreed.    Wheaton,   '""""■^'"' 
i'lliis  "  J'^lements  de  droit  iuternatiomd,"^  writes: 

'lie  ariiiee  on  one,  ilotte  appartenant  i\  uno  puissance  etrangf-re,  et  traversant  ou 
s'atimuiaiit  dans  les  liuiites  dn  terriloire  d'un   autre  etat,  en  amitie  avec   cette  puis- 
iiiw',  m\\\  eiralonient  exemptes  d(!  la  jnridiction  civile  et  crimimdle  du  pays. 
'I  sVusuit  (pie  les  personnt's  et  les  ehos«!s  (|ui,  dans  ces  trois  cas,  se  trouvent  dans  lea 


That  even  if  it  uad  the  right,  it  was  under  no  obligation  to  exer- 


"I'ti's  du  territoire  d'un  (^tat   etranjjer,   restent  soumises  a  la  Juridiction  de  I'etat 
"ini'l  dies  appartieniieut,  comme  si  elles  dtaient  encore  sur  son  ti-rritoire 

»Vol.  i,  p.  111). 


,  i- 
■■.!■ 


i 


410 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


■It 


•t 


i^'il  n'y  a  pas  do  prohibition  expn'sse,  los  ports  (Vim  <^tat  sons  rogard^^s  coinnifi  (<taiit 
ouvfits  i.:ix  iiiiviresclo  k"**'"'""  <Viino  aiitro  iiati(»ii  avec  laqiiollti  cet  dtiit  ost  cii  paix  it 
ainiti(^.  Ct^s  iiavires,  eiitn^s  dans  los  ports  •'traiij^iTs,  soit  en  vortn  do  I'aljsciicc!  iriini' 
]>rol.il)ition,  soit  on  vortn  d'nnc  antorlsation  oxpresso,  stipuldo  par  traitd,  sont  exeiinits 
de  la,;inidictiou  des  tribnnanx  ot  des  aiitoritds  dri  lieu. 

Ileft'ter  declnres  sliips  of  war  to  be  exempt  from  tlie  territorial  juris. 
diction  of  the  country  witliiu  whose  waters  they  are.' 

Sir  R.  Phillimore  writes  as  follows  :^ 

Long  usage  and  universal  custom  entitle  every  such  ship  to  bo  cojisidered  as  a  part 
Sir  u  I'liiiiiniorp  "'  ^''*'  '''tate  to  wliicli  she  belongs,  and  to  be  exeni{)t  from  any  otlicr  jii- 
risdietiou;  whether  this  privilege  be  founded  upon  strict  intcniational 
right,  or  upon  an  original  concession  of  comity  with  respect  to  the  state  in  its  i\<i»rc- 
gate  capacity,  which,  by  inveterate  practice,  has  assumed  the  position  of  a  riglit,  is  a 
consideration  of  not  much  practical  importance.  But  it  isof  somr  importance,  for  it'  tln' 
better  opinion  be,  as  it  would  seem  to  be,  that  the  privilege  in  question  was  orif;iiia]|y 
ii  concession  of  comity,  it  may,  on  due  notice  being  given,  Ije  revoked  by  a  stati-,  so 
ill  advised  as  to  adopt  such  a  course,  which  could  not  happen  if  it  were  a  matter  of 
natural  right.  But,  unquestionably,  in  tbe  case  of  the  foreign  ship  of  war,  oi- of  tin' 
foreign  sovereign  and  embass.ador,  every  stat«  which  has  not  tounerly  notified  its 
departure  from  this  usage  of  the  civilized  world,  is  under  a  tacit  convention  to  accord 
this  privilege  to  the  foreign  shij)  of  war  lying  in  its  harbors. 

No  writer  has,  however,  discussed  the  subject  with  so  much  clearness 
and  force  as  M.  Ortolan  in  his  "Diplomatie  do  la  mer:" 

Ortolan.  '• 

Les  hiltiments  de  guerre  au  contraire,  armds  par  I'otat  lui-memo  ot  pour  sa  df'fcnsi, 
en  sont  les  representants  al'etranger ;  leurs  connnandants  etleurs  ofliciers  sont  couinii' 
des  d(?l<5gn<^s  dii  pouvoir  exdcutif,  et  sur  (jnehjut'S  points  du  pouvoir  judiciaire  de  liiir 
l>ays.  Ces  batiments  doivent  (\pnc  participer  pleinement  a  rinddpendance  et  a  la  sim- 
Aorainete  <lo  hi  puissance  (pii  les  arme;  ils  out  droit  aux  respects  et  aux  honniMU:;  (|iu 
sont  dfis  a  cette  souverainetd;  c'est  cequo  I'econnaisseut  ot  co  que  commandeiit  Icsluis 
internatinales.-'  .......... 

Par  cela  senl  <ine  l(^s  batiments  de  guerre  sont  arm<5s  par  le  gouvernement  d'nn  t'tat 
indcpendant,  auquel  ils  api)artienneut,  que  leurs  commandants  et  leurs  olliciors  sont 
des  fonctionnaires  publics  de  cet  dtat  et  en  exercent  la  puissance  exi'cutive,  en  certains 
]ioints  memo  la  puissance  judiciaire,  enfin  que  tout  individu  fajsant  partie  de  kiu 
(•(piipage,  sans  distinction  de  gr:\de,  est  nn  agent  do  la  force  pul.ii<ine  ;  ces  batimeiils, 
ptii.sonnifids,  sont  nno  portion  de  co  gonveruenient  et  doivent  etre  inddpend.ints  it 
resi>ect«^s  a  son  <^gal. 

Aiusi,  <iuel  (jue  soit  le  lieu  oil  ils  so  trouvent,  qui  que  ce  soit  au  nionde,  ('traii<;er  au 
gouvernement  au(iuel  ils  appartiennent,  n'a  le  droit  de  s'iuiiuiscer  en  ricn  danscei|iii 
se  jtasse  a  ...ur  bord,  et  encore  nioins  d'y  pdndtror  i)ar  la  for'je. 

On  exprime  generalemeut  cette  regie  par  une  metaphoro  passt'^o  en  coutumc,  et  telle- 
inent  accreditee,  tellement  traditionnelle,  que  dans  li  ]»lupart  des  es|)rits  clle  est 
devenue  cumnie  une  raisou  justilicativo  de  la  proposition  dont  olio  n'est  vcritablenieiit 
qu'une  expnission  ligurce.  On  dit  <|ne  tout  batinient  de  guerre  est  une  partie  dii  ter- 
ritoire  de  la  nation  a  la((uelle  il  appartient ;  d'oii  la  consequence  ((ue,  meiue  lor.s(iu'il  est 
dans  uu  port  stranger,  les  otticiers,  l¥,(juipago,  et  touto  persouno  quelconqiie  <ini  se 
trouve  a  son  bord,  est  ceusde  etre,  et  (pie  tout  fait  \rAss6  a  bord  est  cens(^  passe,  siirce 
territoire.  C'est  par  une  continuation,  par  une  expression  r(5sum(5o  do  la  mOmc  figure, 
qu'on  appelle  ce  privilege  le  privil(^go  ou  le  droit  (Vexterriloiialiti!.* 

The  matter  is  so  well  handled  by  this  able  writer  that  "  am  iiulnccd  j 
to  cite  one  or  two  more  passages  :^ 

Ce  qui  est  vrai,  c'eat  que  le  iiavire  est  une  habitation  flottauto,  avec  une  population  \ 
soumise  aux  lois  et  au  gouvernement  de  l^tat  dont  le  naviro  a  la  nationalitt',  et  ))la(ii'  j 
sous  la  protection  de  cet  dtat,  Co  (pii  est  vrai,  c'est  (pie  si  le  naviro  est  batiment  ilo 
guerre,  il  est,  en  (uitre,  uno  forteresso  mobile  portant  en  ,son  sein  une  portion  niemeik' 
la  puissance  publi(iue  do  cet  (^tat,  des  oflici.'rs  et  nn  (^((uipage  qui  forment  t(»iis(lans 
leur  ensemble  iin  corps  organisd  do  fonctionnaires  ot  d'agents  militaires  ou  adniinistra- 
tifs  do  la  nation. 


'  "  Volkerrecht  dor  Gegenwart,"  $  148. 

2  International  Law,  vol.  i,  p.  391). 

3  Vol.  i,  p.  181. 
*  Ibid.,  p.  180. 
*Ibid.,  pp.  188-J91. 


OriNIONS    OF    SIR   ALEXANDER    COCKBURN. 


411 


t  6tat  cat  en  \y,\\\  (.[ 

do  riih.sciicc,  iriuii' 

traitd,  Hoiit  exempts 

territorial  juris- 
s  they  are.' 


cojisidered  ns  n  part 
t  from  any  otlicr  jii- 

strict  intcniiitioiial 
»  state  ill  its  a^jjio- 
itioii  of  11  ri^lit,  is  a 
mportaiu'e,  lor  if  tlic 
L>.stioii  was  olijiiiially 
yoked  by  a  sfati-,  xd 
f  it  were  a  iiiiitttT  of 
hip  of  war,  or  of  tin' 
toimerly  iiotiticd  its 
jonveutioii  to  ucconl 

;o  mucb  clearness 
:ie  de  la  luer :" 

no  et  ponr  sa  (If^t'i'iiw, 
1  ofticiers  nont  (Miiniiic 
oir  judieiaire  do  Icnr 
peudauce  et  a  la  son- 
,  et  anx  liomuMUtj  (|iii 
I  comuiaiiduut  les  lui^ 

ivernement  d'lm  otat 

et  leurs  olliciors"  sdiit 

■xr'ciitive,  en  cortaiib 

sant  partie  do  k'lir 

(pie ;  ces  l)iitinicnis, 

tre  iiulepeiidiiiits  et 

mondc,  otraii^cr  aa 
eii  rieu  dans  ce  i|ui 

en  coutiinic,  et  telle- 
des  esprits  elle  est 
n'est  veritaltlonieiit 
st  line  paitie  du  tel- 
le, nu"'inel()rs(iu"ilest  | 
le  (]nelc()n(pie  ([ui  «'  '• 
st  eeiisr^  passo.  snr  ce 
=e  de  la  meiue  figuie, 


hat  ■  'iiu  i 


luluceil 


avec  nne  popnlatinn  j 
nationalite.  ft  iilac' 
,vire  est  Itatiim'iit  '' 
Line  portion  inriiietlel 
ni  fornient  tons  'Ian 
taires  ouadiuiiii!^"'' 


S'il  s'agit  de  navires  de  gnerre,  la  contnnie  internationale  est  constantc  ;  cos  navireg 
jrhti'iit  it'';;is  nniquenient  i>ar  la  sonveraiiictd  de  lenr  pays;  l(^s  lois,  les  antorites,  vt  les 

jiiralictions  de  I'otat  dans  les  eanx  diKpiel  ils  sont  inonilies  leur  restent  ('■tran;^eres;  ils 
lii'oat  avec  cet  etat  qne  des  relations  internatiouales  par  la  voie  des  fonctionnaires  de 

liilocalite  eoinpi^tents  ponr  do  pareilles  nilations.  ..... 

Le  uavire  de  jjnerre  portant  on  son  soin  nn(i  partie,  de  la  puissance  pnbli((ne  de  I'etat 
I  iiu|nel  il  ajipaitient,  nn  corps  orfj;anis(5  d(^  fonctionnaires  et  <rajj;ents  de  eette  pnis- 

ancc  dans  r(.rdre  a<lniinistratif  et  dans  I'ordre  niilitaire,  aouniettre  ce  navire  et  le 
I  (iii|woi<i;anis6  <in'il  i)orte  anx  lois  et  anx  antorites  dn  i»ays  dans  les  eanx  dnqiiel  il 

fiitre,  ee  serait  vraiinent  sonnmttre  I'nne  de  ces  puissances  a  I'autre;  ce  H<u'ait  vonloir 
I  riiiilie  iniposdlilesles  relations  inaritinies  d'nne  inition  a  Tantre  jiar  batinients  de  I'c'tat. 

11  taut  on  renoncer  a  ces  relations,  on  les  adniettre  avec  les  coiulitions  indispensables 

jidiir  iiiaintenir  a  clnuine  (Stat  sonverain  son  ind^pendance. 

Lotat  pidprietaiie  du  port  on  de  la  rade  vent  sans  donte,  a  ro<;ard  des  biltinients  de 
I  fiit'iie,  i)onr  lesnuels  il  aurait  des  motifs  de  sortir  dc^siejjles  ordinaires  et  j)aciti(iu(!s  du 
I  ilruit  des  jj;ens,  leur  interdire  I'entrt^e  de  c(!s  eanx ;  les  y  surveiller  s'il  croit  leur  presence 

(hin);cieu8e,  on  leur  enjoiudre«d'en  sortir,  de  meuie  qu'il  est  lilu'c,  <|uand  ils  soiit  dans 

liiuier  t<!rritoriale,  d'eniployer  a  lenr  e}j;ard  les  nioyens  de  snrete  i|ne  leur  voisiiia<ft3 

]«utrendre  necessaires  ;  sauf  a  n'poudre,  envers  I'etat  ancinel  ces  vaisseanx  appartien- 

mat,  (le  toutes  ces  mesures  qui  jwurront  »"'tie,  suivant  les  (^v(^nenients  ipii  les  auront 
I  miitivo'es,  on  la  maniere  dont  elles  auront  etc  c'^ecntees,  dos  aet<'s  d(!  dt'-fi-nse  on  do 

peaiitiou  lej;itiuu',  oil  des  iictes  de  mefiance,  on  des  otfiMises  j^raves.  on  nieine  des 

ijiisesde  f^uerre;  inais  taut  (|u'il  les  re^oit,  il  doit  respecter  en  enx  la.  sonviTaiimte 
I  liiiinifcre  <lont  ils  sont  une  emanation  ;  il  n(^  |»eut  avoir,  par  conse(|nent,  la  pirteiision 
1  JeK'gir  les  personn<!S  cpii  se  trouvent  et  les  faits  (pii  se  passent  a  leur  bord,  ni  de  I'aiio 

>iu'ee  bord  acte  de  puissance  et  de  sonverainete. 

In  tlie  case  of  the  Exchange,  reported  in  Cranch's  ]le])orts,  (vol.  vii, 
pajrcs  135-147,)  the  principle  tliiit  a  vessel  bearin*;  the  Ha{»;  ,.,,.  of  the  kx- 
1111(1  commission  of  a  belligerent  jiower  wtjs  not  within  the  '''"'""■ 
lucal  jurisdiction  of  the  neutral  law,  though  claiuied  by  citizens  of  the 
wtral  country  as  having  been  forcibly  taken  from  them  as  prize,  con- 
trary to  interntitional  law,  was  fully  upheld  on  appeal  by  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States. 

'By  the  unaniuions  consent  of  nations,"  says  Clii<;f  .Justice  Marsliall,  "  a  forei^jner  is 
mienaltle  to  th«^  laws  of  the  place,  but  certainly,  in  jiractice,  nations  have  not  yet  as- 
snled  their  Jurisdiction  over  the  public  armed  ships  of  a  forei<;ii  sovereij^n  enterinj^  a 
fort  open  for  their  reception.  »  *  «  It  seems,  then,  to  the  court  to  be  a  princi]do 
nfjuiblic  law  that  national  ships  of  war  e'lferin;^  tlie  port  of  a  friendly  jxiwi-r  op(Mi  for 
tlii-ii'reception  are  to  be  considered  as  exempted  by  the  consent  of  that  power  IVoin  IcS 
I  jiirisdiotion." 

It  lias  been  ingeniously  attempted  by  the  counsel  of  the  United  States 
toplacethe  decision  in  this  case  and  the  judgment  of  Chief  Justice 
Miii'sliall  on  the  footing  that  a  neutrtil  court  has  no  Jurisdiction  over  a, 
bellio'erent  vessel  as  a  matter  simply  of  judicial  authority.  IJiit  this  is 
not  so;  the  eminent  judge  who  delivered  the  judgment  in  that  case 
places  the  matter  not  on  tlie  footing  of  jurisdiction  in  ti  judicial  point  of 
view,  but  as  one  of  international  right.  In  proof  of  which  the  following 
passages  are  deserving  of  the  fullest  attention  : 

•liiflfioH  would  justly  be  considered  as  violatinjj  its  faith,  althon}»li  that  faith  may 
I'lt  lio  t'xpnsssly  i)lijL''hted,  which  nhonld  sikUUiiIi/,  and  irithoiit  pru-ioiin  iiolici,  cacycixf  its 
Hritorial  powers  in  a  nninner  vot  eonionaiit  to  ike  iisatjci  and  nri-ircd  obliijationx  of  the 
(irUkvi}  n-orhl.        »         »         » 

II.  for  reasons  of  state,  the  ports  of  a  nation  generally,  or  any  particular  ports  be 
tbed  aijainst  vessels  of  war  generally,  or  the  vessels  of  war  of  any  jtarticnlar  nation, 
Mieo  is  usually  given  of  such  determiiuition.  If  there  be  no  luoliibition,  the  ports  of 
I'tiieiully  nation  are  considered  as  open  to  tius  i)nblic  ships  of  all  powers  with  wlioni 
it  is  at  peace,  and  they  are  supposed  to  enter  such  ports,  .and  to  renniiu  in  them,  while 
'illowcd  to  remain,  undtu-  the  protection  of  the  iiortrnmvnt  of  the  place.        *        »        » 

Jiat  in  all  respects  dilfereut  is  the  situaticm  of  a  public  armed  ship.  Siu^  constitutes 
M""f  of  the  military  force  of  her  nation  ;  acts  under  the  innnediate  and  direct  com- 
"I'lal  of  tli<!  sovereign  :  is  employed  by  him  in  national  objects.  He  has  many  and 
powerful  motives  fm-  preventing  those  objects  from  being  <lefeated  by  the  interfeienco 
jl  a  foreign  state.  Such  interference  cannot  take  jdace  without  atVecting  liis  jiovverand 
■lis'ligiiity.  The  implied  license,  therefore,  under  which  such  vt^ssel  enters  a  friendly 
'M,  uiiiy  reasonably  be  construed,  and  it  seems  to  the  court  ought  to  bo  coustmod, 


412 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


ns  containiiifj  an  cronplion  from  the  Jiinsclh  lion  of  the  mrere'tgn  within  whose  tfiritorv  sho 
chiiiiiH  iho  I'iffhtH  of  iiospitiility. 

No  doubt  tlio  ert'ect  to  bo  giviMi  to  tlio  ooimnission  of  a  bcllincMcnt 
(■„mm,H,i„n  nf  {iovLTiiiMciit  iiiust  il«'iKMi(l  on  its  power  to  iu;t  as  Ji  ^ovcin. 
miTt.  b. inM.r.nt.  iiieiit.  Ainl  1  ivi»t?at  what  1  have  before  endeavored  to  make 
j?ood:  iianu'ly,  that  where  an  intejiral  portion  of  a  nation  sepinatcs 
itself  from  the  parent  state,  and  establishes  a  f/(' y>f(7«  <»overiiiii('iir  of 
its  own,  excludin}^  tiie  f(»rnier  j«<»vernnient  from  all  i>ower  and  control, 
and  thereni)on  a  civil  war  ensues,  a  neutral  nation  is  fully  Justified  in 
reco{?nizinf;  the  {»overuuient  de  fticfo  as  a  belligerent,  thouji'Ii  it  has  not 
as  yet  acknowledjiod  it  as  a  nation  ;  and  that  from  the  time  of  the  ac- 
knowledj^fmentof  its  belligerent  status,  the  j>;overnme!jt  dc/ach)  a('(|iui(s, 
in  relation  to  the  neutral,  all  the  rij^jhts  which  attach  to  tlu^  status  of  a 
belligerent  of  an  established  nationality.  The  practi(!e  of  nations  has 
been  uniform  on  this  point;  all  the  maritime  nations  concurred  in  ac- 
cording to  the  confederate  government  the  status  and  rights  of  a  hcllj. 
gerent.  The  commissions  of  the  Confederate  States  must  therefoii'  b(; 
taken  to  have  been  valid,  and  to  have  had  the  same  fonie  and  etlicacy 
as  the  commissions  of  any  recognized  government  would  have  had. 

It  has,  indeed,  been  contended  that,  in  the  particular  instance  of  tlie 
vessels  belonging  to  the  Confederate  States,  the  commissions  of  the  gov- 
ernment (Je  facto  ought  not  to  have  been  respected.  After  having  list- 
ened, with  the  utuu>st  attention,  to  the  argument  of  Mr.  Evarts,  1  jjio- 
test  I  am  at  a  loss  to  know  why.  Setting  aside  all  the  idle  langnaj^e 
that  lias  been  written  and  spoken  about  "  piracy" — as  though  tlie  sliips 
of  eleven  great  provinces,  having  an  organized  government,  and  cam- 
iiig  on  one  of  thegreatest  civil  wars  recorded  in  history,  could  be  cailid 
pirates — the  argument  comes  to  this:  that. a  country,  the  independent 
nationality  of  which  has  not  been  acknowledged,  and  which  has  not 
been  admitted  into  tlie  fraternity  of  nations,  has  no  rights  of  sove- 
reignty, and  consequently  cannot  by  its  commif^sion  excbnle  the  right  of 
the  local  sovereign  to  seize  one  of  its  vessels  of  war  if  any  infraction  of 
the  municii)al  law  has  been  committed  in  respect  of  it.  But  what  is 
this,  i)ractically,  but  to  deprive  the  recognition  of  belligerency  of  all 
the  effects  it  was  intended  to  have  ?  It  is  a<lmitted  among  nations  that 
such  a  recognition  may  be  made  by  a  neutral  state.  Its  purpose  is  to 
invest  the  de  facto  government  with  the  character  of  a  belligerent  power, 
for  the  common  benefit  of  both  belligerent  and  neutral,  without  any 
recognition  of  independence  or  sov^ereiguty.  The  recognition  wonhl 
plainly  be  idle  if  it  did  not  carry  with  it  one  of  the  most  important 
rights  incidental  to  a  belligerent  government,  that  of  commissioning  and 
emjdoying  vessels  of  war,  and  of  having  those  vessels,  when  sailni^ 
under  its  flag,  and  armed  with  its  commissions,  invested  with  the  i)iivi- 
leges  conceded  to  ships  of  war,  and  therefore  exempted  from  the  juris 
diction  of  aiiy  neutral  country  in  whose  waters  they  may  be. 

But  it  is  alleged  that,  even  assuming  the  commissions  to  have  hooii 
valid,  these  vessels  ought  lu'vertheless  to  have  been  seized, 
vi'itmnoi  neutra'i  Tlic  arguuieut,  as  I  understand  it,  is  in  substance  this:  tlic 
equipping  and  sending  forth  of  a  vessel  from  neutral  torri 
tory,  for  the  purpose  of  being  employed  in  the  service  of  a  belligerent, 
is  a  violation  of  tlw)  territorial  rights  of  the  neutral ;  every  violation  ut 
the  territory  of  a  neutral  is  a  hostile  act;  every  hostile  act  calls  upon 
the  neutral  to  vindicate  its  rights  by  force;  therefore  Great  Britain j 
ought  to  have  seized  these  vessels.  j 

In  support  of  this  argument  the  following  passage  is  cited] 
from  Uautefeuille : 


Uautereuille. 


OriXIONS    OF    sill    ALEXANDKR    COCKIJUUX. 


413 


^iioso  tt'rritorvsLo 


1  ^H      '" 

passage  is  citoi  h  __ 


l.c  fiiit  (If  constniirc  nti  hutimiMit  ill' KMcrri' pour  It'  coiniitt*  «l'mi  licllij^riiiiif,  on  il(< 
I'lirini'i' <liiii«  li's  ("'tilts  iiciitrcs,  est  iiiic  violiitimi  dii  tiTiitoirc.  Tuiifcs  Ics  (niscs  taitcs 
naiiin  tiatiincnt  dc  (•('(!(!  nature  soiit  ill(''y;i  times,  eii(|iul(|iie  lieiKiu'elles  a  lent  ('•(('■  l'ait((8. 
L,'  soiiveraiu  oll'eiise  a  Ic  droit  de  s'cii  einiiarcr.  iik" me  de  force,  si  eiles  sont  ameiK'-es  dans 
i,.s|iiirts,  et  d'eii  ivelaimer  la  restitution  lors(|iri'lles  sinit,  comme  cela  arrive  en  ^o- 
ni'ial,  t'ondnites  dans  les  ports  liors  de  sa  Jnridietion.  II  jient  (•;i;alem(!nt  r('elamer  Id 
jsiiriiii'ment  dii  hntinient  ilU'-jialemenf  arni(''  snr  s(m  territoire,  et  mi'me  le  (N'tenir  s'il 
eiitriMlans  (|nel(|ne  lien  sonmis  u  sa  s(niv('iainet('', .jnsiin'a  ce  (|n'il  ait  eH'  (U'sarnK-.' 

After  which  the  learned  author  yoes  on  to  use  the  followiiij''  strong; 

liiiignnge,  wliUrh,  however,  appears  toexjuess  a  view  peeuliar  to  himself, 

1111(1,  so  fur  as  I  am  aware,  shared  by  no  other  writer  on  internatioiuil 

law : 

Le  pciipl*^  nentre  n(i  pent  ne;;li;ier  raeeoinplissement  de  cc*  d(noi'-,  sans  s'ex])08er  i\lji 
jibtc  ven^^eance  d(!  la  nation  a  la(|nelle  eet  abandon  de  ses  droits  )iorterait  iin  yravo 
liiojiulice,  sans  liu  fonrnir  nn  juste  sii.jet  de  ;;nerr('.  On  jxnirrait  en  etVet  raeensei', av(Mi 
iiiisdM,  d'al)di(iner  les  droits  desa  sonverainett',  de  son  indt'-pendancc,  en  l'avenrd(^  I'mui 
ilis  parties  en  jjncrre,  an  pn'^Judice  de  I'antre,  et  par  eons('(jnent  de  nuunpier  d'imparti- 
alito,  do  ni(^(;onnaltre  hi  second  devoir  de  lu  ncntralit^.^ 

If,  indeed,  by  eonstrnetiiifj  or  arniinfj  a  ship,  ^I.  ITautefenille  means 
constructing'  or  armiu}?  for  the  immediate  purpose  of  war,  so  as  to  con- 
stitute a  hostile  expedition  from  the  shore  of  tlie  neutral,  1  entirely  agree 
that  this  will  amount  to  a  violation  of  neutral  territory.  Short  of  that, 
it  will  only  be  a  violation  of  the  local  law,  and  therefore  will  not  amount 
to  ii  violation  of  territory.  This  distinction  is  all-imp(Mtant,  but  appears 
toiiave  been  wholly  lost  sight  of. 

Hut  even  should  it  amount  to  a  violation  of  territory,  it  seems  mon- 
stions  to  assert  that  the  neutral  is  bound  to  have  recourse  tofonie,  pos- 
sibly to  become  involved  in  war.  for  the  benefit  of  the  otlu'r  belligerent. 

It  is  to  be  observed  that  1\[.  Ilautefeuille,  before  he  canu!  to  the  sub- 
ject of  ships,  had  been  speaking  of  the  violation  of  neutral  territory  by 
lilts  of  hostility,  such  as  the  taking  of  a  ship  in  ueutral  wat«'rs. 

He  could  hardly,  I  imagine,  mean  to  go  the  lenj^th  of  saying  that  the 
elaiulestine  equijtnu'nt  of  a  sliip  for  belligerent  use,  not  amounting  to  a 
liostile  expedition,  would  be  such  a  violation  of  the  rights  of  the  neutral 
as  would  justify,  much  less  necessitate,  a  declaration  of  war. 

M.  Ortolan  discusses  the  subject  with  the  calm  judgment 
which  distinguishes  him. 

It  is  true  tluit  his  reasoning  is  addressed  to  the  obligation  of  the  neu- 
tral state  to  insure  the  restoration  of  prizes  illegally  captured  within  its 
waters ;  but  it  is  obvious  that  the  i>rinciple  he  lays  down  applies  to  every 
violation  of  neutral  territory  by  a  belligerent: 

L'illi^;i;alit(;:  (les  actes  d'liostiliti^  ('xerc('s  dans  les  eanx  territoriales  d'nne  pnissanco 
teiitri;  eiitraine,  connno  cons(^(|iuMU.'e  directe,  rilU'^alitf'  des  |)rises  laites  en  dedans  des 
liiiiitcsdt)  ces  eanx.  Ces  jnises  no  sont  pas  valal)les,  soit  (pi'idles  aieiit.  {-t^-  laites  pai'  des 
toviics  dt' irnerre,  soit  (pi'dles  I'aieiit  t't(' par  des  eorsaires.  ("est  h;  devoir  dc  I'etut 
ani|ii('l  ai»partient  lo  capfenr  de  les  restitiu'r  anx  premiers  jM'oprifUaires  ;  et  nu'-nie  e'est 
Icdioitet  le  devoir  de  I'l'tat  nentre  dont  le  ter!itoir(!  a  etc  vioI(5  de  prononcer  lui-m»'ino 
citte  restitution  si  la  i>rise  se  tronve  amen('e  diez  Ini. 

Tuntelois  la  nnllit('  des  jnistis  ainsi  fait(^s  n'est  i»as  telleMiont  absolne  qn'elle  pnisse 
itre  iiiv()([nt5e,  et  ([tie  Votut  dn  captenr  doive  la  pron(^ncer  in("me  en  I'absence  de  tonte 
rfilaiuation  de  la  pai't  d(^  I't^'tat  nentre  dont  on  prc'tend  (jne  les  droits  out  6t6.  im^con- 
iiiis.  "  C'est  niie  n-fjle  teclini(|ne  des  ciniis  de  j»rises,"  (lit  a  ce,  snjet  M.  AViieaton,  "  de 
iii'vestitner  lenr  propriety'  anx  rt^'clamantsparticnliers,  en  caspareil,  (pie  snr  la  dennindo 
•111  j,'ouvernement  nentre  dont  le  territoire  a  oio  ainsi  \\o\e.  CVstte  ri-^jle  est  t()n(l('(' snr 
It' jMiiieipe  (pie  V  (Stat  nentn;  seni  a  ('!(''  ltless(S  dans  ses  droits  par  nne  telle  eaptnrt^  et 
'lilt'  lo  r(^L'lamunt  eunenii  n'a  pas  le  droit  de  paraitre  pour  eiitrainer  la  non-validit<^  de 
liiciiiitiire." 

Xous  adJK^rons  coniplt^tenient  a  cetto  doctrine  et  acettejnrisprndeiu'o  i)ratiqne.  Elle 
coiaorde  partait(!nu!nt  avec  ce  (pie  nous  a  vons  dit  ci-dessns  des  cas  oil,  a  raisc^n  (les  circon- 

incL's  et  de  IVitat  des  cotes,  les  actes  d'host" 


Ortiil.m. 


'  pel 


(lu'ayi 


i  '■ 


'  Droits  et  devoirs  des  nations  neutres,  vol.  i,  p.  5^1)5. 
2  Ibid.,  p.  29G. 


414 


ARBITRATION   AT   GENEVA. 


lieu  (IniiH  uuo  incrliHornlo  ncutiv.    Ellcosf  mrmc  iiHlispoiisnldodaiisIcNvstrincrlctoiisi 
conx  i|iii  adincltciit,  cinmnc  ikmim,  ccttn  ])i)s.sil»ilito  (rcxciiHc.     I'iiis(|iin   In    milliti'  i\rA 
prises iiiiisi  Ciiitcs  n'a  lini  (ral)solii,  (in'cllc  est  siil)(ir(l(mii(''f  aiix  it'clainatidiis  il..  \'r\;^i\ 
iH'iitrt',  It'  fait  ost  rciiiis  a  rappit'ciation  dtu-ct  fUat.     C'cst  alni  ajiifici-.s'il  y  a  cii,  on  s'ii 
n'y  a  pascii,  vt'^iilaliliMiiciif  attciiitcpoitf't'asasoiivfraiiit'to  ;  s'll  (loitasa  prciinr  (li;riHi,; 
et  anx  obii^rntjons  <rimpartialiti'  <iMt!  iiii  impose  sii  <|nalitf''ili*  iit'iitrc,  dc  it'claiiMiioati,, 
retft)  at tciiitc  ft  <lc  (Iciiiaiiih'i'  que  Ics  ('(iiisrtiiiciifcs  en  soiciit  aiiimli'fvs  on  n^paii'i's ;  niii 
bicii  s'il  pent  yjardcr  IcsIUmumi  I't  nVlcvcr  aniMiiiti  if't^lamatimi.     S'il  rrclaiiic,  ci  (|mi'  sisI 
plaintcsHoit'iit  fondt'cs,  !(*  ftonvcnuMnciit  tin  caiitfMir  doit  aimiilt'r  la  (disi!  aiiini  taitcMiil 
iin'pris  d'mit'  soiivcraiiiotc'  iiciitro;  s'il  ii(M'(''(;laiin«  pas  mil  n'cst  iidiiiis  a  In  lain-  imMrhiil 
ft  Ic  jijoiivfiiH'iiicnt  (In  captt'iir  n'li  pas  a  tiMiircoiiiptc  do  pannllrs  ol)j<M!tioiis.' 

But  it  is  said  tiuit — iiulepeiulently  of  any  violation  of  ♦^  >rritoiy  in  tlm 
I  ^   ^^    sense   of  international   relations — I'et'.auso   liie  vessel  was  I 
hrrn!\r,y'ww'iZ    ecfuipped  and  arnje<l  in  defiance,  or  in  fraud,  of  the  niiiiii 

ci[>al  law  of  Clreat  liritain,  it  was  incumbent  on  the  l>ririsli| 
autliorities  to  seize  her  when  sin;  next  entered  a  IJiitish  port.  In  this  con- 
tention  there  api)ears  to  be — I  say  it  with  all  possible  respect — ooiisidi  r. 
able  confusion  of  ideas,  aiul  a  losing  sight  of  elenuMitary  [uincaplcs.    l] 
agree  with   M.  Staeinptii  that,  these   vessels  having  been  ordered  liy 
agents  of  the  confederate  government,  it  is  the  same  thing  as  though  tlicv 
had  been  ordered  by  that  government  itself;  and  that  there  Wiisjoii- 
secpiently,  in  respect  of  them,  a  violation  of  the  municipal  law  of  (Irciitj 
Britain  by  the  confederate  government  itself.     But  it  is  a  great  niistiikc 
to  sui)pose  that  a  breach  of  the  municipal  law  of  a  neutral  couiitr.v,] 
though  relating  to  neutrality,  becomes  a  violation  of  the  territorinlrifilitsl 
of  the  neutral,  because  committed  by  a  belligerent  power.    Tliecdiann' 
ter  of  the  oll'ender  does  not  change  or  affect  the  character  or  (juiilitv  otj 
the  offense.     Nothing  short  of  a  breach  of  neutrality,  according  to  iiitii- 
national  law,  can  Justify  a  resort  to  lorcible  iv-easures  on  the  part  of  tlie] 
neutral  as  ibr  a  violation  of  his  neutral  right*. 

Now,  the  equiiunent  of  the  Florida  in  England  for  the  service  of  tlio 
confederates  constituted  no  violation  of  neutrality  by  intertiatioiial  law.  i 
the  vessel  not  having  been  armed,  or  sent  out  for  the  present  pni-posc 
of  war.    (3n  her  way  to  Nassau  she  would  have  been  sul)ject  to  stiizniv 
as  contraband  of  war;  but  that   is   all.     In   like  manner,  thoujih  the | 
arming  of  the  vessel  at  the  desert  islan<l  of  Green  Cay  may  have  been. 
strictly  speaking,  a  violation  of  British  law,  yet,  there  being  noprcseiitj 
purpose  of  war,  it  was  no  viohitiou  of  neutral  territory  within  the  nilis 
of  international  law.     It  was,  at  the  utmost,  a  breach  of  the  law  otj 
Great  Britain.    And  here  the  distinction  should  be  kept  in  view  to  wliid 
I  have  already  referred,  and  vhich  seems  to  me  to  have  altogether  bt'Oi 
lost  sight  of,  namely,  that  a  breach  of  the  municipal  law,  though  itiiiiiy 
be  of  a  law  relating  to  neutrality,  does  not  constitute  a  breach  of  iii'ii  j 
trality  as  between   nations.     That  which,  if  done  by  a  snbjeet,  wouldj 
simply  anionutto  a  breach  of  his  own  law,  does  not  become  a  violation  [ 
of  neutrality  because  done  by  a  foreigner.    Norisit  the  more  so  hocaiisej 
done   by  a   belligerent  government,  or  the  agent  of  such  goveriuiieiit. 
Let  such  a  government  send  agents  to  purchase  ships  e(piippi'd  ainlj 
ready  for  war,  not  with  any  immediate  purpose  of  using  them  as  ships 
of  war  on  leaving  port,  but  that  they  may  be  conveyed  to  its  own 
country,  to  be  eventually  used  for  war,  if  such  an  act  is  au  oifeiisel 
by  local  law,  it  will  still  be  au  offense  against  the  local  law  alone.    How, 
then,  can  it  be  said  that  for  a  violation  of  municipal  law  alone  a  iieiij 
tral  can  sci./e  a  vessel,  in  respect  of  which  that  law  alone  has  heeu  vio 
lated,  when  it  has  become  the  property  of  the  government  of  anotlioij 
state  ?    No  principal  of  the  law  of  nations  is  more  firmly  settled  or  uiii 
versally  acknowledged  than  that  an  independent  sovereign  or  gove^l^  j 

1  "Kfeigles  iutcruatiuuales  et  diplumatie  de  la  uaer,"  vol.  ii,  p.  21)8. 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALKXANDKR    COCKHrRN. 


415 


Tf 


<*  ll'SyMtl"lM(Mli>t(iln| 
|Mr    ]:i     nilllitr    i\vA 

ainntioiis  ilc  rctiitj 
iTs'il  y  II  fii.  nil  >']] 
i"i  sii  iirniirc  (limiit.M 
lie  ri'diniicrciiiiliMJ 
'PS  oil  n'piiii^s;  nil  I 
[■(''('limic,  ct  (111)'  siij 
l>i'isc  iiinsi  lniti';iii 
H  i\  111  I'airi^  lioiirliii  j 

)jtM'ti()IIS.' 

t  M'l'itory  ill  tlm] 
I  lie  vessel  Wiisl 
(1,  of  tlie  iniiiii- 
lit  oil  the  llritislil 
loit.  Ill  this  eon. 
<|)ect — consider- 
•y  principles.    t| 
leeii   onleied  liyl 
L«'j»s  tlioii;ili  tlicy 
,  tiiere  Wiis,  eoii-l 
|)al  liiw  ot'(lre;itj 

ii  <i'i'eiitinistiiki' 
neutral  coiiiitn,! 
territorial  rifiiitsi 
er.    Tlie(;liai;n- 
:ter  or  (piality  ot'| 
;eor(lin<;' to  inter- 
1  tbe  part  of  tlii'j 

e  service  of  tlie 
ternatioiial  liiw.j 
present  i)nri)()S(' 
iihject  to  seiziuv 
ner,  though  the 
may  have  bci'ii, 
jeiiijj  no  present 
within  the  rules 
1  of  the  law  of 
in  vie\vto\vliieli| 
altogether  been 
,  thonji'h  it  may 
breach  of  iic"-: 
subject,  would 
!ome  a  violation 
more  so  because  | 
.cb  o-overiiment. 
equipped  iiiid 
tbem  as  ships  | 
yed  to  its  owi 
is  au  offense 
w  alone.    How,  | 
aw  alone  a  utMi- 
le  has  bceu  vie- 
iient  of  another  j 

settled  or  uni 
eia-n  or  govern-  j 

,  p.  298. 


it 


niont — and,  fin*  this  purpose,  tlie  government  of  a  state,  as  yet  ackiiowl- 
tdjicd  only  as  a  belligerent,  must  be  taken  to  be  an  independent  gov- 
friiiiicnt — is  not  amenable  to  the  iiiunieii)al  law  of  another  eonntry. 
All  lights,  all  (tbligations,  all  duties,  all  liabilities,  as  between  sovereign 
1111(1  sovereign,  state  ami  state,  government  and  government,  <lei»end 
wholly  and  solely  either  on  express  eonvention  or  on  the  principles  and 
lilies  of  the  (!oniin(tn  law  of  natitnis.  How,  then,  in  the  matter  of  an 
iiitVaction  of  the  municipal  law  only,  could  a  neutral  state  lia^e  recourse, 
asiigainst  a  belligerent  government,  to  the  powers  which  that  law  gave 
it  against  its  omii  subjects  alone  ! 

lint  assuming  even  that  a  neutral  state  would  be  entitled  to  seize  a  ves- 
sel, though  armed  with  a  commission  from  a  belligerent  power,  by  reason 
olsonie  ollense  committed  against  its  neutrality,  as  a  rei)aration  for  a 
wrong  doiH' against  itself,  how  can  it  possibly  be  asserted  thatit  is  under 
liny  obligation  to  do  so.'  It  may  be  said  that  a  nation  is  bound  to  maintain 
itsowii  sovereignty,  to  vindicate  its  honor,  to  maintain  the  inviolability  of 
its  territory  ;  and,  morally  speaking,  this  may  be  true;  but,  I  ask,  what 
law  is  there  which  makes  it  obligatory  on  it  to  do  this  i    A  state,  like 
an  individual,  may  omit  to  insist  on  its  rights,  among  others  on  its  right 
of  reparation  for  wrong  done  to  it — nnusijidsque  potetit  rvnuniiara  jurl  pro 
«f  vnnsiitiito.    I  cannot  admit  the  argument  that  it  is  less  free  to  do  so, 
k'Ciinse  it  is  to  the  interest  of  a  belligerent  that  it  should  resent  a 
wrong  by  force,  and  so  inflict  damage  on  his  adversary.     To  ask  for 
apology  or  reparation  is  one  thing;  but  to  seir.e  the  ship  of  another 
state,  is  neither  nun-e  nor  less  than  a  step  towards  war.     It  is  an  act 
wliich  no  powerful  state  would  submit  to;  which  would  lead  to  reprisals, 
ill  all  probability  to  war.     It  is,  therefore,  one  which  no  ])owerful  state 
sbouhl  have  I'ecourse  to  as  against  a  weak  one.    Again,  the  neutral 
state  may  be  a  weak  one — the  wrongdoing  belligerent  a  powerful  one. 
Ilie  neutral  maj'  have  the  strongest  motives  for  remaining  at  peace.     Is 
it  to  be  said  that,  in  spite  of  all  such  considerations,  the  neutral,  who 
would  not  have  recourse  to  forcible  measures  so  far  as  his  own  interests 
are  concerned,  is  nevertheless  bound  to  do  so,  no  matter  what  may  be  the 
cnnsequences,  because  the  other  belligerent  lias  a  right  to  insist  on  it ' 
Vet  this  is  what  I  understand  our  honorable  president  to  maintain.    I 
ciuiiiot,  for  my  part,  concur  in  such  a  view.    What  would  be  said  if  a 
state,  the  neutrality  of  which  is  secured  by  international  arrangements, 
such  for  instance  as  Belgium,  were  to  find  itself  in  sncdi  a  position  ? 
Would  it  be  bound  to  have  recourse  to  force  because  a  belligerent  had 
liad  a  vessel   of    war    constructed    in   one  of   its   ports   without   its 
knowledge.     I  cannot  think  so.    I  ado[)t  the  conclusioi;  of  M.  Ortolan. 
Tlie  (piestion  whether  a  breach  of  its  neutral  rights  shall  be  resented 
or  not  is  matter  for  the  neutral  state  to  determine.     "  C'est  a  lui  a  juger 
s'il  y  a  en,  on  s'd  n'y  a  pas  en,  veritablemejit  atteinte  pcntee  a  sa  souve- 
rainete;  sMldoita  sajiropre  dignite  et  luix  obligations  d'impartialite  que 
Iiii  impose  sa  qualite  de  iicutre,  de  reclamer  contre  cette  atteinte  et  de  de- 
iiiaiider  que  les  consequences  en  soieiit  annulees  on  '".;»iirees;  ou  bieii 
s'il  vent  garder  le  silence  et  n'elever  aueune  leclamati'f  " 

No  doubt  a  neutral  state  may,  and  in  some  instances  ought — as,  for 
instance,  in  such  a  flagrant  case  as  the  capture  of  the  Florida  by  the 
Waclinsett  in  the  port  of  Bahia — to  insist  ou  redress.  If  the  Florida 
liad  not  sunk  in  the  meantime,  Brazil  would  have  had  a  right  to  insist 
on  her  being  set  at  liberty.  But  what  if  the  Florida  had  not  fortu- 
nately sunk,  and  the  United  States  had  refused  to  release  her  on  the  de- 
maiui  of  Brazil  ?  Though  the  latter  might,  if  so  minded,  have  made 
reprisals,  or  gone  to  war  in  vindication  of  her  own  rights,  will  any  one 


I'    ) 


i ;- 


416 


AKIUTRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


say  that   I>ra/,il  must  necessarily,  and  as  matter  of  oblisulioii  to  ('• 
coiitiMleratf  ^iovcriimt'iit,  liave  mnw  to  war  with  tlie   United  St;if 
Snrely  it  is  Ibr  a  nation  whose  neutrality  has  been  infrinj^cd  to  ji,  ^, 
Ibr  itself  whether  it  will  or  will  not  resent  it.     In  8(»me  eases,  as  when. I 
the  (lispaiity  of  force  is  very  K>"t'i»t»  't  miyiit  not  think  it  politic  to  <li) 
fo.     In  (jthers,  wlier*' the  de^i'reo  of  oliense  is  comparatively  sli<;lit,  it 
ini{;ht   not  be  thou^jht  worth   whil«^  to  follow   the  nmtter  up.     In  tlio 
juesent  instance,  (Jreat  liritain  havinjf  no  diplomatic!  relations  wiih  t||,J 
confedeiate  {government,  had  no  opportunity  of  remonstrating.    This  is 
an  in(!onvenience  which  necessarily  accompaides  the  n'co;>hition  of  ImI- 
Ij^icrency    without   that  of  soverei};rity,   thou^ih  the  inconvenience  js| 
counterbalan(;ed  by  other  wei^^hty  considerations.     Heino'  thus  niiahli! 
to  remonstrate,  will  it  be  said  that  (iroat  Hritaiu  oujijht  to  have  rluownj 
the  weif^ht  of  her  arms  into  the  contest  {•■oin^y  on  between  theConlcdciiitcj 
States  and  their  more  powerful  opponent,  because  these  vessidsliad  iiiaii- 
a^'cd  to  ;>et  away  from  her  shores  *  esi)ecially  when  there  was  very  awnd 
doubt  whether,  in  respect  of  vessels  armed  out  of  IJritish  jinisdictioii,! 
any  ollense  had  been  committed  apiiust  international  law.     Woidd  tlicj 
uorld's  oi>inion  have  sanctioned  su«di  a  iiroceedin<j  ?    At  all  events, 
would  not  i)ublic  opinion  have  repr(d)ated  the  seizure  of  these  vessclsl 
.ns  an  act  of  unpardonable  perfidy,  if  they  had  been  allowed  to  enter 
lUitish  ports  without  notice,  a  deliberate  intention  of  seiziuj,' themliav-i 
iufi"  been  tirst  i'ormed? 

Jn  truth,  this  contention  on  the  part  of  the  United  States  is  entirely 
an  afterthou«;ht.  During  the  whole  course  of  the  war,  amid  tlie  nu- 
merous demands  and  re<damations  made  by  the  United  States  (lovein-j 
nient  and  its  rei)resentatives,  it  never  occurred  to  them,  so  far  as  I  ami 
aware,  to  sujujjfest  to  Her  Majesty's  government  to  detain  these  vessels! 
on  their  euterin<»"  liritish  ports.  The  concdusion,  then,  at  whieli  1  ar-[ 
rive  is  that,  even  if  Great  liiitain  had  a  rijiht  by  international  law  toj 
sei/-e  thest^  vessels,  she  was  not  boun<l  to  do  so,  and  'oannon  lionor] 
could  not  have  done  so  without  K'^ius:  notice  ;  that  'Jnited  Statesj 

had  no  rij>ht  to  insist  on  the  seizure  of  them,  and,  j..  .  events,  neverj 
having  attempted  to  do  so,  can  have  no  right  now  to  claim  damages  l»yj 
reason  of  its  not  having  been  done. 

IJut  it  has  been  said  tliat,  whether  or  not  Great  Britain  had  the  riulitj 
nut,<,r.x,iu,iins  to  seize,  or  wliether  or  not,  having  the  right,  she  was! 
'"'"""""''"""  under  any  (d)ligatiou  to  exercise  it,  or  whether  or  not  sliol 
was  bound  to  give  notice  of  the  intention  to  do  so,  the  goveinnieiiti 
should  have  resented  the  violation  of  its  law  by  refusing  to  the  deliiij 
quent  vessels  entrance  into  British  ports. 

The  answer  is,  that  the  questions,  whether  the  law  of  Great  Ihitaiuj 
ha«l  been  broken,  and  whether  the  vessels  were,  in  this  sense,  <leliii(iiu'iitj 
or  not,  were  in  each  case  disputable  questions  of  mixed  law  and  facr,! 
which  could  not  in  any  way  be  investigated  between  Great  JJritiiiii  aiMll 
the  Confederate  States,  and  on  which  the  opinions  of  high  legal  aiitlioiij 
ties  in  Great  Britain  were  kriowu  to  differ.  It  was  the  right  and  diityj 
of  the  British  government,  under  such  circumstan(;es,  to  take  the  coursoj 
which  it  deemed  most  consistent  with  the  maintenance  of  a  strictly  inii 
partial  neutrality  ;  and  if,  under  the  inliuenceof  this  motive,  it  deciricdj 
(as  it  did)  against  attempting  to  discriminate  between  the  ditfcrcnt  vt's-l 
sels  bearing  the  public  commission  of  the  Confederate  States,  it  acted  iiil 
the  exercise  of  its  own  proper  right,  and  violated  no  obligation  diu'tol 
the  other  belligerent.  The  rules  of  the  treaty  of  Washington  are  wliollyj 
silent  as  to  any  such  obligation,  and  the  law  of  nations  imposes  none. 

The  question  as  to  the  etiect  of  a  belligerent  couiuiissiou  iu  the  caseo^ 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR   ALEXANDER   COCKBURN. 


417 


lis'iilioii  to  tl' 
United  St;it 
iiiHi'd  to  ju  „.,| 
Ciiscs,  iis  wlicrc, 

it  politic  to  do 
tivtdy  sli-;lit,  it 
ttcr  ii|i.  Ill  till) 
latioiis  Willi  tlit> 
rat  ill};'.  This  is 
(tj^iiitioii  of  licj. 
iconvciiiciicc  is 
in;;-  thus  iiiial)!*! 

to  liav«'  throwul 
tlicCoiilcdcnitc, 
•t'ss(dsliad  mail- 1 
L'  was  very  f,Mvat; 
ish  Jnrisdictiiiii, 
iw.     Would  tlii',1 

At  all  events,, 
of  these  vessels 
Mowed  to  enter 
LMziiiytlieiuliav-l 

itates  is  entirely 
r,  amid  tlie  nil- 
States  (loveni-j 
I,  80  t'ai-  as  I  anil 
liii  thesi'  vessels] 
1,  at  which  I  ar- 
national  law  tol 
;oiiiinou  lioiKU'f 
United  States 
events,  iievcrj 
lini  damages  by; 

n  had  tlio.  ri;;litj 

iii'lit,   she   wasi 

'tlier  or  not  sliol 

lie   "■ovei'iiinciicj 

111"'  to  tlio  deliii-| 

d'  Great  liritniiij 
Mise,  delimiiu'iitj 
(\  law  and  iiictj 
■eat  JJritaiii  aiulj 
>h  loyal  authmi 
riojht  and  diityl 
take  the  coiiiso| 
of  a  strictly  im- 
)tive.  it  deei«i(Ml| 
le  dirt'ereiit  vcs- 
ates,  it  acted  iiJ 
difjatioii  dm' tol 
gton  are  wlioily| 
imposes  none. 
Ion  in  the  case  of 


1  vessel  illojjiiH.V.ni'mt'd  in  a  neutral  port  came  nndor  the  considoration 
iilii  cir(!uit  court  of  the  IJnitod  States  in  the  <!ase  of  the  United  States 

|a  IVters' — a  ease  ndatin;^  to  a  ship  called  Les  Juineanx,  otherwise 
lit'Ca^sins.  The  result  was  remarkable,  and  is  deserving' of  serious 
ittciition. 

The  vessel  in  question  was  originally  si  British  euttiu'  eiigii;?<!d  in  the 
iiiiiiea  trade.     Shewasi)icrced  tor  twenty  ;;uns,  but  only  car-    ,.,„„  „f  ,|,„  i.„,. 

iiiiMlfonr  yunsiii  broadside  and  two  swivels.     Ilavin<;  {)assed  "'"' 

I  into  the  ownershii*  of  one  Leinaitre,  a  Freiudiiiian,  she  came  into  I'hila 
ijclpliia  with  cargo  as  a  merchant-vessel.     Leinaitre  having  udmitted 
iitlicis  of  his  <;ountrynien  to  joint  ownership,  it  was  resolvtui  to  augment 
;|it'  force  of  the  vessel  with  a  view  to  her  sale  to  the  Frencdi  government, 

Itlit'ii  at  war  with  England,  as  a  ship  of  war.  The  attempt  having  been 
]nvveiited  by  the  United  States  Government,  the  vessel  left  Phihuhd- 
]iliia  ill  ballast;  but  some  sixty  miles  (h)wn  the  river  took  in  more  guns 
;iii(l  a  consi(Uuable  number  of  men.  Tlu^'e  was  no(h>ubt  that  what  was 
iliiiio  amounted  to  a  breach  of  tiie  neutrality  act  of  17U4.     One  (ruinet, 

I  who  had  taken  part  in  arming  the  vessel,  was  indicted  under  that  act, 
fiiiind  guilty,  and  was  sentenced  to  u  year's  imprisonment  and  a  line  of 

I  m). 

The  vttssel  was  sold  to  the  French  government  and  duly  commissioned 
;isa  vessel  of  war.  Coming  into  Philadelphia  the  year  after,  with  a  prize. 
Ill)  less  thin  three  suits  arose  ;  one  in  rem  for  restitution  of  the  prize  ; 
HR' ('«  persouam  against  J)avis,  the  olticer  in  command  of  the  Cassius, 
damages  for  taking  the  prize  vessel,  neither  of  which  are  in  point  to 
tlie  present  purpose;  in  the  third,  a  Mr.  Jvetland  instituted  a  suit  to 
bvc  the  vessel  declared  forfeited.  The  act  of  17!)-l  giving  half  the  value 
iittbrfeited  vessels  to  the  informer,  Jvetland  tiled  his  information  for  the 
fiii'i'eiture,  as  it  is  technically  termed  <jiii  tr  >ii,  for  the  benefit  as  well  of  the 
treasury  as  himself,  on  the  ground  of  the  illegal  eipiiimient  of  the  vessel 
till' year  before.  On  M.  Adet,  the  French  minister,  writing  to  complain 
III  this  procedure,  Mr.  Pickering,  then  Secretary  of  State,  repliiMl  that 
llie  executive  could  not  take  this  case,  any  more  than  it  couhl  the  inv- 
wliiij;' one  relative  to  the  same  vessel,  from  the  judiciary;  and  that 
till' court  had  decided  that  it  could  not,  in  this  penal  proceeding,  ac 
1  n'pt  security  for  the  Cassius  in  lieu  of  the  vessel  herself.  11g  stated 
till' iiiKjuestioned  fact  that  the  Cassius  was,  the  year  before,  fully  e<piii) 
lieil  and  arine(l  in  the  United  States,  and  that  the  a<!ts  done  had  been 
already  decided  (in  the  trial  of  The  United  States  vs.  Guinet)  to  be  a 
violation  of  their  hiws  of  neutrality ;  and  he  added  that  the  French 
minister  ought  not  to  be  surprised  that  this  matter  should  become  a 
siibject  of  judicial  inquiry,  and  the  elt'ect  of  the  subsequent  alleged 
tiiiiisfer  to  the  French  government  a  matter  of  jiulicial  decision. 

The  United  States  Attorney  was  instructed  by  the  Government  to 
I  iiitervtMie  in  these  suits,  and  to  suggest  for  the  consideration  of  the 
M'oiirt,  as  matter  of  defense,  the  transfer  of  the  vessel  to  the  French 
?i)veriinient,  and  her  having  been  commissioned  by  the  latter,  which  he 
'lilt  ill  the  form  of  a  suggestion.  In  the  suit  in  rem  against  the  vessel, 
iit  the  term  of  the  court  in  April,  171)(>,  the  Secretaiy  of  State,  Mr,  Pick- 
winjj,  requested  M.  Adet  to  furnish  the  evidence  of  the  bonajide  trans- 
it to  the  French  governineut,  for  the  use  of  the  United  States  attorne.\ . 
M.  Adet  replied,  declining  to  furnish  proofs  to  the  judiciary  of  a  sale 
i'd  payment,  saying  that  his  relations  were  solely  with  the  Executive. 

'Kepoi'tud  in  3  Dallas,  121,  aud  iu  a  note  to  Dana's  edition  of  Wboatou,  reprinted  iii 
'lie  liiitod  States  Doenments,  vol.  vii,  p.  18. 

27  B 


418 


ARBITRATION    AT   GKNEVA. 


m^'  - 


L  fi    !   ' 


'"     i 


1»    ' 


IIo,  liowovcr, /iave  a  certificate  tliat  the  vessel  was  a  Frencli  pultlicslii|., 
duly  coiimiissioned,  to  wliicli  lie  afterward,  on  request  of  the  attoiiicv. 
added  the  (hite  of  her  ac(iniriiif;'  tiiat  character.     ]Mr.  Kowle,  tlic  liiitid 
States  attoriu^y,  expressed  l»is  fear  that  this  certilicate  wouhl  not  1,,. . 
acce|>ted  as  lejial  proof;  but  M.  Adet  declined  to  furnish  any  otlicr,  ;isj 
beiieatli  the  dij;iiity  of  his  nation,  and  informed  the  Secretary  of  .State ! 
that  the  French  j-overnment  had  ordered  him  to  ascertain,  in  conference 
Avith  thi>  Secretary,  the  reparation  for  the  injuries  and  damaji'es  iVom  tiiej 
])roceedin<;s  in  the  matter  of  tiiis  vessel;  and  that  he  furnished  the 
certilicate  as  a  courtesy  to  the  United  States  Goveinment  and  n(»t  foiui 
cause  in  which  the  French  {•overnment  had  any  further  interest.    In 
October  term,  1700,  the  motion  of  the  United  States  attorney  for  adis. 
missal  of  the  proceedings  came  on  for  arj;ument.     At  the  licaiiii;;, 
another  (pu'stion  i)resented  itself  under  the  statute,  namely,  wlictlnij 
the  circuit  court  could  take  co{;nizance  of  informations  for  forfcitiiic 
under  the  act  of  1704;  and  the  court  dismissed  the  ])ro<!iedinj;s  m  the 
jirouud  that  su<'h  a  suit  must  be  instituted  in  the  district  court,  and,. 
conse(jUently,  that  the  cintuit  <;ourt  had  no  Juris«iiction  in  the  cause. 

Thus,  no  decision  was  actually  oiven  by  a  court  of  law  on  tlio  im 
l)ortaut  (piestion,  how  far  the  commission  of  a  bellij;erent  ])u\vci'  woahi 
be  a  bar  to  the  seizure  of  a  vessel  illegally  equipped  or  armud  in  the, 
jK)rt  of  a  n'.'utral.    Uut,  on  the  other  hand,  the  intervention  of  tlie  (idv 
ernment,  through  its  chief  legal  oflicer,  with  a  suggestion  to  the  e(antj 
in  which  the  suit  was  pending,  tliiit  such  a  commission  ailbrded  a  snfii- 
cient  defense,  shows,  beyond  all  possibility  of  doubt,  that  the  Uiiittil 
States  (lovernment  considered   the  (piestion  as  one  which   it  ought  toll 
raise  in  i'avor  of  the  belligerent  who  liad  arquired  ])roi)erty  in   tl^'  w>| 
scl,  and  had  commissioned  it,  notwithstanding  that  there  had  been  J 
flagrant  violation  of  its  own   neutrality  and  of  its  own  law;  and.  whaj 
is  of  still  greater  importance,  that  the  United  States  (Jovernment  wonli 
not  itself  seize,  in-  be  party  to  the  seizure  and  condemnation  ol  a  vesx 
under  such  eircumstaiu-es,  but,  on  tiie  contrary,  did  its  best  to  opimimJ 
it.     With  what  pretense  of  reason  or  Justice,  then,  can  it  be  said  tli  J 
(lieat  Hritain  was  bound  to  d(»,  for  the  benefit  of  the  Fuited  States.  iiJ 
the  case  of  the  I-'lorida,  what  the  American  (iovernnunt  not  oidy  retusnlj 
to  do,  but  opposed  being  done,  uiuler  pre(;isely  the  sanu'  circunisian(e>lj 

1  proceed  to  the  considerati(»n  of  another  sid)ject  which  arises,  in  thii 
n„.|ii„.r,.„t  tbst  instance,  with  respect  to  the  l''loii<la,  but  which  niip 
su,,,"',',''.'',',!  equally  to  the  whole  series  of  \  es.s;'ls  with  which   wc  huM 
to  deal,  mimely,  that  of  the  entry  and  slay  ol  bilii-iieii 
ships  of  war  in  the  ports  and  waters  of  a  neutral,  and  of  the  siip[tlif 
which  imiy  be  there  alVorded  to  them. 

There  ar<'  certain  points  on  which  all  writers  are  unanimous,  and.  ij 
J  had  till  now  imagined,  all  nations  agreed. 

A  .sovert  ign  has  absolute  dominion   in  and  over  his  own   ports  ai 
p.,«,f  ol  n..,.,.,i  waters,     lie  can  j)erniit  t!u'  entrance  into  them  to  I  lie  shi| 
*""'"'""•  of  other  nations,  or  refuse  it ;  he  can  grant  it    tosonie.  e;ii 

deny  it  to  (ttln-rs ;  he  can  subject  it  to  such  restri<-tions,  coiKllii.ni  . 
regulations  as  he  pleases.     lUit,  by  tlu^  universal  comily  of  luitntns, 
the  absence  of  su(;h  restrictions  «»r  prohibilioi\,  tln>  ports  an»l  waters 
e\('ry  nation  are  open  to  all  conters.     Ships  can   freely  enler,  ant'  Itve^ 
stay;  can  have  lu'cessary  repairs  dom»;  can  obtain  supplies  <n' e\ei 
kind,  and  in  nnliinitr'd  (piantity ;    and  though   their  crews,  \> lieri  "I 
shore,  are  subject  to  the  local   jurisdiction,  ships  of  war  are  coiisiili'iv| 
as  fbi'ining  part  of  the  territory  of  the  country  to  width  they  IteliiiiJ 
anil,  consequently,  as  exempt  from  local  Jurisilictioii;  and,  save  a>i^| 


Slav  nC  hcllicrreiil 
sh.p^ 

coal  thi  It 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALP:XANDER   COCKBIRN. 


419 


L'en(;lipul>li('sliiii,i 
,  of  the  iittdi'iicy. 
lOwlo,  tlic  I'liiti'd 
to-  \V()iil(l  not  lie 
ish  any  othor,  as] 
ocivtary  of  StMtc 
ain,in  conrt'ieiicc 
(lainaji'os  iVoiii  tlicl 
lie  I'liniisliod  tln' 
lent  and  nut  foi  ;i! 
tlier  interest.    In 
ittorney  tor  a  (lis- 1 

At  the  heariii:.] 
,  namely,  wlu'tlnij 
oiis  for  rorti'iliiicj 
>ro('t'e(liii<;s  on  tlnv 
istrict  «-ourt,  uiid.j 
111  in  the  eausc. 
of  law  on  tlu'  ii 
■rent  iiuwei'  wouM 
.  or  arniud  in  the 
ention  of  the  (lo\  j 
stion  to  the  nmitl 
)n  alVorded  a  siiiii 
t,  that  the  Initnll 
which  it  oui^iit  1 1 
L-operty  in  tln'  \*.'s| 

tliere  had  heoii  J 
vn  law  ;  and.  wiia:! 

ioveriinieiit  woiiMl 
nnation  of  a  vts- 

ts  best    to  opiioM'! 

all  it  be  said  tin 
Tnited  States,  ml 

utnotoiil.N  ictUM"l| 

ineeireunistiiiiivsl 

hieh  arises,  in  iM 
,  hut  whieh  apltlic 
th  whieh  wt-  li;iv< 
,|iiy  of  bclliL;i'rin5 
I  id' of  the   supi'li''^ 

inaninious.  and. 

iis  own   ports  iUit| 
I)  llu'in  to  Ihf  sliii'^ 
[tilt  it    to  some.  i;i 
lions,  condili'*!'--' 
Imity  of  nations.  11] 
l)()i'|s  antl  waters. 
\\  enter,  anil  I'ml 

supplies  of  e\ti.1 
lir  crews,  when  "I 
Ivar  are  coiisidi'iv'| 

hiih  they  hfl"i'^ 
li;  and,  save  a>ii 


pirds  sanitary  or  other  port  regulations,  as  protected  l>y  the  tlaf>"  under 
wliich  they  sail  from  all  interference  on  the  iiart  of  the  local  authority. 
Such  is  the  state  of  things  while  the  world  is  at  peace.  Unt  if  a  war 
arises  between  any  two  countries,  a  considerable  moditication,  no  <hnibt, 
of  the  rights  both  of  sovereigns  who  remain  neutral  and  of  those  en- 
i;ii<)ed  in  the  war,  immediately  arises. 

While  the  neutral  sovereign  has  the  undoubted  right  of  imposing  any 
restrictions  or  conditions  he  pleases,  in  respect  of  any  of  the  forej:  .  iig 
IKiiticnlars,  on  the  ships  of  w;r  of  either  belligi>rent,  yet,  if  he  exercises 
that  right,  the  eipuilit^'  whieh  is  e.s.sential  to  neutrality  retiuires  that  ho 
shall  impose  them  equally  on  both,  and  enforce  them  e(|ually  against 
both.  On  the  other  hand,  by  the  universal  a<u:^ord  of  nations,  the  bel- 
lijierent  is  bound  to  respect  the  inviolability  of  neutral  waters,  and 
therefore  cannot  attack  his  enemy  within  them,  or  make  them  the  base 
of  hostile  operations,  lie  is  .subject  als(>  to  restraint  in  thvo.o  other  im- 
|iortant  iiarticulars:  he  cannot  reci  lit  his  crew  from  the  neutral  i)')rt; 
lie  cannot  take  advantage  of  the  opiiortunity  atforded  I'.iui  of  having 
repairs  done  to  augment  in  any  resi>ect  the  warlike  force  of  his  vessel ; 
lie  cannot  piireha.se  on  the  neutral  territory  arms  or  munitions  of  war 
for  the  use  of  it.  The.se  restrictions;  are  imposed  b^'  the  law  of  nations, 
independently  of  any  regulations  of  the  local  sovereign,  liesides  this, 
the  lielligerent  is  bouiul  to  conform  to  the  regulations  made  by  the  lat- 
iirwitli  nderiMice  to  the  exerci.se  of  the  liberty  ace<u'd(Ml  to  him  :  but 
subject  to  these  conditions,  a  belligerent  vessel  has  the  right  of  a.sylum, 
thiit  is,  of  refuge  from  storm  and  hostile  pursuit;  has  liberty  of  ( iitry 
and  of  stay  ;  that  of  having  the  repairs  done  which  are  necessary  to  en- 
iihle  it  to  keep  the  sea  in  .safety;  and  that  of  obtaining  whatever  is 
necessary  for  the  puriiose  of  navigation,  as  well  as  sui»plies  for  the  sub- 
sistence of  the  crew. 

And,  be  it  remembered — I  fear  it  has  not  always  been  borne  in  mind — 
tlieliherty  thus  atforded  is  not  by  the  general  law  subjected  to  any  liinita- 
lons  as  regards  ll^llgth  of  stay,  ciuaiility  of  siipi>ly,  or  condition  as  to 
lie  future  |U'ocee<lings  of  the  vt'ssd. 

riie  ease  of  the  United  Slates  seeks,  indeed,  to  put  further  limits  on 
tiie  liberty  thus  eon(!eded  to  belligerent  ships,  it  would  i..,„,,,„,.,,t..,ii,y 
in'oliibit  "successive  sui)plies  to  the  same  ves.sel ;"  would  "'-^ '"iiH  si„t.M. 
iiiiiit  repairs  to  be  done  t»t  a  belligerent  vessel  to  such  as  are  "absolutely 
iHTossary  to  gain  the  nearest  of  its  own  jiorts  ;"  would  make  the  per- 
mission atforded  to  a  vessel  to  take  what  it  calls  "an  excessive  supply 
I'f  coal"  a  failure  in  the  jterformanee  of  the  duty  of  the  neutral. 

Such  restricti(»ns,  though  they  maybe  created  by  the  will  of  the  hjeal 
sovereign,  have,  however,  no  existence  l>y  inte.  national  law.  They  are 
unknown  to  it.  No  autluuity  is  adduced  in  siipp(Ut  of  them,  nor  can 
iiiy  he  found.  No  writer  on  internatitinal  law,  in  speaking  of  the  geite- 
lal  lilierty  of  belligerent  vessels  to  have  >•  Mciirs  dtMu^  or  to  obtain  siip- 
I'lies.  speaks  of  any  studi  restriction  as  ex.  «ting  independently  of  local 
iiuuiations.     The  authorities  are  eonelii  .\c  to  the  contrary. 

Two  leading  author.^  are  ex[ui'ss  on  the  point.  31.  Ort»»lan  writes 
thus: 

l.cs  i(';i]i's  r<'!;iti\'cs  i\  I'liccos  ct  an  si^jmir  niDiiii'iitiiiu- dcs  ln'iliiiifiits  dans  lc.>  jxn'ts 
'tilaiis  ics  inlcs  t'ti'aii;;crs  ifstciit  Ics  nu'iiR'is  t-n  tfMi[is  dr  [mix  ([irfn  ti'in|ih  dc  yiK  iif. 

-M.  liautefenille  says: 

•''ii^ilt!  niaritiinu  consisto  a  rcfcvoir  daiiH  ics  radcs  fcrniocs,  nn'inc  d:  as  Ics  iiorts.  Ics 
''itiiiit'iits  (leH  l)Hll'.>;«?i'oMt.s,  (pu^  It'ur  i-iitri'L'  mtit  voloiitain*  on  U('.es8it<'  iiar  Ic  Ifuipcte, 

Dipkniiati*'  tlv  la  uilt,  vrd.  ii,  p.  'iHi. 


420 


ARBITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


I 


E-fel 


'i 


|i!ir  le  manqno  do  vivrcs  on  pur  tonto  autre  cause,  un'me  par  la  poursuite  de  IVinmni 
Li's  vaisseaux  adiuis  pcuveut  aclieter  les  vivres  (|ui  leur  nont.  necessaires,  ropanr  lis 
avari(!S  faites,  soit  i>ar  les  accidents  de  iner,  soit  par  le  combat,  soiyner  leur.s  inuliuli- 
on  lenrs  blessds,  jxii-s  soiiir  Uhrvment  pouv  aUer  lirrer  de  iioiinrtiix  combats.' 

While  restraints  may  be,  and  often  have  been,  iinimsed  by  ncutial 
sovereijjns  in  respect  of  the  entry  of  belligerent  vessels  into  tlieir  ports 
and  waters,  of  the  length  of  their  stay,  and  of  the  supplies  to  be 
attbrded  theui,  no  one  has  till  now  ever  gone  the  length  of  saying  that 
it  forms  any  part  of  the  obligations  of  the  neutral  to  make  such  regu- 
lation'3. 

The  greater  number  of  the  maritime  states  made  none  such  on  tin- 
occasion  of  the  civil  war,  except  as  regards  the  reception  of  privateers. 
it  being  the  apparent  desire  of  all  nations  to  put  down  forever  this 
worst  and  most  noxious  form  of  maritime  warfare.  Some  imposed  a 
restraint  on  ships  of  war  bringing  prizes  into  their  ports,  though  mostly 
this  was  confined  to  privateers.  Spain,  France,  Brazil,  and  Great  IJiitain 
adopted  the  rule  contained  in  Her  Majesty's  instructions  of  the  .'Ust 
.lanuary,  1802,  of  limiting  tlie  stay  of  belligerent  vessels  to  twenty-t'oui 
hours,  except  in  cases  of  necessity ;  Brazil  and  (ireat  Britain,  but  these 
alone,  that  of  limiting  the  supply  of  coal  to  the  quantity  sufficient  t^ 
take  the  ship  to  the  nearest  port  of  her  own  country. 

The  government  of  the  Netherlands  issued  instructions  to  the  Gov 
ernorsof  its  West  India  colonies,  limiting  the  stay  of  belligerent  vessels 
of  war  to  twice  twenty-four  liours,  but  afterward  did  away  with  such 
restrictions  on  the  occasion  of  a  complaint  made  by  tiie  United  States, 

By  article  4  of  the  present  maritime  regulations  of  the  Nethcrlaiuls 

it  is  provided  that — 

The  ships  of  war  of  the  lielli<i;erorit  parties,  provided  they  submit  to  the  interi>atioii;i' 
reji;uiations  for  their  admission  into  neutral  ports,  may  remain  for  an  iinliinilcd  tiiiir 
in  I)utch  harbors  and  estuaries ;  they  may  also  provide  themselves  with  an  tniliiniln: 
quantity  of  coal.  The  {jovernuKsnt,  however,  n^serves  to  itself  the  ri<;ht,  wlieiK'vir  ii  i> 
thoujfht  necessiiry  for  the  prevention  of  neutrality,  to  limit  the  duration  of  such  sta\ 
to  twenty-four  hours. 

Italy  had  at  the  time  in  question  no  regulations  on  the  subje(!t.  IK 
the  present  Italian  Naval  Code,  (chap.  7,)  while  it  is  provided  that 
"nothing  shall  be  furnished  to  vessels  of  war  or  to  belligerent  priva 
teers  beyond  articles  of  food  and  commodities,  and  the  actual  means  ot 
repair  necessary  to  the  sustenance  of  their  crews  and  the  safety  ot  thcii 
navigation,''  it  is  further  provided  that  "vessels  of  war  or  belligerent 
l)rivateers  wishing  to  lill  up  their  stores  of  coal,  cannot  be  tmiiishcd 
with  the  same  before  twenty-four  hours  after  their  arrival ;''  this  regiila 
tion  being  to  prevent  hostile  vessels  from  leaving  together. 

Nothing  is  said  as  to  the  "navigation"  being  to  tlie  nearest  port, ami 
"  stores''  of  coal  are  spoken  of  without  limitation.  It  is  evideut  that 
tliis  code  contemplates  no  such  restriction. 

As.  then,  tiu^  general  law  neither  imposes  any  limit  on  the  sta.y  ot 
a  belligerent  vessel  in  a  neutral  port,  nor  any  restriction  as  to  quaiitit.v 
in  respect  of  the  articles  of  which  it  sanctions  the  supply,  no  (juestioii 
can  arise  as  to  the  stay  of  any  confederate  vessel  in  a  British  port,  m 
as  to  the  quantity  of  coal  supplied  to  it,  prior  to  the  Queen's  Kegiila 
tions  of  January  31,  18()2. 

After  that  date,  the  stay  of  belligerent  vessels  in  Her  Majesty's  port>j 
having  been  limited,  save  under  exceptional  circumstances,  to  tweiit.v 
four  hours,  and  the  sui)plj'of  coal  to  so  much  as  should  be  necessary  tn  I 
take  them  to  their  nearest  port,  and  a  second  supply  within  a  period  otj 
three  months  having  been  prohibited,  it  became  the  duty  of  Her  Ma 

'  Droits  et  devoirs  dea  uationa  ueutres,  vol.  i,  p.  347. 


OPINIONS    OF   SIR   ALEXANDER   COCi-'MURN. 


421 


'  i 


jest.v's  officers  not  to  allow  either  of  these  limits  to  be  exceeded  ;  and  it 
iieciune  the  duty  of  bellij;erents,  knowing  that  they  were  admitted  into 
liritish  ports  on  the  condition  of  complying  witli  tliese  re^^iuhitions, 
lionestly  and  in  good  faitli  to  conform  to  them.  What  if  there  shonhl 
liiive  been  at  any  time  an  instance  of  deviation  from  the  strict  tenor  of 
these  regulations  ?  The  officer  offending  would,  of  course,  be  responsi- 
ble to  his  superior.  Would  the  government  be  responsible  to  the  other 
belligerent  for  any  damage  done  by  the  vessel  ? 

In  the  first  place,  it  being  the  undoubted  right  of  the  local  sov-ereign 
to  impose  such  conditions  as  ho  pleases  on  the  entry  of  belligerent  ves- 
sels into  his  ports,  but  the  regulations  being  directed  to  the  sovereign's 
(iwa  othcers  to  be  carried  out  by  them,  and  thus  forming  part  of  the 
municipal  law  of  the  neutral,  what  right  does  a  belligerent  acquire  to 
insist  that  the  regulations  shall  be  enforced  against  his  enemy  ?  Simply 
that  which  arises  from  the  duty,  always  incumbent  on  the  neutral,  as 
being  of  the  very  essence  of  neutrality,  of  enforcing  against  the  one 
lielligerent  any  rule  which  he  enforces  against  the  other.  If  both  are 
treated  alike  there  can  be  no  cause  of  comphunt. 

Agaiu,  to  constitute  an  ofl'ense  against  the  law  of  neutrality,  there 
must  be,  as  to  constitute  an  oflense  against  any  law,  a  utdlm  anhniif<,  a 
Mem  rea — an  intention  to  contravene  the  law — here,  that  of  showing 
muhie  favor  to  the  one  belligerent  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  other. 

AViien,  therefore,  any  dci)arture  from  the  letter  of  a  regulation  has 
arisen  from  mistake,  as  where  a  governor  believed  that,  because  a  ves- 
>itl  had  suffered  from  r/.s'  major,  as  from  storm  and  tempest,  the  case 
tiiruied  an  excei)tion  to  the  rule ;  or  where  he  considered  that,  because 
lie  bad  furnished  an  extra  supply  to  one  belligerent,  he  might,  under 
similar  circumstances,  do  the  same  for  another ;  or,  where  a  mistalie 
might  be  mude  as  to  the  i)recise  (juantity  of  coal  necessary  to  take  the 
vessel  to  the  nearest  port,  there  would,  as  it  seems  to  me,  be  no  viola- 
tiou  of  neutrality  for  w  hich,on  rational  grounds,  a  nation  could  be  held 
responsible. 

In  all  such  cases  of  alleged  infraction  of  n<'ntrality,  tiie  true  <pies(ion 
cliould  be,  not  whether  a  vessel  has  been  iHimiHed  to  stay  in  a  port  a 
lew  hours  more  or  less  than  the  pre(;ise  time  prescribed,  nor  whether 
a  tew  tons,  more  or  less,  of  coal  have  'uen  allowed  to  be  taken,  but 
whether  there  has  been  an  honest  intei^  "it  to  carry  dut  the  regulatinns 
fairly  and  impartially.  And,  in  judging  i  i  tins,  credit  shoidd  l)e  gj\eu 
topersons  in  authority  ft)r  hoiu'sty  of  pnrjiose  and  desiie  to  discharge 
iheir  duty  faithfully.  This  tribunal  should  take  a  larger  ami 
wore  generous  view  of  offiiual  conduct  than  it  may  have  as- 
Miiued  in  the  eyes  of  jealous  belligerents,  disappointed  that  exclusive 
lavor  was  not  shown  to  themselves,  and  irritate<l  becaus«',  noiw  ithstaud- 
'%  their  loud  denmnds  that  their  oppoiu'uts  should  be  treated  as 
I'iratesand  outcasts,  civilized  nations,  with  (Ireat  liritaiu  at  lieir  liea<l, 
took  a  more  liberal  and  enlightened  view  of  the  ridative  iiosition  of  the 
parties. 

I'lulonbtedly,  if,  after  regulations  had  been  made  by  a  nenti  sov- 
•■leign  as  to  the  accommodation  auil  hospitality  to  be  accor«:  .o  bel- 
ligerent ships  in  the  neutral  ports,  the  r»'gulations  were  enforced  against 
the  one,  while  they  were  not  enforce<l  :»r  were  relaxed  with  regard  to 
I  the  other,  there  woidd  be  a  breach  of  neutrality,  of  which  tlie  less 
iavore«l  belligerent,  if  injury  was  thereby  occasioned  to  him,  would 
liiive  a  right  to  comi>laiu.  And,  in  truth,  it  is  to  this  point,  and  this 
point  alone,  and  not  to  minute  questions  of  hours  of  stav  or  tons  of  coal 


Klnnlv 


j '''ipp'i^'d,  that  the  inquiry  with  reference  to  what  has  been  called  the 
liuspitality  afforded  to  belligerent  vessels  should  be  directed.    Whether 


I 


IH; 


422 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


ITor  Mnjosty's  roftiilntions  wore  earned  out  by  the  local  ft'overiiois  in 
the  (lill'ereiit  ]»orts  iairly  and  eoiiseieiitiously,  with  an  honest  ilcsiic  to 
discharge  their  duty  in  ob^^dienee  to  those  regulations,  we  shall  see  as 
we  advM.iice;  but  so  far  as  I  am  aNvare,  there  is  no  ground  for  snyino 
that  the  ships  of  the  United  States  were  not  admittecl  into  Ibitish  (mits 
as  freely,  or  were  not  suj)i)lied  with  coal  and  other  necessaries  as  liboi- 
ally,  as  the  ships  of  the  (!on federates.  One  or  two  complaints  made  liy 
(punulous  othcials  during  the  war  will  be  noticed  by  and  by.  In  fsiih. 
stance  they  really  come  to  nothing. 

But  a  novel  and,  to  my  mind,  most  extraordinary  proposition  is  now 

put  forward,  namely,  that  if  a  belligerent  ship  is  allowed  to 

luHk.- ui.,.,t  n  In,,  take  coal,  and  then  to  go  on  its  busniess  as  a  shii)  ot  wm, 

this  IS  to  make  the  port  irom  which  the  coal  is  procured  "a 

base  of  naval  oi)erations,"  so  as  to  come  within  the  prohibition  of  the 

second  rule  of  the  treaty  of  Washington. 

We  have  here  another  insta.u;e  of  an  attempt  to  force  the  wordsof  ilic 
treaty  to  a  meaning  which  they  were  never — at  least  so  far  as  oneortlu' 
contracting  parties  is  concerned — intended  to  bear.  It  would  be  absurd 
to  suppose  that  the  British  government,  in  assenting  to  the  rule  as  laid 
down,  intended  to  admit  that  whenever  a  ship  of  war  had  taken  in  coal 
at  a  British  jxjrt  and  then  gone  to  sea  again  as  a  war-vessel,  a  lial)ilit,v 
ibr  all  the  miscliief  done  by  her  should  ensue.  Nor  can  I  believe  tlic 
United  States  (Government  bad  any  such  arrihc  pennre  in  framing  tlic 
rule;  as,  if  such  ha<l  been  the  case,  it  is  impossible  ursnnpose  that  tlicv 
Avould  not  have  distinctly  informed  the  British  government  of  the  ex- 
tended api)li(;ation  they  proposed  to  give  to  the  rule. 

The  rule  of  international  law,  that  a  belligerent  shall  not  make  neutral 
territory  the  base  of  hostile  operations,  is  founded  on  the  principle  tliat 
the  neutral  territory  is  inviolable  by  die  belligerent,  and  that  it  is  tlic 
duty  of  the  neutral  not  to  allow  his  territory  to  be  used  by  one  belli;; 
erent  as  a  starting-point  for  operations  against  the  other.  Tiiis  i> 
nowhere  better  explained,  as  regards  ships  of  war,  than  by  ?r.  (^rtolati. 
in  the  following  passage  : 

I.c  1)1  iiiciiic  j4onoral  dc  I'iiiviolaltiliW  dii  terrifoiro  neutro  cxigo  nnssi  (inc  l'(Mn]ili)i  i!i 
cc  tciritoiri'  lestc  I'liinr  t\o,  toiitt^  incsurc  oil  inoyi'ii  do  jiiiorro,  do  I'liii  dcs  bclli^ji'iiiiii- 
eoiitro  I'imtic.  Cost  mio  olilij^atioii  jioiiroliiionn  dos  l>ellii>-orjuitsdo  s'oii  iil)stonii';  (•'(■>' 
nii><Hi  nil  (lovoir  pour  I'otat  noutro  tl'oxi<jor  eotto  iilistoiitioii ;  ot  o'ost  aiissi  pour  Ini  iiii 
«l"voir  (I'y  voillcM'  ot  d'oii  iiitiintoiiir  rohsorvfitioii  a  roiicoiitrtMlo  tpii  ijiio  ( ,•  soit.  Aiii^i 
il  i«;';piinioiii  a  rautori'-o  (pii  ooiniiiaiido  dans  los  lionx  uoiitros,  oil  dos  iiaviios  lid 
li^i'iiiiits,  soit  <W  <;iioi'ro,  soit  do  ooiiiiuoi'oo,  out  oto  ro(,Mis,  do  itroiidro  dos  iiio.siii('sii('ii>- 
saiios  ]M)iir  n\n'  I'asilo  aoooi'dr  no  toiirno  ]»as  on  niaoliination  liostilo  coiitro  I'liii  ili> 
)>ollif;(  rants;  jionr  onijioolior  spooialonicnt  (in'il  no,  dovionnts  iin  lion  d'ofi  los  liiifimi'iii< 
de  jiuorro  on  los  oorsairos  .snrviMllont  li's  naviros  onnoniis  ponr  los  poiirsnivro  ot  li'^ 
ooml)atti'o.  ot  los  oaptnror  lor.s(|irilssor<int  iiarvtMiusao-dolado  la  nior  toiritorialo.  I'ln' 
th'  oos  nirsnros  oonsisto  a  onipr'clior  la  sjrtio  siniultanoo  dos  iniviros  appartonant  I'l  ili'> 
])iiissanoos  onnoniios  rmio  dc  r.mtro,.' 

It  must  be,  1  think,  i)l:iin  that  the  words  "  base  of  operations"  must 
be  aceei)ted  in  their  ordinary  and  accustomed  sense,  as  they  liavo 
hitherto  been  understood,  both  in  common  parlance  and  among  autlii)r> 
who  have  written  on  international  law.  Now,  the  term  "  base  of  w.ii 
like  operations  "  is  a  military  term,  and  has  a  well-known  sense.  It 
signifies  a  local  i)osition  whi(di  serves  as  a  point  of  departure  and  re 
turn  in  military  oi)erations,  and  with  which  a  constant  connection  ami 
coinmunii'atioii  can  be  kept  up,  and  which  may  be  fallen  back  ni»<i'i 
whenever  necessary.  In  naval  warfare  it  would  mean  sonietliin:; 
analogous — a  port  or  water  from  which  a  fleet  or  a  ship  of  war  luijiiit 


Diplomatic  dc  la  nior,  vol.  i,  p.  2jL 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR   ALEXANDER   COCKBURN. 


423 


>  governois  in 
>nest  desire  t<» 
»'e  shall  sec  as 
\\n\  for  snyii)<{ 
o  ])i'itish  polls 
isaiies  as  liber, 
laints  made  hy 
d  by.     Ill  suh- 

positiou  is  now 
ip  is  allowed  to 
a  ship  of  war. 
is  procured  "  a 
diibitioii  of  the 

he  words  of  I  lie 
ar  as  one  of  the 
rould  bo  absurd 
tlie  rule  as  laid 
id  taken  in  coal 
L»ss(d,  a  liability 
u  I  believe  the 
in  framing  the 
npose  that  they 
neut  of  the  e\- 

ot  make  neutral 
lO  priiu'iph^  that 
|ul  that  it  is  the 

by  one  belli;;- 
other.     This  i> 

by  ?r.  Ortolan. 

issi  ([ne  rciiiiiloi  ill 
(les  l)fllij,'i'raiit' 
ell  iilistiMiiv;  f'f< 
iiiissi  itoiir  Ini  im 
iit>  ( <■  soit.  Aiii^i 
(les  iiiiviii's  lii'l 
ties  iiiesiilfSiMMrs- 
ilc  coiitre  run  i\<- 
(I'oii  les  ll^ltillll■tlt^ 
{iinu'suivie  ct  l'> 
t'-iritoriale,  I  ii'' 
apiiiiiteiiiinl  iiili- 

)erations"innst 

as  they  hiiw 
anion};- authoi> 

I  "  base  of  w.ii- 
lown  sense.  It 
parture  and  iv- 
coniioetioii  au'l 
Umi  back  uimhi 
>aii  soiin'fhiii'-; 
p  of  war  niijilit 


watch  an  oiiomy  and  sally  forth  fo  attaidc  him,  with  the  possibility  of 
liilliii;^  back  ui)ou  the  port  or  water  in  question,  for  fresh  supplies,  or 
siielter,  or  a  rcMiewal  of  operations. 

The  meaniuff  to  be  ascribed  to  the  term  in  question  as  applicable  to 
a  neutral  port  is  to  be  jtathered,  as  Wiis  so  well  pointed  out  by  Sir  lloun- 
dell  Palmer,  from  the  instances  given  by  the  various  writers  on  inter- 
national hf\v.  Thus  we  find  the  distinguished  author  before  referred  to 
saying,  in  addition  to  the  passage  cited  above : 

,Si  (les  forces  iiavales  l)ellijr(:^riiiites  soiit  statiomiees  dans  line  baie,  dans  nil  lleiive  on 
jrL'iiil)itnelinr(^  d'nn  lleiive,  d'nn  (Uat  iiontre,  a  desscin  de  prolitcr  de  ei'ttt;  stiition 
|iimi' exereer  les  droits  de  la  jfiicrre,  li?s  captures  lUites  i>;ir(.'cs  forces  iiavales  soiit  aiissi 
illiVales.  Aiiisi,  si  iiii  iiavire  liclli^ji'i'ant  inonilh'  on  croisant  dan.'*  les  eaiix  iKMitres 
i;i|itiire,  aa  iiioyen  de  ses  einbarcatioiis,  iin  liiltiiiient  (|iii  •"  troiivc  en  d(!hors  des 
liniitfs  de  sos  ciiiix,  va  biltimont  n'est  pas  do  bonne  prise,  bien  (fie  reinploi  dc  bi  force 
ii'ait  pas  ell  lien  dans  co  cas,  snr  le  territoiro  neiitie  ;  luliinnioins  il  (!st  le  lesiiltat  di^ 
rii.s<ij:;e  d"  co  territoiro  ;  ot  iiii  tol  nsa^o  pour  des  dossiuns  bostiles  u't!st  pas  periuis.' 

"It  is  a  \  iolation  of  a  neutral  territory,"  says  Chancellor  Kent,  "for  a  bellif^erent 
.liij)  to  take  her  station  within  it  in  order  to  carry  on  hostile  expeditious  from  tlience, 
III  t(i  send  her  lioats  to  capture  vessels  beyond  it.- 

So  Hetfter : 

Lc  neiitre  ne  doit  pas  perinettre  ((lie  ses  rades  on  ses  mers  territoriales  sorvent  de 
>I;ifiiiiis  aiix  lijitinients  des  puissanc(;s  bellijfi'rantes. 

Lc  respect  dil  aux  mors  territoriales  nciitres  ne  so  luriic  pis  !\  I'abstoution  absolne 
ilf  tout  acte  d'hostiliti^ ;  il  s'('t(!n(l  (''^ahMin-ut  anx  faits  (jui  in'i''[)arent  iinint'diatenient 
(t'siictes.  Ainsi  nne  tlotte,  nn  vaisscan  de  ^iKM're,  un  ariiiateiir  ne  sanrait,  sans  coiii- 
liiftlre  une  violati(Mi  de  territoiro,  s'(Hablir  snr  un  jioint  (iiiclcoiKine  dc  cettt»  iner,  pour 
'\wv  le  passage  desbatiinents,  soit  de  guerre,  soit  niarchands.  de  rciiiieiiii,  on  les  iia  vires 
iiiiitrcs,  er.cor(^  (|u'il  sort(!  d(i  sa  retraite  p(tiir  alter  les  atta(|U(ir  hors  des  liiiiites  dt;  la 
jiiridiction  iieutre.  11  est  do  nn'Miie  df'feiidn  de  croiser  dans  its  eaiix  n'servi'-es  pour 
iiiiivcr  an  iii("'ine  but.-' 

So  IMstoye  and  Duverdy  : 

l.cs  helliirorants  ne  doivont,  iii  par  eiix-in("nu's  ni  par  lenra  corsaires,  s'f'talilir  divis 
li's  iiicrs  nentres,  pour  survoiller  reniKMiii  et  lui  coiirir  sirs.  lis  in;  doivent  non  plas 
I'^tcr  en  croisiere  dans  les  iiiers  neutres,  pour  saisir  rennenii  a  sa  soitn;  des  jiorts 
iifiitres.-' 

None  of  the  instances  thus  given  have  the  remotest  reference  to  the 
CISC  of  a  vessel  which,  while  cruising  against  an  enemy's  ships,  puts 
iiito  a  port,  and,  after  obtaining  necessary  supplies,  again  pursntvs  her 
nmrse. 

If  a  military  or  naval  ollicer  were  asked  whether  a  ship  merely  ])ut- 
;iii^  into  a  port  to  coal,  and  then  going  to  sea  again,  jiossibly  on  a  par- 
tiriilar  warlike  expeditiiui,  but  witiiout  any  iih'a  of  returning  to  or 
I'liiiiiimnicating  with  su(di  port,  for  the  next  three  months,  can  be  ludd- 
til  be  using  it  as  ''  a  base  of  operations,"  he  would  certainly  laugh  at  the 
Miiiplicity  of  the  question. 

That  the  United  States  are  putting  this  constnu'tion  on  the  term  for 
till'  tirst  time  is  plain  from  tlu'ir  own  conduct  throughout  the  civil  war; 
unless,  iiuleed,  they  are  prepared  to  acknowledge  a  peri)etual  violation 
ot  llritish  neutrality  on  their  own  i)art. 

It  appears  from  the  return  sent  from  the  various  British  ports  of  the 
aiiiniuit  of  coal  supplied  to  ships  of  war  of  the  Tnited  States,''  that  these 
Vessels  received  over  j"),(KK)  tons  during  the  (Mvil  war.  It  appears  from 
tilt' claims  made  by  the  United  States  in  ivspect  of  the  employment  id' 
tlu'ir  ves.sels  of  war  in  the  imi\suit  and  capture  of  confederate  ships," 


Diplomatio  do  la  nior,  vol.  i,  p.  302. 

-Kent's  C'lMiiniontaries  on  International  Law,  by  Professor  Abdy,  p.  :t%. 
Mlidit  international,  p.  27;"). 
'Princs  inaritiines,  vol.  i,  p.  lOi?. 
■  liritish  Apjieiidix,  vol.  v,  pp.  22:?-2:t4. 

Ijiited  States  Appendix,  vol.  vii,  p.  120. 


1 

Ml  .  ■  I 


424 


ARBITRATION   AT   GENEVA. 


I 


mm 


}tight  ofniiyhtin. 


tliat  of  tlie  forcjufoiiig  nmonnt  no  less  tlian  4,000  tons  was  had  expressly 
tor  the  i)urpose  of  watching  or  pnisninfj  particular  ships. 

The  case  of  the  Vandcrbilt,  wlien  in  pursuit  of  tlie  Ahibania,  is  a  strik- 
in<>  instance.  After  having  coaled  at  llio,  s!ie  proceeded  to  St.  Helena, 
there  took  in  400  tons,  (all  she  could  get,)  then  proceeded  to  Siinon's 
IJay,  and  there  took  in  1,000  tons;  she  then  went  to  the  Mauritius,  and 
there  coaled  again.  If  the  construction  i)Ut  by  the  United  States  (lox  em- 
nient  on  the  term  "  base  of  operations"  is  correct,  in  every  one  of  these 
instances  there  was  a  violation  of  neutrality,  and  an  infraction  of  tlie 
second  and  third  rules.  Is  there  to  be  one  law  for  the  United  States 
and  another  for  Great  Britain  ? 

But,  in  truth,  such  a  construction  is  altogether  unwarranted. 

It  may,  perhaps,  be  as  well  to  notice,  as  one  instance  occurs  in  this 
inquiry  of  a  vessel  remaining  in  a  British  port  to  avoid  cap- 
ture by  an  enemy,  that  the  right  of  naval  asylum  is  not  sub- 
ject, as  is  that  attorded  to  military  forces  on  land,  to  any  condition  of 
disarniiiip  or  dismantling  the  vessel.  Azuni  alone  proposed  to  subjeet 
a  vessel  seeking  refuge  from  an  enemy  to  a  similar  condition  to  that  of 
a  military  force  on  land,  but  he  admitted  that  no  precedent  could  lie 
found  for  such  a  thing,  and  all  subsequent  writers  have  repudiated  siieli 
a  notion. 

M.  Hautefeuille,  for  instance,  says : 

Le  droit  d'asile  iiiaritinic  difft'iti  csseiitielleinent  de  cclui  quo  les  nciitres  peuvoiitcx- 
crcei'  (Ml  faveur  dt's  belligi'iaiits  Kiir  lo  teriitoire  continontal.  Dans  Ioh  {fiit'iics  tcins- 
ti(!s,  loisqu'iuie  aniK^o,  I'liyaiit  dcvaiit  son  eunenii,  vient  so  icfngier  siir  un  tciiitoiic 
iit'iitro,  j'lle  y  est  revno,  il  est  vrai  ;  olio  y  tronvo  tons  l*'-"  scconrs  d'liiiniaiiito.  Miiis 
I'arnK^e  est  dissontc,  les  hoiunics  (jui  la  coniposciit  sont  dcsaiinds  ot  ("loiiLjnc'.sdii  tlioiitri' 
do  la  K"t'ri"e  ;  en  un  r.iot,  on  roniplit  les  devoirs  d'lnuuanit^  a  I'dgard  des  individus. 
inais  on  n'aecordo  pas  I'asilo  a  I'arniee  pris  couinio  corps.  Le  neutro  ([ui,  an  lii-ii  (Viv^w 
ainsi  quo  jo  viens  de  lo  dire,  accneillerait  los  troupes onneinios, leur  fournirait  dcs  vivns, 
lour  donuerait  le  temps  do  se  reniettro  de  lours  I'atij^urs,  do  soigner  lours  uialiitlts tt 
lours  blessds,  et  leur  perniettrait  ousuito  de  retourner  sur  lo  th(5Atre  dos  operations  inili- 
taires,  no  serait  pas  considdrd  conune  neutro;  il  niauquerait  a  tousles  devoirs  de  son 
t'^tat.  L'asilo  nuuitinio,  au  contraire,  cousisto  a  recevoir  dans  les  rades  iorniees,  ini'inr 
dans  les  ports,  les  biltiuieuts  des  bellij^orants,  (pie  lour  entr(5o  soit  voloutaire  ou  lu'ics- 
sit(^o  ))ar  la  touip(>te,  par  le  inau(pio  do  vivros  ou  par  touto  autre  cause,  nii'ine  par  la 
poursiiito  de  I'enuomi.  Les  vais,seaux  adinis  peuvent  achotor  ks  vivros  (pii  Iciuwnit 
iK'cessaires,  reparer  les  avaries  I'aites,  soit  par  los  accidents  do  uier,  soit  i>ar  le  coiiiliat. 
soif^ner  lours  nialades  ou  lours  bloss(^s,  j>mi8  sortir  lihnmoit  pour  alhr  limrdf  iioiimnix 
combats.  lis  uo  sout  pas,  par  cousdquout,  souuiis  au  d(?saruiouieut  couuno  les  troupes  de 
terro.i 

31.   Calvo,  in  bis  recently   published  work  on   International   Law. 

says : 

Tons  les  auteurs  sont  d'accord  sur  la  difference radicale  h  (>tablir  eutro  I'asile  accoidi' 
aux  forces  navales  et  eeliu  qui  I'est  aiix  troupes  do  torre.  En  ofl'et,  lors(pruuo aiim'c ni 
i'uito  ou  en  ddroute  francliit  les  frontieres  d'nuo  nation  neutrc,  celle-ci  doit  aussitot  Isi 
(b'sarnier,  I'intorner  et  IVloij^ner  le  plus  ])ossiblo  du  tb(?i\tro  des  bostilitds.  Les  niciiiis 
luesuros  no  sout  cvidonunent  pas  praticables  i\  IV^gard  des  uaviros  (piieutront  daiislts 
jiorts,  et  (pi'un  usage  univorsellouient  i^tabli  autorise,  au  contrairo,  a  s'a|)provisioiiin'i. 
a  se  r(^i)areret  a  fairo  soiguer  leurs  blessds,  sauf  ilreiuettreen  mertlbs  (pi'ils  out  poiuvii 
a  lours  besoins.^ 

M.  Hautefeuille  gives  what  .seems  to  me  to  be  the  true  ground  of  tlie 
distinction.  Galiani  and  Azuni  had  ascribed  it  to  the  perils  to  wliieli 
ships  and  men  are  exposed  on  the  seas. 

M.  Hautefeuille  says : 

II  y  a  done  j\  cotto  diftV>rence  iuuuonse  uuo  autre  cause  qu'il  est  nttlo  do  rerliorclicr. 
Je  crois  qu'ello  est  tout  entiere  dans  la  (pialit»^recounuodu  biXtiniont.  II  est  uno  ])iirtii' 
du  torrifoiro  de  son  pays  ;  pour  tout  ce  (pii  concerno  son  gouverneinent  int('rionr,  il  tct 
exclnsivenient  placd  sous  la  juridictiou  do  sou  souveraiu.    Or,  11  est  dvidont  (pronlou- 

'  Hautofeuille,  Droits  et  devoirs  de  natious  ueutrcs,  vol.  i,  jj.  307. 
^  Le  droit  international,  vol.  ii,  p.  4'^0. 


OPINIONS    OF   SIR   ALEXANDER   COCKBURN. 


425 


had  exiucsslv 

una,  is  a  strik- 
to  St.  Ilolciiii, 
led  to  Simon's 
yianritins,  and 
States  ( Jovoiii- 
'y  one  of  tlicsc 
fraction  of  tlie 
United  States 

anted. 

occurs  in  tliis 
•t  to  avoid  cap- 
luni  is  not  snb- 
ly  condition  of 
(sed  to  subji'ct 
tion  to  til  at  of 
ident  (ioukl  he 
epudiati'd  sueli 


?iitres  pcuvpiitcx- 
k'H  ffiicrrt's  IcriTs- 
!i-  8iir  tin  tciiitoin' 
Vhnniiiuitt'.  Miiis 
'l()i<j;n('s«lM  tlit'iUii' 
ml  lU's  iiidividus. 
(ini,  an  li>!ii  i\'i\n'w 
u'niraittlt's  vivics. 
r  liMirs  inaliulfs  ft 
esop^^ratioiis  iiiili- 
les  tlevoirs  dc  son 
les  fc'i'iiu'L's,  im'im' 

oiitain^  tm  iioits- 
lusf,  uieiiie  par  la 

res  ((ui  li'iir  wnit 
oit  par  If  coinliiit, 

limrdr  uoiimtiu 

iiiclestrouiie.sdi' 

national    Law. 

tro  I'asih'  aceonlr 
»rs«m'uiit'anii('('Hi 

ci  (It)it  aiissitnt  la 

itos.  Li's  nii'iiifs 
uioiitrtMit  daiislo 

s'a)>l>rovisioniii'r. 

qn'ils  out  iioiiivii 

ground  of  tlu' 
)erils  to  wliifli 


)\\o  (\c  rorliorcliPi'. 

II  est,  WW  paitii* 

nt  iiitorit'iii-,  il  i''*t 

dvideiit  qii'oiilo"- 

17:507. 


Supply  "f '"Hi- 


I  :ii>r  le  A^i  "iiuMiient,  t'ost  s'iinmiscer  dans  lo  gouvernemont  intorifiir  dn  vaissoan,  c'oHt: 
1  liiirc  un  actt*  dts  jnridiction  sur  lo  vaissean  ;  lo,  princo  nentre  n'a  pas  lo  droit  <1(!  le  fairo. 

ll|ieut  ri'tnsor  rawilo ;  il  pont  I'accorder  siMilotnont  sons  cortainos  conditions,  avoc  dos 

:,'4rictions.  S'il  veut  reinplir  les  dovoirs  d'linnianitt^,  arrachor  lo  liAtiinont  anx  pt^riis 
li  pcnvont  lo  niemicor,  il  le  revolt  duns  ses  ports,  il  Ini  aocordo  los  soconrs  n/'cossairos 

jinir  lo  nifttre  en  (>tat  do  reprendro  lu  uier.    Tel  est,  il  nion  avis,  lo  seiil  motif  do  In 

iiiHi'irnce  dunt  ,je  viens  do  purler.' 

It  is  plain,  therefore,  that  M.  StaeinpHi  was  in  error  when,  in  speakiny; 
of  the  Sumter  at  Gibraltar,  he  assumed  that  her  being  allo\ve<l  to  re- 
liDiiii)  in  port,  to  avoid  hostile  capture,  was  a  violation  of  neutrality. 

It  would  be  to  carry  the  perversion  of  language  too  far  to  contend 

iliat,  to  supply  coals  to  a  belligerent  from  a  neutral  port 

was  a  use  of  the  port  for  a  "renewal  or  augmentation  of 

military  supplies"  within  the  meaning  of  the  rule  of  the  treaty.    The 

jteiui  can  only  have  reference  to  munitions  of  war — things  necessary  for 

iit'tiial  battle,  as  powder,  shot,  shell,  and  the  like.    No  (piestion  has  ever 

I  ken  raised — no  one  has  ever  entertained  a  doubt — as  to  the  perfect  le- 

[!ality  of  supplying  to  a  belligerent  vessel  whatever  was  necessary  to  it 

foi'tlie  purp'\se  of  navigatiou.    ^Machinery  and  (^oal  hs.xving  taken,  in  a 

;;reat  measure,  the  place  of  masts  and  sails,  the  same  priuciple  must  of 

I  toiirse  ai)ply  to  them.     It  was  upon  this  principle  that  the  great  mari- 

iiiie  nations — France,  Holland,  Spain,  Brazil — acted  in  allowing  coal 

I  to  be  supplied  to  confederate  vessels,  it  was  on  this  principle  that  so 

iiliundant  a  supply  was  attbrded  in  British  ports  to  vessels  of  the  United 

Jitates. 

lu  the  result,  then,  it  seems  to  me  beyond  all  doubt  that  no  tjuestioii 
I  mil  arise  as  to  the  stay  of  belligerent  slups  in  British  ports  prior  to  the 
issuing  of  the  regulations  of  31st  of  Jannary,  1S{52,  or  as  to  the  (luantity 
if  coal  supplied  to  them  before  that  time,  so  long  as  equal  accommoda- 
liuu  was  attorded  to  both ;  and  that,  subsequently  to  that  period,  the 
oiily  question  is,  whether  these  regulations  were  honestly  and  fairly 
aited  upon  toward  both  parties  ?  To  that  question  I  shall  now  pro;;ee(l 
[to address  myself,  with  reference,  in  the  first  instance,  to  the  Flori  la. 

Having  left  Mobile  on  the  Kith  of  January,  1803,  the  Florida  arrived 
iitXassau  on  the  20th.    It  is  complained  in  the  Case  of  the 
United  States  '^  that  "  her  entry  into  the  harbor,  though 
made  without  permission,  w^as  condoned;"  that  the  visit  lasted  thirty- 
>ix  hours  instead  of  twenty-four;  "that  the  supplies  exceeded  largely 
ivhat  was  immediately  necessary  for  the  subsistence  of  the  crew  ;"  that 
I'liytlie  permission  of  the  authorities  she  took  in  coal  and  provisions  to 
last  three  months."    "  She  entered  the  port,"  it  is  said,  "without  any 
|ii'strictions,  and  the  officers  landed  in  tl»«'  garrison-boat,  escorted  by  the 
loit  adjutant,  Lieutenant   Williams,  of  the  second  West  India  regi- 
|iiieiit."    "  The  governor  made  a  feint  of  Huding  fault  with  the  wa,\  in 
«liieli  she  had  entered,  but  ended  by  giving  her  all  the  ho^ipitality  which 
Ik'I"  commander  desired." 

Ill  an  intemperate  letter  from  Consul  Whiting  to  Mr.  Seward,  of  the 
■lith,  li(»  says : 

■^IH:  I  have  tlie  lionor  to  inform  yon  of  the  arrival  ut  this  port  this  ninrnitiK  of  the 
I  Mifiilerate  steamer  Florida,  lute  the  noted  Oreto,  in  eonnnand  of  one  Mallitt,  once  a 
li'H  ('iiant  in  the  Unittid  States  Navy.  This  pirate  ship  entered  this  port  withont  any 
Wrictioiis,  with  the  secession  ensijjn  ut  the  peak  and  the  seeossion  war-ponnant  at 
111''  inaiii,  and  anchored  uhroust  of  Her  Majesty's  ship  Burrucontu,  Mutiitt  and  his  olli- 
I'Tsiiiudinfj  in  the  };arrison-bout,  escorted  by  the  fort  udjniuut,  Lieulenaut  Williams, 
'I  tile  second  West  India  regiment. 

Tilt'  pirate  ottlcers  proceeded  at  onco  to  the  Royal  Victoria  Hotel,  to  breakfast  with 
'I"' con  fed  e  rut  e  ngcnts  here,  and  they  were  received  with  mnch  enthusiasm  by  the  se- 

'  Droits  et  devoirs  des  nations  neutres,  vol.  i,  p.  301). 
2puge;}50. 


.  ■'■■  I 

-"■{;■ « 


rf: 


42G 


ARIUTRATIOX   AT    GENLVA. 


4 


L 


''k 


■/■ 


^W% 


cossioii  sympatliizors,  and  ii  (lis]»lay  of  sonossion  hniitin;;.  Tim  piratn  ship,  soon  nfiov 
anclioiinj^,  coininciiccd  I'Daliiii^  )»y  ptTinissioii  of  tlio  j^oveiiior ;  an  cvidiMiro  of  tlic  pi,. 
f(H't  iicntialHy  wliidi  t^xists  licio,  wlicrd  tin-  IJiiitt'd  Statt-s  Htiiaiiicr  Dacotah  lint  ,i  f.u 
nninllis  since  was  only  piirmittcMl  to  take  on  hoard  twenty  tons  of  coal  from  an  Ainrii- 
can  liaik  o(f  llofr  Island,  and  thi'ii  only  on  (Japtain  McKinstry  and  myself  iiled^rjnj; 
oniselvcs.  in /(v/V*H.(/,  "  that  within  ten  days  after  h-avinfj;  this  port  hIiu  would  n(ti  lil^ 
cinisin;^  within  live  miles  of  any  island  of  tlio  Kahanui  govcnunont." 
I'rctty  neutrality,  tliis,  I  must  way. 

.Taxiiaky  27,  1W)3. — Tho  ])irat(!  ship  is  still  at  anchor,  havinjj  exceeded  her  time  nt 
lyinj;-  in  a  neutral  port.  fJauffs  worked  all  nij^ht  takiufj  in  her  coal,  and  hIk^  is  onli  rnl 
to  sea  this  forenoon.  15y  this  time,  howevisr,  my  tlispatches  have  most  liktdy  narliiil 
souH^  of  our  war-vossel.s,  and  I  trust  they  may  ho  ahle  to  capturo  this  formidulili- 
pirate. 

At  imon  tho  pirato  got  nndcr  way  and  stood  out  of  tho  harhor,  hut  coutinucil  nil 
day  coastint;  up  and  down  the  I  log  Island  sliore,  within  two  miles  of  tlm  hmd.  Twenty 
of  her  men  left  here  and  others  were  shipped  in  their  place.  From  one  of  the  desei  teis 
I  gleaned  the  ftdlowing  information,  viz  : 

"  The  Oreto  h>ft  Mohile  January  !.'>,  under  command  of  Mattitt ;  touched  at  Tlavuna. 
where  she  lay  twcMity-four  hours;  thence  sailed  for  Niissau,  when*  she  lay  thirty-six 
hours,  and  took  on  hoard  coal.  .She  has  six  ii'i-itonmh'rs,  two  K-iucli  pivot-guiiM,  two 
hrass  I'-i-pounders,  ample  stores,  ammunition,  and  one  hundred  and  thirty  men."' 

I  do  not  soc  why  it  should  be  stated  in  the  ease  that  the  Florida  re 
niaiiiod  in  the  port  of  Nassau  thirty-six  honrs,  when  Mr.  Whittinjj;'s  U'ttcr 
states  that  she  arrived  on  the  niorninjsf  of  tlie  20th  and  left  at  uodm  oh 
the  27th.  In  i)oint  of  tact  she  remained  twenty-six  hours.  It  Ix^lioovcs 
those  who  make  aeeusations  to  use  "  due  dilij^euee"  to  secure  accuracy 
in  their  facts. 

It  is  to  be  refjretted  that  it  should  be  asserted  that  this  steamer  wns 
allowed  to  take  in  coal  for  three  months,  when  the  other  facts  stated  in 
the  ease  .show  this  to  have  been  impossible.  It  is  dillicult  to  suppose 
that  the  consul  should  not  have  been  aware  of  the  circumstances  uiidci 
Avhich  ('aptaiu  Mallitt,  the  C(uum;inder  of  the  Florida,  had  been  broujilit 
on  shore  in  the  garrison-boat.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  his  statemeiir 
on  this  subject  should  have  been  repeated  in  the  case  of  the  United  Htatcs. 
ac('ompani(Ml  by  the  offensive  remark  that  ^Hho  goveruor  m(«h'(i  fdnf  \ 
of  tinding-*fault  with  the  mode  in  whi(;h  the  vessel  had  entered,  l)ut  eiidiil 
by  gi vino' her  all  the  ho.spitality  which  her  eomnuvnderrecpiired/'especiiillv 
after  the  full  explaimtion  atfonled  by  (lovernor  Bayley  at  the  time,  botli 
to  Lord  Lyons  an<l  to  the  secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies,  whicli  was 
in  due  couise  communicated  to  the  Government  at  Washington.  It  is  tlic 
njore  to  be  regretted  that  these  imputations  should  have  been  niadcbc 
cause  it  must  have  been  known  to  those  who  make  them  that  a  sliipot] 
war  of  the  United  States  had  shortly  before  entered  the  port  of  Nassn 
without  permission;  that  lier  comnumder  had,  in  like  manner,  l)('t'ii| 
brought  on  shore  in  the  garrison-boat;  and  that  the  entry  had  been, 
like  manner,  "condoned,"  aiul  the  ship  allowed  to  remain  in  the  liarltinj 
for  repairs.  The  conduct  of  a  British  governor  being  thus  called  inj 
qiuvstion,  1  think  it  right  to  call  attention  to  the  correspondence,  wliidij 
will  speak  for  itself. 

I\Ir.  Whiting's  letter  having  been  brought  to  the  notice  of  Lord  Lyons.] 
and  his  lordship  having  applied  to  Governor  Hayiey  for  an  explanation, 
the  latter,  in  a  letter  of  the  11th  of  March,  18t>.'5,  replies  as  follows: 

GOVKHNMKNT    HoUSK, 

Nansaii,  Bahamas,  March  11,  I'^f)''' 
MyLouk:  I  have  tho  honor  to  acknowledge  your  lordship's  dispatch  inclosing' ij 
complaint  from  the  United  States  couBul  at  this  port  to  Mr.  Seward,  tito  Secntaiy  I'tJ 
State,  respcu'ting  undue  advantagos  alleged  to  have  boeu  givcu   to  the  confeikMii'l 
Htesimer  Florida  in  this  harhor. 


United  States  Documents,  vol.  vi,  p.  333. 


"T 


\m 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDER    COCKHURN. 


427 


V'O 


his  steamer  was 
",r  fiu;ts  stated  in 
luiuU  to  suppose 
unistaiKU's  iiiiilci 
iivd  been  broui-iit 
i\t  liis  stateiiuMit 
le  United  States. 
rnoi'  miide  n  fv'iut 
eretl,  but  emlci! 
ired,"  especially 
It  the  time,  both 
onies,  \vlii(!h  was 
ii(jton.    It  is  the 
*  been  ma(h%l)t- 
m  that  a  ship  nfl 
ic  port  of  Nassau 
e  manner,  bci'ii 
itry  had  been,  i" 
liii  in  the  harbor | 
cr  til  us  called  111 
)ondence,  wliidi 

ce  of  Lord  liyoii>' 
r  an  explanation, 
a  as  follows: 

MKNT   HOI'SK, 

m,  March  11,  l^t>:'' 
ilispatcli  iiicliwinj:'! 
inl,  the  Se(!ivti»vy  "j 
to  tlio  confeiluniii'l 


In  it'^ly,  I  Wff  h'nvc  to  stiito  tliat  no  miduc  n(lviiiitnf,'t's  were  nocordcil  to  tbf  rioi*i(lii. 
Shi' 111  lived  in  oiii' liiirboi,  liavinj;  stcaiiH'd  over  till'  bar  witliont  a  jiilot,  early  in  the 
inoiiiiiiK  of  tlie  ridtli  of  .lanuary.  I  wan  not  aware  of  it  till  Horl)  o'eloek  a.  ni.  Aliont 
tliiit  iioiir  Captain  Mallitt  called  (I  tliink  in  eoin])any  with  tlie  fort  adjutant)  to  explain 
iliit  lie  was  i;;norant  of  my  proclamation  rei|iiiiinj;  that  permission  shoiihl  he  I'ormally 
;i,1;(mI  before  liny  man-of-war  belon;riiiir  to  either  of  the  two  helli;j;erents  conid  enter 
the  harbor.  I  did  not  see  him  ;  bnt  in  a  very  short  time  I  received  a  letter  from  him, 
ot  which  I  transndt  your  lordship  a  <!opy,  alony  with  the  copy  of  tlie  mtMnorandnm 
•iiloiscd  on  it  by  myself  before  I  siuit  it  to  the  cohtnial  secretary.  The  Khnida  re- 
iiiaiiicd  in  harbor  about  twenty-six  honrs,  during  which  timo  I  neither  spoke  to  nor 
.;iw  rajitain  Matfitt. 

So  far  from  any  advantajjo  havinjjj  been  nccordfsd  to  tho  Florida  which  was  not  nc- 
mnlcd  to  United  States  vessels,  she  did  not  receive  privileges  e([iial  to  those  which  I 
;rnntcd  to  the  United  States  j^un-boat  Stars  and  Stripes,  'i'hat  vessel  entert^d  the  har- 
liiii  withont  jiermission  (which  she  asked  for  aft<'i'  she  had  come  in.)  Her  <'omniander 
iliiii  asked  for  an  extension  of  the  permission,  whii.h  I  also  accorded  ;  and  she  re- 
iiiiiiii(<l  in  harbor,  if  1  remember  rightly,  three  or  fonr  days  for  the  alleged  purpose  of 
iin(lt'r;,'oin<j  repairs. 

I  rt'i;ret  that  the  Secretary  of  States  should  have  pfiveii  credcuico  to  the  misrepresenta- 
timis  of  a  person  of  such  inlirm  ,jiid};inent  and  excitable  temperament  as  Mr.  Whitiiij;- 
hih  jiroved  himself  to  be.' 
I  have,  &c., 

C.  J.  BAYLEY. 

Captain  ^fatlitt,  the  conunandcr  of  the  Fhirida,  having  written  to  the 
Governor,  saying  that  the  vessel  was  in  <listress  for  wan<^  ot  coal,  and 
iiskiiig  leave  to  enter  the  harbor  in  order  to  obtain  a  snp[>ly,  the  follow- 
iijij'  memorandnni  was  made  by  the  governor : 

I  fjrant  this  rcMjnest  nndei'  the  circumstances;  thereby  according  to  a  confeder:»te 
■tiiiiner  the  same  privileij;es  which  I  have  formerly  <;ranred  to  Federal  st(!aniers.  Hot 
iliiiiTcKiilarity  in  diOayiiifj;  to  make  this  reiiiiest  shonld  be  pointtsd  out,  and  the  pilot 
lallwl  on  to  explain  how  he  admitted  the  Florida  without  my  permission. - 

I'opeating  tliese  statements  in  a  letter  to  the  secretary  of  state  for  the 
Liiloiiies,  of  May  2,  (lovernor  l$ayley  adds : 

I  have  no  distinct  recollection  of  the  special  reasons  which  induced  inn  to  impose 
ilic  lostrictitms  mentioned  liy  the  consul  in  the  Dacotah's  coalinji;;  I  can  only  suppose 
tl:;it  I  did  this  in   conseiiiieiice  of  the  i«'rtiiiacity  with   which   Federal   vessels   about 

I  tliiit  time  resorted  to  the  harbor  on  jtretcMise  of  coaliiij;,  but  really  with  the  obj'ct  of 
watcliiii}^  till!  arrival  and  departure  of  Enj^lish  ineichant-vessels,  supposed  to  be 
iriijlited  with  caiffoes  for  the  southern  ports.  Had  not  such  prohibition  l)een  issued, 
111' lijuhor  would  have  become  a  mere  convenience  for  Federal  men-of-war  riiiinin<j;  in 

I  itiiil  out  to  iiitercei>t  liritish  shipping.  And  that  .such  conditions  a.s  I  thon<{ht  it  my 
limy  to  impose  were  tempered  liy  a   proper  feeling  of  courtesy  and   humanity  will,  I 

[iliiiik,  lie  made  evident  by  the  accompanyinji;  letters  from  the  American  consul  on  tlie 
liji'it  of  the  Federal  man-of-war  the  li.  (Juyler,  and  the  inemorandu  of  my  replies 

I  iiiiliuscd  upon  them  by  myself. 
On  tlie  whole  I  am  satislied  that  I  have  acted  with  perfect  impartiality  in  all  my 

I  iblinj;s  with  Federal  and  confederate,  men-of-war.  Fhit  lam  not  suritrised  that  my 
"i:iilnrt  should  have  been  misrepresented  by  so  hot-headed  a  partisan  as  the  late  Amer- 

liian  (oiisiil,  Mr.  Whitiiifj,  whose  ingenuity  in  niisconstriiefion  is  well  illustrated  by 
li*  reply  ro  my  letter  of  the  ii'Jtli  of  September,  of  both  of  which  papers  I  inclose 
iu]iii's,  with  the  indorsation  of  the  draught  of  my  replies  to  his  last  conimunication. 

I  think  that  these  imdosiires  will  be  siillicieiit  to  prove  that,  in  my  demeanor  to  the 
I'lK'iiil  men-of-war,  I  havi*  giMierally  jtreseived  an  attitude  of  fairness  and  imiiaiti- 
aiity;  and  that  if  at  any  time  I  have  appeared  to  assume  an  unfriendly  or  inhospita- 
'iliiiiicii,  the  charge  can  be  fully  explained  and  defended  by  my  desire  toinuintain  the 

l^tmiity  of  a  British  possession,  and  the  rights  of  British  subjects.' 

It  is  not  worth  while  to  set  out  the  inclosnres,  with  the  exception  of 
Itlic  letter  of  Lieutenant  Williams,  the  fort  adjutant,  which  xi...  non.ii  at 
I  is  ol  importance,  and  is  iu  these  terms:  """" 

Nassau,  Nkw  Providknck,  .0)n7  30,  IHfi.^. 
I  Siii;  In  answer  to  your  letter  of  yesterday,  requesting  me  to  state,  for  the  informa- 
I'iiinol  his  excellency  the  governor,  whether  Captain  Mattitt,  of  the  ("onfederate  States 

'  Briti.sh  Ajipeiulix,  vol.  i,  p. 77. 
-  Ibid.,  p.  78. 
■^  Ibid.,  p.  79. 


V  i. 


428 


ARIHTRATION   AT   GENEVA. 


:|-. 


% 


Mtcamor  rioritln,  omiio  aslioro  in  tho  gnrrlsoii-lioaf.,  I  I'cjj  to  obsci-vo  fliiit,  in  tin'  miilrii,' 
«»f  last  yt'ar.  I  rccrived  inHfnictions  tVoni  Ills  cxci^llunfy,  tlinnigli  (lie  ri)l(ini;il  s,.,!,.. 
tary,  tliaf  wluMi  I  hoaidtMl  any  Hliip  of  war  litilonjiinj;  to  citlicr  lu'liii^cuMit,  I  vms  ki 
liantl  to  tiir  (iijitain  of  hiicIi  vessel  a>  i'o|>y  of  tlie  proelnniation  le^rarilin^r  niiiiiiilitv. 
ami  to  ))oint  out  the  clauso  torhiddin;;  ))elli;{ert;nt  vessels  to  anchor  in  the  port  or  it, ad. 
stead  of  Nassau  vvitiioiit  liavin<{  prttvioiisiy  nhtaiiied  th*)  governor's  permission,  aii(liii<r 
at  thti  same  time  that,  eirenmstanees  permitting;,  Iiis  exeelloncy  would  always  he  most 
happy  to  (extend  the  hospitality  of  tht^  port  to  nueh  as  might  reipiire  it. 

Tin;  first  vessel  whi(di  I  had  occiision  to  visit  after  tin;  roceipt.  of  the  ahove  instnu- 
tioiis,  was  tilt)  Federal  ;;un-hoat  Stars  and  HtripuH.  I  pointvd  out  to  the  eaplaiii  tlic 
re<|uiromentsof  thu  ]>roclamation,  but  ho  said  that,  "owing  to  certain  injuries  riceiviii 
1>y  his  machinery,  and  the  rougliiies»  of  tliu  weather,  he  must  anchor  at  once,  oi'  lijs 
sliip  w»tidd  go  on  sh«'' ."  I  therefore  suggested  to  him  tho  propriety  of  eominu  aslKnc 
with  me,  and  proceeding  to  Government  IFouse  to  explain  ])crsoniilly  to  his  excijltncy 
the  iieceNsiticH  of  his  position.  Ho  landed  in  the  garrison-boat,  aud  went  with  iiir  tii 
the  governor. 

A  short  tiniH  after  this  the  Confederate  StateH  steamer  Florida  ran  into  the  port  at 
daybreak,  and  cast  anchor  before  I  was  able  to  board  her.  I  giive  a  copy  of  the  procla- 
Illation  to  Captain  Mailitt,  who  statwl  his  entire  ignorance  of  any  such  restri(;tions,  ami 
expressed  his  regr»?t  for  having  unwittingly  violated  the  regnlatioiis  of  tlu^'  )iort,  and 
also  asked  me  what  course  he  had  better  follow.  I  told  him  that  he  had  better  fwiu- 
ashore  in  my  boat,  and  go  with  me  to  the  governor,  exi»lain  matters,  and  ohtiiiii  tlir 
necessary  jiermission  to  remain.  He  therefore,  like  the  captain  of  the  Stars  ami 
Stripes,  lauded  in  the  government  boat,  and  proceeded  with  me  to  his  excellency  tlu' 
governor. 

Trnstiiig  that  his  excellency  will  consider  tho  above  cxplanutiun  siiflicient  for  tlii' 
piu'iiose  for  which  he  may  retiuiru  it,  I  have,  &c., 

(Signed)  S.  W.  WILLIAMS, 

Lieutenant  2d  V  eat  Indian  Ueyimenl,  Fort  Adjntdnt.^ 

The  tribunal  niibst  jiulg:e  for  itself  how  far,  after  these  exphtiiatidiis. 
whidi  were  cominuiiicatetl  to  the  United  States  Governiiietit,  aiul  the 
fact  that  precisely  the  same  circnnistauces  had  previously  occurred  with 
a  Federal  vessel— unless,  indeed,  the  word  of  a  British  governor  or  of  ;i 
IJritish  officer  is  to  be  discredited  or  set  aside  by  an  offensive  sneer— 
the  color  attempted  to  be  given  to  this  transaction  in  the  case  of  the 
United  States  is  just  or  right.  I  pass  on  to  what  is  of  greater  relevancy 
to  the  present  in(iuiry,  namely,  the  quantity  of  coal  taken  by  the  Florida 
on  this  occasion. 

It  is  stated  in  the  American  Case^  that  the  Florida  at  the  time  in 
question  "received  a  three  months'  supply."  A  nu)ment's  reliectioii 
would  have  sufficed  to  satisfy  those  who  make  this  rash  assertion  that. 
upon  their  own  data,  it  must  necessarily  be  incorrect.  The  only  ovi 
deuce  adduced  in  support  of  it  is  a  loose  statement  from  the  Liveriioul 
Journal  of  Commerce  of  the  27th  February,  18G3,  in  which,  after  say 
ing  that  the  Florida  had  arrived  at  Nassau  on  the  30th  January,  (instca*! 
of  the  2(lth,)  it  is  said,  by  some  one  writing  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic, 
that  she  left  on  the  evening  of  the  3l8t  (instead  of  the  27th)  "fully  snp 
plied,"  it  is  not  said  with  what,  "for  a  three  months'  cruise."'  To  wliidi 
must  be  added  a  i>assage  from  an  anonymous  journal  afterwards  Ibund 
on  board  the  Florida,  in  which  it  is  said,  under  tho  date  of  Jainiaiv 
2(5,  "We  took  on  board  coal  and  provisions  to  last  us  several  montbs."^ 
But  when  we  come  to  the  only  evidence  worthy  of  a  moment's  consider- 
ation, namely,  the  deposition  furnished  to  Mr.  Whiting  by  John  Deiii 
eritt,  who  assisted  to  put  the  coal  on  board,  the  quantity  is  rediu*ed  to 
180  tons.  "I  suppose,"  he  says,  "she  had  on  board  over  180  tons  that 
we  put  there ;  she  did  not  have  less  than  that  quantity."  ^  Yet  even 
this  must  have  been  au  exaggeration.    According  to  the  report  of  the 


1  British  Appendix,  vol. 
J  Pages  :<.'>l,  35iJ. 


i,  pp.  79,  80. 


•Tnited  States  Documents,  vol.  vi 
*  Ibid.,  p.  :w.'i. 
» Ibid.,  p.  33G. 


334. 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALKXANDKR    COCKRURN. 


420 


at,  in  till'  iiiiibllr 

ic  <'()l()lll;ll  MTfc- 
li^ficnl.  I  was  to 
idiiiH  iiiMitiiility. 
the  port  (ir  ii,M(l. 
iniiissiiiii,  aililiii^ 
il  always  ))(•  imist 
t. 
ht^  above  iiistiiic- 

0  till)  raplaiii  tli*' 
injuries  rcccivi'd 

i>r  at  oiKM',  (tr  iiis 
of  coininu  aslmri' 
to  liis  cxi'i'llciii  y 
went  with  iiic  to 

1  into  the  poit  at 
ojiy  of  tlie  iii'dcla- 
1  ri'strietiiMis,  ami 
■I  of  the'  iKut,  and 
)  had  hetter  idiiu' 
•s,  anil  nlttaiii  tin' 
of  the  Stars  ami 
his  excelli'iiey  the 

snllicient  tor  thf 

iVILU.VMS, 

/,  Fint  Adjitlunt.^ 

le  explanations. 
niuMit,  iUMl  the 
y  occMirrcd  with 
;ovonior  or  of  ;i 
t'l'iisivc  siieor— 
the  case  of  tin- 
iter  relevancy 
by  the  Floiida 

at  the  time  in 
ent'8  retlectioii 
assertion  that, 
The  only  ovi- 
I  tlie  Liverpool 
lieh,  after  say 
Hilary,  (instead 
at"  the  Atlantic, 
th)  "fully  sup- 
iC."''     To  wliidi 
terwards  fouml 
Ate  of  January 
eral  months."^ 
lent's  consider- 
by  John  Dem- 
is  ri'ilneed  to 
r  180  tons  tliat 
,'-5     Yet  even 
e  report  of  the 


y 


r.ritish  ofH(;ers,  who  afterwards  surveyed  the  Florida  at  Bernmda  in 
Jane,  1<S(»I,  and  which  will  be  set  ont  hereafter,  her  «'apaeity  for  carry- 
jiii>;  coal  was  limited  to  l.'{(»  tons.  Denieritt,  it  is  true,  says,  "  we  placed 
M)nie  on  deck,  and  in  every  place  that  wonld  hold  it ;'' but  a  vessel  of 
war  would  not  be  likely  lo  incumber  her  d«'cks  with  very  much  <'oa! ; 
nor  in  siu'h  a  ves.sel  would  there  be  many  places  in  which  coal  could  be 
stowi'd,  except  tho.so  expre.s.sly  uppropriateil  to  the  pur[)ose.  liear- 
Ailiniral  Wilke.n,  writii'^f  to  Governor  Walker  at  l>arba(h>s  on  the  <»th 
ot  March  following,  says  that  the  Florida  had  "oblain<'d  a  full  supply 
1(!(»  tons)  at  Nas.sau;"'  but  yives  no  other  authority  than  the  publitt 
piints.  Ibit  even  if  Demeritt's  statement  as  to  the  (piantity  having 
been  180  tons  could  be  taken  as  true,  it  would  fail  to  bear  «)ut  the  as.ser- 
lii)n  of  a  three  months' supply.  For  it  is  stated  in  the  I  Tnited  States 
iiise-  that  the  Florida  "{•enerally  sailed  under  <ianvas,  and  that,  when 
using  steam  in  the  i)ursuit  and  capture  of  vessels,  her  consumption  of 
iiial,  as  shown  by  her  log-book,  did  not  average  i  tons  a  ihiy."  Now,  at 
the  rate  of  4  tons  a  day,  a  supply  for  three  months,  or  ninety  days,  would 
liiive  amounted  to  .'?(»0  tons,  /.  c,  Just  double  the  amount  which,  accord- 
ing to  Demeritt's  statement,  she  actually  took  in. 

Hilt  the  best  proof  of  the  incorrectness  of  the  assertion  is  to  be  found 
in  what  follows  in  the  American  Case  :' 

Tlie  Florida  left  tho  port  of  Nassau  on  the  afternoon  of  the  *i7th  of  .January,  18n;{. 
li\  the  luiddlc  of  the  foilowiufj  nn)uth  her  eoal  \>as  jjettin^  low.  On  tho  '•itith  day  of 
Fi'liiiiary.  Admiral  Wilkes,  in  eonunand  of  the  I'nited  .States  s(|nadron  in  the  West 
liidics,  wrote  to  his  Governnu^nt  thus:  "The  fact  of  the  Florida  haviii<»  Init  a  few 
kiys' loal  nnikes  mo  anxious  to  hav4^  our  vessels  otf  Martinii|ne,  which  is  the  only 
;>laiiil  at  which  they  can  hope  to  j^et  any  eoal  or  supplies,  the  Fn;>lish  ishnuls  heiuji 
lit  i)lf,  under  tho  rules  of  Her  Majesty's  '•■oxei'nnM^nt,  for  sonu- sixty  days  yet,  which 
fiviliiih's  the  possibility,  unless  by  chieanery  oi'  fiiind,  of  the  ho|ie  of  any  coal  or  com- 
iiiit  there.''  Admiral  Wilkes's  hopes  were  destined  to  disin>pi>intnieut.  On  the  'illh  of 
Feluiiary,  two  days  before  the  date  of  his  «lispatch,  the  Florida  had  bin-n  in  tho  harbor 
>i  Uarhailos,  and  hiul  taken  on  board  ubuut  IIJU  tons  of  eoal  in  violation  uf  tho  in- 
MiiK'tions  of  .Janviary  :51,  1>H)2. 

Uow,  if  the  Florida  took  with  her  from  Nassau  a  provision  of  coal 
siitlicient  for  three  months,  or  even  180  tons,  as  stated  by  J)emeritt,  her 
mal  could  have  been  getting  low  in  a  fortnight's  time,  even  tlioiigh  she 
liad  been  obliged  to  consume  a  greater  quantity  than  usual,  owing  to 
bad  weather — or  how  far,  having  taken  iu  sucli  a  quantity,  she  could 
by  the  24th  of  February  have  been  able  to  take  in  100  tons  more — her 
iiipacity  being  limited  to  130  tons — it  is  for  those  who  make  these  ap- 
paiently  inconsistent  statements  to  explain.  For  my  part,  1  must  de- 
tliiie  to  give  credit  to  them. 

We  may  then,  I  think,  safely  assume  that  the  Floiida  tool:  away  with 
ber  from  Nassau  little  more  coal,  if  any,  than  whjit  her  capacity  enabled 
ber  ordinarily  to  carry.  At  the  same  time,  it  must  be  admitted  that, 
reference  being  had  to  the  regulations  of  the  31st  of  January,  thi.s 
||iiaiitity  was  iu  excess  of  what  would  have  sulliced  to  take  her  to  the 
nearest  port  of  the  Southern  States.  But  up  to  this  time,  there  being, 
"wiug  to  the  blockade  of  the  southern  ports,  no  port  of  their  own 
I'oinitry  to  which  the  confederate  cruisers  could  resort,  aud  these  ves- 
sels being  consequently  compelled  to  remain  at  sea,  the  colonial  gov- 
miors  appear  to  have  relaxed  somewhat  of  the  rigor  of  the  rule ;  a  line 
«*'  conduct,  however,  which  was  soon  after  changed  by  reason  of  what 
wciured  on  the  occasion  of  the  visit  of  this  same  vessel  to  Barbados  in 
tbe  ensuing  month,  to  the  facts  of  which  I  am  about  to  refer. 

'  Britiah  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  93. 
2  Pago  352, 
'  Page  354. 


m^ 


430 


AKMUTUATION    AT    GKNKVA. 


The    Florida  arrived  iit   Uarhados  on  tlio  Liltli   of  I'\'briiiiry.    TT 


At    IIUIIKUIOH, 


cr 


IS  al- 


roiniiiiiiuh'r  statcd'to  the  •governor  that,  iinh'ss  he  w 
lowed  to  have  some  liiiiilier  to  repair  diiiiiayeH  which  UvUml 
satfeied  in  a  recent  {•ale  of  wind  to  tlui  northward,  and  some  cuiil.  as 
every  hit  In^  had  had  lu'fore  had  heen  exhausted  in  the  same  had  w.iitlici, 
he  eonld  not  ^o  to  sea,  and  shonhl  be  ol>!i;;'ed  to  land  the  ukmi  and  strip 
the  ship.  Ife  n'eeived  perudssion  to  ship  !>()  tons  of  coal.  No  nun. 
]>laint  is  made  as  to  the  <piantit,v  thus  allowed;  hnt  it  is  alle;:>t>(|  tiiat  a 
supply  «)!"  (!oal  having  been  gi-antetl  within  a  month  i)reviinis,  the  I'm. 
ther  allowance  thus  accorded  was  in  ('ontiiuention  of  the  ie,t;iiiiitiinis 
of  .laniuiry  .'$1,  1S(>2.  And  this,  no  doubt,  strictly  speakiii''.  i,^  (hk.; 
and  it  is  admitted  by  (loveruor  Walker  that,  though  he  had  not  re- 
ceived ollicial  information  that  the  Florida  had  rcieived  the  supply  at 
Nassau,  yet  the  fact  had  transpired  and  was  not  unknown  to  him.  Put 
it  apitears  that  the  view  he  took  was  that  the  rule  laid  dowu  was  ndt 
applicable  to  a  case  of  distress,  and  tlu^  case  was  dealt  with  by  him  a> 
the  earlier  (iase  of  the  Federal  ship  San  Jacinto  had  been  ;  both  vcs.scis 
having  been,  to  use  (Jovernor  Walker's  own  expression, ''dealt  with 
specially  as  being  in  distress,"  and  therefore,  "  without  reference  to  tlni 
circumstance  of  having  been  in  IJritish  [uirts  within  the  previous  finvc 
months."' 

1  trust  we  are  not  called  upon  to  doubt  the  word  of  Governor  Walker 
that,  in  granting  liberty  to  the  Florida  to  take  in  a  fresh  supply  ofcDal, 
he  believed  himself  to  be  following  a  precedent  set  by  himse  I  in  the 
case  of  the  8an  .Ia<!into.     It  has,  however,  since  been  dis(!overed,  tliniiiih  j 
oidy  as  lately  as  last  year,  by  reference  to  the  papers  of  the  Navy  I>i' 
])artment  of  the  United  States,  that  it  was  a  mistake  to  suppose  tliat 
the  Han  Ja<!into  when,  on  the  l.'Jth  of  November,  ISOli,  (the  oiicasioii  t(t| 
which  Sir  James  Walkei-  had  referred,)  she  took  in  a  sup[»ly  of  7.")  tons] 
of  c(»al  at  Barbados,  had  had  a  supply  from  a  British  port  within  time 
months  before.^    That  the  governor  believed  she  had  done  so  must  lu; 
taken  as  undoubted.     II<'  referred  to  the  fact  at  tin'  time,  in  his  coiivcr 
sation  with  Admiral  Wilkes,  as  the  precedent  which  he  had  to  lowtil 
with  reference  to  the  Florida.     How  the  mistake  arose  adnni.<  of   asv 
solution.     It  appears  from  a  letter  of  INIr.  llobeson  io  Mi'. 
.S<'cretary  F'ish,  that  on  the  1st  of  November,  J 8(12,  tlic  Saii| 
Jacinto  "came  to  anchor  in   (Irassy  Bay,  oft"  l^ermuda,  and  tlicrc  iv 
niained  till  the  morning  of  the  Ith,  having  l)een  in  port  sixty-tliicc  IkhiisI 
twenty-seven  niinut(>s,"     Jt  appears  from  return  of  the   United  Siatisj 
men-of  war  that  visited  Ueruiuda  during  the  civil  war  (set  out  at  pa^v 
220  of  vohune  V  of  the  Appendix  to  the  IJritish  Case,)  that  tlic  S;iii 
Jacinto  and  another  United  States  shii)  of  war,  the   INLohican,  eiiti'iidj 
Grassy  Bay  together  on  the  1st  November,  and  that  the  latter  \va<| 
allowed  to  repair  damages,  and,  as  not  being  on  a  bcdiigerent  ernunl.  tnl 
taivC  in  1(H)  tons  of  coal.''    The  fact  of  the  two  ves.sels  having  put  iiiMJ 
Bermuda  together,  an<l  of  the  one  having  coaled  during  tlu'ir  stay.  .i| 
fact  which  must  have  come  to  the  governor's  knowledge,  would  easily 
account  for  any  confusion  which  might  have  arisen  as  to  which  of  tiicm 
it  was  that  bad  coaled  on  that  occasion. 

The  (;oaling  of  the  Florida  at  Barbados  gave  rise  to  a  more  ri,<,'()nt'isj 
application  of  the  rules  contained  in  the  regulations  of  January.  l><i!: 

The  American  admiral,  Wilkes,  who,  as  we  know  from  his  letti'i  iit| 
the  20th  of  February,  had  been  lying  in  wait  for  the  Florida  otf  Marti 

'  IJi'itish  ApiHMulix,  vol.  i.  \t.  [)2. 

'-' I'liitod  States  Doeuiii'iiits,  vol.  vi,  p.  IJ45. 

^British  Appeiidix,  vol.  v,  p.  "itJO. 


niti'i)uiiiic)>. 


TV 


Of'INIONS   OF    SIR    ALKXANDKR    COCKIUUN. 


431 


Vbrniuy.    Her 

'SS    he    \v;is   ;il- 
H  wliicli  lie  Inid 
I  some  coal,  as 
If  \y,u\  w.iitlicr, 
\  iiUMi  and  sli'i|i 
(M)al.     Nt)  ('((111. 
<  allcj-t'il  that  a 
I'vioiis,  the  I'm- 
the  r«',i;iilatii»iis 
'iikiii''.  In  tnit'; 
1u^  had   not  re- 
d  tin'  supply  at 
,-ii  to  liiiii.     Hat 
[  down  was  lait 
with  l»y  liiiii  as 
'11 ;  both  vcsst'ls 
loii,  '' dealt  with 
n'rcucncc  t<t  tlu'. 
c  previous  thivc 

overnor  Walker 
h  supply  offoal. 
y  hinisc  I   in  the 
^covered,  tlii)a.:;li 
)t'  the  Navy  l»i'i 
to  suppose  that  I 
,  (the  occasion  to 
fupply  of  7")  tons] 
K»rt  within  thivt- 
louo  so  nuist  he 
le,  iu  his  convcr 
he  hud  I'ollowiil 
itdudl-  of   asyi 
llobeson  (O  Mr. 
r,  1S('»L',  the  Siiiil 
a,  nud  there  n- 
sixtv-tliree  hoarsl 
Uuite<l  Stattsj 
(set  out  at  pa^t' 
,)  that  the  Smil 
ilohicaii,  entendj 
t   the  latter  w; 
••ereiit  errand,  tol 
""havin.u'  pnt  int'il 
nj;-  their  stay,  .il 
o-{',  would  oasilyl 

0  which  ot  tiu'iiij 

1  more  ri;,'ori"is| 
January,  l^i'-' 

•oui  his  letter  "tl 
h>rida  olV  Martif 


iii(|U(',  no  sooner  heard  of  Imm*  havlM<;  put  into  and  coaled  at  Harhados, 
ihan  Ih^  sou;{lit  a  pei'.sonal  e.\plaiiati<ui  from  (loverncu'  Walker.  The 
;;()vernor  explained  the  luineiple  on  which  he  had  acti'd,  and  refeired  to 
tlie  eoalin<;'  of  the  San  .laeinto  as  a  pieeedent  directly  in  point.  Me 
liiilcd,  however  to  appeas*'  the  anji'cr  of  the  admiral,  who,  ha\in;i  re- 
tinned  to  his  ship,  addri'ssed  to  the  ;.;overiM>r  an  olVensivi'  letter  of  le- 
iiionstrance,  or  rather  of  reproach,  with  a  demand  <»f  explanation,  a  pro- 
tccdinn'  wh(dly  unpr«'cedented  and  iri'eyular,  it  lieinj;'  alt(>;;('ther  ltey(Mid 
(he  authority  of  an  ollicer'  of  the  I'nited  States  Navy  to  addri'ss  a  letter 
lit  ienionstran(!e  to  the  (Queen's  repi'csentative  in  the  person  of  the. 
;'(ivcrnor  of  oiu^  of  her  ccdonies,  in  respect  of  a<*.tsdone  in  the  execution 
III  liis  duty,  siu'.h  represent  li've  l)«'in^'  responsible  to  Her  .Majesty  aloiu', 
iiial  any  alleged  mi.s(!ondiu;t  on  his  part  bein;;"  nuitter  for  discussion  be- 
tween the  two  ji'o\ crnnu'Uts. 

(lovernor  Walker,  of  course,  decdined  to  furnish  any  explanation  iu 
answer  to  su(di  a  denminl,  and  tr.insinitted  .\dmiral  NVilke.s's  letter  to  the 
Dake  of  New<rastle,  then  .secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies,  with  a  sim- 
|ili'  statement  of  the  facts. 

IJoth  these  letters  were  submitted  to  the  law-ollicers  of  the  Crown,  to 
report  whetlu'r  there  had  been  any  breach  of  Her  Majesty's  regulations. 

The  law-ollicers  rei)orted  as  Hillows: 

We  aiti  of  opinion  tluit  liis  (rxcclleiicy  Hm^  {governor  of  tim  \Viii(l\viir<l  I.sIiihiIh  docs 
mil  iip|i('jir  to  liiivc  Ix'cii  ;;iiilly  of  sliowiii;;  iiny  uniliic  partiality  to  tlw  Ori'to,  or  to 
ii;iVf  I'diiuiiittt'd  any  liti-ral  iircacli  of  lici'  Ma.ji'.-.tv's  rc^^iilatioiis.  We  would  taiif  t!i(! 
iiliiity  of  oiiscrviiij;  fmllicr,  tliat  his  fxcclifncy  owes  no  account  to  AdniU'al  Wlii^csof 
Ills  I'ond  net  in  the  matter  of  liis  diseliaij;'c  of  liis  duties  to  ward  tier  .Majesty  :  and  lliat 
the  very  olfcnsivc  ton(!  ami  laiiynaj;*'  of  tliat  ollicci's  letter  on;;lil  to  a|>i>risc  liis  c\cc|- 
Inicy  of  the  incxpi^diimcy  of  Ion;;  personal  interviews  and  cxiiianations  witii  liiin.  It 
Miiiuiifcsl  that  upon  this,  as  n|Miii  other  occasions,  these  interviews  ami  exid.inationn 
;iiv  made  the  pretext  for  writin;;  snhseqneiit  letters  of  this  description,  intended  to  ((c 
iiMil  hereafter  very  disin;;ennonsly,  as  pioof  of  char;;es  made  at  the  tiim'  of  tlie  lavtM' 
'liiiwn  hy  Her  Majesty's  otllcers  to  the  Confeileratt^  States. 

We  fcid  ourselves  culled  njion,  wliile  ;;i\inji  to  (iovernor  Walker  full  crc<lit  for  honest 
iimI  impartial  comlnet,  to  add  tinit,  in  our  opinion,  the  letter  and  sjiiril  of  Her  Majesty's 
t  ijiiliitions  ((pn)ted  in  IJear-Ailmiral  Wilkes's  dispatch  of  the  (Ith  March,  lH(i:()  jiave 
iiiil  liccn  a<liu'r<'d  to  with  snilieient  strictness  in  eitlicr  of  the  cases  ment'oned,  tlnit  of 
ilii' San  .Jacinto  or  that  of  tim  Oreto.  'I'iie  limits  of  the  siipply  of  coal,  in  jiarlicnlar, 
ini'sciilicd  liy  that  reynlation,  on;;lit  to  lie  (diserved,  lioth  as  to  tile  i|Uiintily  of  coal  to 
I'lMijililicd  in  the  first  instJince,  and  as  to  the  interval  of  time  which,  in  the  aloeiicc^ 
ot  •  s|iecial  jicrmission,"  (a  jturmission  not  contemplated  except  nmler  '' sjiecial"' cir- 
lllmstMlle(^s  of  a  kind  dill'erent,  in  (uir  opinion,  from  those  which  occurred  >,i  the  two 
iiM",  in  (pu'stion,)  oi,ij;lit  to  ela[istj  Itetwccn  two  successivt;  suiiplies  of  coal  iVi.'i.  liritish 
imrts. 

(Signed)  AVM.  ATHKHTOX. 

h'Ol'NDKLL  I'Al.MKR. 
ROUERT  rillLLIMOK'K.' 

It  will  be  observed  tliat  this  opinion  bear.s  the  siyiiiitnre  of  Sir  Ilobert 
i'liilliniore,  who,  as  we  know,  is  held  up  to  us,  and  deservedly  .so,  iu  the 
iiijiiiinent  of  the  United  States  for  <nir  j;'uidiince,  as  a  .yreat  auth(U-ity. 
Fmin  this  time  forward  to  tlu' end  of  the  war  Sir  Itobert  T  lillimore  tilled 
tile  lii,in'h  otlice  of  (^)tieeirs  advocat<\  and  must  share  the  resjionsibility 
III  inaiiy  thinji'.s  which  are  made  matter  of  (H)m[daint  on  the  piirt  of  the 
riiiteci  States. 


432 


AlllilTUATION   AT    GENKVA. 


rc^jiil.itioiis,     A  (lopartmc^  from  flu'tn.  oven  in  fnvor  of  tho   ITniti';!  Slates  ciMi-i  r>  i, 
likely  (^as  iiHl<'i-<l  liappciH'd  at    Mi-niiinla)  to  Ic.-iil  to  iiiisiiiiiliM'.Htaiiiliii;;^  ri's|ii>('tj||,r  ii, . 
iialiiie  and  ixteiit  of  the  foiicfssioii  iiiteiirli'd,  and  to  ilcniaiiils  Cor  similar  ciiiici^^in 
on  otiicr  oci'asions  ;   wliile   the   displeasnre  occasioned  here  l»v  any  favor  ^riaiiii-il  ti 
confederate  sJiiji  is  in  no  de<r|-ee  diminished  by  |>;-uuf  that  ii  similar  favor  had  hci'ii  ii 
vionsly  granted  to  a  I'nited  Slates  sliip.' 


IW 
It'llt 

losi 


Tln'  coloiiiiil  s('(!ieti>r.v  appears  to  lji;vt»  (U'ciiiod  tlu^  report  of  tlio  1 
ojlu'crs  too  fieiu'fal  and  loo  dt'licient   in   precision   to  alVoitl  ;i  siitlii 
jjnidc  to  the  <j;overiiors  of  <!olonit's  in  tlu'  {jn^it  «lilli(ully  of  tlicii  | 
tion  lu'twiHMi  tlio  bcllijit'iont  parties — a  <liiii<;nlty   which   will  lie  tli 
better  appreciated  tVoin  his  jii'ai'e's  observations  antl  the  qiicsljoiis  puri 
to  the  hi\v-oni(;ers  to  <Miabl«i  iiiin  to  j^ive  instructions  to  the  liovciiKus 
I'or  tlieir  future  o;ni(huice.     His  muhv  secu'etary,  Mr,  lOlliot,  writes: 

With  le^^ard  to  the  law  otiieers'  opinion  tiiat  the  ;;overnor  did  not  adini.'  t(»  II, r 
Majesty's  i'e;rn|;|| ions  with  snllicieiit  .sirictne.s.s,  eitiier  in  the  case  of  the  Orctu  or  in  l!i;i! 
of  tin-  San  .laeinio,  hi.>  irract;  ohseivcs  thai  tin'  la\v-ot1iccis  iiavc  not  alfoided  any  smli 
specilicaiion  of  the  jrovernoi's  el  ror.s  as  mi]nht  lie  a  <;nide  to  him  in  fntuie.  'f licv  s;u 
that  the  limits  of  I  he  snpjily  of  coal  lucscri'iiMl  liy  i  :,.•  rcju^ni  ition  should  In-  adhi'ii-d  i... 
Hut  they  ilo  not  say  on  what  grounds  they  come  to  the  eonc'nsion  tliat  it  has  liccr.  i\. 
ri-eded.  The  snpply  is  to  he  limited  to  sncli  as  will  enalde  t  he  ship  to  reach  the  ni':ir,«r 
of  its  own  i»ori.s,  or  any  nean  r  destination.  Tln^  >np|>ly  ti  the  Orcto  was  ',»i)  t•l!|^ 
'the  papei's  do  vol  show  ( thou j;h  possildy  the  law-olhn-r.s  may  he  aware  fmni  niiiii 
sonrci's)   what    was  the  snpply  to   the  San   .laeinto.     Thi'  i|nestion,  therefurc,  aiisiii" 


•111  thi'se  papers  is,  whether  !*ii  tons  is  more  than  wcnild  he  reipiired  l>y  sinli  a  vi 
,i.>  ihe  Oreto  to  reach  the  iH'arest  confederate  p<n'l,  or  any  in-arer  destlmition. 

Ii  Would  he  veiy  desiralde  to  explain  to  (Jiivernor  Walker  ft  r  what  destinai.n: 
lsupposin<i  all  confederate  ports  to  he  under  hhxdvadei  Ihe  Oreto  or  any  oihi'i-  cmii  I 
crate  ship  nndei  .-imilar  ciicnrnsianccs  shoidd  he  allowed  to  taki-  in  coal. 

<  >n  the  m'Nl  point  of  alleged  insiilllcieiit  strictness,  his  ;;race  is  disposed,  to  a  i'iTt:ii; 
extent,  to  ay;ree  with  the  law-oDiiers.  'I'he  re;{'ihition  re(|nire.s  that  •'  no  coal  shall  I" 
afi;aiii  snpplii'd  to  an\  siK  h  ship  of  war,  or  privatt^iM-,  in  tin*  same  or  .my  oiher  |i  ir 
roail>lead,  or  waleis.  snhject  to  Ihe  territmial  ji".  isdietion  of  iter  Maj.'sty.  witim  ;■ 
.special  jK'rmission,  until  at"tei'  flic  expiralion  id"  t  hr.'c  months  I'roui  Ihe  tunc  win  ii  ^ni 
coal  may  have  heeu  last    npplied  to  li"r  within  Mcifish  waters,  as  aforesaid."' 

The  Oiflo  appears  to  lia  ve  coaleil  at  Nassau  within  three  .nouths,  ;ind.iMilcei|,  witli 
Ihiity  days  of  her  arri\;il  at    Marliados;  and  thon;ih  the  American  cousnTs  vdiiin' 
ri-mons|  ranee  ot  the'Jilh  l-'eUrunry  ay;.i;'ist  het  licinj:;  allowed  to  coal  did  noi  loirli;, 
poini .  an<l  the  ^mernor  had  no  otiicial   'nl'orm:itiou  of  the  fact,  hi'  docs  nui  deny  iIj 
ihe  fact  had  (i;''ispired  an<l  was  known  to  him  :  hut  siali's  that  Ihe  snpplv  olCoal  «  i 
allowed  im  Ihe  i;ronud  ot"  the  shijt  h.iviny;  snifereil  at  sea  in  :»  ^ale  of  wiiid.  had  li- 
tddieed  to  exhansl    ]<       eojil.  the  whole  of  which  w.is  ^ono;  so  thai,  if  >ii|ijth!'>  h  r 
refused,  the  cai>tain  said  he  would  hi-  ohli;red  I  o  land  his  men,  and  si  rip  the  ship,    'lii' 
slaloncni  of  the  captain  of  the  San  .laeinto  was  of  a  like  tenoi.     The  tiist  ipu'stiiM 
M'cms  to  he,  whether  the  j>overnor  onj;ht   to  have  instituted  an  ini|nir>  into  the  tni''. 
of  tim   sialement.s  made   to  him   hy  the   captains  of  the  Oreto  .and  S.m  .lacint".      ' 
appears  to  hi'<  ^i;iee   that    he   on;iht.      It  is,  im  tlonlit,  very  desiniUie  to  a\iiid  r.^ti:;, 
decisitins.  of   wiiieli  tin-    imp.'irliality    is  suri"   to  l»e   4|nes|ioned,  npim   the  ii'-,ull>  e: 
ini|nirn's  in  whit  h  more  or  less  doulilt'iEl  and     itnllirtin^  ti'stin)ony  has  to  he  wei<;!ii''l 


Unt, 


n  Ihe  ease  of  all  alle<ralion  that  a  vessi 


destilnti*  of  coal,  all  thai  s 


eellis  lirci 


.sary  is  to  send  an  oDicer  on  hoard  lo  see  whel her  t here  is  coal  I Iteri-  or  not.  I'eili,i|».  ' 
the  e;(ivei  nor  were  lo  refuse  to  take  the  word  of  an  American  admiral  tor  such  a  fact.  ;i,ii! 
were  to  vend  an  ollieer  on  hoard  to  >-erily  ii,  the  admiral  would  re;;ard  thi  pmce,  ilin.; 
;is  otfeiisise ;  hut,  ne\  ertlndi  ss,  his  i;raee  thinks  that  ln>  should  he  rei|nired  in  miIiiim: 
to  it  helme  he  should  he  allowed  to  i-oiil  out  of  time,  unless  he  lie  pi'i-parcd  to  I'oli-i':;' 
to  the  .Mild  of  ,1  cont"eder»te  ollieer  Ifeiit^  taken  ill  Uk:'  iiianner  willnmt  ini|tuiy. 

itiit,  siipposim.'  the  >j;o\-ern.ir  to  have  err.d  in  these  cases,  it  is  not  explain  d  in  li.' 
report  of  the  law olllcers  whether  ill  i«  of  this,  or  of  what  oMier  errors,  he  his  ln<ii 
j;nilty,  ho  as  to  l'el|>  him  to  avoid  a  repetition  of  error.  For  exiiinple,  ,siip;iosiin>  it  li;ii! 
liecn  I  he  fact  dii' v  a-seevlaim-d,  I .  i  ihe(>relo  or  ."san  .Jiicinlo  had  sulVered  s<'\ei'ely  in 
II  ;;ale  of  w  ind,  had  exhain.ted  ul'.  hi-i  eo.*!,  iMitl  was  dinahled  irom  pro  eediiiu' to  >':i 
iiiilcHH  .supplied,  was  Ihe  govern. ir  to  have  forhiddeii  Ihm'  to  coal  on  tin' ^toiiiid  il' 
she  liati  coaled  at  some  Mritish  port  williiii  tliirty  day.s  f 

J>n  the  other  hand,  did  his  only  error  eon.sist  in  hirt  hnviii);  iillowed  her  to  coal  wii 
out  \eiil\in;i'  the  fact  o(  Inr  di.si'ress  f 

Au.iin,  asHiiminn  'he  fiut  lo  he  that  'here  in,  or  uuiy  \w  horiuifter.  i)i>  <'oiifeder:ite  p"    ^^ 
uiihToekiiilt'd,  iuid  thill  the  r*ml  (it'^'.iiiiUioii  of  n  conicdiMate  veH^el  askinjt  for  siippl''- ^B- 


'Btitixh  ApiMMidix,  vol.  i,  p.  1)7. 


Tf 


oriNii)xs  or  .sii:  ALEX\xi>i:ii  cuckki  kn. 


4:53 


Stiitcs  <'nu-i'r>.  i^| 

Ijrs     r«'S)ll-cli|l;r   t||. 

liniilar  l'()Ml'l'^^i(r||^  i 
I'iivoi'  <^l;ililnl   t(i  :ij 

IVor  ll.ld   lllTM  JMr. 

port  of  tlii>  l;iw 
'ortl  ;i  sillliciciit 
y  of  tlicir  posi 
ell    will   lie  tile 
('  (|iu',s(i()iis  |>iir ' 
:»  tilt'  tiovcnidi' 
ot,  writes: 

lot   iidlirri'  to  llii 
ln>  Oii'tii  or  In  i!i;i; 
alViiiilfd  :iiiy  sncli  I 

I'll  I  111  r.       rili\  >:i\ 
mill  Iti-  :iillii'i'i'(l  :". 
!i;it  it  li:is  lii'cr.  f\-  ] 
»  rtMcli  till-  iHMiiv 

irofd    WilS    '.(1)    tuib 

iiwiirc  iVoui  iillur 
.  tlii'Vi'liirc,  :iii-iii; 
•d  liy  siiili  a  v<v«.  i 
stiiiiitioii. 

•  wlial  il<'shn;ii,H:, 
any  hIIut  runi  ■!• 
ciial. 

■iltii>*iMt,  to  a  ii'ita;; 

it  •'  111!  foal  Niiall  li' 

or  any  oilu-r  y.n-. 

•  Maji'sty,  witliiiii! 
he  tlini'  wlirii  siic  i, 
orcsaiil.' 
IIMll.iMili'i'il,  wit'.ii 

rou-iul's  \rlii'mi';r 
I  iliil  not  li)U:'li  t!> 
loi's  iioi  deny  til  r 
Hijilv  olcoal  «.!■ 
)('  wiiiil.  Iiad  ■•■•I' 
if  ^uiiiilii'--  ^>  "•' ' 
ii|i  till'  ^liij).     I  H 

Till'  lirsl  (|McMi  '■: 

liry  into  tin'  tin'  . 

S.iii  .laciiit". 

to  aM'id  r.  >ti!i;  j 
on   till-  i"'siilts  »: 
las  to  III'  wi'iirlii'ii 

that  si'iiii-*  111  ri- 

not.  l'iTlia|>«  : 
(iirsindi  a  larl.;i  i'' 
nil  till  iiioiT.ilin- 
rci|iiir.'d  to  «.iil>iiii; 

•  |iaii-d  til  foii-i'-' 
out  iiii|iiii'y. 

(■\|d:iin  il  ill  li' 
■noif.  Iir  l<:i^  '"'•''' 
.  .snir.ioHiiii;  it  iiii'! 
nlV'Ti'd  t*i'\<-ii'ly  II'  I 

jil'O  '('iMlilii;  to  si:i  j 

II  tin-  jjioiiiiil  il''' 

;l  lliT  to  fi»i»l  «■"' 

o  conri'driat"'  1'"" 
,..iii„j{  lor  Mi|ii'l''- 


isaciiiisiii.- di'siiiiatioii,  HO  that  slic  is  not,  hoiiinl  for  any  particular  pint,  is  this  to 
ilflirivc  lii'i'ot  flu!  supidii's  wliiidi  \voiilil  In-  ^ranfiMl  to  a  FimIcimI  cniiscr  in  all  rospiicts 
.ii;:iliirly  L'iri-iiristaii>'fil,  fxi'i'iit  that  in  In-i- rasi-  a,  port  can  lie  dc^iijfnatcd  which  is  in 

hilt' iiiHscswi.Fii  ot  her  ;;ovi'rniiii'nl,  hy  tin-  disiainii  of  which  fioni  thi^  Hritish  colony  :i 

l:!amlard  is  alfordcd  lor  n<i'asnrinj>;  tli?-  <|iianlitv  of  cual  to  lie  snp|ilii-il  / 

His  ;;racc  woiilil  lie  jjjiad  i;>  he  cnalilod  to  send  out  in  htriiclions  to  (iovcrnor  Walker, 
liiiiiMlcd  np?"!  the  opinions  of  tic  law-ollieer.-i,  so  far  as   tiny  shall  appear  to  have  fully 

I  jiid  correctly  iijidcrsfood  •!:;  ionrst'  '.aken  hy  the  i^over  nor,  tnsicihcr  with  any  fiirtlier 
iintriictions  wliicii  winild  .serve  f.r  the  j;overnor's  iriiidance  on  thi!  )>oinlH 
adverted  to,  and  on  the  nature  of  the  cases  (if  not  *  iosd  alle^i'd  hy  tho  ;<,'!'['„  *■'"'"''  "' 

j  Onto  and  San  Jacininto)  «  hich   "special    iterniis~ion  "   is  to  he  j^ivcii  to 
liikr  in  coals. 

His  niace  desiri's  ine  toohserve  that  (iovcrnor  Walkj'r.  hy  adopt  in i;  J  he  course  of  ncihI- 
;n:,'  il.; mediate  notice  to  all  the  other  j;ov<'riiors  in  tlit!  West  Indies  ot  a  helli<^ercnt  v<'s- 
•rl  liaviiii;  ohtained  coals  and  supplies  at  Harhados,  appears  to  have  taken  :i  very  nse- 
iiil  |ii'ccaiitioii  a<;ainst  the  violation  oi'  the   rconhit  ions,  and    that    it  wniihl  apparently 

I  iii'i'xpcdii'iit  .1)  instruct  tin-  otlnrr  ;;iivernors  to  tlo  likewise.' 

To  tliosci  (nif.<<tioiis  the  liiwollii'cr.s  iiiiswcri'tl : 

TliMt  w  ilh  res]iect  to  t!ie  ohservance  of  Her  .Majesty's   re;jci|liil  ions,  in   .-inswer  to  the 

iiii'<iiitiis  of  the  Dnke  of  Newcastle,  It  is  most  desirahle  'hat  the  terms  of  Her  Ma.jisty'M 

:>Tiiil;tiiial ion  should   he  strict ly  adherctl    to;  that  coal  «in<;ht   not  to   ho  Nn]iplicd  to 

l.'lir  helliiiereiit,  except  in  such  iinantity  as  may  he  ne<rcssary  to  "carry  such  vessel 

;uti;t' ncaiest  port  of  her  own  coiint'-y,  or  to  some   nearer  desttnatio!!  ;"  and   that  hy 

|;liisi'  latter  words  it  is  not  intended  to  include  a   nii're   cruisinjj  destination,  hut  some 

Hiiiile  jiort   or  place.     'Mint,  therefore,  coal  <jraiiled  at    any  of  Her   ,MaJe^ly's  ports, 

I  till!  consumed  in  .rniNinj;,  oiioht  not  to  he  rc>denislied  under  the  Icrii,     of  tlu!   proc.la- 

Ijiitinii:  hnt    that    ii    vessel    whose  coal   has,  owiim  to  real   necessii.cs   arisinjj  from 

>!rrss<if  w.'Htln  •,  licen  (irematnrely  exhausted,  liefoie  she  could  (if  fiine   and  weather 

I  vri' the  mily  olistacles)  reach  her  port  of  <lestinatioM,  oiiolif,   imt  to   he   forliidden  hy 

;lii'p)ve!iior  to  co.il,  all  lion  <;h  >'  itliin  the  time  specilied  in  the  rejrulations. 

It  would  .4ppcar  to  iis  that    the  sii;.v<jestion  of  sendin;;^  an   othifron  hoard  (o  verify 

lincidi  case  the  necessity  of  coaling,  would  he  likely  to  yiive  jircit  oifense,  to  helli^er- 

|fiil  iiu'ii-of-war ;  hut  of  conrse  it  would  he  compitent   to   Her  .Nlajesty's  •government, 

iltlii'y  thonolil  lit,  to  make  such  a  veriiieation  llic  condition  of  liherty  to  coal  in   llei 

I  H.ii,'>tv's  ports. 

(Si^r,,,..!)  WM.   ATlIF.KTdN. 

Iv'or.NDKLL  I'AI.MKK. 

i;ui!i;iir  riiu.LLMoin:.' 

ller('ii|)oii  'iK'  loliou  in?;<lis|»;itcli  iif  tin-  KJtli  July,  IS(!,'5,  was  atlilressfil 
|io(litvt'ni«u'  Wallu'r  : 

|)ii\\MN(i  SrttiaiT,  July  If.,  Isti.t. 

Ml::  1  have   n-feived  and   had    under   my  consideration   voiir  dispatch  «if  the  7fli 

hiirili.  ;^ivinjf  an  account  of  certain  comniuiiications  which  ha\e.  passed  hetwe«:n  y«)iir- 

Iriraiiil  li'ear-.Vdniiral  Wilkes,  of  tin;  I'nilcd  .Slates  Nav. 
Villi  \v««re  quite  iij;ht  in  icfiisin;^  to  enter  into  curiesponilence  with  tliat  oflicer  upon 
liii- matter  adverted  t<i  in  his  dispatch  of  the  .'illi  March.     «hi  tli's  and  otiu'r  (icciisionH 

:tl;:is  III nie  evident  thai  interviews  and  exidanations  such  as  you  ac«^orded  t«>  liear- 

Wti'irid  Wilkes  were  made  the   pretext    for  piacin;.;  «in   recoid  c'hjU}{os  inoro  or  le«» 
trirt  titiainst  olHceis  of  Ifci  Miijesty.     And  I  think  that,  as  the  goviMiiorof  <mu  of  Her 

I  li.iji>s'y's  colonies  owes  no  explanation    of   his  conduct    to  an  otHiccr  of  tliu  IJnittuI 

Uuti'K.V.ivy,  it  will  he  prudent  litueafter  toavoi.l  such  cxplainitioiis  :»s  far  as  the  rul<'8of 
oiirti'xy  will  allow.  It  is  the  wish  of  Her  Majesty's  ffovernment  that  mutteis  of  com- 
Cliiiit  sliould  in  general  he  discus:-ied  hetwci-n  tie.'  two  govornniouts  uuiicurnod  rather 

[iliaii  lilt  ween  any  snhoidinate  otlicers. 
Willi  regard  io  (he  issue  of  coal  to  the  war-vessds  of  the  helli<{i>ientH,  you  !iiiv(>,  1 

I 'liiiik.  ullowed  yonrM'lf  too  much  liliert  in  ;rivin;;  tho  '*  speci.'il  |iermiHsion"  to  tnko 
itiiil  contemplated  in  Hci  Mitjesty's  proelamation.  Coal,  in  tho  «>pinioii  of  Her 
Mnji'Ni \  "..■  pivevniiieiit,  oiij^lit  not  to  he  supplied  to  a  vessel  of  war  of  either  helli^crent 
'iii'ltt  ill  >-ucli  qiiiintity  us  may  be  iicfcH.sary  to  entry  siicli  vessel  to  tho  iieari'Kt  port 
'(li.rowu  country,  (or,  of  course,  any  nearer  port,)  and  this,  I  will  add,  without  re.fcr- 
I'lothe  question  whether  ilie  ports  of  that  country  aru  or  nrtt  nut  iiiidor  hlookudc. 
I'lnisc  of  Huch  hloekadu  it  will  rest  with   the  ollicer  in  commaiul  to  seek  Hoino  inoro 

|("nvi>iiii'iit  dcHtination.  If,  wiLhin  the  period  proscribed  hy  tho  proclamation,  li  vchhcI 
'^<i«t>iriiislu<il  w'illi  voal  in  ono  of  Her  Majesty's  poHSfssioiiM  should  upply  for  n  Htrcond 


ffi^r 


li8  H 


<  HritiHh  Appi^mliv   vol.  i,  p.  98. 
'•  Ibid.,  p.  lOU, 


434 


ARIJITKATION    AT    GENEVA. 


m 


supply  in  tlio  siiino  or  aiiotlitT  colony,  ilic  npjtlii'jilia:!  n\iiy  1m'  fxnintcd.  if  it  is  iii:ii'ii'  to 
nppi'ur  tlial,  owin;;  to  real  nfccssilich  arising  IVoni  htii'N«  of  \V4>a!lir!-,  tln'conj  iiiii;iii:ii|y 
yivcn  lias  been  picnialnrt'ly  «>xlian.sit»)  litCoro  it.  vvafi  pr>SNililo  that  llic  vessel  ei-iilij,  mi. 
•  ler  ('xi«f  in;{  eircnnisfaneex,  liavo  reached  tlni  ilfMlinaliiin  lor  wiiicii  she  eoiiled. 

itiit  if  It  shonlil  lie  the  ease  that  tho  veshel  lias  not,  KJneo   takiiij^   in  coiil,  heeii  htnni 
_/?</(!  occupied  in  seekiiij;  her  aliened  (U-slinalion,  lint  has  con^ 


d  her  fuel 


Ml  ellllMlll; 


t ho  coal    should    not   he   replenished   under  the  terms  of  tin?  proelaiiiiitinn.     Such 
ease  is  init  one  to  which  the  "sia-cial  permission'"  ri'ferred  to  in  that  proclauiiilion  u,i^ 
intended  to  ap)dy. 

Hi-r  Majesty's  ;rovcri)incnt  art>  of  <!(ii'iion  that  the  reuiilations  of  tin*  prociMiiiiitiim 
thus  inte'proted  should  i;e  stri4!tly  adhereil  to.  nilhont  any  arliilrary  concis>i(i|i  in 
either  liellii^erent.      It  is  liy  sneh  a  eoiirse  that    misnnderstandin!;s  and   eouiplaint-i  ni" 

J.,,.,.. 


"ViTi;- 
ilcr;Ui> 


coin- 


]):irtiality  will  he  nn>st  certainly  avoided.     An  nuauthori/.ed  concession  toone  I 
enl,  it  may  he  safely  assmned,  will  not  ho  aecepte<l  liy  those  to  w  hotn  it  is  made 
jnstilieation  of  a  similar  concession  in  an  opposite  direction. 

I  approve  (d' y(Mir  havin<;  ctMnmnni<-ated  to  the  ollicers  adndnisteriuL;  the  v 
iiu'nt  of  the  other  West  Fndia!\  Islamls  the  fact  that  certain  Federal  and  confi 
vessels  of  war  had  called  at  ilarhados. 

1  shall  instrt'ct  th»<  jLjoveriiors  of  tho  other  ishunls  to   follow   the  same  course, 
nnnncatin;<;  in  all  ea^cs  the  name  of  the  vessel,  itsalh';ied  ilestiuatiou,  ami  the  (late  oi" 
receivinji  the  coal,  and  the  (jnantily  allou  ed  to  he  ]daced  on  Imaid. 
I  have,  iVc.. 

nkwcastm:.' 
'riic  lorc'^oiiij:'  |)np('js  -.nv  (•cit.iiiily  (Irscfviii^i'  ni"  a(t(Mitivo  consider;! 
tioii,  MS  ('stiil)lisliiiiy- beyond  <'()iitfo\t'isy  (lisit  tin-   I!iilisli   jiovcinnu'iit 
wen?  «lesii-'.)iis  ol'  carryin;;'  out,  in  their  liille.-it  extent,  the  Queen's  icjiu- 
liitiorts  toy  the  niiilntenatK'e  ot  neiitnility,  timl,  wliat  is  nioic,  that  tin y 
weie  |»rej)afe(l  fo  (h>  so,  thonijh  an  a(lhel•en(•(^  to  tlie  h'tter  of  these  re;; 
uhitions  would  have  tho  elVect  of  ])hieinj,'  one  of  the  bellij,M'i(Mits  in  ;ij 
])osition  of  ^iietit  disa<lv;uita;4e  relatively  to  the  other.     It  was  (dniniis! 
that  the  iiih>  tliat,  unless  the  whole  of  tiie  last  supply  of  <-oal  ohlitiindj 
in  a  British  port  had  been  eonstinied  in  seekinjjf  the  nearest  port  of  tiitM 
bellifjerent,   not  even  distress  of  \\eather  should   form  a  };r<)an(l  lorj 
allowing' a  liirther  supply  within  the  three  months,  wiis  one  whnli  e\- 
])osed  to  very  ^reiit  dinicnlties  those  whose  own  ports  weie  (ilosed,  ainlj 
who,  liavinj;  few  other  ports  to  resort  to,  were  thns  eompelled   lo  keep] 
tlie  sea  at  the  same  time  that  tlieir  means  of  doin^j  so  weic  seriously 
diminished,  while  it  was  of  very  little  imi>ortanee  to  the  other  bi'lli;;ei' 
ent,  who,  haviii};  his  ports  open,  eonld  silways  have  recourse  to  tlu'iiij 
for  supplies  if  other  resources  failed. 

Yet,  when  Sir  James  Walker,  recollect  in  jr  what  had  lia])pened  on  tlii>J 
former  occasion,  and  solicitous  to  <'arry  out  the  instructions  he  li;i<l| 
siiu'e  received,  in  all  their  striujiency,  on   the  appli<-ation  of  Captnii! 
IJofijjs,  in  April,  l.S<ir»,  to  retuaiii  ti  few  days  at  IJirbatlos  for  the  piirposoj 
of  overhiudin;;  the  piston  iuul  feed  in;;- pump  of  thet  enoim>  of  his  sliij), 
the  C'onneeticut,  replied  that  it  woiihl   be  necessary,  in  mder  that  Imj 
shoidd  stinction  a  sttiy  beyoiul  the  prescribed  time  of  t  weuty four  Imiirs, 
that  Captiiiu  liojj^s  shoultl  ^ive  ii  dcllnite  assurtince  of  his  iii-iltility  loj 
pioceed  to  sea  tit  the  expiration  of  that  tinu>,  and  its  to  the  pcrioilj 
within  which  it  would  be  possible  to  «'xc<'ide  the  lu'cessary  repair- 
inatti>rs  as  to  which  the  Florida  iit  r>erniuda  had  to  sulunit  to  ii  siuvcyl 
by  the  njivjil  authorities — ('aptain  lio^^os  allowed  his  tem|ter  to  ;;t't  tlioj 
better  of  him;  says  that  "stn  American  mairof  war  can  always  pt  t« 
Sea  in  some  nutntu-r" — which  sober-minded  people  may   perha|is  llmili 
n   somewhat    idle   boast — and    that    lie    shall   tlo   so,    *'thoii^li   «iili| 
risk   to   his   vessel   tind    machinery" — whiith,   as    it   involved    (Inn^'irj 
both  t«>  Ids  ship  siml  crew,  ntay  be  thoufiht  a  «piestioual»U<  view  ol  li 
duly;  *^  regrets  tluit  the   Uiitiontd  hospitiility  of  reiuiiiinn^  at  iuicln 
for  the  purpose  naim-d  in  his  letter  is  refused,"  uliiih  was  the  revere 


■Uiitisii  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  idi. 


Tf 


OlMNIONS    OF    SIR    ALKXANDEU    COCKUUltN, 


435 


ol  tilt'  fact;  and,  ovidiMitly  with  coiisitUMablo  tcmpor,  iiirorms  tlio  j^ov- 

Itriior  that,  he  shall  tit-part.  Irom  the  jjort  to  iiioriow  at  10  a.  in.' 
It  !>♦  a  pity  that  this  outhieaU  of  temper  on  the  part  of  Captain  Bo^jga 

[slioultl  have  lieen  e\pose«l  It.y  his  own  (H)niitrs men,  as  though  it  had 
iM't'ii  an  i'xainple  of  luToisiii,  or  that  the  retpiisition  of  (loverinjr  Walker, 

jiiidiK'eil  by  the  strinjient  insirnetions  issued  liy  the  Biitish  jjovernnient 
i)!i  the  occasion  of  the  coini>Iaints  of  the  United  iSuites  relatively  to  tho 
Florida,  should  havi^  hcen  distorted  into  anythiiij;  iiioih!  than  a  resoln- 
tiiiii  to  carry  out  those  instriKJtions  elliiaently  and  impartially  toward 

liKitli  bellijierents. 
1  icliirn  to  the  Thnida.     Ifcr  next  visit  to  a  iJritish  port  was  at  IJor- 

imnda. 
From  a  dispatch  of  (Sovernor  Ord  to  the  Diike  of  Newcastle  it  ap- 

Ijii'iirs  that   the  Florida  was  otV  the  port  of   St.  (ieorj4;e's 

on  the  eveniii<i"  of  the  l.'ith  of  .Inly,  and  on   the  folIo\vin;jf 

Imoriiiii}?  received  the  necessary  i)ermission  to  enter  the  port: 

IliwiiiK  Hi'iit  to  Captain  Matlitt  a  '^i>])y  of  tin*  iniiitt^l  ciiTiiIar-ltittfr  I  liavo  hart 
Jilrawn  ii|>,  oinliiMlyiiiu  llic  instniciioiii  of  Ih-r  Ma.jcHly  icsiifctmy;  tiii!  tit^atiiifiit  of 
pVilfial  ami  «(>iil't;tliTalo  vessels  of  war,  he  ealled  on  iiie  (»ii  the  day  of  his  arrival,  and 

•iilcil  that  In;  hail  lieeii  at  sea  seventy  days,  willi  IIk?  i-xceptiim  of  two  visits  to  lla- 
h.iiiu  and  iSarhados,  earh  of  whieli  ocen|iied  less  than  twenty-l'onr  hones,  and  a  visit  of 

'iiirlcr  dniation  to  a  (tort  in  the  Hra/ils;  thai'  he  was  last  from  the  immediate  nei;r||. 

i.iiliiied  of  New  Voik.  within  sixly  niili-s  of  which  he  had  been  harassing  tho  llnitod 
jMilts  c'onnneree  ;  that  he  was  in  want  of  rejiairs  to   the   iinll   and   maehinery  of  liiH 


{ii|i,  and  a  small  Nupiily  of  coal;  that  ho  feared  he  shonld  experiemi;  dillieiilty  in  oli- 
iiiiiii;;  the  latter,  as  he  was  infninied  that  then*  was  no  steam-coal    whatever  in  tho 

I  .iiiiiiy,  ex<'e|»t  hi  ihe  stores  at  the  dockyard;  and  that  he  trnsteil,  under  tho  circnin- 
iiances,  he  wonid  he  |iermiltcd  to  receive  frtnn  tins  soiirct;  as  mn(;h  as  wonid  servo  to 
uiry  him  to  a  jHnt  (d"  his  own  conntry  ;  that  In;  wonid  then  nse  every  exertion  to  coin- 

I'^li-ti-  his  relitment,  and  wonid  lease  the  colony  torthwith. 

1  told  Captain  Mallitt  that   his  a|>plicatii)n  for  iM>al   fiom  admiralty  stores  imisfc  l>n 

nailc  to  the  senior  mtvai  ollicer,  f  it   I   assiiretl   him   at    the  sann<   linn*   that  it  wonlil 

i<it  III- c(Mnplied  with,  and  1  tiranted  him  perndssiim  to   reiintin  so  l<m^  as  mi;;ht   lin 

issary  to  tit  his  ship  for  sea,  and    to  piocnre  from  ]iri  vate  snnrces  the  coal  aelnally 

rfiiri'il.-' 

All  supjdy  of  <!oal  from  the  dockyard  was  refused.    Thereupon  Mr. 
[Wiilkcr,  a  nierclmnt  of  the  colony,  ai)j)lies  on  behalf  of  (.'ap-     ti,.  nond.  .t 
liii  Mallitt  to  the  governor :  nrmu..^ 

Asllic  Florida  mnst  of  necessity  l>e  detained  at  this  poi-t,  as  a  vessel  in  distross,  un- 
pilliir  arrival  of  coals  which  ar(,>  daily  expected,  Captain  Mallllt  l)e;;s  nu;  to  inipiire  of 

I'lir  I'xcellency  if  the  privile^je  will  he  accorded  to  him  of  proceedin;^  to  th<Mlock-yanl 
I'rthc  pnrposi*  of  havin;j;  etfectetl  sinnc  repairs  to  nnicliinery  and  hnll  of  ship,  which 

•re  iif    essential   iinportaiiee,  untl  vvltich    uaiinot    be   i-tfccted    in  tho    port    uf   iSt. 

'«ir;5i;'B. ' 

Tli(>  answer  of  the  {jovernor  was  that  the  iipplicatioii  couhl  not  bo 
I.Taiited,  to  which  he  adds: 

III  inakimr  Ihiscommtinication  I  hav(>  to  expn-ss  a  hope  that  Captain  Mallitt  may  yet 
I'liil  it  in  Ins  power  to  obtain  for  his  vessel  sncli  snpplies  ot'  coal    and  snidi   necessary 

"{i.tirH  as  will    eimhle  her  to  |m'o( I  withont  delay   to  her  destinatimi,  lint  I  mnst  lU 

i>^^<  sinie  time  point  on  t  that  ller  Majislv's  instrnclions  (\\iih  a  copy  of  which  (.'a  plain 
itilliti  wassnppiied  on  tiie  Kith  itisiani)  ale  very  strititient  as  to  the  limitatinn  of  thn 
**^  ill  Kiitish  walt'is  of  vessels  of  war  of  the  I'liiteil  States  oi'  Coiil'ederate  States,  anil 
ilial  it  is  necewHiiry  lliat  whatever  may  be  rcipiired  to  enable  the  Floriila  to  take  her 
'»|iHrtine  from  thesis  islands  slionid  be  ]iro\  ided  in  the  shortest  possible  period.  If, 
'i"»i'M'i,  Captain  Mallitt  sliutild  lind  it  impossilile  to  procure  at  the  present  tiiin;  what- 
'^'1'  may  be  reipiisite  for  this  purpose,  I  must  reipiest  ihat  lie  \\'\\t  at  oiii'i^  proceed 
^'litlie  Floiida  to<irassy  Uay,  tUuru  to  remain  until  his  depaitnr')  fioiii  the  colony 
'  iiiiiUicd  piai-ticablu.* 


■  United  HliitcH  III  ciiniuntH,  vol.  vi,  p.  I7d. 
''ItritiHJi  Appcudix,  vol.  i,  p.  lUH. 
Mbld.,  p.  I0".>. 
Mbid.,  p.  110. 


•    I*       v* 


f     I 


436 


Ai;i!ITKATH».\    AT    (JKNKNA. 


I! 


•n 


Mr.  ANiilkiT  wrote  nfjiiiii,  .su{i;,^«»stiii<;:  tliat  Hu'ir  a  as  a  lar;,'c'  (jiiiiiititv 
of  ('(»al  l.vinj;  in  the  rominissaiiat  «lo|»iirtm(Mit,  and  aind.viii;^-,  on  Itclialf 
of  Captain  .Maflitt,  in  liis  jiicat  cnu'r^cncy,  lor  a  sntlicicnt  <|iiaiitit.v  to 
carry  liis  vcssi*!  to  somccoalinji"  depot,  olVorin;;' to  pay  for  tlicm,  m- to 
roturn  tlieni  in  kiiiil  within  a  week  oj-  two.  This  ajraiii  was  rctuscd. 
On  the  l.*l*d  of  Jniy  tlieffovcrnor  writes  to  ]\Ir.  Walker,  recpiestiti-;  lilm 
to  ascj'rtain,  lor  iiis  satisfaction,  \vhen  the  iieeossary  repairs  and  coiil 
ing'  of  tlie  Florida  will  be  eonii)lete«l,  so  as  to  enabh^  her  to  proceed  to 
sea."  In  answer,  3lr.  Walker  says  lu^  is  reipiestetl  by  Captain  ^lallitt  to 
inform  his  exi-ellency  that  ln^  is  nsin;;  (>\ery  effort  to  pro<M'ed  to  sea  with 
as  little  delay  as  possible. 

"Captain  Mullitt,"  lif  says,  "  isl'iilly  aw  an-  of  llifntriiiui'iif  rliaiartcroi'  Her  MnJcstyV 
iiisti'iutidiiM  with  rcfjanl  to  tlir  stay  in  flritish  watt  in  of  iiK'n-nl'-war  of  the  JnitKl 
States  ami  of  tin-  ('oiiffd)  rate  States;  and  lie<;s  me  to  assure  your  exeelleney  tlint  \\U 
iletentioii  lias  Iteen  oeeasioiiecl  not  Ity  any  (lis|i<isitioii  t(»  eontiaveno  Her  Aliijestx's  in- 
HtrnL-tions  on  the  sniijt  et,  l)ot'  from  the  ^reat  detieieney  of  lahor  at  thJH  )iort,  and  fmiii 
Ciioses  to  whit'h  the  attention  of  yonr  exeelleney  has  already  heen  directed. 

"Tho  neeessary  rjnirs  lo  Captain  Matfitt's  wliip  are  now  nearly  completed,  and  lie 
will  conimeiiee  takinju  in  his  eoals  at  I'i  a.  m.  to-day.  As  it  is  jirohahle  that  it  will  in' 
hnjiossilih)  to  linish  eoiilin;;-  nntil  t«i-nii>ri<iw,  (Friday.)  I'aptain  Matlitt  wonld  lie  liii|i|iy 
to  reeeive  the  permission  of  yonr  exrellenev  to  remain  in  the  port  of  .*<t.  (ieor^'i'', 
until  Saturday    niornin;;."' 

The  jfovernor  answer.s  that — 

Althongli  the  instrintions  of  Her  Majesty  iispe<tin;j  tin- limitation  of  the  sfjiy  in 
Hritish  wateis  of  \«'ssels  of  war  of  the  Confederate  and  I'niti'd  Stales  are  v<'ry  strin- 
Reiit,  yet,  as  I  liave  reason  to  helit  ve  that  cirenmstanees  heyomi  Cajdain  Mafhtl's  coiitinl 
have  olistrnet<'d  him  in  proenriiifi  the  snpply  of  eoal  and  repairs  t<i  hi'i  ■•■essci,  neccssaiv 
to  enahle  him  to  jiroeeed  to  sea,  I  think  I  am  Jiistitiid  in  eomid.v  iiif^  with  liis  ie(|iitsi ; 
and  I  accord inyly  anihori/.e  the  I'lorida  remuininj^  in  these  waters  until  the  niornii];; 
uf  Saturday,  tin;  '^otli  instant,  but  no  lon,!;;i'r.' 

A  car<ro  <d'  coal  hatl,  in  the  mean  time,  arrivetV  in  a  vessel  called  tlic 
Harriet  IMmdvney,  out  of  which  Captain  Maflitt  was  enabled  to  olitaiiia 
snpply.  Jtisstatcdin  the  Cniteil  States  Case  an<l  Ar,i;nment-  that  tiiis 
vessel  was  one  <d'  the  "  insnrjicnt  transports;"  from  which  it  is  s(in;>lit 
to  b«'  inferred  that  the  ear^o  of  coal  broii^iht  out  in  lu'r  was  intended  ex 
pressly  for  the  l-'loiidii;  and  upon  this  a  charjicis  founded  (da  violation 
of  neidrality  in  a  brea<di  of  the  rule  that  neither  belli}>«'rent  was  to  lie 
permittetl  to  eststblish  depots  of  coal  on  British  territory.  To  prove  tli;it 
the  Harriet  IMnckney  was  an  •' insiirjient  transjforl,"  ;i  letter  from  Mr, 
Dndley  to  Mr.  iSeward,  of  Jannary  -,  ISO;?,'  is  referred  to;  bnt,  on  tinii 
inji;  to  that  letter,  it  will  be  found  that  Mr.  Dndley  is  !!(>t  Nueakiiij:  ot 
or  referiiii};  to  •'  insni<>-ent  transpin-ts"  at  all,  but  to  Hritish  vessels 
employed  in  rnnnin;;  the  blocka«le  with  arms  and  contraband  of  wni. 
The  word  "  tratisport,"  which,  in  thi'  arj:timent,  is  |iriided  between  in 
verte<l  <omnnis,  as  if  taken  {'mm  the  letter,  <loes  not  occnr  in  it  at  all. 
Tlie  ves.sel  was,  to  all  appeartince,  an  ordinary  frailinj;;  vessel— one  ot 
those  ettgajrcd  in  the  jiroHtable  enijjloyment  of  rnnniii};  the  blockiidi'. 
In  tliis  business  she  visited  St.  (leorof's  five  limes  between  .lamiaiv. 
ISOa,  and  Febrnary,  18(54.'  A  letter  from  a  Mr.  Walker,  is,  iinl«H<l. 
))rintcd  in  the  seventh  volnme  of  the  United  Stsites  Docuineids,''  iii| 
which  he  says  that  he  Imd  employe«l  the  Harriet  Pitickney  in  the  he^Hii 
ninpfof  Jidy  to  brin^u  earjio  of  coal  from  Hiilifax ;  m»t,  however,  lnr 
the  Florida,  but  to  supply  some  steamer  with  the  tneaus  of  running;  tli*' 


>  lirltisli  Appeinllx,  vol.  i,  p.  111. 

Tiiited  States  CnNo,  p.  H.^H ;  I'uited  Stafe^^^  Ar};unifnt,  p.  U'l. 

'  Cnited  States  DoeumeutH,  vol.  I,  j).  1.V2. 

*  Hritish  A)i|iendi\.  vol.  v.  |ip.  .^.  III. 

''  Ihid.,  p.  .'))). 


»l('(l  t«»  olttiiiiiii 

UMit-    tllllt    tills 

it'll  it  is  sou^lit 

iisiiiti'iidcd  ('X 

'{{  of  ji  violatiiui 


U'ttiT  tVoiii  Mr. 
;  hut,  on  tmii 
•t   Mi«>!ikiiijr  o'l 

iHiiti'sli   vessels 
iibiiml  ot  war. 

|(mI  ln'tweoii  in- 
ir  ill  it  at  all. 
.sst'l— one  ••!  i 

t  the  bloclvadc. 

Twt'Oii  .I:»mian. 

IllaT,  is,  iiKh'ttl. 

|l)OCUIIM'IltS,''  ill] 

W  i»  th«'lu'j;in 
l)"t,  however,  l;'r| 
of  ruuniii^'  i 


OPINIONS    OF   SIR    .\LEXAM)K1{    COCKllURN. 


437 


At  llrMt. 


Idotkado;  ami,  a.s  he  i'xpiesses  it,  to  save  that  atoampr  "  the  los.s  of  a 
moon."  This  shows  that  thu  intention  was  not  to  siii)[»ly  the  Florida 
with  coal,  and  that  the  visit  of  the  Florida  to  UiMinuda  was  not  in  any 
way  eonnected  with  the  voya<;e  of  the  Harriet  I'inekney ;  still  less  was 
tiiere  anythin*;  to  siig^^est  tiie  slij^htest  suspieion  of  such  a  kind  to  tho 
folonial  authorities,  iicsidcs  whi(!h,  the  anxictyof  ('.iptain  Mallitt  to 
()l)tain  coal  Irom  other  quarters  shows  plainly  that  he  liad  no  expecta- 
tion of  a  spccilic  (^arg'o  iH'in;;^  sent  out  for  his  vcs.scl. 

The  charge  of  any  violation  of  neutrality  on  the  occasion  of  the  last- 
mentioned  visit  appears  wholly  to  fail. 

Leaving:  llerniudaon  the  l-Tith  of  .luly,  the  Florida  arrived  at  i>rest 
oil  the  L'.Jd  of  Au};ust.     This  i)art  of  her  history  is  touched 
upon  lijrhtly  and  cautiously  in  the  cascof  the  United  .States; 
yd  the  indulgence  allej;('d  to  hav<^  Ix'eii  jjranted  to  this  vessel  in  liritish 
ports  is  hut  triHinj''  as  compared  with  that  which  was  extended  to  her 
111  the  Frentdi  port :  and  the  events  which  occurretl  there  aiv  iinpoitant 
assliowinj;  that  the  I'rench  {ioverninent  entertained  notions  more  lihcral 
than  our  own  on  the  su'oject  of  hospitality  to  he  extended  to  hellij4'erent 
vessels.    She  ha<l  su.'ftaini'd  consideral)le  injury  to  her  copper,  and  much 
(if  lier  niachinery  required  renew  in^,  and  workmen  and  materials  had 
!i»  lie  hroujiht  from  lOnf^land,  and  thc.se  repairs  wi-rc  likely  to  r«'<piire  a 
|it'ii'.»dof  sevt'ral  months  for  tlu'ir  accomplishment.  A  t'onsiderahle  part 
of  lier  crew,  tlu'  time  for  which  they  had  en^a<;«'d  having'  expired,  de- 
sired their  dischar;.M'.     From  the  dispatches  of  Mr,  Oayton,  the  United 
States  minister  at  I'aris,  to  Mr.  Secretary  Seward,  it  appears  that  Mr. 
Dayton  he<;an  hy  remonstrating;  a}j;ainst  any  assistance  heinfj  j^iven  to 
tlio  Florida  at  all.     Ihit  the  French  jiovcrnment  answered  tlmt,  having 
iwoyni/ed  tln^  ('onfederate  States  as  lielli^rerents,  they  could  not  refuso 
ilii'in  the  ordinary  assistance  ren<len'd  t()  ships  «ij'  war  in  need  of  repairs. 
Next.  Mr.   Daytcm  insisted  that,  as  tlu^  Florida  was  a  ;jood  sailing  voa- 
d,  no  repair  should  he  allowed  to  he  done  to  her  macliinery.     ISut  to 
this  M.  Drouyn  de  Lhuys  answered,  "that  if  she*  were  deprive*!  of  her 
iniiehinery,  slie  would  he  jno  tunto  disahled,  i-ripph'd,  and  liahle,  like  a 
<liu'k  with  its  wings  cut,  to  he  at  once  cau;;ht  hy  the  United  States 
steamers.     He  siiid  it  would  he  no  fair  answer  to  say  the  duck  had  legs 
aiul  could  walk  or  swim.     He  sa>d  that,  in  addition   to   this,  the  olTi- 
ws  (>f  the  iM)rt  Inul  reported  to  the  government   that  the  vessel  was 
icakini;  hadly,  that  she  made  water  at  so  much  i)er  hour  (i^iving  tho 
iiieasaremeut)  ami  unless  repaired  she  would  sink."' 

There  heing  n(»  <'ommercial  dock  at  r.r<'st,  ('aplaiii  .Mallitt  applied  for 
ilie  u.sc  of  a  government  dock.  Mr.  Dayton  remonstrated;  hut  M. 
'•roiiyn  de  lihuys  replied  that,  where  theic  was  no  coinuH'rcial  dock,  as 
ilUivst,  i'  was  customary  to  grant  the  use  of  any  accoiMmod.itioii  there 
to  all  vcs.scis  in  distress,  upon  payment  of  cciiiiin  known  and  lixed 
nitt's;  that  they  nnist  deal  w ith  this  vessel  as  they  W(»!dd  with  one  of  tho 
I  iiitcti  States  ships,  or  the  sliiits  of  any  olliei'  nation;  and  tli.it  to  all 
Miili  these  jiccommotlalions  would  ln'  granted  at  once.-' 

Lastly,  permission  having  hcen  asked  to  ship  new  hands,  in  tlieplaon 
III  those  whose  time  hail  expired,  .M.  D.iyton  strongly  opposeil  it.  lie 
iliiis  states  tlu'  result : 

M  I'iMiiyn  <iii  hlinvH  iiiriiniifd  iiu-  tli;it  tiiif.  j;>>vr!iimciit,  jtrti'iiiiiicli  cihiIVii'iicc^iukI, 
I'l'.;iii\,  soiiic  liivsitat  I'lii.)  Iiail  ciiiiciiiiii'd  iml  Id  i>siii-  jiii  itidi-i'  iirnliiliil  liii;  an  aci-cssinii  to 
ili.'cri'w  of  ilif  I'Miiiiila  wliilc  in  jM»r(.  inasnnit'li  a>  .siuli  arci'ssiiMi  \v,is  iicrcssary  ti>  lior 
'<iviirj|tii,,|.  'I'lii-y  Ii.'hI  inailc  iii<|iiirirs,  ir  wiiiilil  .si-i'iii,  ami  tlifv  liii'l  asciMlikiiu' 1  t.li;ik 
iiii  s('v«'nt.v  '•!■  HfVfhtx -liv('  iiit-n  <liHcliiif;?iMl  al'ltT  siii>  ••ami'  iiili»  Urcsl  wen*  ditcliar^ji'il 


'  Hii(i.ili  Atp  iiilix,  Vdl.  vi,  p.  \'.\'i. 
<ll)i(l. 


438 


ARHITRATION    AT    GKXEVA. 


b«caiis((  the  pt'iind  tor  wliicli  tlir»v  had  shipped  had  oxpired.  H"  Haid,  fiirtlii  rmorc  il 


lat, 
I'lH  and  ii 


il  was  r<>pi>i't('d  t*»  iiiiii  tliat  this  KcaiNar^o  hatl  hkowi.so  apjdifd  tor  .moiho  sail 
pilot  ill  that  port,  as  well  an  lor  (;oal,  and  h-avo  to  iiiako  rtipairs,  all  ot'  wliidi  had 
uiid  would  bi'.  if  iiioro  were  noodcd,  clMMTt'tdly  j;rantcd. 

I  told  liiiii.I  was  <|iiito  conlidcnt.  th<«  Kcarsai'irt^  had  iiiadc  no  alli>in]it  to  sliip  a 
thi'ic,  and  tliat,  as  rcspfctH  a  jiilot,  that  stood  on  <;ronnd  pfculiur  to  itMdlf,  and  hail 
j'ct'i'i-cnco  to  the  ^cni'ial  jirinciphv 


lll'CIl, 


ClfW 


IK' 


Till'  dcti'iiiiinaiiini   w  liich  has  hecii  icaohcd  by  tiie  French  anthorilii's  to  all 


0\V  till' 


hhijiiiient  ot'  a  errw,  or  so  lar;;e  a  portion  of  one,  on  lioai'd  of  the  Florida  while  |\i 
in  their  jiint  is,  I  tliiiik,  wionj;-,  evi-n  Mipjio^in^^  that  vessel  a  ref;nlaily  (•oiiiniissiinnd 
Hhip  of  war.  I  told  M.  Diiniyn  de  Lhiiys.  that,  lookinjj  at  it  as  a  iiicie  lawyer,  ;iiii| 
clear  of  ]nejndiees  whieh  my  ollirial  |iositioii  nii^ht  <-reat(s  f   tlnni^rht  this  dct 


tion  an  eiror.     lli^said,  howrver.  that  in  the  contVrenee  tlie\'  ImiI 


enimia- 
Iriicllril 


riio  rinri.i,,  nf  (J,. If    mijiiiiiiKinsly,  allhoiij^h  a  iiiiijniiiy  of  liii-  niinistiy  ei)n>iil(  rin^r  ,i 


Mr.    ..  ,.  , 

quostioii  worn  hiwyors.' 

From  :i  it'port  by  the  liiitisli  consul  at  Hicst,  on  tlio  .snbjccr  of  th. 
i('('('i»tU)ii  and  stay  of  the  Florida  at  that  jtort,  it  ai)pear.s  that — 

Captain  Mallitt,  the  eoininandor  of  tho  Florida,  was  infornu'd  hy  tin*  admiral  of  tin 
port,  (pi«5fet  maritime.)  Viee-.\diniial  (Nnnit  de  (Ineyton.  that  he  was  at  lilniiy  id 
e/leel  the  rejiairs  of  the  ship  and  prt>\  ide  her  with  eoal  and  provisions,  the  saiiii'  .i-^ 
any  int  ic  haiit-ship.  ,  ,  ..««,,. 

The  eommeieial  resoiuccs  of  Jhest  ]irovinjj;  insntlieient  fo  effect  the  repairs  of  tin- 
Fhiiida,  application  w  s  made  to  the  port-admiral  to  allow  her  to  enter  the  govern- i 
nn-nt  dock-yard,  and  permission  for  her  to  do  so  w.-is  ^ranteil,  it  hein;;  stipulated  ili;ir, 
all  exptnses  should  he  n^-imhnrseil  hy  tie  ajjj'iit,  .M.  Aiiinaltre,  and  that  her  powilii  , 
nia^ia/.ine  should  he  cleared  hefore  entering;  the  dock.  To  etl'ect  the  hitter  oiieiaiinii,  a  j 
;;overiim<'nt  harj^e  was  furnished  for  thepiiriiose  of  removing  tin;  ainmiinitioii ;  and  tin?  | 
h.'irjj;e  was,  hiter,  moored  in  the  hay.  I 

On  tiie  Uth  of  .S'pteiiilier,  LSI:?,  tlie  Florida  Piitored  the  t^overnnient  dock,  and  n  -  i 
mained  ther<<  for  ;;eneral  ic|)airs  for  ;i  ]ieriod  of  ahont  live  weeks. 

The  Florida  completed  her  repairs  in  the  dock-yard,  and  afterward  took  niooriiiiiM  in 
the  merchant  harliorof  Ihtst,  where  she  was  slowly  lelitted.     On  the  'J7tli  of  Deinn 
her  she  was  moved  to  the  roadstead. 

it  appeaPH  that  Home  <d°  the  m<-chanisni  of  th<^  niori*  hen        (runs  nf  tht;  Florida  liail 
never  been  rejjniated,  and  her  commander  desirin;;  to   have  this  done,  an  appliiatinn 
was  niadt*  to  the  |)ort-adinlral  fin' permissiun  to  land  the  ^nns  for  that  ])iu|iiise;  lnit.  I 
this  was  at  once  and  positively  refused,  on  the  <L;ronn<l  that  such  an  act  nii<;ht  he  iiiti  r- 
preted  as  eqnivalent  to  allowing;  a  re-inforeement  of  arms. 

JJnt,  it  appears,  her  small-arms  were  allowed  to  he  landed,  in  order  to  be  re]i;iireil  lis 
u  gnn-mak(!r  of  Jh'est,  named  Ivock  ;  this  |ierniission  was  granted,  on  the  a;;eiit.  M 
Anmaitre,  jjivinjj  a  fiiiaiantee  to  the  authorities  of  the  cnstoui-hoiise  that  they  slmiilil 
he  reshippe<l  on  board  the  Floiida. 

No  arms  «m'  aiinniinitimi  were  furnished  to  the  Florida,  while  at  Hrest. 

Thronjih  M.  Anmaitre,  the  afjent,  M.  JJainals   ascertained  that  thirty-live  si-aiiieu 
chiiined  and  obtained  their  diseharjie  fioin  the  Florida  here;  that  they  were,  in  p;irl, 
nq)laeid  by  others,  ehictly  natives  of  Hclfiium,  (iermany,  Italy,  and  Sontlurn  .\ii>lii^i,. 
bron^rjit  to  Hrest  by  railway  direct  from  Paris,  in  nnnibers    never  exeeedin;;  foinat  :kj 
time,  and  that  they  w*'re  ipiietly  sent  on  board  in  similar  nnnibers. 

The  Federal  eorvi'tte  Keaisar;^e   le-appeared    in  Ihesl  waters  on  tln^  I'd  of  .Iaim;in 
18l)l;  and,  aft(;r  steaming  about  the   bay  to  within  a  inilu  of  the  town,  ai^aiii  jm 


ceei 


le<l  t 


o  sea. 


The  I'Moiida,  bein<i  teady  for  sen,  left  lirest  between  !•  and  10  o'clock  on    the  evcniii 
of  theiHh  of  l'"ebiuary,  l-iil,  in   charge  of  a  pilot  ;  and  at  a  distance  of  about  tliiiiy] 
miles  from  that  port,  passed  tlirou;;h  the  dane;eions  passa;;e  Du  lia/.,  inside  the  ."'aiiii- 
luntline;  the  pilot  at  .Vndierne.- 

I  cannot  help  sni-inisin<;  that,  it'  till  tliis  htnl  h:i|ip<'no(l  in  oiu>  nt'  Mei'j 
Majcsty'.s  poit.s ;  il'ii  o;ovcitiin«'nt  <h)(;ii  yai'<l  had  Wccn  phiccd  tit  the  dis- 
posal oC  il  conlciU'ratc  cruiser;  it  stu'h  crtiiscr  had  Ihm'Ii  jillowed  I 
icinsiin  si.\  months  ;  to  have  her  small  iinns  rcpaited  on  shoic;  ami  t 
take  in  its  ninch  coal  as  she  wanted,  ''liki^  any  metclisint  vcs.sci,"  iiinlj 
larj;'ely  to  leciiiit  hei- t-H'w,  this  trilninal  would  not  Inive  laih'tl  to  liii'l 
H  vetv  eloipient  and  itidifjnant  denunciation  of  such  ii  violation  ol'  nvn- 
Irality  in  the  papers  which  have  been  presented  to  us. 

■  Krilish  Appendix,  vol.  vi,  p.  Kt.i. 
•Ibid.,  vol.  i,  pp.  l'.>i'..  IU7. 


lit  ilocli,  iuul  n 


at  ion  i>r  iH'ii- 


OI'IMONS    OF    SIR    Al.HXANDKli    COCKIilJKX.  431) 

Af'tor  Iciiviiifj-  ]>rosf  on  tlic  iLllli  of  February,  LSiU,  tlio  Florida  visited 
the  Fi'ciit'li  coliniv  of  MartiiiiuiiL',  where  slu'  r«'itiaiiii'<l  from 
tlic  iMitli  ot  April  to  tliC!   <tii  ot  May  rt'pairiiij;  lier  ma- 
cliiiM'iy  and  taking;  in  a  fall  snjiply  of  coal.'     On  tlio  I'itli    of  May  slio 
toiicln'd  at  l»i'riiinda,l)ntoidy  to  land  a  sick  ollicer,  and  left  aj^ain  at  oncc." 

()n  till'  ISfli  of  June,  ISIJI,  she  a;^ain  put  int(>  llcrninda,  ^^      ^ 

lu'in;;  then  nndcr  the  <'oniniand  of  LientenantC.  M.  .Mor- 
ris.' Lieutenant  [Morris  inunediately  wrote  to  Colonel  .Manro,  the  act- 
iiijr  jjovernor,  statiiii;"  that  his  vessel  was  in  want  of  coals,  provisions, 
and  repaiis.  and  r<M|nestinjj  pei'iidssion  to  have  the  necessary  repairs  to 
the  piopeller  and  hlowvalve  <h)ne  at  Her  .Majesty's  dock-yard,  as  they 
could  not  otherwise  l)e  elVect«'d  ;'  and  (Joveinor  .S[iinro  havinj;'  referred 
the  application  to  Sir  .lames  ITope,  tlie  iidiniral  on  the  station.  Sir 
J.iiiK's  Hope  directed  a  survey  of  the  \essel  to  he  made  hy  competent 
otiicers,  who.  on  the  L*(Uh,  reported  as  foll<»ws; 

We  liavc  tin- lnMicir  l<»  rcpiiit  that,  liavinij,  in  oliiMlii'iici'  ht   \oiir  iliicctioiis.  iiiu-ii  dii 
lui.iid   tlic   l''l(iriila,  ami    with   tin-  assistaiirc  of  .Mi'ssrs.  TIiuiii|ihi>ii  ami 
l.i'ifcli.  assistant   i'ii;;int'i'is,  oxaniineil   lu-r  niachinci'y,  wo  bry  to  iiiakii  '^'''  '^""  ' 

iLti  li>llo\vin<;  if|ioil : 

I.  Sill'  can  procccil  to  si-awitli  snrli  repairs  as  can  Ix^  maili.*  ^^noil  here,  wliicli.  as 
far  as  we  Mic'  al>lc  to  jndiji'.  will  i-iM|nirr  live  days  for  oin'  man.  viz,  a  tUvcr  lor  two 
ilivs  and  a  littiT  Cor  tlirm  days,  or  tlirt'i-  coni|ilfti'<lays  ni  all. 

•J.  .She  can  proceed  to  se.a  witii  salety  in  her  present  slate  under  steam,  Init  nmli-r 
sail  is  nnnianai^eahle  with  her  seri'W  up  in  had  weather,  and  her  <lefecls  iilel'L  (eross- 
lives)  render  main  topmast  nnsafe.     'fhis  could  lie  made  jrood  in  two  d'lys, 

I!.  Her  lMnsc-i)ower  IS 'Jiie. 

('(iiiKiiniptioii  of  fuel  jroinjj  lull  speed i;,    ^\\^, 

f^i"'''! 10    kiiot.s. 

l'oiisumpli(Hi  ot  I'liel  ^oin^'  half  si)oed 7,i  cwt. 

'^I"t'l  a    knots. 

•I.  We  are  of  opinion  that  the,  riorida  .shonhl  tie  al)Ie  to  loteli  tlie  loilowiiiy  places  in 
the  time  and  with  Ihe  coal  stated  against  caih,  vi/: 

irnnrs.    Tons 

Wilniinjrton Ij-,        4(3 

Cliinleston I'Hj         r,.> 

f'iivaiuiah ifw        .r,r, 

•^'"l''le ojO       111!) 

N\'c  liave,  A.C., 

.vin'iiiii  11.  (,;.  KU"ii.viin.so\, 

LkuUiiant. 
!:!)\VAK'I»  I).  CIMCIITON, 

Cliiif  h'tifiiHctr. 
\  ii  i-Adniiral  .Sir  . I.  Hon;,  .Ji.,  .(c,  ,)•!•. 

I'.  S. — Till'  Florida  can  stow  i:50  toim  of  oul.'- 

rp(ui  this  a  stay  of  live  workin,<;  da>s  was  accorded  lor  the  cotnph'- 
lioii  of  the  necessary  repairs."     i'eriuission  was  i>;\\i'u  to  shi[)  SO  tons  of 

t'Olll. 

Three  heads  ol"  complaiid  are  put  forward  by  the  rniled  States  (lov 
tnnncnt  as  to  what  was  done  on  this  occasion.     Twice  over  it  is  stated 
tli;if.  a  stay  of. //re  days  havin.o-   hcen   o-ranted.  that  stay  was  extended 
to  nine.'- 

We  ha\i'  here  anothiT  of  ihosii  inaccurate  statements  of  fact,  the 
I'l'i'ct  of  which  may  i)e  to  mislead  the  trihunal.  riiestay  of  tlu^  Florida 
iit  111  iiuiida  on  this  occasion  was  only  nine  days  in  thti  whole.     IJat  the 

'  r.riii^h  Appendix,  vol.  i,  ]>.  l:il. 

-Hdd..  |t.  |:!'i:   I 'nited  State-;  I  >iien:nent:..  vol.  \  i.  p.  ;!."..'(. 

Uiili.-li  Appendix.  \ol.  1,  p.  i:;.'. 
'  lliid.,  vol.  \',  p.  ;•. 

i'.rili-h  .\ppenoi":.  vol.  v.  p.  II. 
'  Ihid.,  p)i.  Ii.  II.  \\i. 

■Case  ol'  file   I'niled  Stale-..  pM.  It ',(•.  It'.l. 


fc 


I:  I!'. 


440 


ARIUTKATIOX    AT    (IKNKVA. 


oiuii(>r  portion  of  that  tiino  was  occiipicil  in  the  prcliiiiinarv  ('uiiiiiinni 
cations  ami  in  the  survey.  Tiio  stay  of  i\\o  days  was  {jnnitcd  l»y  t||,. 
ffovornor  on  tlio  'Jlst  oi'  Jnno.  Tiic  Florida  lidl  on  tlici'JTtli.  The  total 
Ntay  of  nino  days  has  tlins  boon  (ronfonndod  with  tht^  stay  aft>  r  tho 
^rantinjj  of  (ho  live  days.  I  shonhl  ho,  ushaniod  to  snji;j;ost  that  this 
nusroprosontation  was  intontionally  made  ;  hnt  I  ninst  ropoat  tiiat  thoso 
who  aoons(5  porsons  in  authority  of  niisoondnct  shonhl  taivc  nioro  caio  to 
bo  aocurato  as  to  tluMr  facts. 

It  is  next  statoil  that,  instead  of  JO  tons,  the  Morida  was  allowed  to 
taUo  l.'J.i.'  Jint  (Ml  rcfereneo  to  the  report  of  the  Hurveyin<j  olliiiers,  it 
will  1)0  seen  that  they  estimate  1(5  tons  as  tiio  atni.nnt  necessary  for  tlio 
vessel,  if  seek  in  ;^  the  nearest  porl,  namely,  Wilminjifton  ;  1(U>  Ions  if 
soekin;;  the  fnrtliest,  namely,  .Mobile;  with  varying;"  umonnts  if  making 
lor  intermediate  ports. 

L'ontonaMt  Morris  assnreil  the  ;;i)vernor  that  the  port  ho  expectoil  t) 
niako  was  Mobile.-  The  <j(»vernor  compromise«l  the  matter  l)y  trivin.^' 
I)ormission  to  load  SO  tons.  liientenant  Morris  reported  oflicially  in 
writin;j  to  the  <»()vernor  that  ho  had  loaded  SO  tons,  a<  appears  by  the 
letter  of  (lovernor  Mnnro  to  Mr.  .Secretary  Cardwell  of  the  7th  of  .Inly, 
IStil.'  Ibit  (he  United  States  producio  a  voucher  for  l.i.l  tons  of  coal 
shipped  on  this  occasion.' 

if  it  be  triu^  that  Lieutenant  Morris  abused  tho  cojifidenco  of  Colonel 
IMunro,  and  took  in  l.'io  tons  instead  of  SO,  all  that  this  proves  is  that 
liientenant  Mtniis  acted  in  a  manner  unw(Uthy  of  nn  ollicer  and  a  ;,'eii- 
tieman.  Is  it  to  be  said  that  it  was  the  duty  of  tln^  governor  to  send 
ollieers  to  watch  tho  shipment  of  the  coal,  and  sec  that  Lientenaiit 
]\lorris  ditl  not  play  a  dishon(nabIo  part  and  abuse  the  trust  reposed  in 
Iiim,  and  that  tho  quantity  was  not  oxcoodod  t  Such  a  j)roceedinjj 
would  have  implied  a  disbelief  in  tho  wonl  of  tho  ofllcer  coninmndin;:  a 
ship  ol*  war,  and  therefore  would  more  or  less  have  amounted  to  an 
ailVont.    I  (;annot  think  it  was  necessary. 

The  next  complaint  is,  that  whereas  live  days'  work  was  reported  by 
the  surveyors  to  bo  all  that  was  necessary  to  be  donc^  to  the  vessel, 
twenty  days  of  carpenters'  work  was  done  to  her.'  Tho  voucher  pro 
<luced  shows  that  lour  carpenters  weri'  employed  lor  four  days.^  Look- 
ing to  the  small  quantity  of  materials  charged  for,  it  is  probable  that, 
if  an  undue  amount  of  time  was  occupied  in  carpenters'  work,  it  arose 
from  the  unskillfulness  of  the  worknuMi. 

Tho  number  of  men  required  for  tho  repairs  of  the  maintop-mast  is  not 
stated  in  tho  report  of  the  ollieers.  Tho  work  of  four  men  for  four  days 
may  have  proved  absolutely  necessary. 

IJut  even  if  a  small  ami  micros<!opic  criticism  couid  here  discover  any 
thing  to  tin«l  fault  with,  hero  again  the  fault  was  that  of  tho  oilicercoin 
manding  tho  Fhuida,  not  of  tho  authorities.     Or,  is  it  to  be  said  that 
here  also  a  watch  shoidd  have  been  set  to  measure  tho  pre cise  amount 
of  work  to  which  tho  carpenters  should  have  been  limited  ? 

But  complaint  is  made  that,  besides  coal,  tho  Florida  was  allowed  to 
take  in  largo  supplies  of  provisions,  clothing,  and  other  stores,  even  of 
vicdiclnes!  ''     For  what  purpose  this  is  stated  1  cannot  conceive,    if  it  is 

'  tliiiltMl  Stiitcs  f'iiHO.  ]>.  'MVi. 

'Piitisli  A|))i('iiili\,  vol.  V,  p.  •!. 

Ml.i.l.,  vol.  i,  p.  t:a 

<tfiiirt'<l  StiilfM  DixMimt'iits,  vol.  vi,  p.  I{r>!). 

"("UNO  111"  tlm  lliiitnl  Slati'M,  p.  :Jl)I. 

'•lIiiitiMl  Htales  DocmnciUs,  vol.  vi,  p.  Jtll. 

'  Oiwo  of  tU«  llnift'd  Stiito.s,  p.  IMil. 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    AI.KXANDF.K    r  <)(  KI'.l'KX. 


n 


moaiit  to  Ih'  snid  tlint  lioii'iii  tlicn-i  was  juiy  brciich  of  iioiitralit\,  sadi  ;i 
proposition  implies  ignorance  oftlu'  I'lrsf  jMiiiciph'sof  iiiteniational  law. 
All  tlio  articles  eiiiiinerated  are  tliiii;;s  wliieh  a  i)ellijj;ereiit  lias  a  perlVct. 
riulit  to  procure  in  a  neutral  port,  anil  wliicli  tlie;;overnor  eouhl  iieitlier 
[irevent  thoconnnander  of  sncli  a  vessel  from  Iniyiii^,  «»r  the  Queen's  siih 
eots  fronj  selling  to  iiim. 

There  is  one  other  eomplaint,  whieh  I  ''onfess  occasions  me  lM)th  sin 
nrise  and  pain.  It  is  that,  although  the  surveyors  had  report«Ml  thai. 
•tlie  vessel  was  unmana;,'eal»le  with  her  screw  up  in  bad  weather,"  and 
limt  "  her  defects  aloft  ((Moss-trees)  rendered  the  maintop-mast  unsafe,'' 
yet,  as  they  ha<l  reporteil  that  "she  could  proceed  to  seu  with  safety  iii 
icr  then  stat(»  umler  steam,"' the  p>vernorou{;ht  not  to  have  allowed  the 
repairs  necessary  to  render  hei-  safe  w  hen  under  sail.'  Wo  have  hero 
the  converse  «(f  Air.  Dayton's  contention  with  the  I'rencli  jjovcrnment, 
!mt  in  a  more  ohjectionahic  form.  When  it  is  l)()rne  in  mind  that  in  a 
snow-steamer  steam  is  hut  an  auxiliary  power,  and  that  no  such  vessel 
IS  over  committed  to  the  ocean  witlnuit  everything,'  ni'«'es.xury  tt)  her 
sal'cty  under  sail  heinj;:  in  a  seaworthy  condition  ;  when  it  is  lememhered 
that  all  machinery  is  liable  to  acci«lent,  esp»'cially  such  as  is  exposed  to 
tlu>  aittion  of  the  ehMuents,  and  that  if  anythin^jT  had  happened  to  the 
niacliinery  of  this  vessel  in  her  then  condition,  she  would  have  bei'U  ex 
iNised,  with  her  living:  frei;;lit,  ci'ipplcd  and  helpless,  to  danger  and  dis- 
ister,  I  think  the  proposition  which  tiie  tribunal  is  asked  to  adopt  ought 
not  to  find  much  lav(»r  in  its  sight.  Imm-  myself  I  can  only  say,  that  I 
trust  and  believe  lut  British  govt'ruor,  i)la(;('d  in  similar  circumstances, 
would — let  our  decision  be  what  it  may,  let  the  political  consecpiencesbo 
what  they  will — be  so  wanting  in  a  sense  of  what  is  <Iu(»  to  humanity 
iiiul  to  the  honor  of  his  (M)untry  as  to  act  otherwise  than  1  am  glad  to 
think  the  g«>vernorof  r>ermtuiaa(;ted  o\\  this  occasion. 

I  have  only  turtln«r  to  ol)serve  that  when  muirh  is  nnuhi  in  the  case  of 
the  United  States  of  the  fact  that  the  Florida,  instead  of  proceeding  to 
the  nearest  port,  was  kept  (Tuising  off  the  islands,  lookingout  for  United 
States  vessels,  which  no  «Ioubt  appears  to  have  been  the  case,  -  the  same 
nhseivution  occurs  as  before.  Such  a  course  of  conduct  may  have  been 
(lisbonorable  in  Lieutenant  IMorris,  as  being  in  breach  of  the  gooil  faith 
Im ought  to  have  kept  with  the  governor,  but  it  certainly  cannot  be  as 
<:ril»t'(l  as  a  fault  to  the  latter. 

No  doubt  the  conduct  of  Lieutenant  Morris  is  open  to  observation. 
Ilecanie  back  afterwanls  to  the  island,  on  the  pretext  of  <lelivering  up 
t«o  deserters,  but  in  fact  to  try  and  get  more  coal,  whi(^h,  however,  was 
poroinptorily  relused.^  IJut  the  answer  lies  in  a  wonl :  Lieutenant  Mor- 
ris was  an  odicer  bearing  a  commission  and  wearing  a  swiud  in  the 
>mice  of  an  American  government:  as  such,  he  was  entith'd  to  the 
presumption  which  attaches  to  such  a  pcsition,  antl  which  presupposes 
'lie  impossibility  of  acts  inconsistent  with  the  highest  sense  of  hoiu)r 
Mid  the  most  s<!ru|»idous  good  faith.  To  have  acted  on  such  a  presuinp 
tioii  ought  not  to  be  aseiilud,  by  a  tril»unal  of  honorable  men,  to  thoso 
'^liodid  so,  as  a  want  of  dm*  diligence  in  the  disdiarge  of  any  <luty  they 
*t're  called  on  to  fullill  on  the  part  ot  a  neutral  government. 

Oil  the  oth  of  October,  IStll,  the  Florida  entered  the  |>ort  of  liahia, 
^hereupon  Mr.  Wilstm,the  United  States  consul,  forthwith  addressed  a 
't'tter  to  the  president  of  the  province  in  the  accustomed  terms: 

'  CaHo  111'  tlio  UnitiMl  .States,  p.  :K2. 
•Set-  Hiitiuli  Appciulix,  vol.  i,  p.  13X 
'  Ibi.l. 


^1;. 


442 


AKIUTJfATKtN    AT    (JKXKVA. 


Coxsi'LATi;  »tK  riir.  l'Nrri:i>  Siatks  oi.  Amlkk  \. 

Jiiiliiit,  (hiobir  ."),  Hiii—i)  11.  Ill 

Sue :  'i'liis  iiKiniir;;  ii  sliMincr  iiiichonMl  in  thiH  port  bearing  tin-  llii;rii)li)|itiMl  liy  tli 

Avlio  iirit  ih\  iilvi'il   ill    tlir  iclit'lliiiii  it^^iiiiiMt.  Ilitt  (iiivcriiiin'iit   of  ilic    (Jnitnl  Stati'> 


Ainrric:!,  iinil   I  am   iiiloiiiii'd  liiMt.   tlii^  n.imI  vessel  i.s  llie   I'loriil; 


wllleli  IS  eiii.ra;,'i(|  iii| 


eaiiliirmi;  vessels  na\i.;atiiii;  nmler  \\\>'.  rtii;»  of  the   Uiiiteil  Stiites  of  Atiieiica,  ami 
Uesti'oN'iMi;  IIh-iii  liy  iiiaUiii';  Itoiilires  of  liieiii  ami  llieir  ear^roes. 


iiii 


'I'lie  vesst^l    in   (|iiestioii   is   mit  .'ominissioiieil    l»v  iiii.V  re(!o;ji>i/,e(l  j^oviinniteiit  what- 


«>ver,  am 


I  her  olliiers  ami  eiew  are  eoiiipuseil  iif  pi'isoiis  of  various   iiatioiialit 


le-*,  \v| 


.'ire  not  sniijeet  to  any  iiileiiiatioiial  or  eivili/. 'il  law,  and  are  eoiiS('i|iiiMitly  iml  eiiiitli'dl 

to  the  i)iivile<;es  ami    iinmiuiili*'s  eoi led  to  vessels    iiavi;ialin^  under  thn  i1:im-  ,i|  -.^ 

civilized    nation.     I    theicfore  inotest,  in  the   name  of  the  United  States  of  Aiiieri.;i, 
against  the  admission  of  this  vessel  to  Uvr  |»raetiee.  liy  which  she  mi>;hl  lie  eiialiliil  ii 
Mi|i|ily  herself  \N  illi  coal,  |  no  visions,  tackle,  or  oteiisils  of  any  Uind  whatever,  nr  leiiivi 
on    hoard   anv  pci'sons    whalcver;   linallv,  a;iaiiist  any   assistance,  aid,  or  iiMileciiniil 
which    mif^lil    he   conceded   to    liei'   in  this   imrt,  or   in   any    other   l>eloii;;iii;;  to  tin 
liroviiice. 

1  likewiso  claim  that   the  piratical  cruiser  which,  in  coinhinalion  with  the  jiirat 
Alahama,  violated  the  soverei;;nty  ol   the  imperial  government  ol' Itia/.il  hy  ca|itiiiiii 
:uid  destroyiiie;  vessels  lielon;;in;;  to  cit  i/eiis  (d"  the  I'nited  Stales  ol  America,  wiiliin  tliu| 
territorial  wiiteis  (d'  Mra/il,  near  the  island  of  I'eriianilo  de  Noronlia,  in  April,  |sii:'i,  Ix 
iletiiincd,  with  all  licrollicerH  and  crew,  in  older  to  answer  for  so  lla;{raiit  a  vinlatiuiil 
of  the 
United  .States  within  the  i'lrisdiction  of  ilie  llra/ilian  j'overniiient. 


.■ereijj;nty  of  the  f^overnment  of  |(ra/.il  and  of  lll(^   ii;f|itsof  eiii/ciis  of  tl 


I 


aval 


I,  A( 


TIKiMAS  V.  Wll.SitV. 
I'oiixiil  ill'  till    I'liilid  SUi', 


His  Kxcelleiiey  As  loM. » ,l(iA(ii  iM  i>v  Mi.v\  (oiNir./, 


I'l-iKuUiit  tif  till  I'ruv'niir  uf  lUihia, 


Tlio  in'osult'iit  ivplios: 

In  reply  to  the  consul,  I  have  t,o  inform  him  that,  as  the  Maid  vessel  lK;hiii;^s  to  iliiJ 


('onfederate  States,  in   whom  the   imperial 


iiineiit   reco<;nixed   the  ciniractt 


lM'lli;;erentH,  all  the  assistance  rci|nired  hy  lin      .nity  may  In-'  t'lirnishcd  her  which  (tuiHl 
ill  no  wise  cinistitnte  assistance   for  warliUe  pni poses,  as  laid  down   hy    interiiatieii:  " 
law,  and  does  not  conllict  with  that  neutrality  which  this^rovernmeiit  studiously  seek 
to  preserve,  ami  has  always  preserved,  in    the  <'ont»'st  lietweeii   tln)  .Stati's  of  Nertlil 
America.     I'lie  nndei'si^rned  cannot,  therefore,  admit  tli<>  lirst  |iorti(ni  of  the  claim  nl  tin 
consul,  in  tlu^  ;>;eneral  manner  in  which  it  was  iiresiuiled,  and  itarticniarly  in  relatim 
to  those  articles  considered   as   contrahand  of  war   in  «'onforniity  with    instruciion 
issued  on  that  sniiject    hy  the  ini)ieri<tl   government,  and  iU'cordin<;   to   which  the  said 
vcHKi  I  w  ill  only  he  permitted  to  rcniain  in  this  port  lor  the  len};tii  of  tiniu  ahsohiti'lyl 
iiidispensahle. 

In  re^jard  to  the  sciund  ))iirt  of  his  imte,  it  is  my  duty  to  observe  to  the  <'oiisul  lli;it,j 
even  if  it  were  fully  estahlished  that  the  Fhnida  had  previmisly  violateil  iicutralily, 
Kiich  a  jiroceedin};  W(mld  scarcely  aiithori/e  us  to  refuse  her  permission  to  enter  tliuj 
|iortN  of  the  empire,  and  would  intver  warrant  ns  to  commit  the  acts  re(|uire<l  hy  II 
<'onsiil,  which  wiMild  lie  eipiivaleiit  to  a  hostile  riiptnr(>,  without  the  intervention  d^ 
the  Huprciiie  ^ovci  iinieiit  id'the  State,  which  is  one  coiiipi'tcnt  to  authorize  such  a  i 
ture.- 

J'lcfore  diiybij'iik  on  the  iiioniiii<;  of  tlio  Ttli  Hie  Florltlti  was  smpiiscd 
ill  {\\v  iioit  of  r.aliiii  iuid  takiMi  by  tlic  United  States  war -.steaiiK  i^ 
VViiclmsett  and  eaiiied  oil  jis  ti  piize. 

She  .said;  .sliotily  after  her  arrival  in  Chesapeake  Hay,  in  eoiise(|iieiic( 
as  Wiis  iisserted,  of  her  haviiijj  s|uiiiio;  ;i  IciiU  tliirin;;-  her  voyii.ye,  and  i 
her  havin;^:  been  iiijiiietl  while  at,  anelior  l\v  it  United  States  tiaiis|mir. 

I^Ir.  Seward  appears  at  lirst  to  have:  been  tbsposed  to  think  that  tlitj 
]}ra/.iban  jroveinnient,  in  '•  fnrnisliinj; <>!  sindter  and  a  haven  to  piiulc: 
was  iiM  niiicli  to  blame  as  tlie  captain  of  tlu^  W'aclmsett,  jis  we  find  liim^ 
on  heariiii;' what  had  occurred,  writing;  thus  to  Mr.  Webb: 

r»r.i'Ai:i  MKNT  Ol'  SrATi:, 

Wiiihinijloii,  Xoiriiihir  II,  I'"' 
Sii::  In  the  years  l^Ci*  and  Hin!  reiiKmstrances  werti  addressed  hy  ns  to  tiie  p'vci 
iiient  of  r.ra/.ii  apiinst  the  policy,  dillcienf,  iis  it  was  from  that  of  all  other  AniciiiMU 


'  Hritisti  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p,  1 1(>, 
•  Ibid.,  p.  117 


OriMONS    OF    silt    ALKXAXDKU    CUCKIUKN. 


443 


T 


Slates,  ill  ro>;unl  to  tlio  fiiiniMliiii^jofHlifltpr  iiiiil  nlmvcn  to  pimti's  who  were  fHi,'!i;;iMl  in 
(|i'|ii'<'(l)itiii}(  n|ioii  tlin  )iciict't°iil  ciHiiiiifrciMit'  tlir  (Initial  Sljit<<-<.  'I'lit' i'(in'cs|iiMiili'ii(-i) 
(;tllll^  to  a  cltiso  williDiit  li.'iviii;;  |M'oiIii(;im|  iiiiy  n  if  istUi^toiy  result,  iiiiil  imt  witlioiil^ 
I^Mvin;;  II  paiiil'iil  |irrNfiitiiiuMit  lli.'il.  u  nMiliniiiiiieo  of  iiicasiirrs  ho  iiijiii  ions  to  tlio 
I'liitni  Sliitt'N  would,  NOdiiiT  or  later,  all'cct  tlut  liariiioiiioiis  rrlations  lit'i'i'tnloro  cxist- 
ui;:  Ui'twrcii  llio  two  (-iiiiiitric.s. 

We  have  JiHf,  mtw  Im-ukI  of  the  captiiio  of  the  rioriihi  h.v  the  U'achiisett,  at  llahia, 
iiiil  ol  llie  ('(iii>,i'i|iietit  hii.stilities  ulopti'il  hy  the  ISr.i/.iiian  I'ni'ces  in  thai  piii't  ;  hut.  wn 
have  no  pai'ticniar  infurnialion  of  ihe  riicninsiaMces  which  io'i'i'imIimI  the  eolliiioii,  and 
iiiir  iid'oi'iMati(Mi  concern  in;;  the  Iransaclion  itself  is  inonnplete.  At  tin;  sain '■  tinn<  \V(< 
,iii' ahsidutely  withont.  Unowh-d;;);  of  any  (■(iiTi'siioiideiico  that  it  may  Inive  elicited  hc- 
lAccn  yoni'HcIf  and  (he  iha/ilian  ;rovi'i  nno'iit. 

In  this  sta<{)!  ot'  the  matter  tin-  ricsidcnt  thinks  it  ))i'o])er  thai  yon  slionhl  inform  the 
iiiiiiisler  ol' foi'ci^rn  allairs  that  wo  are  not  inilispotcil  to  examine  tin*  Niihject  ujion  its 
mil  its  carefully,  and  to  cinisiili  .  wliatesi'i'  (|iiesiions  niav  arise  ont  of  it  in  a  lieeomiii}; 
mill  Iriendly  spirit,  . I' thai  spirit,  shall  bo  udopted  hy  His  Imperial  Majesty's  ;j;oveni- 
iiii'iit.' 

rh«'  j,'ov(MiiiiiOtit  of  I'.id/il  |»fo(osf('(l  iiiiiiu'diiitcly  in  stioii;;  lornis 
;i,'aiiist  tliis  vioiatioii  of  its  .s(ivi'i'»'i;jtit.v  and  the.  ticiiiriility  of  its  waters. 

Tlu' following  letter  was  itiiiiHMliatt'l.v  written  l).v  Seiihof  Ilarbosa  da 
"^ilvii,  the  Hra/,iliaii  ehaf;*!''  (rallaires  at  Wasliiii^^'toii,  to  Mf.  Seward: 

I'l'rioishilliiii.) 

I.Mi'KiiiM.  Iii:ii.vri(>\  oi    lhc\/.ii„ 

H'(inliiiitilt)ii,  Ihivmlnr  \'i,  \r^{\\. 

'file  iindeisij^ned,  chai'^e  d'atfaires  ad  iiiltiini  of  His  Majesty  the  Kmperor  of  Hrazil. 
has  just  n-ceived  orders  fiom  his};overnment  to  address  hinisell,  without  delay,  to  that  of 
the  lli.iled  States  ot'  North  America  ahont  an  act  of  the  most  transceiidaiit  ^^ravity,  donn 
m  the  morning;'  of  t  he  7tli  ilay  of  Octohi-r  last,  in  t  he  port  of  the  capital  of  the  province 
ot  Hahia,  hy  the  war-steamer  Waclmsett,  helon^in;;  to  the  Navy  of  the  rnion,  an  act 
illicit  involves  a  iiiaiiilest  violation  of  the  territorial  jurisdiction  of  tlio  I'liipiro,  iiml 
mi  «th'iise  to  its  honor  and  so\  .rei^fiity. 

Oil  the  -Itli  day  of  the  month  reiern-d  to  there  entered  that  port,  when^  already  had 
hci'ii  lyiii;^  for  some  days  the  Waclmsett,  the  eonfederate  steamer  Florida,  for  the  jnir- 
liosc,  declared  hy  her  commander  to  the  president  of  the  province,  to  supply  herself 
»itli  alimentary  provisimis  and  coal,  and  to  repair  smiie  tiihesof  her  niaihinery. 

The  I'rcsidi'nt,  proeeediny  in  a  leordance  with  the,  policy  of  iienirality  wliicdi  the 
I'liiliire  resolved  to  adopt  mi  the  i|iiestioii  in  which  nnfortnnately  these  .States  are 
iiiviilveil,  and  in  conformity  with  the  instructions  in  this  respect  issued  hy  the  iiin)erial 
!;iivfniinent  on  tin-  '2'\t\  id' .In tie  of  the  year  last  jiast.  ass«Mited  to  the  ii|iplieatioii  of  tin; 
iiiiiiiiiander  ot  tli«>  Fhnida,  and  lixed  the  lerm  of  i'orty-ei;jht  limirs  for  takinj;  in  snp- 
jilii'H,  and  lixin;;,  in  di>pemh<neeon  tint  linal  examination  hy  thtM-nirineer  of  the  arsenal, 
ilHMleteriiiimition  of  the  residue  of  the  time  which,  peradventiire.  should  he  deomed 
iiiilispcnsahlu  for  the  completion  of  the  repairs. 

The  same  nnlhority  at  onee  took,  with  the  {greatest  impartiality,  all  the  measures 
iim-ssary  to  avoid  any  conlliet  hetweeii  the  two  hostile  steamers. 

The  Florida  was  ]daced  under  covi-r  of  the  hiitteries  of  the  Mr.n/iliaii  corvette  l>. 
•'aiiiiaria,  on  the  inslnne  side,  at  the  reipiest  id"  her  commander,  who,  reposing  on  the 
fiiith  with  wliiidi,  withonr  doiiht,  the  chief  anthin'ity  of  tln^  province  c  iiild  not  fail  to 
inspire  him,  i-onsiileicd  himself  sheltered  from  any  attack  ot  his  adversary,  and  in  this 
iiMitiilcnce  not  only  staid  a  ninht  on  shore,  hut  ;;;ive  liherty  to  a  j.;reiit  part  of  the 
ti'i'W  of  his  vessel. 

It  hchooves  iin^  to  say  that,  as  soon  as  the  confederate  steamer  eiifercil  the  jiort  of 
Hahia,  the  .\iiieriean  consul,  Wilson,  addressed  to  the  I'rcsident  a  dis|iatch  claiinin.14 
'liat  lilt*  Florida  should  not  he  admitted  to  free  piati(|iie,  and  that  cni  the  contrary  sho 
i-li'mld  he  detained,  alle;{in,ii  for  this,  that  that  vessel  had,  in  cmicert  with  the  Ahiliama, 
violated  the  neutrality  of  the  emiiire  hy  mak in;.;  captures  in  IHii'.),  near  tliu  i.sluiid  of 
I'Tiiimdo  d(!  Noronha. 

f^iicli  exa;;;ieraled  preleiidoiis.  founded  on  facts  not  proven,  which  had  alreaily  been 
llii' Niiliject  of  diseussimi  hit.weeiithe  Imperial  ;;overnnient  and  the  le;;ation  of  the 
I  iiiteil  S'ates,  (^(Mlld  not  lie  e  •en  listened  to. 

It' the  I'rcsident  should  Iiav.'  refiisid  the  hos]iitalitv  solicited  hy  the  eommander  of 
till- I'loridii  he  would  have  iiifriiii^cd  not  only  the  ilutiesof  neutrality  of  the  empire, 
'"It  also  those  of  humanity,  eonsidci  in;;  that  steamer,  comin;;  from  Teiierilfe,  had  lieen 
"ixty-one  ihiys  at  Hen,  was  iiiiinovidcd  with  food,  and  with  niachinery  in  the  worst  con- 
ilitii 


).- 


1..J 
i  '• 


it 


HI. 


Br.tinh  Appondiv.  vol.  i,  p.  152. 


441 


AKIJITKAIION    AT    OKNKVA. 


iln 


\ 


i'M 


i 


I 


Affi'iwiinU   llir  I'liMiiltiil  liiiviii^;  Htatnl  to  tlic  hu?iio  rniisiil  tlini  lie  Iiopnl,  IVinn  ) 
liiiiiiir  Kiiil  loviilty  towani  a  tiiriidlv  nation,  lliat  \ui  would  scttl<>  with  tlii<  rnniiiiMnili' 

.ii... 

If) 

••aiiicr 


ot'tlif  WacliMHttt,  that  liM  hIioiiIiI  rfM|H-it  tin-  lu-iilrality  ami  Hovt'ii-iijnty  oflln' fiii| 
lio  was  aiiswi  Tfil  aniiiiijitivt'ly,  llm  c-oiiHiil  iili'il^inu  liiH  woitl  of  liotior.     'riiiii;;s  v 
ill   tins  lonilition,  the  tcnn  of  l'orly-*>i;;lit   lioiirs  iMiiit;    toi\|iiri<  at   1   o'clork  of  i| 
nt'trrnoon  of  tlii>  7tli,  when   alioiil  dawn  of  tliat  day,  tin-  coiiiinandrr  ol'  tin-  st 


\Vai'inisfll,sinldfiily  Icaviii;;  Iiih  ani-liora){f,  {iiiNHcd  tinoii^ii  tlxt  Itiiuiliaii  vcH.sflHol  wur 
and  a|i|noaclifd  llic  I'loiida. 

..  ..r  Ai...   II :i: *  *..   1 1     i -:..    i .  i.  .  ri     ,  i* 

Hill 

riiii- 


On  inisHin;;  aciosN  tint  liowsol'tlic  llra/ilian  coivi-tlc  l>.  .lannaria,  ]ii^  was  liailitl  fi 
on  lioat'd  that   lii>  iniiNt  anrhor;  lint,  as  In*  did  not  attend  to  tliis  intinialion,  and 


tinned  to  a|i|iioai'h  tlio  Kloiidii,  at  the  same  time  tiring  a  ;;iin  and  Noine  niiisketiy,  tin 
coniniiinder  of  the  naval  division  of  the  Kiii|iii'e  Htatioiied  in  lliose  waters  si'iit  an 
ollieer  on  hoard  the  W'arhnsett,  and  intoniieil  her  eoininaiider  that  the  ships  nf  tliM 
division  and  the  torts  would  open  lire  upon  her  if  she  slioidd  attack  the  I'lorida.  TIik 
Itra/.ilian  ollieer  was  not  allowed  to  make  fast  to  the  Waeliiisett,  lint  the  onieer  of  |||i> 
detk  hailed  liiiii,  sayiii;;,  in  reply  that  hmiieepted  the  intimation  ^riveii,  that  he  wmilil 
do  notiiiii;;  more,  and  that  he  was  K**<'*n  '"  t'etiirii  to  his  amdiorajre.  The  eoniinaiHlrr 
of  the  Itia/ilian  division  then  tlioii;;lit  proper  to  ratify  his  intimation  liv  liriii;;  a  ^im, 
npmi  wJiii'li  a  eoniplete  sileneit  iollowed  hetweeii  the  two  nhips  Waehiisell  ;oi<l 
I'lorida. 

At  the  time  this  was  passiii;^.  ♦'"'   <'orvetle   I».  .I.iiiii.ii  ia.  on   lio;ird    whieh  tin'  luin 
mandei'of  dis  ision  had  hoisted  his  Ihi;;.  lav  head  to  tlood.  the  steamer  Florida  aiM'iiori'ij 
I'l.K..  side  liy  side  of  her,  and  <| nit e  elo.se  to  the  shore,  and  lietweeii  her  and  thei  in  vettn 
the  W.iehiisi'tt  .stopped  her  wheels. 

The  eoininamler  of  division  then  olmervin^ — not  wilhstamliii;;  the  daikm  ss  of  tlm 
iii.nht — that  the  W'aehnselt,  from  the  position  in  whieh  she  was,  kejit  moving  onwiml 
and  \\  as  passinir  aheiid  ol'  the  eorvette,  in  a  eonrse  I'i.il.,  Iieeaine  e(nivinceil  I  hat,  in  I'.iri, 
she  was  sleeriii;;  tor  her  anehoraL;e,  thus  eoinplyin;;  with  the  promise  made. 

Itiit  a  fi'W  moments  alterward,  iiereeivin^  that    the  Florida  was  in  motion,  tin'  I'om 
inander  di.seoveii'd   llnil    the  Waeiinsett  was  takiin;  ht^r  oil  in  low  h\  means  o|  a  Ihuk 
oalde. 

Surprised  at  siieh  an  extraordinary  »ttfin)it,  the  eoinniunder  immediately  set  alxiiit. 
Ntoppinjr  this,  and  re<lressin){  at  the  saiiie  time,  as  behooved  liiiii,  tlio  ott'eiisu  lliiis  iluiiii 
to  the  dignity  and  soverei|iriily  of  tiiu  empire. 

Itiit  availiii;{  himself  of  the  darkness  of  the  iii;;lit,  and  of  other  eiiu^nnistaneeH,  llio 
ronimander  of  the  WiuhtiNittt  HiicceedtHl  in  earrying  liis  prize  over  tiiu  har,  ami  omi.uii- 
in;;  till)  JiiHt  pnnishmeiit  he  deserved. 

Tin;  coiisnl,  Wilson,  preferred  toahandon  his  poHt,  withdrawing  on  lioard  theWuchii- 
sott.  , 

Th«  government  of  His  Ma.jesty,  itH  hooii  as  it  had  ofllinal  infoniiatimi  of  the  event, 
addreHsed  to  the  legation  of  the  I'nited  States  at  Uio  .Janeiro  a  note,  in  wliiidi,  ^ivin;; 
a  Hitecinet  exposition  of  the  fact,  it  declared  that  it  had  no  lienitution  in  believing  that 
it  would  hasten  to  ;;ive  to  it  all  pro]ier  nssnraneeH  that  the  (iovurnment  of  th(3  IJiiion 
would  attend  to  tliejtist  leelamation  of  the  empire  at*  iironiptly  and  fully  as  the^rruvity 
of  tho  ea.se  demanded. 

In  c'orrehiiondeiiee  with  this  (^xpeetativi'  note  the  worthy  represiMitativeof  the  IJiiifpil 
States  was  prompt  in  sending  his  reply,  in  whieh  liu  declares  he  is  convinced  that  liii* 
(iovernmeiit  will  ^ive  to  that  of  the  empire  the  reparation  which  is  due  to  it. 

Such  are  the  facts  to  which  the  iiinlersifrned  has  received  onlers  to  call  the  attention 
«if  the  Hon.  William  II.  Seward,  SeiTetary  of  Slate  of  the  United  States. 

The  princi|dcsot  international  law  wliicli  rejiiilate  this  matter,  and  in  respect  of 
which  there  is  not  the  least  divei^itniat  anions  the  most  distin<;iiislu!d  )Mililicisis,  am 
common  and  known  to  all.  'I'lie  iindersi;;ned  would  fail  to  rcco^rni/ir  the  lii^li  iiitriii' 
jjence  of  the  llonoraide  Mr.  Seward,  if,  perchance,  he  hIioiiIiI  enter  in  this  respeil  iiitu 
fuller  ilevelopments. 

He  limits  himself,  thi-ii.  only  to  ree.iU  a  nieinorable  example,  in  which  tliewe  prinoi- 
ples,  invariably  sustained  l>y  the  I'liited  States,  had  entire  application.  In  17i).l,  tlio 
yreat  Washin;j;l(>n  tin  n  Iteiiifj;  I'lisideiit  of  the  United  States,  and  tln^  illiiHtrioiis  .IcHVr- 
son  Sci  retaiy  of  .Stale,  the  French  frisiate  rEinbnscade  caiiliirtMl  the  Kii;;lisli  sliip 
(ir.iiip'  in  Dclawait'  15ay.  thus  violatinu;  the  nenlrality  and  the  territorial  Hovcrei;jnly 
i>f  the  United  Slates.  'I'iii'  American  (tovernmenl  reiiioiistrat«!d  eiieryetically  ii^iiinsf. 
this  vi.dation,  and  reiiiiiied  from  the  governnient  of  the  French  K-piiblic  not  only  ''"> 
immediate  delivery  <d'  the  captured  vessel,  but  also  the  complete  liberation  of  all  tlm 
persons  found  on  board.  This  reclamation  was  proinptly  satisticd.  Much  more  ;iravo, 
certainly,  is  the  occnrrence  in  the  port  of  the  proviiKio  of  IJiliia.  which  makes  tin' 
Kiibji'cl  of  the  i>re.seiil  note.  Ily  the  H])ecial  «ircuinstanccH  which  picct'iled  ami 
at  temled  it,  this  act  litis  no  parallel  in  the  annal.s  of  inoilern  maritime  war. 

Theeomniander  of  the  Wachnselt  ii(»t  only  gravely  olfeiided  the  territorial  iinininii 
tins  of  the  empire,  ))assinn  lieyond  the  laws  of  war  by  attackiii';  treacherously,  ilininj 
the  iii;j;ht.  a  dt'fenselesK  ship,  whose  cresv,  much  re«lnced,  becaiiHo  nioro  than  sixty  mi'i 


OI'IMONS    or    MK    .\[,i:X.\N'I»KI{    ('(KKIMKN. 


■\  \:i 


liit|i(il,  Hoin  \n^ 
tlit<  I'liiiiiMMiiilt'r 
y  of  I  III'  fiMiiiii', 

r.      'l'llill;;H  With 

I  o'clmk  of  llu. 
ol"  tlif  slcamiT 

III  Vessels  ol  war 

wiis  liaileil  fniiii 
iiatiiiii,  ami  eon- 

II  iiiuskehy.  tlii< 
Wllteis   sent   ail 

(lie  sliips  of  thu 
le  Floritla.  'rin- 
lie  ollieer  of  tlic 
II,  tliat  lie  wolllil 
The  eoininaiiilrr 
l)V  liriiifi  a  ;;iMi, 
Wiieliiisett.   ami 

wliieli  till-  emu 
Kloiiila  aiieliiii'eil 
anil  tlieeoivetti) 

(larkiK  SH  of  tliM 
t  iiiDV  iii!^  oiiwaiil 
need  tliar,  in  f.irt, 

inaile. 

Illiltion,  llie  I'niii 
IlieaiLs  of  a  loiij; 

ilialely  set   alioiit. 
otVeiisu  lliiis  iloiiii 

■in'iinistanei'H,  llm 
10  bur,  aiitl  useap- 

lounl  the  NVachu- 

Itiitii  of  the«voiit, 
ill  which,  niviim 
ill  lielieviiii;  llial 

lieut  of  tlie  l-'lli"!! 

illy  usthoKiitvity 

Itivcof  the  United 
Hivinued  that  liii* 
liu'  to  it. 
liall  tho  attention 
.t.-rt. 

iiiiil  in  resjiect  of 
(etl  i»iil»lifists,  «r.i 
\i-  tho  liinh  iiiielli- 
this  icspeit  iult) 

lieh  these  piinoi- 
joii.  In  171».!,  tht> 
Jillnstrioiis.JetV.T- 
Ithe  Kn;;li«h  sliip 
lorial  Movereiniiiy 
jnetieally  M^iainst, 
lililic  not  only  ''"> 
1  ration  of  all  '•'" 
Much  nioni  f,'!"!*^"! 
IhicU  iiiaUi-:^  ll'" 
|cl>  ineceded  an'l 
1^  war. 

nitoriivl  iinmnm- 
•lievonslv,<liii>n? 

[e  tlmn  sixty  mcii 


well- on  slioii'  w  ir  li  I  he  eoininaiidei' and  se\eral  oltleers,  repnsed  niiwaiy  lieiiealh  Iho 
(.liadow  of  tile  I  not  eel  ion  whieli  till-  iieiiliality  <d'  the  eiii|Mi'e  ;rnaraiiteeil  to  tliein ;  and 
Ml  open  was  I  he  v  iolation,  so  ma  ni  lest  the  oil'eiise,  that  the  eiili;r|ileiied  .\inerieaii  press 
was  almost  iiiiaiiimonH  in  eondeiniiatioii  of  thu  iiirxcnsaliic  pioeeediii;;  of  ('mnniaiiihT 
C'lilliiis. 

On  thin  oerasion,  reiniiidiii);  the  I'liiteil  States.  whosi>  uiitecedeiitM  tiro  well  kintwii 
itiiil  noted  ill  history  l»y  the  ener;^etie  deC'iise  of.  iind  respect  for.  neutral  ri;5lils,  of 
ihiise  nilshakell  plilieiples,  till*  lllldersi|:'i|ed  eannol  eolisidi'r  the  event  which  oeellired 
:it  Itallia  otherw  ise  than  as  (he  indvidnal  act  of  ilie  eionniaiider  of  the  Wachiisetl,  not 
:iiitliori/ed  or  approved  hy  his  (■oveinineni,  and  that  it  will  conseipieiitly  Kive  to  (ho 
);i)verniiieiit  of  His  Majesty  the  F.inpei'oi'  the  explanations  and  reparation  which,  in 
riiiforinity  with  iiileinalional  laws,  are  dm-  to  a  power  which  inaintaiiis  fiiemlly  and 
|iacilic  relaiioiiH  with  the  I'nited  States. 

The  just  reclamation  of  the  Imperial  j^ovei'iinieiil  hciiiK  thus  |trcsenled,  the  nnilet' 
si;;iied  awaits  the  reply  of  the  Ilomnahle  Mr,  Sew  aid.  and,  tnlly  con  lid  in;;  in  his  exalted 
wi><loin,  and  in  the  Justice  of  the  (ioverniliellt  <d'  the  I'nited  .Slates,  he  has  not  even 
tiif  a  inoineiit  donhted  Inn  that'  it  will  lie  as  salisfaetorv  as  the  incontestahle  ri;;lit. 
winch  aids  the  empire,  and  the  vast  ;,;ravity  td'  the  olhiix'  w  hieh  was  doni'  to  it.  may 
nqiiire.' 

Mr.  St'Wiinr.s  aiiswrr  is  icmaikiilih*  lor  its  liiiii;4ht.v  loin',  iitiil  still 
iiioi*' as  sln>\viMo;  flic  view  wliicli  tin'  niiitrd  States  (loviMiiiiK'tit  piT- 
sist«M]  ill  takii)'.':  as  to  tli<>  iiiadtnissihitit.N  of  tin*  Coiit'ciloratc  States  to 
tlie  cliaraeter  ot  l)elli;;ei-eiits,  iiotwitlistaiidiiio;  that  all  the  or(>at  mari 
lime  states  liati  ao[r(>e(l  throii<;lioiit,  in  eoiit'oniiitv  with  priiieiple  and 
lirccedeiit,  in  aeeordin;;;  to  tln'in  the  status  ol'  l>ellio;ei'eney  : 

l>i:i'\i!T\ii-NT  1)1'  Srvii:, 

n'uHliiiiiiloii,  Jhrrmht-r  'iO,  l^iW. 

I  lia\e  the  honor  to  ackn.iw  ledL;e  the  iecei|ii  I  if  yon  r  note,  which  HI  ts  forth  the  sonti- 
iM-iits  ot'  the  Imperial  ^overnineiil  of  ISra/il  conet'iiiiii^  the  capture  of  the  Florida  by 
till'  I'liitcd  States  wai-sleamer  Waehnsetl  in  the  port  of  ISahia. 

Vim  will,  of  course,  explain  to  your  government  that,  owiii;;  to  an  iinderstandini^ 
iHtweeii  yon  and  myself,  yoiir  note,  althoiiM;h  it  hears  the  dale  of  the  I  jth  D.'ci'iiilicr, 
WIS  not  snimiitted  to  me  until  the  'Jlst  instant. 

.Iraloiisy  of  foreign  intervention  in  every  form,  and  ahsolnte  iinii-lnti'rN  eiition  in 
ilif  (loniestic  iitriiiiM  of  l'ori'i;;ii  nations,  are  cardinal  prim-iples  in  the  policy  id'  the. 
liiitcd  States.  Yon  have,  therefore,  justly  expected  fliat  the  I'resideiit  would  disavow 
iiiii  re-let  the  proceedings  ;it  It.ihiii.  lie  will  suspend  C.iptain  Collins,  and  direct  him 
t'ia|i|iear  heloie  a  court-martial.     The  consul  at  IVdiia  admits  that  lie  advised  and  iii- 

iti'il  the  captain,  and  w.-is  active  in  the  )troceedine;s.  lie  will  therefore  he  dismissed. 
liic  llauof  Ih'a/.il  will  receive  from  the  I'nited  .States  Navy  the  homn'  customary  in  tho 
iMii'i'cdnrse  of  friendly  maritime  powers. 

It  is.  however,  not  to  he  iiiidei stood  that  this  CioM'rnmcnt  admits  or  ;;iveH  <Tedit  to 
i!«  iliar^fcs  of  falsehood,  treachery,  and  deception  which  yon  have  hronjrht  .•iirainst 
I'll' (ji|ilaiii  ami  the  consul.     These  charges  are  denied  on  the  authority  of  the  ollicers 

adllscd. 

Villi  will  uIno  he  pleased  to  understand  that  tho  answer  now  ^iven  to  your  reprcscii- 
'alioii  rests  exclusively  upon  the  ^loniid  that  the  capture  of  the  I'lorida  w.ts  an  iiiiaii- 
limrized.  unlawful,  and  iiidefeiisilih'  exi-rcise  of  the  naval  force  of  the  I'niteil  States 
'villiin  a  forcijrn  cuiintiy,  in  ddiaiice  of  its  estahlishcd  and  duly  rcco<;iii/.ed  (iovein- 

l:ii'llf. 

This  (iiiveriiiiieiit  di.tallows  your  ie^siimption  that  the  iiisnr<;,.|itH  of  this  country  are 
3 lawful  iiiival  liellif;erent ;  and,  on  the  contrary,  it  inaintaiiis  that  the  ascription  of 
lliiit  character  l»y  the  government  id"  Mra/11  to  insnrneiit  citizens  of  the  I'nited  States, 
*lio  have  hitln'ito  been,  and  who  still  are.  destitute  of  naval  forces.  jiortK,  and  courts, 
» III!  act  of  Intel veiitioii,  in  dero^^atioii  of  the  law  id'  nations,  and  nnfricinlly  and 
«^lln^fnl.  as  it  is  manifestly  injurious  to  tho  I'nited  States. 

•S),  also,  this  (roverninent  disallows  your  iissninption  that  the  I'lorida  helonj^cd  to  tho 
iriiieiiientioncd  iiisiir;;eiits,  and  inaintaiiis,  on  tho  contrary,  that  thal<  vessel,  liko  tho 
Aluliaina,  WHS  11  pirate,  bolon|;iii<;  to  no  nation  or  lawful  belligerent,  and  theieforu 
■liiit  the  harboiiiiK  ami  snpplyiii;;  of  these  piratical  ships  and  tin  ir  crews  in  Itrairiliati 
I"iris  were  wroii^;s  and  injuries  for  which  Mra/.il  Jnstly  owes  roparatiun  to  tho  United 
■iliilfH, lis  iimph-  as  the  leparation  which  she  now  receives  from  tliom.  They  hope,  and 
'iiiilidently  expect,  this  recijnocity  in  ;;(iod  time,  to  restoro  tho  harmony  and  Iriond- 
•liip  which  are  so  essential  to  the  welfare  ami  safety  of  the  two  coiiiitries. 

hi  the  pohitions  which  I  liavo  thus  aH.snnio<l,  tho  iniporial  {{ovornineiit  w  ill  rern<rnize 


.{■■:  %[• 


'  Urif  Ish  Appendix,  vol.  i.  p.  V<i, 


no 


AKIUTKATION    AT    GKNKVA. 


h' 


nil  ni1!i<  ri-tii'i-  }o  tlic  liyiits  ul.icli  ^av«i  ln'cn  I'liii^tniitly  Jis^citii',  inul  ini  i  nilniii^'- 
hcrisc  111'  iniiuii'M  wliii-ii  li.ivt^  lu-ft:  (In*  miIiJi  its  (it  i-aiiit-tl  ii'IikiiihIijiihh  liy  the  I'lijii-il 
t<tat<M  ilimiiL'  IIm'  l;i-(  tliKc  \faiM.  Tin*  i:.iivi  riuiiciit  nl'  Hiii/il  im  ii;;.iiii  iiifoimril  iliat, 
tlii'vc  iiii."  ii  ioiis  ()('  lliir.  ( iii\  !•!  II  merit  arc  no  Iniiun-  (Icriiitd  oi>rii  III  ai;;iimfiit. 

It  (Idf.i  I  111),  lii)v>  i'\  t'l .  lifldiiL;  111  I  111'  cajilaiii^  111  ^l(i|ts  ol  \s  ar  iil'  I  In-  I  'niti'tl  SiatcN  or 
f  It  I  111'  iiiiiimaiiiltr  ^  111  I  (!fii  -ii  niics,  m  tn  ilit  ir  cdii'tiiis  ri'^itliiit;  iii  I'mi'imi  pmis,  ucinii; 
^^iIll<|(!l  I  !ii'  aitl  Imlil  V  III  ( 'iiiij;rt"<'*,  airil  wil  hunt.  i'\  ••II  IXci'iili  vi<  diicr"  Mm,  jituj  fliuos. 
iiijj;  llifir  I  »  n  lih. .  nianinT.  ami  «it'i'a'.iiiii  In  asMil  tlii' i  ij;lil.>*  ainl  icilit-iM  the  \vii>iii>h 
«il   till-  iiiiiiiiry.     'lliis  jidwi  r  can  In*  lawl'iilly  i'MTfisnl  only  liy  Ilit-  (invi-rniiii-iit  nt  tii.i 


ruilcd  .>tat<'K. 

iti(l«-r,  iml  anan  lix,  .i<  lli-y  alwa\H  |irclrr  lawriil   piiiri'«'»liii;;H  In  an;;rrssivi'  vinj 


ii<-iii3ht  <it'   III)*   taitiity   <•!'  iialimiH,   lliti    l?iiili-il   Stah-H  pra 


I'lH'u 


I'lirn  or 


itlalialidii,  'I'lii'  riiiit'«l  Siali's  ail' liapjiy  ill  liciii',' aliln  'n  lirlicvi*  lliat  l>ia/.i|  ci.tn- 
tainM  till'  ti.'inir  hi'iilina-iil''.  Thf  aiillnnii  Irs  at-  I'laLia  an*  iiiiilrr.iliuiil  In  havt' iinxar- 
ri'NKtllliy  cliipliiyi'il  lot'')-  III  iivcii  nliif  I  Iki  Wactiii  ell  anil  irsciii'  tlii'  l''|iii'nia,  ami  to 
lia\t'  «'<iii(iiiiii  tl    I  III-  cliasc  <i|'    till'   ullciiitrr  Im'MhuI  tin-  walt'isni'  llia/.i!  tuit  iipnn  i|i,t 

lli^ll  fvifi.  'Illllx,  ill  till'  atVair  at  !!aliia.  Nllliolililialc  a;;t'lilH  Wlllinllt  llio  kliii\sliil;;ii  111" 
I  Inir  irsprrt  i\  I' ;j.(i\  I't  ll>>lt'lll^4,  iiiiiliially  iiiaiii;i<ralcil  an  niianlliin  i/.ril,  ii  I'l-^^iilai',  ami 
niilawl'iil  \Nai.  In  ili --ihI  in^;  linnitliMt  v\  ar  mi  lii'i' |  :  it,  ami  in  ap|ii'alin^  tn  iliis  liii\ - 
ciniiMiit  T'lr  H'liri'K.x,  liia/i'  iij;l;tl\  a;ipn  iiulcil  tin-  ciiaractcr  of  iIid  I  iiited  !5lali-«,  aini 
nf\  .III  i'\aiiiplr  Wiii'ljiy  111   nniilal  mil. 

'i  III- tli.'-piisitiiin  III'  llic  captiiifil  ci-.-w  of  !liii  Klmiila  x-*  ili'tiTiniiirii  upon  ilio  priii- 
riplt'H  uliicli  1  liavo  laid  tliiwii,  Al|li(iii:;li  t  lii"  rn-w  ariM-iirnui.t  nj'  I  lin  I'liilcil  ,St:iti'-(, 
ami,  a.s  lIu'V  citiilfnil,  oicinirN  of  tin-  liiiinan  iiir.i',  >«'l  lln-  nllciiiliT.s  wcii',  iii-vci  llii'|i>->., 
iinlawrnlly  liriin^lit  iiitu  lite  i  iistixly  nl  i  lii«  (IiiviTiinii'iil,  ami  llicicl'inn  tlii'y  rniilil  iini, 
lawlnlly  'm'  Mil.jf»'!i'!!  iirni  in  tli»>  piiiiiHiiiiii'iit,  wliirli  tln-y  liavi>  ili-.trrx  cil.  Nnr  I'miiil 
tllcy,  iicin^  <  iM-niti'H,  In  allnvM-il  to  i-lljny  llio  pinlcrl  ion  ut  llio  riiiti-il  Slates,  Tilev 
vill.  tlleie'iile,  lie  iM-l  at  IlliellV,  to  Meek  a  tefilye  \\  liereNiiever  lliey  may  liml  it,  willi 
the  h    /"alil  111    reea|ilnre  when   lif\iilii',  the  jilll«illtt  lull  111'  Ulii  t  JiiM'lliiiieill. 

The  I'liiriila  wan  li!i'ii;;lit  intii  Aineneaii  \valei-*,  am!  wa.s  am  liiin-il,  nmler  iia\al  '<iir- 
I  eillanee  I  ml   prnlertiiiii,  at    liamplmi    li'iiaiU.      While  jiivailiii;^   the  i  >'pi'eKentatiiiii  nt 


the    lira/.i'iaii 


iM'lliliielit,    nil    ihe    '.'"■ill    .\ii\  eiii  liel,   ftlie   .sniiU,  n\\  in;;    In  li  leak   wliirli 


eoilhl    ;inl    lie    .'M'a^nlialilv    Nln|ipe<l.      'I'lie    leak     wai    at    lilSt    l«plesellli  il    til    haV"    I 
eailHeil,  n«  at  lea.sl  liieiease'l,  liy  a  enlli.Hinn  with  a,  vv.ir  li.iiispnt-t.      DiileiH   wer  <  iiti 


M'ell 


lllllllf 


<iiatel,\  u.vi'ii  In  aKi'i'.laia  the  inaiiiici' ami  riicniiiHtamen  nf  I  hiMieeiii  lenet*.  Ii  Hi-einetl 
In  anect  Ihe  Ai'iiiy  mil  Ihti  Navy.  A  naval  cniiit  of  im|iiii'y  ami  iiIhii  a  iiiilitary  emnt 
nf  iii(|n!iy  Were  t'li.M'^i'd  with  iiie  tnve.Hi  i;;aiinn.  The  naval  eniii'i  lia.H  Niiliiiiitteil  in 
ripnt't,  tinil  a  enpy  thereof  \H  herewith  enmniiinieateil.  Tlie  niihlai'y  eniirl  in  vet  i-ii 
^aj.;eil.  So  .tool i  an  IIn  lahnix  '.'liall  haseemled,  Ihe  leMiill.  will  lie  iii.nle  known  to  vmir 
(^nvei  mm  III ,  In  the  ineau  tinie  lUis  a>Mlim'il  that,  the  ln.<<»  nf  the  I'Moinla  wan  a  eoa.se- 
(jnenei'  nf  Mitne  nllfnl'('^«;elt  aeiiiTent,  \\  lin  li  ea.si  lio  re.spnliMbllit^  llpnii  the  I'l'.lleil 
Slates.' 

N\"n(M»  tiii.s  ('(HTcspoiKlrticc,  (oo(>i!i('r  willi  \\\;\l  wliicli  jiiisscil  (in  th(> 
occji.siiiii  III  {\iv  SdiiiltT,  (lii>  .\hiU;iiiiii  iiiid  tlif  I'Moiitlii,  in  isC'J  ami  I'^^H.!, 
:iii(l  wliicli  >  1ia\('  ali'iaiiy  rt'liiit'il  tn,  i.s  t)i)ri)«>  in  niitnl,  ii  is  ,s<Miii>\vltat. 
snipi  i.siii;;  that  ilta/.il  sIhhiUI  In*  licltl  up  lui' tnir  .sju'cial  ailiiiiratioiiiii 
nnidast  lutln'  ili'lci-tivc  nciilralitv  ni  iUvM  I{:itai!!.  Our  \v»»illiv  Ilia- 
/ilian  i-nllia^iio  uili  1  tlmiltt  iioi,  ii|i|>irciatr  tlit'  ciiniiiliiiK'nt  tliiis  paid 
to  t  he  ciitiii)  1  V  t)l'  wlifli  lie  iv  •  lir  di.st  innnisliril  icpicss'iitativi'. 


TJ'O   AIiImikh 


OASK   Ol-'  Til  10    ALAIJAMA. 

!  proceed  to  (idiiMJtN'r  lli«*  lai't.s  relalinjr  to  Ilic  Alahama,  wliirli.  1  aii) 
j.Tlad  to  A-"-\  rati  lie  inoiin^lit.  into  a  iiitich  Nliottt'i'  coaip.i-'i 
Uiaii  l!(o>v'  iclMiti;;  to  lln-  l''loinla.  We  arc  now  in  po-sc-. 
KJoti  of  (lie  whole  liisioiy  ol  liii.s  vcsnoI,  partly  tliioiin^li  i\n>  pnlilislitMl 
Journal  <ii'  iier  eoiutna'iiler;  'hii,  in  deciu'i'i};  wlietlier  Her  .Mijesh'.s 
^osernineiif  were  w  witiii;,;  in  dii"  dili;L;t'nee  in  not  sei/in;:  Iter,  lln*  tii- 
luiiiiil  can  !(i.(k  oiil.v  to  the  lael-*  n.s  lliey  exi.sted  at  tin'  time  ol  Iht 
<'.seape,  itnd  tlio  aminnt.  of  avail'ibto  uvidi'uun  thr:i  t'orlhcoaiin;;  ti> 
Jiislil)  and  HiippiMt  li«'r  sei/iMv. 

'I'ltere  is  no  doubt/  that,  Iroin  llin  ln';;innin;j,  tin"  Aliilmmv  wa.s  a  vessel 
intended  lor  war,  and  eoii.sirneled  and  adapted  )ieeoidiii;'.lv,  altl)i>a;;ii| 
iiH  I.s  Mlatcd   ill  till!  ca.He  ol   die  (liiitiMl   SlateH,  **  hIic  wan  (u  Hiii;;m-il  as  u 

'JiiiiiHiit  A|<t>L'uUix,  \ui.  i,  |«.  i66. 


T? 


OI'IMONS    <.i'    .SIR    AI.KXANDKli    COCKULUN. 


417 


N'oi.'U't  <>J  tlii^  <'nnn,v's  iiommciro  rallior  llinii  for  hiittlc'''  ^Vn  now 
fciiou  I'.'Mt  lr<'r:,  tiic  bo^iiiiiin;^:  slio  was  inlcmlcd  N»r  th(*  I'oiilcdcrato 
.I'lvict'.  l'tH\  lacf  lliat  sIm^  was  ((idcifd  l»v  llnllttcU  «>x|>n>sMl_v  loi"  llio 
roiilfdrrato  Stales  is,  no  doiihl,  true;  Init,  at  tli<>  liiiic  in  (jiu'stion,  tliia 
A.is  wii.illy  unknown  lotlio  Kntisli  antlioritics, 

(!(>iiiMicn<H  il  in  OcIoIkt  or  N«»v«Mnl)('r,  1<S(»1,  by  Messrs.  Luird,  tlio 
•vvll-knowr)  ship  builders  of  !Ji^■' ipool.  tlie  vessel,  kno'.n  then  »uily  by 
111' nunibei',  (J!K»,)  was  hiuuehefl  on  I  lie    ir)tli  Mav,  1>(»L*. 

She  had  already  altraeted  the  attention  of  Mr.  Di.dley.  wintin  wt^  tind 
\ritiii;;about  her  to  Mi*.  Seen-lary  Sev.  ardon  the  day  I'ullowiu};  her  lanneli: 

111  ;i  |iifvi(in-i  (liHimtcli  I  mi'iitiiiiir'l  tin-  Cict  that  Mi's-*rvi.  l/viid  ^v  (''>.  wcro  Imi  iliii'^ 
', ::iii>  lioiit  at  llji  ki  iilii  ail.  \\  liii'li,  I  iii-lirvo,  was  intr  di'il  I'nr  llic  ciiiiriMlcr^ki'v.  'I'liiM 
vat  was  iitiiiM'iiril  ycsicnlay  ;  nIk^  will  l»i«,  wlu-ii  (iiiislii'il,  u  viTy  MnpiTior  boat. 

ill!  Mien  ;j;ivesiv  a  jlescripLion  ol"  her,  and  winds  up  by  saying: 

TIhtc  is  iw>  (Iidilit  Ittit  what  sin-  is  iiiii'iiili-il  tnr  tjir  'i  lii-ls.  This  was  ailiniltiil  l»y 
'11' lit' l):<)  Ifailiii;;;  vMiiUiiii'ii  in  tlii'  vaiil;  lir  said  .shi)  was  to  he  tlm  sintor  to  tlio 
''.'iiii,  ami  till'  ihi'  Name  iMir|in.sf  ami  ^^•lvi^^.■ 

Alter  tliis,   Mr.  Uudley  remains  ([iiiet    lot    :  aiouth;  but,  on  the   ISlh 
\"\  June,  writes  aj;ain  ; 

Tlir  ^iiti-lii'at    liniltliniT  for  t  hi' I'linriMli'ialf*  li,\  .Mi'>sis,  I/iiiil  will  muhi  1>i<  comidi'ti'ii 

h'li' iiiailr  a  trial  lri|>  l.i>i    Thiusilav.     Ninu'  tit   Iho  pr.s-t  wimi-   iiiviliil.     Nd  oiii'  was 

I jimillrti  nil  lioaiil  withiiiii  a  liikci.     'I'liry  witi-   ihhiu'iI  only  to   thf  |ii'Imiiis  ai'livrly 

ii:;i;;iil  ill  iiiilih^  tlir  ii'lirlliiiii.     All  llir  ai'tivi-   |mt>o!is  ami  hoiisfs  ciijja'.ii'il  in  liitin;.; 

iiships,  iVr.,  wi-ir  ri'pi'i'Hi'iili'il  on  hrr.     'I"ln«  Nrw  Voik  papers  hasr  piihlishi'il  artich'S 

'Mliii;;  that    inl'nnnation  of  hhip't   littin;;oiil   at.  this  port   is  si-nt   to  our  (Sovri  niiiiMit. 

T.M'M>  pii'i-i's  lia\'('  lii'i'ti  ciipit'il  in  thi-  nrwspaprt's  Iici'i<,  ami  tin*  rll'i'i't  li.is  lirrii  to  niaki* 

'  |irii|il<'  nim-li  iiioi'i- cairf'nl  ami  ;;nar<l<-il.     ](  is  now  ililliiiilt  to  oliiain   intornialioii 

I  j'Hiiit  tliis  vi'SNcl.     Tliry  will  not  ailniit  anyom-.  i-xri-pt  thosr  roniirctril  with  tin-  yaul, 

.■;;oin. 

Alier  ^ivin;.x  a  lull  description  of  the  vesssel,  he  adtls  : 

Ni>HrtinH  or  oxpi'iiso  lias  Im-imi  Mpaivd  in  lit>r  ••onstrnctioii,  ami,  wht'ii  tinislnil,  hhowil! 

|'«  ;i\r.v  Hiipi'iior  boat  of  Iht  class.     Imh-cil,  tle-y  say  tlnMi«  will   In*  no  l>i'lti>r  atl  lat. 

I  ii-r  tiial  trip  was  ciitiit'lv  ^ati.sf.(l•!oiy.     Shi-  will  Im'  liiiishnl  ami  n-aily  for  lirr  urmii- 

"iiil  in  alimit  ten  days  or  two  wi-rks.     I  ha\i>  not  sri    Ifarnrd  what,  it  is  to  In-,     'i'lin 

.tliiriiis  for  tin-  ^nns  thai  ai'i>  liriiij;  niaili>  an*  .^iirli  that  lln<  ;;iiii  can  ho  iiscd  on  l)ol.h 

■•Mljl  llf    lltO    VCMHcl.' 

<»ii  the  LMsl  of  .Iniie,  Mr.  I)iidh\v,  who  had  b(>en  to  liondon  to  see  >rr« 
.lilaiiis,  the   Tnited  St. lies  minister,  on    the  snbp'cl of  this     ti,«  Ai.t.im».  m 
isscl,  wrote,  on  the  sitjuoeslion  «>1  the  hitter,  si  leitjT  to  ini  '■"">•-•' 
|'r\viirth'«l  l>y  him  to  ll<r  Majesty's  }io\ernment.     Writin;;  to  Mr.  Sevvard 
ii  llie  "jrth  of  .IniM',   .Ml.  Dndh'y  sa.\s: 

Mill};  fnlirdy  Huti'lifil  in  iii.\  own  inimi  that  this  vrsmd  wnt*  iiitonitod  n«  a  priviitrer 

'  f  till- rclirl  jiovcrnim-ni,  and  I  hat  it  wasniydnlv  to  use  i-vcrv  cldirt  to    prevent    Imr 

|''iiMit;.  I  went  lip  to  l.iimloii  to  confer  wiih  .Mr.  .\>liiiis.     At    Ins  instance    [    drew   up 

~i'l  lulnressed  to  liini  a  note,  a  <'op\  of  which  i>  iiiclii.>ed.  marked  No.  I.     lie  inclo.ied  it 

'!>v  llf  this,  aecoinpanied  w  itii  an  ener;;etic   lote  from    liiinsrlf  to    l'',ail   K'ii-*sell.     Mr. 

^i.iiiiH  thinks  there  is  a  ludter  feeling;  on  the  part  ot   the  (io\  eriiiiieiit  towaid  iis,  ami 

I'Kii  ti.ey  will  now  do  what  they  can  to  eomiiiate  iis,  and  will  stop  the   liitinu  oiil   of 

Ki«  vcHHid.     It  in  to  l(o  luipcil  t'lat  they  will  do  it,  as  .>.lie  would   do  inmli  miscliiet   to 

<Mri'iiiiiim>rci<  if  hIic  Kol.  out  in   sonic  <|narlcr  distant    fium  mir  cruisers.     One  of  llio 

''Ills,  an  active  inenilter  of  this  tinii.  is  a  meinlier  ot  I'ai  lianieiit.      this  vensel  is  readv 

I '  ^"M,  and  if  not  prevented  will  sail  he  fine   the  eml  o|  next  week,     ('ajitaiii   itnllork 

'  I'iMiiinand  her.     She  will  eiiler  n|ioii  the  IniHiness  as  a   piivatciT  at  once,  .iiid  not. 

iiipt    toiiiii    into  a  Soiithcrii    port.     It.   is  said   that  her  arinameiit   \nll  consist,  of 

I'  'III  L;iins,  all  of  heavy  caliher.' 


'  i'iiK«i  :t(M, 

*l'iiited  States  Dofumont«,  vol.  vi.  p.  373. 

'  ll.id.,  p.  :»:t. 

M'liited  Stat4>«  Doct'tncnts.  vol.  vi,  p.  377. 


448 


AUlUriiATluN    AT    (;KM.VA. 


s  ■ 


i 

i 


1 

I 


y\\:  l)ii»ll»'\  's  h'ttt'f  to  Mr.  A«liiiii>-',  nmU'i'dah'  of  IIm-  LMst  of  .Inn 
a..s  iollows: 

Tlir   Jillll-linilt    MOW    hciiiy;   lillill   li,\    t  In-  Mrv>.l -.  l.siilil    A   Cn.,  irt   Hilkflili<  :i(l,  ,i|(|i, 
LivrriMMil,  iiiul  wliiili  I  iiit'iitioiit'il  li>  \.iii  in  a  |)ii'\  imis  tU.>.|pat<'li.  is  iiilcii<U(l  tor  ih 


<',  Was 


.tllci)    ri)!itri|i  lat*'  <:ii\  CI  llliHIit   ill  till-  Siilitliclll  Sliilt'N. 


f 


If  i-viiU'iict 


I  I 


lilM'  IMciililcIv 


(ioiicliisivf  to  Mv  iniiiil.  I  <i<>  nut  tliitiU  tlicio  is  llii'  Imst  rixiin  tor  <ii)i<li(.  alxiin  if. 
liraiil'ort  mill  C'Uilil.x,  two  of  tin- ollircoi  troiii  tln^  |iriviilci-r  Siiiiitcr,  Htatnl  (liat  tin., 
VfHHil  was  IpcIi  ;^  liiiilt  lor  tlir  ('otit'cdnatf  Siaffs.  'I'lir  I'orcinaii  in  Mtbmi*.  l.aiid'H  vi'iil 
na,\H  nIm'  is  I  lie  hi.'-itfi'  to  tln'  ^iiii-liiiat  « tii'lo,  and  lias  Ihtii  tniill  tor  tlioHiiiiif  iiai'licHitnij 

!<•  \\;is 

iptaiii 

o   Mill 


lor  tlif  same  pill  )ioKi' ;   w  iim  iiri'>st'i|   lor  a  liirtiii'i' i'\)ilaiisitioii  lio  htiitctl   tliatHi 


to  he  a  |invatr)'l 


lor  III 


^ollllli'lll  ;;OM'rillllr 


It  ill  III*-  Initi'd   S,at< 


'ill: 


anil  oniciMH  III'  I  lie  siiaiiD'i  .Iniia  I  Vliir,  now  at    l.iveriiool,  ami  \\  liirli  is  loailcil  t 

till'  lijoi'kail)',  stall'  that  tlii-'^  ;:nii-lioai  \t  lor  tlir  cuiitrilcialt-h,  and  ih  to  lio  t'oiniiiaiidt-ii 

h;,  <'a|ilain  r>iilliirk. 

'I'lir  sti icicit  \Milrli  i,-.  Ki'|ii  i)\ci  this  \ '■!<sv\ ;  no  |iciKon  cxccjit  tliosc  iinnii'ilial>'ly  i-n 
^a<j;)'d  ii)ioii  I  It' I  is  ailmil  ti  li  iiiln  I  In-  said,  (hi  I  lit*  ocrasinn  nl'  tlic  trial  I  rip  inaili'  hi>i 
Tlinr.'-dav  week,  no  om-  vsas  adiiiitlt'd  witliont  a  pasN,  aiid  tlii'st'  patHcs  wi'w  iMNiifil  to 
lint  Irsx  prisons,  and  tlio^fwlii)  mv  known  lu'if  as  artiM-  M'n-snioiii.st.s  rn;;ai;n|  in 
bt'iidiii^  aid  and  ii'lii-l'  to  tlir  ri'lii'ls. 

I  niidcistaiid  tliat  In  r  artiianK'Mt  is  to  consist  ol' ilrv  en  <i;iins,  and  tlial  slic  ip  In  ('i>ii  i 
at  oiici'.  iis  soon  iiNslic  It'siMN  this  port,  upon  licr  hn^ini'ss  as  a  privalfi-i. 

'I  lie  vi'ssci  is  M'rv  iiiailv  roniphtrd  :  she  has  had  In-r  lirst  trial  trip,  'this  trial  w:i~ 
Bllr''i'ssrnl,  ;ilid  I'litiicly  s.il  istint<ir\  t.«  tin'  pi-rsinis  w  Ini  air  siip<  i  iiilcmlin;;  Inr  ri'i 
Mtiiirl  idii.     .sijii'  will  111'  linisjii'd  in  nine-  or  Ini  d;i\s.      •      >      •      • 

W'lirii  riiiiiph'lrd  and  ai  ihid  shr  w  ill  Im-  a  most  lormidahii'  and  daiip'roiiH  i  rati  ;  ami, 
if  not  pii'M'iiii'd  from  "oin^  to  sea.  \\  ill  ilo  innrli  iiiisi-hii't'  to  oiir  roiniin-rci'.     '{'In-  pri 
sons  (■ii;;a;fiil  in  lirr  ciiiistrini  Ion  -a>   that  no  lnt  Ii'IM  j-sci  ol    hrr  class  was  imt  lunli, 

'ri'iiii.sinittiiio;  tlii.s   Icttci-  to    i-]:iil    Itiissi'll   on  the  I'.iil  ot    ,liiiii>,   Mi 
A(l;ini.s.  iilti'!'  :i<lv('itiiio'  (»»  the  nlViiif  of  tlu'  Oirlo,  oi„..s  on  (,,  ,sii>  : 

I  am  MOW  niidi  r  the  painful  iici  r.-.sit y  <>t  apprising  your  loidslup  that  a  nctv  and  still 
more  powerful  waistratinr  is  nearly  ready  tor  depat  tine  from  the  port  ol'  Livi  rpniilnii 
llic  siinie  errand.     This  ve.'-sel  has  leeii  Iniilt  and  i;iiineheil  from  i  lie  docky'iil  of  |iri 
Hoiis.  one  of  w  lioiii  i-  now  sit  I  ill;;  as  a  m em  her  of  t  he  House  of  ( 'omnions,  and  is  liiini'' 


out  for  tin 


Miial  ami 


manileKi  olijrei  ol'  carry  i 


on  lio^tliit  ies  hv  sea.      Il   Is  aliiiii 


t't    he   eoinma'ided  hy  oi f  tin    iiisiir;;enl  .i^reiilH.  the  same  s\  ho  sailed  in   the  Oietii 

'I'lie  parties  4li'.;aued  in  tin    eiitel  prise  ale  pei  -.ins  well   know  II  ;i  I   Liverpool  to  hi'  a  ;;;•  III- 
iiiii!   I'llirei's  III    I  he  in-.nroeiits  in   the   rnited   Slates,  the   iialiire   and  cMiiil  of  w  Ihim 

laliOI's    ale  well  cNphlimd   in   iliecO|iy    of  an   inteleepted    letter  of  one  of   llielil   wlilill    I 

leei'ived  t'lom  my  Cinveriimenl  some  day  s  a;;o,  and  which  I    iiad    the  honor  to  |il;irc  m 
your  lordsliip's  hands  on  'riiiirsday  last. 

I  now  ask  permission  to  liaiisinit,  for  y  our  consideration,  a  h'tlcr  addressed  to  iiie  li\ 
the  coiiHiil  of  (lie  I'nited  .s^lates  at  I.iNi't'pool,  in  conlirinal ion  of  the  Hiatciiients  licii 
H:ihiiiiltcil,  .mil  to  solii  il  Hiicii  action  as  may  tend  eiihei  to  stop  the  projected  i'V|icili 
lion,  or  to  .'slaldisli  the  fact  tint  its  purpose  is  not  inimieal  to  the  people  ol'  the  I'liiti'il 
Slates.- 

TIh'  4N  iiU'iMM',  whicli  Wit.-*  <<tiiclii«<i\t'  to  Mr.  nudU'.v's  inind,  iiiid  lift  im 
(loiild  on  j(,  iitxi  on  wliicli  Mi-.  Athiin.H  a-skcil  ibr  tiic  sci/iit'o  of  tlu*  \*-s- 
scl,  \\;is  wliolJv  iii.siillicicnl  to  Jiislily  siicli  ;i  pioc('«'(iin<;.  Tlic  stiile 
iiicnts  of  tlic  two  ollircis  ol  tin*  Sunilct,  :in<l  tlio.si' of  the  capliiili  iiii<l 
otlicci's  of  ili«>.lnlia  I'slu'r,  tlicii  Iciiviii;;  M\(>i-|mhiI  in  order  to  run  the 
blockade,  mid  \\  liicli  .Mr.  I)iid!c.\ could  only  pfodiK-c  at  second  liaiid. 
uoiild  lia\('  lieen  itiiax  ailaldc  in  an  l'hi;:lisli  court  of  Jn.stiee.  The  iiii 
snppoited  .statcnieiit  of  a  .sitio|c  woiUinan  tVoin  tlie  sliip-ltiiilders' vani. 
<>ven  it'  sncli  woikniaii  .slioidd  be  willing  to  ie|ii-odnce  it  in  tlie  shape  ol 
evidence  on  oatli,  uoiild  have  lalleii  slioit ot'  what  proliuldy  wdiiIiI  Iijim- 
been  tieeined  Judicially  leiniksite.  Tlu'  asserti^tnol  Mr.  AdaniH,  "tliatj 
the  parties  enyay:«'(!  in  the  enterprise  \M'r«'  well  known  at  Livt'ipool  in 
be  ao;cniM  iind  olliceisol  the  insni-jients."  earned  the  ea«e  no  further.  Ii 
iiMoiinted  only  to  a  statement  of  y:ener,d  not<niety.  A  fact  iloes  not  tin' 
less  r«'(piin'  1(»  be  proved  by  positive  evideiu-e  becau.s*'  it  may  he  ^vn 
erally  n  ported, 

'  Appendix  to  Mritihli  ('iim»,  vc!.  I,  p,  I71K 
•Hritisli  Appi'iidix,  vol.  i,  p.  177. 


TT 


(ji'iMoN.s  OF  siu  .\i.i:.\.\M»i:u  (  n(  Kill  i;n. 


U9 


1    rvl.-lll   (>r  wIkim 

■  til   ilii'in  wliK  li  I 
lii.iKii-  to  |>l;i><'  "1 

ililirsHfd  |.ilMi'li> 

!•  Htllll'Kl"'"''*    '"''' 


'MIV  of   tlM'  Vfv 

,}f.     Tin'  sii>''' 
|Im>  ciiptaiii  mill 


I  ill  tlu'  sli:ii>''  '•' 
lil»lv  wonltUiitvi 


ill  liivi'il""' 


Tilt'  ••  iiit('i('('|tt<'<l  Icdci"  rcfcnt'd  to  Ity  l^^^.  AiV.iiiis  was  a  Irtlcr  from 
;i  (\i|tlai!i  <  al(•l^  lliisc,  a  capiaiii  of  coiircMlcrat*'.  artilh-vy,  on  suhjccts 
roiiiifctcd  witli  tlu'  supply  of  arfillcrv  and  rillt's.'  Tlio  only  ]>ar(i('S  in 
iliis  «-onntiy  rcrcncd  to  in  it  arc  [''rascr,  Ticnliolni  iV:  ( 'o.,  wIk)  aio 
iiitMitioncd  as  Inr.  in;;  pfact-d  the  ISaliaina  at  his  disposal  lor  the  trans- 
|M)it  of  soinr  iiaticrics  of  aitillcry.  If  is  statccl  in  tli«<  I'nitiMl  States 
i;isrtliaf  tlic  <<ili('cis  who  wcic  toscrxc  ill  the  Alaliaina  were  in  I-n;iland 
;i\v;iitin;H'  he;  i-oinplction,  ami  were  paid  their  salaries  nioiitlil\  at  I'raser, 
Tii'idiolm  iv  Co's.'  i'lUt  it  is  not  stated,  as  I  think  it  should  liaxe  been, 
iliiit  this  was  not  known  at  the  time,  even  by  .Mr.  Dndhy,  mneli  lesM 
li\  the  Hritish  ;;overninenl.  The  fact  liist  came  to  li;;ht  in  the  following,' 
April,  when  Vini;;'e  came  lorward  to  make  disclosures. 

I'., Ill  liiisscU  bavin;;'  in  due   <*oiirs(>  referred  the  lettei.;  of  .Mr.  Adams 
iiiiil  Mr.  Diidle.N  to  the  depart  meiit  of  the  customs,  the  follow  in;^  report 
\v;isiecei\ed  b_\  the  commissioners  from  t he  siirvt'vor  of  the  port  of  l,i\ 
ir|M»(i|.  under  date  of  tlio  I'Stli  ol  June  : 

l,l\  IJU'lKtl,,  .hllll    'JS,    1  't\-l, 
Sll:;    1    niciNl    ri'slifillully    lii'y;    id    ri'|Mirl    lli;(l   ( lie  v  rs.Sfj  Id  wlliill  I  llt'sc  pjipcls  Icrn 
,l^  mil  i'-.c-ii|ii'(|  till'  imliii'  III'  I  III'  iii>l<i"VH  iilHiiMs.  I  111  I,  as   yrl,  iinlliiii;;  lias  traii^iiinil 
i'lii  ri'iiiiiu;  liiT  wliicli  a|i|irairil  In  ilt'iiianil  a  sjn'riai  iipiiil. 

rilr  iitliii'is  li;i\f  at  all  lillli'^  IliT  arci'ss  In  lln-  lillilillll;;vanls  u|"  thr  Mi-ssls.  l.ailU, 
it  llii  Ivi'iilii'ail,  wlii-ri'  t  III'  '^ai<t  srHSfl  is  imw  l\  in;;,  ami  t  linr  lias  lii-i-ii  no  at  triii|i|  nu 
III'  |iiirt  of  liiT  liiitl<li-VH  III  <lis;;niM'  wliiit  is  nmhl  appari'iit  Id  all — thai  .siu.*  is  intiiiiiieil 
Ml  :i  >liip  of  war. 

Aiiiffaldy  with  \uiir  (linTliniis,  I  Inivi'  prrsoiially  iiispocli'd  licr,  aiitl  Iliiil  that  slic  is 
'  :i  My  (Icscrilii'd  in  tin- (■iiniimiiiiratiim  ol' tin-  I  iiili'd  Slalis  con.siil,  ixrcjil  tiiat  In-r 
>:i,{iiirs  an- not  nil  till' (isi'illal  iiii;  principle.  Ili-r  (lliiiriisions  ai'o  as  I'ollows  :  li-ii^th. 
■.'II  'I'l't  li  Iiu'Iii's:   luraillli.  ;!l  I'ri'i  ^  inrlifs  ;  ilrptli,  1'  Iri'l  "^  iiirlics.  anil  lnT  ;;riiMs  tnii- 

lU'''.  'ly  till'  pri'srllt    Mill'  III    ,'lilllli'asill'i'liii'llt,  is  (i"^'J  ,',,',,   lulls. 

>li«   lias  sf\  I'l'al  pDWili'T  laiiisii'i's  nil  linanl,  Iml  iicil  InT  y;iiiis  iinr  rarria;;i'.'<  as  yrt. 
ilii    riini'iil    I'i'pnri    ill'  tiiat    \i*ssi-|    is   iliat    slir  has  hi'ia  Imilt  I'm' a  Inii'lfrii  i^mirn- 
iii.  and   tlial    is   nni  dinii'il  hy  tin-  Mf-.<is.  Laird,  witii  \v!iniii  I  liavo  riiniiiiiinirali'd 
III  till'  siiliji'i't,  hill  tlii'\  dn  imi  appear  ilispii-.ed  In  reply  Inaiiv  i|iies|iiiiis  N>iih  K't'er- 
Ki'  III  till'  de.siinat  inn  nl'  the  Vessel  altei  she  leax'es  iIiIm  port,  and    W(i  have  nil  .itlni 
ii'll.lliie  sniiree  nl'  illt°nl'inat  inn. 

It    will    he    in    your    reenlleetinn    lliul    the  I'linellt   report  111'  the  li'lllhnal   Oreln  w.'is. 

;ii:il  >he  had  heeli  hnilt   I'nr  a  |niei";n  ;;nveriiiiielll,    whieh    Vessel  reeelllly  left   lIlLs  port 

">irr  a    Kritisli   lla;;.    wilhont    any  ;4;iiiis  or  aiiiMiiinilinn  mi    Imanl.  as  pruvuiii.tly  re- 

[■oiii'ii. 

1  lii'i;  lo  mill  thiit  any  t'nrllier  iiifoniiiition  th.ii  iiia\  he  ohIainiMl  e()iiir«niiii}r  the  \  es- 

1  li  li'ired  to  will  lie  ii MliatelN   repmlid,  a;;iei'alily  with  \  oiir  direil  Ions. 

\i\\  res)»i  cilnlK , 

11.  MtUv'ti.W,  Sinvfifor. ' 

flic  reports  earr.\  inn'  the  case  no  further,  the  .solicitor  of  the  eiistoms 

uiscd  the  lioard  : 

\i   jHeseiit    there    is  mil    siiltii'ieiil  lo  show  that    tile   \essel    in  i|iie.<tion  falls  within 

'    |i|ii\  isimis  III'  the    seM>nth    seilinli    nl'  ll.e    I'm  ei(;ii  enlist  iilelil    ail,   or    In    ;;ive    ||ie 

"'iliil  lit'  olliiers  III'  this  revelilli'  power  to  Mitel  tele  ill   this  ease,      'file  ol'lleels  at    i.iviT- 

iiiii'  .leleil  ilisi  reetl\   )i'  Ueepiiiir  a  vMi'rIi  Upon  her.  and  shmilil  eoiitinne  to  do  so. 

ixihalely    repniiiii;;   111  the  lioa 'd  ,'iii\  eiieiiiiistaiii'is  t  hat  llieyinay  emisider  to  i-nll 
Ml  ilii'i'i'l  lolis,    nr    ,'id\  isalile    to  hrili;;  lllli'er  t  he  linaid's  iint  lee  ;    hill  I  he  ollleers  mi^lit 
I     'I  III  liio'i  i>  in  t  111'  mat  ler  wit  hmil     l  he  .'lea  rest   i'\  idi'llie  nl'  ,'|  di>l  illi't    \  inlatinti  nl°  the 

'.:!!  I  nlisi  111,111  aet,  iinr  unless  al  a  nimii<'nl  ol  ^real  einei';;eiiev.  the  toriiis  ol'  tbit 
'"'iii'^  e\tri'ini'l>  terhiiieai  and  the  I'l'ipiireiiieiit-  as  to  iiiti'iit  heiiiii  very  iiiiil.  It 
'  111  ilial  the  ship,  h:i\iiiu;  repaid  to  hei  rai'uo  as  eimtiahand  of  war.  miiilit  Imi 
'iiMiiiiiahls  liahle  loiaptitre  and  eouiliMiiiialioii,  yel  not  liahie  to  di'leiitioii  iiniloi 
i''iiiuii-enli.«lineni  aet,  and  the  sei/.nis  iiii;(lit  eiiliiil  upon  ilieiii.si'lvei*  vi-ry  .serioii., 
•"»''i|iii'iii;i'H. 

K.  ,1.  II.\.MK1„ 
''  \i  :iii,  t-iCri. 


L'lt    IJ 


>  Rrliish  A  PI  t-niiix,  vol.  1.  p.  17;^. 
•Iliiil..  p.  tiwi. 
'Ildd  ,  p.  IKJ. 
'  ll.i.l..  p.  IK'. 


450 


iKIJlTUATHiN    AT    (iKNKVA, 


The  < "(niimissioiicis  of  C.isttuns  roiinirnMl  in  opinion  with  their  ]{"^n\ 
lu  their  icport  to  the  huds  of  the  treasury,  th(»y  aihl : 


In  lorwardMi};-  tliese  reports  to  Mr.  Ailanis,  I'.arl  Knssell,  tn  a  note  of 
tlie  7th  .Inly  to  .Mr.  Adams,  snj;«esfs  to  .Mr.  A(huns  "to  instruct  the 
United  StatesConsul  at  [iiverpool  to  sulunit  to  tht^  eoUeetor  of  eust()iii> 
at  tiuit  port  such  evidence  as  lie  may  possess  tendin;;  to  show  tiiat  liiv 
suspi(;ions  as  t'»  the  destination  of  tlie  ves.sel  in  (piestion  were  well  j 
fonnded,-' 

.Mi'.  A(hims  aecoidinjily  wrote  to  .Mr.  NViidinii',  the  .\meriean  \'ice  ("(»ii  j 
sul  at  l.iN('rpo(»l,  inchisin;;"  a  <-opy  «>f  ICarl  liusseli's  note,  icquestin;;  liiin 
to  "eommunieate  as  soon  as  may  hv  any  eviiU'nce  which  he  conhl  rcadi!) 
command  in  aul  of  tlie  object  desi^'iiated.'" 

K'eterrin;^'  to  the  re<piisition  thus  made.  Air.  Dudley,  in  a  iiisp:itrli  in 
^fr.  JSeward  of  the  !Mli  .Inly,  writes: 

1  1 1(1  mil  iliiiik  till-  III  it  isli  ( iii\  iTiiiiii-iil,  iin- 1  i'imI  iii'4  ii->  |ii'<i|)i'i'l\  in  t  lii  -  iiiiit  Iit.     '1' 
arc  iiol  ill  iiiiii;;  \N  iili  IIS  :is  (iiir  tVii'iiiiiy  ii:i!iiiii  iiii;r||t  III  iIi'mI  witli  aniitlii'i.     WIu'Ii 
llii-  a;;i-iit  III'  my  (ioM'i  iiiiiriit,  tt'ii  llii-iii,  innii  rvidciiri'  .Hiiliniittril  tii  ini',  iliat  1  ii:i\ 

iliilllil   alMillt    llrr  rliarartiT.  Ilicy  lin;>IU.  tnarrrjit  tllisiiiilil   I  lie  piil'l  Irs  Willi  air  lilliii 

lirr.  anil  who  liasi-  it  in  tlirlr  |.  uvci  lo  nIiow  if  iirr  ili'stiiiatioii  anil  |imi'|iiisi'  'tie  ii-] 
iiiiitr    ami  liiiiirsl.  ilii  Nil.      h    is  a  vny  i'as\    niallrr  I'nf  tli'-    Missr-*.    I.aifil  i\  (H.  !.■ 

sliiiw  fur  wliiini  tliry  arr  Imililiny;  Iiit,  ami  t<>  y;'^'"  '^iu'li  int'iiriaatiDii  as  in  iin  iim| 

iis  ti>  III'  >al  iNlartiiiN  tn  all  |iailii'S.  'I'lic  linitlcn  Dl'itrniir  uii^iil  nut  tn  lii'  liunwii  iipnu 
lis.  In  a  liiistili'  I'liiiiniiiitit  >'  liU<-  tliis  it  is  vi'iy  ililliriiit  tn  ;^i'l  inliniiiat  iuii  at  an\  liinr 
II I  Mill  t  lii'M'  mat  ti'i's,  ami  it  Mami's  aii'  l<>  )><■  ui\  ni  il  wniilil  irmicr  it  :iliiiii>i  iiii|i>i.-viii|. 

Tlir  i;i»\  fllilMrlit   nll^illl    'n  illV  r>l  iv.ali'  i'.  •iml  lint  call  "11  lis  Inr  iHdiil'. 

Notwithstandin;jf  tlie\ie\v  thus  expres.sed  that  his  helij-f  as  to  lienli'> 
tinatiou  was  siltlicieiit  to  call    for  the   sci/uie  of  the  \essel.   Mr.  |)il(l!i\,| 
oil  I  lie  same  day,  addressed  I  lie  liilli»\\  iii;^  coiiiiiiunicatioii  tn  the  ( 'ollciii'i 
ol' < 'iistcuiis : 


ilr', 
l.;|. 

lilinu 

^lli  I 

I. 


'  HritiHli  A|i|i<ii<lix,  (i    i"*\i. 

-'  lliid..  |t.  1^4. 

'  l'iltt»il  StiiliH  Iloniiiii'iitv.  \  mI.  \   .  |i.  U— J, 


•  •ll.NInNS    OF    Sli:    .\I,I:.\AMiI:H    COUKIM  IfN. 


4')! 


•itli  thcii'  It'uul 
•y  add  : 

it  the  cviilciici.  li, 

llt«^  ;loVrllllllilil  ill 

liscrvt^  tliiil.  iM:i«- 
II  tiikiiij;  iiiiy  nIc|s 
Ion  slioiilil  Im-  'i:iiii 
•h  I'vidfiicc  as  In 
•li  ini'.'isiircs  as  tin' 
tlir  priiiliii'iiiiii  oi 
tliccrs  iiiii^lii  entail 

'II,  ill  a  note  of 
t(»  iiistnicl  tlif 
I'tor  of  (•ii.s|()iii> 
)  show  lliat  lli^ 
.lion    \v»T('  Well 

'lit-aii  N'icr Ciiii 

r('<|U('stiii;,'  liiiii 

lu'  ••oiild  n-adil) 

II  a  dispMtcli  \i<\ 

litis  lllllttiT.  Tins 
OtlliM.       Wllrll  \..[- 

I  iiii'.  Iliat  1  iiaM'  ii» 
I's  v\  iiti  all'  liiiililiii.:  I 

|iiiiiiiisf  an'  li'j;i'; 
IN.    Lair. I  A  ('<>.  !• 

II  ;{•*  to  lici  ]ini|in-' 
to  III'  liinivv  II  ii|>i>iil 
iiialiiiii  at  ali>  liiii<-[ 

lllllii>l    inipn.s>ili|r.j 

M'. 

\v\'  as  In  ll»'lili'> 

st'l.  Mr.  Diiilli'S, 

I  III  llic  ('(illccl"l| 

IMl    ,    -I III  11    '.'.     I"l'''.'. 

iiiiiiiiir  ili.iii  III  Ml. 
II'   iiil'itiiii  iiioii  :>i>'l| 
nil  liiial  iiii«  liriir: 
II'  Siiiiliirni  riiiti'l| 
111-  I'liiti'il  X.ili'v 

ill    N'oN  I'lllllil    Ik"'. I 

s   111  twii  .^iiii-liiial'' 
I..  Ori'lii.  litti'iliiii' 

III  l|IU"«l  lltli.      '*"' 

til  III'  wi'ii  riiiiiiiii''i>| 

11.  Itnt   saiiril  iiiii''[ 
•iT  fur  till'  -^I'-i  all' 
till'  (iiiii-ltoat  liiiil' 
^   I'lir  a   nmli'ili'i  i'' 
--<  )iiii|iii'»i'. 
■u  Cailily  an. I  l'''"H 
•all.  am!  wliilt'  I'' "1 
aii.liir  ilii'S(iiiili»"i| 
.r«ivl  ill  Mi.i-.ti>''' 


,,ii.|  .stati'il  lliat  sill-  was  tlii'  sis|(.|-  ii|'  thr  Oii'tu.  ami  itilrinli'il  fur  llii'  sanir  srivii'i'.  ;uiil 
aIii'II  |»ri'.ssi'il  I'df  an  t'S|>l;iiiatiitii  InilliiT  stati-il  that  slir  was  In  lir  a  inivaln'r  Inr  tin- 
NiiitliiTn  ( Jiivfiiiiiii'iit  ill  till'  I'liitril  .Stall's. 

Wlii'ii  fliii  vi'ssil  was  lirsl  tiicil,  .Mr.  W'i'llsnian,  mii' nl"  tin-  linn  nl'  I'lasi-r, 'rrriiliiilni 
,\  Cii.,  ( will!  ari'  wril  kiiiiwn  as  aL^iiits  liirllii'  ciinl'i'ilrrali'  jinvrriiiiii'iil,  i  Auilrcw  am 
rimiaas  liyiiii',  .'iml  oIIht  iirrsons,  wi-ll  knmvn  as  liaviii;;  Ix-i'ii  fur  immtlis  ailivrly  I'li 
;.i;;ril  in  si'iiiliiiu;  iniinil inns  uf  war  fur  saiil  j;i>vri'iiini'nl.  \\ I'lr  prrst'iil,  ami  liavi-  acriini- 
luiiii'il  liri'  nil  liiT  \  aril  Ills  Iri.'ils,  as  tliry  li.nl  a('ri>iii|>aniril  t  In-  <  )rrli)  nil  lirr  trial  li  i|i  aii< 

..!>  III. I'  ili'iiiirt  n  ri. 


.,ii  lii'r  ili'iiartiii 


.,ii  iii'r  iiriiartiiii'. 

Ill  .\i»rii   last,  till-  sniiilKiii  siii'w  -sii-aiin'r  Aiiiiii'  Cliilils,  wliirli  liail  run  tin-  Ulmkaili' 

iiii'iil'('liarlr^tiiii.  ami  llir  naiiir  nf  wliicli  was  rlriii;:;i'il  at  tlii-.  |)iirl  tn  tin-  .liilia  I'slii'r. 

AM  laden   Willi   iniuiiliniis  nf  war.  rniisisiin;^  nf  a  lar^n  i|ii;(iitity  nf  |inw(li>r,  rilleil 

(iiiiiiim,  iVr.,  I>y  Messrs.  I'laser,  'i'lenlinlni  A  Co.  fnr  the  Huiilliein  cniileileraey,  ami  left 

Livi'i'iinnl  III  run  the  lilnekaiic  iimler  the  rniniiiaml  of  a  ('a|)tain  ilaiiiim-r.  ami  liaviii;; 

I  .11  liiiaril  several  nf  the  crew  nf  the  privateer  .Siimler,  to  wliiih  i  have  hefnie  ri'ferriMl. 

Fur  siiiiie  reasnii  iiiiknnwii,  this  vessel  eaiiin  hark  ami  is  now  here.     Sinee  her  return 

yiiiith  iiaiiieil  Itiiliinsiin,  \\  111)  hail  pine  in  her  .-is  a  |iasseii)r|.|-,  jias  Ht.'iteil  iliat  ihe};nn 

hiiit  liiiildiim  al  Lairds'   for   tlie  S  inlherii  ('iinfeileraey  was  a  siihjeet  \>['  ft'i'i|iieiit   enii 

ursalinn  aiming;  t  he  nl'lieeis  while  slie  ( the  .liilia  I'sher)  was  mi  I .     'I'hat  she  was  all  the 

uuw  >|iiikeii  nf  as  a  eniifeilerale  Vessel ;   that   Captain   liiilloi'k  was  In  eninniaml  her  : 

'  ihat  till!  innney  fur  her  was  advameil  hy   I'laHer,  Tieiilinlni  A  Co.:  Ih.it  she  was  mil  to 

iiiiike  any  atti'iiipt  tn  inn  the  hlnikade,  hut  wniihl  ;;n  at  niiee  as  a  privateer ;  that  she 

.i;is  III  inniiiit  eleven  ".;iiiis;  and  t  li.it  1 1'  the  .Itilia  I  slier  wa->  leil  ^joiii::;,  the  si  \  iiini  Irmii 

;lli'.'»Ullltir.  wlin  were  nil  linaid  the  .liilia  I'sher.  Wi'l"  In  Join  the  ;^llii-hnal.      'I'llis  ynillh. 

iHill;^  a  native  of  .Ne.V  (  hleaiis,  was  eNtr-  lllely  an  Minis   tn  eet   taken  nil  hnanl  I  he  y;iin- 

i.iiit.  and  wished  the  person   he  m.-ide  the  i-niniii'inii'atinii  to,  tn  assist   him  ami  see 

I  ;i|i|ain  Ihill.iek  nn  his  liehalf.     lie  has,  I  iinderslan  I,  heeii  reinovt'd  to  a  sehool  in  Lmi- 

.iiiii.     With  refeieiiee  to  his  stateineiit,  I   may  ohser'i'  that   Captain   llaninier  referred 

!.i  is  a  Smith  Carnlinian,  has  heeii  Inr  many  years  in  Kraser.  'rreiiholin  a  Cn.'s  einplny  . 

:<(jli'aily  triisfeil  liy  Ihein.and  is  aNn  inl  iiiiale  w  it  h  Captain  Hiilh  ik,  m>  thai  he  wmild 

'»'  likely  In  he  Well  iiii'iiniied  nil  liii'  siili.jeel  ;  and  as  he  had  no  iinlimi  at  I  ha  I  tiiiie  nf  r>'- 

'  ll'llilll^  In  Li\  erpnnl,  he  w  nil  Id  ll.l\  e  I  in  liesilat  ion  ill  speaking  ■  if  the  mat  I  el   In  his  nlh- 

■is.  ,ind   the  |iel  snils    finlil  the    Sllliiter.       I  may  alsn  slate  that  (  'aptaill   I'lllllnik  leferiei! 

•i  is  ill   Li  Verponl,  t  hat    he    is  an  nllieer  nf  t  lie  ( 'ill  I  federate  \a\  y.  that  he  wa^  sent   n\  el 

i.ii'  I'lrlhe  express  piirpDse  nf  litiiiiH;  mil    pri\  aleeis  and  seiidiii;;  om'I'  niniiit  imis  nl 

111':   that   he  trail>ae|s    Ids    hllsiness  at   the   nlliee  nf   l''iaser,  'rreiiliolm  iV   Co.:    that    lie 

b:is  lieen  all    the    lime    ill  enniniMllii'al  loll    with    faweett.  I'reslmi  A    Co.,  Willi  titled  mil 

till'  Oietn,  and  w  I'll  Lairds',  w  ho  are  tilt  iii;^  mil  this  \  essel  ;   thai  he  ;;oi's  a  I  most  daily 
'III  liiiard  t  lie  ^iin-hnat,  and  seelllM  tn  he  rei'n;x*>'''.'''l  '•*>*  ><*  linlhnrily  . 

.V  .Mr.  lllair,  nl'  raradise  street,  in  this  tnwii,  wUn  I'lirniNlied  the  caliiiis  nf  Ihe  Laird 
.itiliiiat,  li.'is  alsn  stated  that  all  llie  liltiiijis  and  fiirnil  iiie  were  seleited  hy  Captain 
llilliiik,  and  were  snijjeet  to  his  Mppriital.  iilthmii^h  jiaid  fnr  hy  Mr.  Laird. 

TIk'  infill  mat  inn  nn  w  hieh  1  have  Inrined  an  iiiidmiiiiiiii^  enii  vietimi  that  this  \essel 
.■lii'lli^  litteil  nut  fnr  the  ^n-ealled  Collfedel  ale  Cn\  el  llllielll .  ami  is  ilitemieil  to  i  I'llise 
i.Mlli-l   the  emniiieree  nf  the   riiiled  Slates,  has  enlne  to  me    lion;  a    S.lliety  nf  snlirei's, 

iliit      I      l|.|v.i     ili.f.iili.il      ll       111      I. .11      •.^li|..i«^i>|..|i.tii..il.l..  I     li.|\..    iriviili      1..1I     llx.    Ii.il>ii>h:iil 


lie  emiiiiieree  nl  iiie  I  niieil  .^laies,  lias  enine  lo  me  iioir.  a  N.llieiyni  smiree 
nil  I  iiase  det.'illed  it  tn  yon  as  I'.ir  as  piait  ieahle.  I  li,'i\e;;i\eli  \  nil  t  he  liallles  o| 
ii'iMiiis  makiiiii  I  he  statements.  I  ml  as  t  he  inl'nrmat  Ion  in  most  eases  is  j;i\en  In  me  hy 
I'lisiiiis  mil  nf  friendly  t'eelin^  tn  till'  I'liited  .sitales,  and  In  stiiel  emilideiiee.  I  eaniiot 
*i.'i;i' the  iiaines  it'  my  iiifm  mauls :  hiii  what  I  iiave  staled  is  nf  siieh  a  eliai  aeti  i  that 
I  idle  iiii|iiii'y  will  ennriiri'i  lis  liiilli, 

Lmi  y  I  hill;;'  alimit  the  vessel  shows  her  to  lie  a  war-M'ssel:  she  h.is  w  ell-eniistriu  ted 
iii.i;;a/ini's  ;  she  !ias  a  niiiiiher  nf  eanisters  of  a  peculiar  and  expensive  cnnslriictinii  for 
"'iiiaiiiiii;;'  powder:  she  has  plalforiiis  already  screwed  to  her  decks  for  Ihe  rcceptlnii 
■l»«lM'i  elllis.  Indeed,  the  t'aef  that  she  is  ii  vviir-v  essel  is  not  ileldcd  hy  Messrs. 
I.iiiil.  lint  they  say  she  is  fm-  the  Spanish  ( invernnieiit.  This  they  sl.ited  on  Ihe  lid  of 
Apiil  last,  when  lieiieral  Ihirfioyne  visitid  their  yard,  and  wi-...  shown  over  it  and  llii 
1  '.iiiiiiis  vessels  111  iiie;  liiiilt  there  li\  .Messrs.  .I.thii  Laii'il,  .{iiiiinr,  and  lleiiiy  II.  I.aiid,  as 
«is|'iil|y  repni'ted   III  the  papetsal   I  lie  lime. 

N'lliiir  ilie  stateiiieiii ,  and  having;  heeii  .ilnady  informeil  from  so  many  respeciaine 
siiii'ci's  iliiii  fIii'  was  for  the  so-eallrd  Conl'deiale  (Hivernnicnt,  I  al  once  wrnti  In  the 
iiiiii^ter  in  Lnndmi,  Ic' ascertain  from  the  Spanish  i''.iiiliassy  whelln  r  the  slateiiK'nl  wa-- 
'iiii'.  The  reply  w  as  VI  posit  i  ve  assurance  thai  she  was  not  fnr  I  he  Spanish  I  iov  ernmeiil . 
1  ;iiii  tlieiefoie  aiirnnij/ed  ill  sa\  III;;  thai  what  was  stated  on  that  neeasion.  as  wel|;is 
''•iii'ineiits  siiH'e  iiiadi'  that  she  is  for  the  ."^paiiLsli  ^ii\  crniiicnt,  are  mil  inc. 

I  am  satislied  heyoiid  a  dmihi  that  she  is  for  ii  Coiifcilcnile  wiir-ve>Mcl, 

II  Villi  desire  any  personal  csplaiiatinn  m  inforniation,  I  slmll  lie  happ.v  inallemt 
.^"11  vvlieiM'ViM'  yon  iiiiiv  rci|iii'st  it. 

'♦r  the  .statt'iiM'Lits  coiitiiiiicd  in  (lie  !'ori'p)iiij;'  letter  tln'  ;,M'«'a(t*r  part 

'  Mri'isli   \pp<iii|i\,  vol,  i.  p.  !''*'>. 


\:r2 


AlMMTI.'ATlo.N    Al'    (;KM;\.\. 


Fl 


II 


;^ 


II 


tl 


colllil  iiMt  li:i\r  iM't'ii  iii:i(i(<  aviiil:il)l('  ill  iili  Iji;^ii>li  ruiilt.  I'ur  tlic  it-a- 
sons  I  liiisc  iilrciidy  iiiciifioiii'cl,  tlic  loose  statciiu'iits  iiiatlf  to  Mr.  l)ii(l|,.v 
l»v  persons  iiiiiimiiiciI  :  tlu'  iiiiiiiilliori/cd  stiitciiiclils  oT  Caddy  mnl  Immi,. 
loit.  <»n  tlicir  way  tliroii;;li  lavt-rpool ;  I  lie  loose  eoiiM-rsa  lions  and  e(jn;illv 
iiiiaiillioii/.ed  slatcMiients  of  tli(M)ni('ers  on  hoai'd  the  Annie  ('iiilds.  i,.. 
porleil  liyllie  youth  lioltilison,  v  ho  had  lieeii  removed  to  a  seliddl  in 
London.  n(»liody  knew  where,  would  all  have  Iteeii  inadiiii>sil»le  aci-nitl 
iii.U  i.i  ilii^^lish  proeediire.  'I'he  lael  thai  iiarti<'ular  persons,  supposed  in 
lie  «*oiineeU'd  with  the  ( 'oniiMlerates,  had  lioiie  oiil  in  the  Ncssel  on  Jn.)' 
trial  trip  was  eipially  worthless.  iSiit  there  were  othei  lacts  w  hieli  wm; 
of  a  dilTereiit  stamp  and  deser\ cd  more  atteiilion  than  they  appe;n  iw| 
ha\<'  l'eeei\ed. 

The  (  olleetiir  retiiiiied  lor  answer  that  he  should  immediately  siihiiiit 
.Mr.  Dudley's  eonimnnieat  ion  to  the  !<oiidon  hoard,  addiii;;,  houe\<'i,  lii> 
ow  II  opinion  that  the  statement  made  l>y  that  ;;entleman  "  was  not  siirji 
as  eonid  be  ai'ted  upon  by  the  ollieers  of  the  rexenne,  unless  leM;il|\ 
siilistantiated  by  e\  idence."  '  l-'orwardiiin'  ,Mr.  Dudley's  eouuiMiiiii'iitiiii! 
to  the  board  of  eiistoms,  Mr,  lldwards  incloses  a  report   Irom   .Mr.  Mni 

>l|r 


fiaii,  the  surveyor,  sayiii;^"  that  lu'  has  inspected  the  steamer:  tliiit 
is  in  thesaiiH-  state  as  rejL;ards  iiei'  aiiiiameiit   as  on  the  date  of  his  I 
mer  report,  havinj;   un  j,miiis  or  «'arria^',es  on  board,  nor  w«'re  Iter  pliii 


foriiis  fitted  to  the  deck 


if,"  savs  Mr.  ICdwards,  "she  is  for  the  ('uii 


federate  .st-rviee,  tlu'  builders  and  parties  interest  -d  are  not  likely  i 
coniinit  tliem.selves  by  any  act  w'hi(di  would  subject  them  to  the  pen:! 
pro\  isions  of  the  foreiiiu  enlistment  act."' 

The.  solicitor  of  the  customs  adojitetl  the  views  of  the  ( 'elh'ctoi',  iiinlj 
thus  aPlvise«l  the  Hoard  : 

'I'lirlT    is   <illl\    line    lirii|ifr  \v;i_\    III'  IixiKiii;;  al    tills  (|i|c,-,|  ioll.       ir  till' ('ullcrtdl  III'  (   II 

tiiiii-  wi'i'r  til  ilclaiii  till'  M>.si'l  in  i|ii('st ioll,  III- witiilil  III)  ildiilil  Ita vc  lo  iiiaiiitaiii  il 
sfi/iiii-  li\  Ifyal  I'viilriirr  in  a  nuiil  itl'  law,  anil  III  pay  ilaiiia;^i's  anil  riisis  ill  liisiMii'l 
I'ailiiii'.  I'|iii!)  ran  I'lilly  irailiii;;  tin-  stati-niriil,  I  liinl  that  tin-  )riratrr  part,  if  imt  al 
is  In-arsay  ami  inailnii.s.silili-,  anil  as  to  a  pa  it.  tin-  witnrNsi-s  an-  in  it  I'lii'tliruinin;;  ui'  rvi 
to  111'  iianii-il.  It  is  pi-i't'i  rtly  rli-ar  tu  my  iiiiinl  that  tln-nt  is  nnthiii;;  in  it  aiiiuniillii^  t 
l>niiiti  t'litii    pi'iMit' snilirii-nt    to  jiistity  a  si-i/iirr,  iiinrh    Ir.ss  tn  siippi.rl  it  in  a  rmni  i 

law,  .Hill  till-  ciinslll  I'linlil  l.nt  rxpn-l   tlir  rollrrtiir  to  taki'  lipr.M     llillisi-lf  sllih  a  li>k  I 

iip)ii)Kitiiin  III  inli's  ami  priniipli-s   liy  wliii-h  tin-  Cniwii  is -' i\  rrin-il  in  niatli-is  nt' lli 


iiatiiii' 


K.  .1.  H.^MKI. 


.It  I  \   II.  |h;-,'. 


.Vetinu  on  this  atlvice,  the  ( "ommissioneis  of  the  <  'iistoms  acipiaiiiti'il| 
Mr.  Ildwaids  that   tlnae  diti  not  appeal    to  be  /<///(/<( /■c/c/r  proof  in  tin- 
stateiin'iit  «d'  the  Consul  stillieieiit    to  justify  tlM>  sei/ur»'  of  the  xt'ssd, 
and  <lirecteil  him  to  apprise  llie  consul  accurdin^ily. 

'I'his  liaNin-;  been  commiiiiicate<l  to  .Mr.  I>udley,  we  lind  him  writiii,' 
to  .Mr.  .\dams  on  the  llth  of  .lidy  : 

riio  ('ill  Ire  tot'  si-i-ins  ilispuMt  <l  in  iiiihl  on  I'  (i<i\ri'iiiiii'Mt  luiis  strict  a  i  nh'  a>  if  ^^<'  ^^' 
ill  a  riinil  III' Jiislirr.     \Vi-  at'c  !'i-i|iiiiril  tn  i'ninisli  h-yal  i-\  iih-iii-r— I  taki- it  llii-i>li> 
iMvaiiliiK,  Ihiiii^h  it   is  iiiviilvi-il  in  sniin-  ul>-«i  iirity--thal   is,  that   tin- nuns  Is  iipun  i- 
III  pioNc  anil  i-stalilish  li\  li-^al  i-xiilinn^  that  this  vi-ssi-i  is  inti'inh-il  as  a  piivatrii.    I' 
this  is  III  III    taken  as  tin-  aiiswi-r  ul   tin-  ^ii\  i-ininrnt,  il  is  lianlly  u-nlli  .ipriiiliiiL'  "' 
tiim-  in  iiiaUin-^  riirtlni  appiiral  imi  in  tlii-iii.     'i'li<'>  -^Imw  I  li.it  tlnii'  ii<  iit  i':ilii  \  i-  .1  tii<  1 
pirtriisr,  anil  t  hat  I  III-  I  'iii!>il  x.ili-s  I  ininii  r\prcl  all  \  I  lli  11'.^  liKf  iiiipail  lalily  iiiiil  1.1  ' 
iii'ss  at  I  lull  liamls. 

W  lirii  tlir  I'liiti'il  .'statrs  ( iiiN  rrnnnnt.  Ilirnimh  ils  ark  now  liil;;r«l  n-pn^ii  ijfiM'".  ••:'• 
ti>  till-  lliitish  MKVcriiiiiiiit  that  it  i- -..itisiii-il  iliat  ,1  ii.iitiriilai  \  i-ssi-l.  wlncti  i>  li>-ni4 
Lxiill   lit  a  rci'tain  plan-  in  tin-  1^    i>;ihiMi  li_\  n  rtain  patln-s  wlm  an-  tln-ir  ii\mi  siihi-'ii'. 

lii'itisli  Appi-iniix,  Mil.  i,  p.  I~(i. 
•  Ihiil.,  p.  1<i. 

lii  ilish  .\ppinili\,  Mil.  \  i.  ).    1-7. 


oi'iMn.ss  (IF  SIR  Ai.i:x.\Ni)i;i;  ( «)(  K!;ii;\. 


4'  It 


( '(>ll('ct»»r.  iiml 


I'.  .).  IIAMKI. 


1(1  liiiii  wiiti!!-' 


.  iiiiiiiili'il  ;i-i  ,1  iniviilccr  lor  iln"  ii'li-l  (IovitiiiiiciiI,  it  i-i  llu'  duly  of  lli:it  (!.i\  I'liiincni 
•I  mII  11]  Mil  I  till-  ]i.iii'f>i  w  lio  Mil'  lining  iMit  till'  '.esse!,  to  I  ill  1 1 II  III  w  Iiiil  I  III'  I'liniy;!'  is. 
iii|  ri'i|iiiir  tlii'iii  til  ->l;iti'  lor  wlioiii  .iinl  wliiit   |iiii'|io-ii'  slii'  is  liritii^  Imill,  :in<I  il'  tlir 
'laiiji' is  iiiliiiiticil  or  sliowii   to  lie  Inii',  to  stoii  Iht  s;iiliiin-.     Our  (io\  crmiiriit   Ii.is  a. 
■.'Ill,  it  scciiis  to  nil',  not  only  to  cNiicrt    li«it   to  ii'i|niri'  tiiis  niiiili  ol'  iiimlln'r  tVirinIIy 

.  iVcIllllH'llt.     Anil  it'  llirri'  W  ;is  luiy  (lis|iONilioii  hi  ilo  ri;;!il   ill  III  art    Iiolli'sliy,  I  Iiis  III  1 11' 1 1 

•  |i  ,1^1  w  on  III  lir  airiinliil.     j  ini'losi'  a  ilt's('ii|it  ion  of  t  lir  iiisiilr  of  tliis  vi'smI. 

Tilt'  piclciisidii  tlm-';  juit  lorward  l)y  Mr.  Dudley,  in  this  jtiid  in  Ids 
.inner  ictlcr,  tiiMl  ;is  soon  iis  the  uo-i-ntof  ;i  I'orcion  slate  declares  ins 
nin  ii'tion  lliat  a  ncsscI  is  heiii.i;'  Imilt  lor  ;niolli<'f  iiellio-ercnl,  it  Ijecoiiies 
III' duly  of  tiie  neutral  uoveniineiif  to  call  on  llie  parties  ciiiiau'ed  in 
iiiildiii;;'  iiei'  In  show  that  lief  destination  is  hiwrnl,  and  ii'  they  do  in»I 
i  I  Ml.  lo  seize  her,  is  one  w  hieii  can  not  he  admitted.  It  protun'ds  on  an 
iiiiiely  niislakeii  notion  of  ! lie  powefsof  a  t  'onslitut ional  i,'o\ ei-ninent  in 

tVee  slate.  As  I  Iia\  e  ah'eady  pointed  oill,  l>y  the  I  hen  exisliii:.;  hiw  of 
liiicat  l!i'ilaiii.  as  hy  liial  ol'  Aineiiea,  ii  vessel  could  only  he,  seized  willi 

view  lo  ;ts  lieiiio'  liron^ht  rorliiwilh  into  a  eoiiipeleiil  <'ourl.  with  il 
ii'W  to  its  eondeinnalioti  :  ihh'  eoiild  the  ( 'in\('iiiiiieiit  call  oi;  tiie  pailies 

itcrested  in  the  \cssel  lo  show  thai  Ihe  i»urpose  lor  which  she  was  he- 
;i':  iMiill  was  a  lawrul  one,  till  they  liad  made  out  in  ii  ( 'oiiil  ol'.Iustit'e 
I  least   a  siirtieinil  intiim J'lirir  case  to  call  upon  IIm.'sc  jiarlies  for  an 

il^\\er. 

Hut  it   is  a  \ cry  dilVereiil   lliiiii;'  to  say  Ihai  when  persons  capahh' of 

.iviii;^'  evidence  are  expressly  named,  ii'd  sources  of  inhuinat ioii  iire 

"liiited  out  Irom  whieli  the  trnlli  intiy  he  ascertained,  the  atitiiorities 

.  iv  to  si  I  wil  II  I  heir  arms  Iblded.  and  di»  nolhin.L'  toward  satislyini;'  them- 

■'Ives  whether  a  vessel  is  (Hie  the  unlawtill   purpose  of  which  it  is  their 

:it,\  to  IVuslrate  hy  sei/ui'e;  and  allhoiioh  the  I'liilish  o()vcniment  had 

(I  power  lo  insisi  compnlsoiily  on  explanations  lieiii',:  ;iiven   hy  sidp- 

iiiilders  as  to  the  desliiialion  of  a  parlieular  v.ssel.  yet    I  can  see  no 

.  ;is(iii  wliy.  in  a    case  of   suspicion,  ollicial    applicidion    iiii;;in   n<»i   he 

iiidelolhe  luiilders   to    relieve    the  ;;"o\ crnmeiil    r!(Mii    ils  ejuharrass- 

iicii!    hy  stating   for  whom  Ihe  vessel  was    hciii;';   luiilt.    IT  an  answer 

I'lc  jiiven  to  siudi  an  applicali(Hi,  ils  truth  could  ;icnerall,\  l)e  lestetl. 

!  ill!  explanation  were  ret'iised,  or  il'  that   which  was  j^ivcu  turned  out 

:  ilKpdry  lo  he  untrue,  the  e\  ideiice  ii;iainsl    Ihe  X'essc'  would  liecoine 

■.oii/l>  (■ontiriiied.     il  is  true  the  luiilders  of  this  \  osel  appear  lo  lia\ c 

irii  wvy  sliy  of  answering;   impiiries  ahoitt   her.  hat,   !  do  iiol  tind  that 

iiy  impiiry  of  ail  ollicial  characler  was  e\-er  addressed  to  Mcv>,'s.  Laird. 

il  had  heeii,  lie-  lii^^li  characler  of  tliesv-  "(.m |,.|ii,.||  woniu  doiditless 
.i\('  insured  eitliei  a  I'efiisal  to  answ«'r  or  a  truthful  answer.     The  former 

'lid  have  helped  materially  to  estahlish  a  case  against  the  vessi'l.  the 

Mi-r  would  ha\ »' Jiislilicd  her  itiiniedialc  sei/ure. 

I'liit   h(>side  the  omission  to  nmkc  any  ollicial  impiiry  ol  the  hnihiers. 

>;!!teiiipl   appears  to  have  heen   made  to  iitili/e  t  he  it'leiciice  t<t  per 
"lis  specilied  hy  .Mr.  I)udle>,  a  sultject  lo  which  I  shall  return  presently. 

Iinler  these  eireuinstanees  Mr.  .\daiiis  iiit  (Ui  the  hap|»y  ideaofeni- 
'•nviiijn-  il  ^nlicilor  to  o,.|  lip  t||i>  case  in  a  hiisiness  like  manner:  and  a 
'11,  Sipiarey.  an  acl i\  (;  solicitor  of  Liverpool,  was  retained  ioi  I  he  prose- 
'iitinii.  This  jiciilleinaii,  in  sjtile  of  dillicuUii's,  .somi  siu  cedi'd  in  tlis- 
■|\t'iiii;4 cv  idciice.  "  The  dilliciiltv  we  have  had  to  contend  with."  writeH 
Ml,  Dudley  to  Ml.  Seward,  "  was  to  '^r\  direct  pioof.  'i'here  wj'ie  men 
•*ii<>ii;;li  who  knew  iihoiil  her,  and  who  underst(>«)d  iier  character,  hut 
iH-ywcre  not  willinj,'  lo  testify,  and  in  a  preliminary  proeeedino  liketliis 
'Was  impossihle  to  ohiain  process  to  compel  them.     Indeed,  no  tine  in 

'I'tstile  community  like  Livt'ipotd,  where  tlie  feeliii;;'  antl  sentiment  arc 

'  l.'iiiti'tl  siuhis  IJoruincntH,  vol.  i,  ji.  :J8t». 


i''l 


4:.4 


AIMll  I  Iv'ATION     A  I     (ii;\i;\  A. 


:H 


ii^'aiiisl  IIS,  would  lie  51  williiij,' witiu'ss,  fs|M'ciiiIl\  if  lie  roitlcil  ilicn-, 
iuul  wiis  ill  any  \v:iy  licpiMKlciit  on  tlir  |m'o]>I('  of  tli:it  )il:i(-i'  I'oi  :i  Ijvrli 
liood."'  All  this  no  (loiil)t  wiis  (nir,  hiil  llifii  it  slioiild  not  l»i'  liti;;uttiii 
tliut  oxacfly  tin-  siinu'  <liHiciilty,  niisin;;-  Itotli  Ironi  llic  nnu  illin.yii('.s,s  ni 
llic  witnesses  to  eoliie  lorwwid  niiil  the  nhsenee  oi'  pioeess  to  ei)|ii|M'| 
tlieiii,  stood  in  tlie  \\:iy  ol'  t  lie  lociil  nilt  lioiit  ies  just  :is  iiineli  ;is  it  did  jii 
t'.iat  of  Mr.  Dudley  niid  .Mr.  Scpiiirey. 

On  tlie  Hist  of  .Inly,  however.  Mr.  I)ndle\  witli  Ids  solieilor  w.iin  d 
on  Mr.  ICdwards  with  si\  dejiosilions.  oiu'  oi'  w  liicli,  I  iiat  of  :i  iiniii  iiaiiicd 
I'assniore.  went  directly  to  the  point  to  show  that  the  \css(  I  was  in 
tended  lor  tin- ( 'tnifederate  service.  It  was  shown  lt,\  tlicattidavil  olan 
aiti<'led  eleiU  «tf  Mr.  Scjiiarcy  that  he  had  (  xaniined  the  i!ii  keiiliciMl 
dock  iiia>iei*s  Wool;,  and  fonnd  an  entry  relatiiiLi  to  a  screw  steamer,  No. 
LMIO.  the  iiiiniher  of  the  \essel  in  question,  of  the  renistered  toiiiia;i{'(ir 
."lOO  tons,  from  which  entry  ii  apj)cared  that  the  iiauie  ol  her  masfr 
Matthew 


llntcher, 


Then  I'assiiiore  dci»osed  as  follows 


I.  \V 


lIlMlJl    I  ;i>>tiii>l  I'.  II 


I'    llil  kl'lllK'Illl.     ill     III 


lilt  \   III'  (  III'  -III .  nun  iiii  I .  tM:il> 


r  \v;i> 


I'  iiiiiii 


iOiii  s:n   :i>  liillo 


I .    I  :illl  ;i  -^rillliaii,  ;iliil  ll;i\  r  '^ri  \  I  t[  as  Mirli  nil  liiiiil  il   llrr  M;i  ii'>t,\ 


till'  ( 


'lll|>  I  11 1  litir  inn  III; 


I'iniraii  v:ii'. 


'J.    Ila\iii'.;   Iiri'ii    inroiniril    tjial    iianiU  wru    \Nantril    lnr  a    liulil  iii;.;-\  i 


M(>si>.  Lain!  iV  (' 


II..  Ill'  liii  ki'iilnail,  I   a|i|>lii'il   mi   .Sal  inil:i,\ .  wlinli  wa.t. 


i  III'! 


lillill    In 
irVi',  tlh 


■.'l^l  (lay  III'  .III  111'  last,  to  <  'a)ilaiii  Itntilii  r,  u  'i"-  '  \'  iis  inl'm  nnil,  uas  rii;;aj;iii;^  iiu-ii  lii 
till'  sail!  \isM'l.  tor  a  lirrtli  on  Imaiil  lirr. 
:i.  ('a|itain  lliitilirr  aNlo'il  nii'  it   I  Uni'W  wln-ir  liif  \is.sil  was  ;;oin;;,iii  ri']ily  towli 


nil 


was  umii; 


I  told  l.ini  1  liiil  not  ri;.;litly  niiilii^tanil  alioiit  it.     lie  tlnn  tolil  nir  tin*  si-s^<i'i 
out    til   till' (ioMTiiniriii  of  till' ( 'iinri'iji'r.'itr  . 'stairs  III'  .\niri'ii'a.     I  ,'isUi'il    liiiii    if  tlii'n 
wiiiilil  111'  any  li^lilin-.:,  Ill  wliiili  la  iiiiliril,  >  IS.  tlh'y  w  rii'  ;;iiin;i  In  li^cht  tor  tlir  .Sniuln-i 
(io\  riniiii'iit.      I    liild    liini  I  hail    liri'ti   nsnl   to   li^iil  in;;'-\  i  s>i'l>,  aiiil    ^linwril    liiin   m 
papt'i's.      I  a>Kril  liini  tn  niaUr  nii'  si;:naliiian  on  lioanl  tlir  vi's.si'l,  anil,  in  ir|il,\.  Iii'sai 


that  no  arlirirs  woiiM  In 


Mil  milil   till' \  t'ssr!   ;'iii   iiiitsnli',  lint    I 


II'    \MII 


ilil 


iiiium'  nil 


si;inalnian,  if  tlu'.v  ii'i|niiril  mii'.  wlim  tliry  t;iil  unlsjili 


1.  Til 


it  ('a|itain  Itntcliri'  tlicii  i'ii;;;.'i;;<'il  nii-  as  an  alilc  sranian  on  luianl  tiii>  >:iiii 


vi'ssi'l.  at  till'  waj>i'S  ot"  CI  I"'-.  Iht  ninnili  ;  and  it  was  arian;;i'il  tlial  I  >liiiiilil  Jniii  tli. 
sliip  in  MrNsis.  I.aiiil  «.V  Co.'s  yard  on  the  t'ollow  iin;  .Mtmday.  'i'o  rnalilr  nir  in  j{i'l  ni. 
Iioard.  Caiitain  ilntrhrr  yavi-  mo  a  |ias.sw()ril,  tlir  niiiiilii'r  "',".•')." 

o.  On  tlir  t'ollowin;;  .dniiilay,  wliich  wa.s,  1  lii-lirvc.  tlir  'Jlld  of  .)iiiii<  last,  I  ,jiiiiiril  tin 
Kaid  vi'SM-l  in  Messrs.  {.aiid  iV  C'o.'s  yattl  at  DirUi-nlifad,  and  1  ninaiiit'd  liy  lui  till 
Satiirdiiy  last. 

(i.  'riic  said  vi'ssid  is  a  siri'w-stoaiin  r  of  aliont  l,1<^'Mons  InirllnMi.as  far  as  I  caiijnd;.". 
and  is  Itnilt  anil  littrit  np  as  a  ti<;litin;;-sliip  in  all  ri'sprrts;  ^lll1  has  a  ina<;a/.iiM' ami 
^llot  anil  ranisliT  larks  on  ilrck,  anil  is  pii;rrril  for  j;iins,  t ho  socki'ts  fur  tin- liiill>  "i 
w  liirh  air  I  a  ill  diiw  ii.  'I'hc  said  \i'sscl  has  a  lar;ir  i|nanlity  of  sIoith  anil  |irovisiiiii>  m 
lioiinl,  ami  slio  is  now  1\  iiij;  at  tlu^  ^'il'tol•ill  Wharf  in  tho  ;;ri'at  lloat  at  liiiki'iilirii'l 
wlu'ri'shc  has  takrii  in  almnl  I!(l(l  toMsof  roal. 


ill 


I'll'  ai>'  n 


ow  aliiiiit  thirty  hainls  on  hoard  hrr,  who  h.'i\  «■  lirrii  cii^ja^i'd  to  jiD 


in  her.  .Must  of  thnn  aii'  iiirn  "Im  have  pri'\  imisly  srivrd  on  lioaid  ti^jhtinn-sliip'-' 
anil  mil'  of  ihi'in  is  a  nnoi  who  srrvcd  on  hoanl  tlir  ConfrdiTali'  stcaini-i'  SniiiliT.  It  i- 
Avcll  kniiwn  hy  thr  hainls  on  Iioard  that  tho  vi'ssri  is  ^oinj^  out  as  a  piivali'i'i'  lnr  ili' 
Ciinfi'ili'iati'tiiivcinimMit  to  act  a;;ainst  tin*  I  'nilcil  StatrH  nntltr  a  coininission  from  .Mi 
.Ii'lli-rsiin  I  las  is.  ilui'i'  of  tin;  cifw  arc,  I  bcliuvc,  cngiiuicrs  ;  and  tlicro  arc  also  .smn' 
lircnicn  on  lioanl. 

~.  (  apiaiii  Itiilc'icr  .mil  another  KOiith'iiiuii  have  licoii  on  hoard  Iho  sliii)  alnmst  <'vn\ 
»la\.     It  is  rcpmtcil  (I'l  Imanl  the  ship  that  Captain  itntchcr  is  to  hi' (ho  sailiii^;-iii;isl' i 
ami   that   the  oilier  {.'.cntlinian.  whoso  name,  I  lielieve,  is  Itiilliick,  is  to  ho  the  li;4liliii; 
captain. 

P.  To  the  lust  III' m.\'  infminatioM  anil  belief,  flio  above-iiioiitioiied  msscI,  wliiili  1 
ha\i'  hcaiil  is  In  lie  lallcil  the  I'loiiila.  is  licin;!  eiinippeil  ami  litteil  ont,  in  mili  i  iki' 
she  may  he  employed  ill  the  sel  \  ice  of  the  Coll  iederale  (uiverillllellt  ill  America,  I  lul  in-' 

'  rniti'd  states  lloeiimciits,  vol.  vi,  p.  aiMl. 


•t'sidfd  I  lull. 
CI'  tbi'  ;i  livcli 
I  l»c  I'm mitti'ii 
i\\  illiii,Uiic.N.s  III 
M'ss  to  roiiiiicl 
ell  ;i.s  it  dill  ill 

tilii-iltir  wiiihd 

r  11    lllilll  II'.IIIIImI 

vrsscl  w;!'-  ill 
iilliiliiN  il  iilaii 
If  I'lii'kfiiln'iiil 
u  st^'iimi'i',  Nn. 
I'cil  lniili;i;:f  nl 
Id   iii;istiT  \\;i" 


III  ilii  I ,  liiliUt'  <<:il  I 
lip  Ti'iiiliii'  liimii:: 

|,^.\(>-l'l     llllill     Ir 

,s  ;l^,   V    licliiSi',  till 

i'ii;;ii.i;in:4  'n''"  '"i 

;,  ill  i'i|il,V  I"  ^\  liii  II 

II'  M'SMcl  WllS^llllU 

ikfil   liini    it'  iIk'I' 

it   Icir  111"-  SnllllliTIi 

•^ll<l\^^ll  him  iii.\ 
III,  in  n-i'l.v.  Iit'i^iiiil 
o  wiiiild  iikiIm-  111' 

l)();iril  iIp'  >;iiii' 

I    -.llOllill      jllill    til' 

alilf  imi  Id  j;i't  m 

last,  1  iiiiiu'il  till 
aiiii'tl  iiy  liri  nil 

far  as  1  caiijuiliii. 
IS  a  niiiKi»/iii«'  ;'ii'' 
s  I'lir  till-  lioll^  "I 
iiiul  ]iii>visioiis  HI 
it  at  liirkiiilii:i'l 


OI'IMONS    .)F    .s|K'    ALKX  WKKK"    <( «  K  Itll.'N.  I.'*.") 

iiiil  III  ciiiiiiiiil  IiiinI  ilit  lis  il;;aiii-l  tin-  I  mwi  uimhI  ami    |tri)|i|i' ol'  tlir   I  iiiti'ii    Mutrs  nl 
\iiii  lira. 

WII.MAM  r.\SS.M(»li'i;. 

Swiiril   1(1  lid"'   llir  al     llli-  rll-tnlii   IiiHIm  .  I  ,i  \  il  pc  ml ,  tjil-  •,'lsf  lIllV  iilMllK,    l~l''','. 

s.  I'l.M't'i;  i:i>\V AIMtS. 

CiiIIk  l,„  .< 


...,,,,.,         ..r     ,,..,,,,,,,  III.    .It.  .1    lilt       I    ••.    .^.        ..    II    II.    .1,-.,    .-.     ..    I,    .1       .    •■.  .11      ..       W.      .^•1.   ..'.,.    ••■„ 

litiisciritf  tlic  tnilli  (tf  tlicir  stiitciiiciits. 
Till!  hliimc  (»f  this  iiiiiclioii,  liiiwcvcr,  atliiclics  I'.illicr  lo  lliKSf  iiinh'r 
vliiisc  direction  Mr.  I'^dwiinls  proceeded  than  to  hiinsclt'.  He  ciiiiiiot, 
I  think,  !»'  justly  ItlaiiH'd  lor  haxiiii;-  soiijiht  tor  and  act»'d  iindiT  th** 
lin-ciions  of  his  siipci ii<i's  in  lionih)n  in  an  aD'air  oi'  so  iniicli  inipor- 
aiM'c. 

The  Ic^iiil  advisers  of  the  ( 'nstoins  I  )epart  iiieiit  of  the  ( loveinmcnl  did 
ilsce  in  the  cvidt'nee  submit  led  to  1  hem  snilicieni  to  jnrtifv  tiie  sei/nic; 
tiic  ship.     'I'he  assistant  solicitor  repmls  as  follows: 


>liili  aliii"'>t  I'M  '.> 

thiisailiiiK'"''"'" 
to  l.ii  thr  li>;lili'i- 

ll    M'SSrl,  wllitll   I 

out,  ill  oidi  I  llli'' 
I  Aini'rini.nnriii'" 


■<1  is  lit  I  I'll  I II  It  till'  tlir  iiiilitaiy  npi'ial  intis  iiii'iit  iniii'il,  tlial  siiriirii'iit  I'vidiMicr  has  Iiitii 
iililiiri'il  II)  i'iititli>  till'  applicants  to  I  lir  iiilri  I'l'i'i'iii'i'  nil  Int  'ulli'i'tm'  nf  Ciistoins  al  l<i\  - 
'ipiiiil,  'I'iii'  nn  I  y  J  list  ilia  I  ill'  ;;iiiiinils  nl'  si'I/iiit  iiiiiirr  SIT  I  iini  7  ill'  till'  ai'l  wniilil  III'  till! 
'riiiliii'tiiiii  ol'siirli  I'viili'iH'i'  III  till'  I'arl  as  winilil  siippuii  :i.ii  inilirtiiii'iil  I'nr  tin-  iiiistli- 
iiii'aiiiii'  unili'i'  lliat  si  rtioii. 

.1.  nlnnvi). 
I  I  sii,\i...  ,/„/,/  -M,  ]-{;•>, 

This  report  of  tlic  assistant  solicitor  was  npheld  by  his  principal : 

Ii'iitiri'ly  riiiiriir  Nvitli  Mr.  O'Dowd  in  opinion  tliiit  tlirii'  is  M<it  Hunicifiit  f\  iilcnro  to 
wairaiii  tin-  si'i/.iuc  or  (loti-ntioii  of  the  Hhip  l)y  lli«  oniciTsof  riiHttiniM.     Tht'i«!  ap|M>iirs 

'Appintlix  lo  Miilisli  ('iisi-,  miI.  i,  p.  IHJI. 
Appcnilix  to  fnitcil  Stall's  Cast',  vol.  i,  p.  lU'J. 


■\:>i', 


AIMIIIUAIlnN    A  I'    (HAKVA. 


■i 


fo  In-  -llllH'  l'\  illfll. r  I'lili-^llMlMlt    ol"   illili.  illll:llx.   Iltltl    it*   Jll.ft    W  I'll'  Slllllricllt    In  ^;lti^|, 

ii  ciiiiii,  tlii'.v  WKiilil  III-  li.ilili' III  |M'riitii:ii'\  jii'iiall  ii-s.  Inr  •<rriiril\  ol' wliicli,  irifi'(i\ii,.,i 
till-  CI  I -.1 1  nil  ■<  III  i;^  111  )li'l:iiii  llii'  s||||i  iiiilil  iliii>i-  |(i'ii:ill  ir-.  \vi'ri--i:il  i-linl  mi  ;;iii»l  li;iil  •^\\,,\, 
i'\  li|i-l|i'>'  I'lliillull  i>r  rlili'<l  iiii'lil    lit  rail   ll|ii>ll   I  III'  I'll '•InlllH  III  |i|ii<.i'i  III 


lull      I  lull'     !->    Ill 

Till-  I  iiiliil  SI, III-.  I    iiiMil 

Ht'l'    III. 


nr  aiiv  I' 


llii-i    I 


ll'|-4llll      III  IV    ill!     --l 


II  at    I  lii-ir  own  1 1> 


il'  III. 


II  I  \ 


1-r. 


r.  .1.   ll\Mi;i. 


'I'lic  I'oiiiiiiissiuiitM-;  mlopttMl  f  lie  \  icw  >  i»r  llii-ir  iii|\  i^^i-is,  ninl  mi  tlii> 
L'Jil  III'  .Inly  ii'|M»rl(Ml  to  llic  Loi'ils  ni'  llii'  Tn-asiiry  iinMinliii;nl,v.  liiit 
;irci>iii|»;iiiifil  Ilii-ir  icpml  with  tin'  vciy  iMopi-r  siiu'^csj  ion  IIimI  sliinilil 
tlifir  ioi'i|slii|is  ciiti'i'tiiin  any  <  Ion  lit  ii|)oti  I  lit-  snIijiMi,  t  lie  o|iiiiJiin  of  ihr 
LiiwOlliccrs  should  hi-  taken.  Tlic  |»a|H'is  wri-c  foiwaiilcd  hy  tlii>  Trcas 
my  to  the  rorci;^!!  ollin-  wiilioiit  a  inoinciit's  di'lay,  in  oidri-  tlial  tlic 
opinion  ol'  Lord  I'lisscli  iiii.L;!)!  I>i'  laUi-n,  as  appears  tVoni  a  iioie  iVoin 
file  si'i'ietaiy  ol'  llie  tieasiiry  to  the  iiiidei-  secrelafy  ol'  stale  lor  loi-eiL;)! 
a  till  Irs: 

.   'I'la: \srin  , ,/,(/(/  -.'J.  l-  j. 

M'l    |ii  \i:  Ml.,  I.WKiin:   As  ihr  i  (iniiniiiiical  imi   may  hi- ciHisidrrril   |ni"<Miii;f.  I  scii.l 
it  In   ,\iiii    iiiiiiiiii  iall>  In  ^a'<  ■■    liiiii'.     l'i'rlia|iH    ymi  ivill  aHn'rliiiii    tVoiii   liiii'il    K'lisM'li 
i  Ih'IIkt  it  i>  his  w  isli  ihai  \\f  slimilil  lak<'  I  lie  o|iiniiin  of  Ihr  law  iiIHiti-s  a-*  In  llu-i  .i^' 


III! 


11'.    V  l>SI 


I.        Il    i".  slalril    Ih.ll     >.||r    is  IHMllv     IimIv    Inr 


."silHTlriV    vnill's, 


liV.n.  A.  II  \MII.'lu\ 


Tlie  depositions  of  Passiiiore  and  the  others  Were  t  laiisinit  ted  also 


.'\|r.  Adaiiis,  to  llaii  K'nssejl,  with  the  aeeoinpaiiyiiiL;'  note 


I.I 


liVlliiS    Ol      I 


III;  I  ■  \  1 1 1 ; 


>  M  \  I  r.s, 


Liiiiiliiii,  J II I II  '.'•.',  1*1 


M  \  1 .1  iiMi :  I  lias  r  t  III'  liiiimr  hi  I  raiisinil  inpiis  nl'  -^jx  ili'|insii  inns  I  a  Km  a  I  l,i\  i'r|Mi<>! 
t'-iiiliiit;  to  fslalillsli  llii>  rliarai'lrr  anil  ilrslinalinli  nf  tin-  vcs.srl  In  wliH'li  I  ralliil  \im; 
lnrilslii|)'s  atli-iilii   >.  in  my  iiiili<  nf  llir  V.M1I  nlMiiiii' last. 

'I  lie  nl'ij;ilials  nf  tlif.sr    |ia|irrs    liavc    all'i-atly  liri'll    Nlllimitli'il    In    till'  nillcrlnr  nl'  llii 


^iniiis  al  thai  pnri,  in  aci-nrilaiici'  with  tin-  siiL;i;('si inns  maili'  in  ymir  lni'i|s|ii|i'' 


lint' 


III  I  III-  nl'  I  III'  Il  II  III'  .Inly,  as  llii'  liasis  nl'  an  a)i|ilii  "il  inn  in  him  in  ai'l  n  in  I  it  I  Ih'  jmu  ii> 
rnnl'i'irril  liy  ihi'  I  nlislnii'iil  at  I.  I  In  I  I  I'itI  ii  In  lir  m\  iliily  rnrlhri'  in  riiinniiinii-.ili'  lln' 
Tails  as  llirir  alli".:iil  In  Her  Maji'.sl  \ 's  ^n\  I'lniiirnl,  anil  In  ii'i|nr>l  Ihal  sinli  rnilliii 
|iini'.'i'ilini;s  may  hr  hail  as  may  raiiy  iiiln  lull  riliri  iln'  ilrlriniinalinii  whiili  I  ilmili; 
lull  il  I'M-i' mil  riaiiis  In  |ir)'\rnt,  liy  all  lawl'nl  nii'aiis,  Ihi'  lil  I  in;i  mil  nl'  hnsiilr  r\|i.  ■ 
(lit  inns  auaillsl    Ihr  ;;n\  n  nmrlll   nf  a  rniim  1  v    w  il  h   w  hiih  il    Is  al    |ii'ai'r. 

I  as  ail,  A  )'., 

CliAKl.KS  rK'ANCIs  ADAMs 

The  papers  were  sultinilled  to  the   ia\\  ollieei's  on  the  '-'.'(d.  with  i:  iv 
(litest  lor  tiieir  answer  at  their  earliest  eoii\ cnieiiee. 

Ill  tlie  ineaii  tiiiK^  .Mr.  Sipiarey  had  proeiired  two  other  iinportaii! 
depositions:  the  one  that  ot  a  .ship's  carpeiitei',  named  Ifoherts,  wlm 
statetl  that  he  liad  lieeii  eiiL,M^ed  as  earpentei's  mate  on  hoard  this  \rs 
sel,  and  had  seen  (  a|)tain  linteher  hy  appointinent,  and  that  Caplaiii 
Itiiteher  had  spoken  to  the  boatswain  ahoiit  him  :  and  that  it  was  i;'i'ii 
erally  understood  on  hoard  ol'  the  vessel  that  she  was  ;;oiiin-  to  Nas.saii 
lortlM^  southern  n'overnmeiit  ;'  the  other  nil  allidavit  of  Ifohert  .Itilm 
'ra.\  loi',  which  was  siill  more  to  the  purpose.  'I'his  man,  an  l'ji;;lishni;iii 
hy  birth,  but  li\in;;  at  Mobile,  hail  been  eapliired  in  attemplin;^Mo  run 
the  blockade,  and  was  now  desirous  <»1'  tsikinji' .serviitc,  whereby  to  jrct 
ba<'k  to  .Mobile.     The  material  part  of  his  slatcmeiit  was  as  follows: 

Ml'.  Iiirkai  liy.  nl'  l.ivi'iponl,  a  liintln'r  nf  ihr  nwin  r,  al  .Mnlnli".  of  lhi>  vi-hhcI  in  v.  liicli 
I  \t  as  rajilniril  w  lii'ii   atli'm|>lin;;  In   run   tin-   lilnrkailr,  ;;avf  me   instrin'tinn.s  to  ;;o  to 


'  Apjienilix  In  I'liiii'il  Stall's  C.ihi-,  vol.  i.  p.  VM, 
Ihiil.,  p.  |s-i. 

.\p;MMHli\  to  llritiNli  Cast,  vol.  i,  p.  UK. 
Iliitish  .\pp<>iiilix.  V'll.  i.  ]<,  l.'^i'.). 


ol'INIONS    (»!'    >ii;    AI,r.\A\hi:i;    cnciJU-KX. 


457 


I  .ipliiiii  lliilrlii'i'.  ,'it    LMii'il's  \  ;n<l,  ItliKi'iiIii'Mil.     i  liail    {inv  IiiiinIv  imIIiiI  'mi  Mv.  |,*irk- 
.iili.s.aiiil  liilil  liiiii  that  I  wiiiiliil  ti>  t;i)  Smitli,  as  tlir    Nm tliririrri  liml  inlilii-ii  incut' 
:iiy  ritillirs  w  lii'ii  I  w  a^  ra|itiii)'il,  ami  I  \\  aiitol  to  lia\  r  saliilai'tiiMi. 
I  lii'Hl    .siiw  ('a|>taiii    liiilrlii'i'  at    oiir   ni    Mr.  LainlH  iiDiiis  last 'I'liiiroilay  l'<>rliii;^lit. 

'iiiiiii'l.v,  till' :ii|  III' July  lanl.  I     I  tiilil   him   that  I  hail  iM-tii  ni'IiI  liy  Mi.  liiiUarliy,  ami 
;>ki'il  him  il'hi-wi'ir  till- ra|>laiii  i>r  th-   vcsxi  I  which    was  lyiiii;   in    tin- ilurU.     I  tohl 

nil  that  I  was  I  nil'  III'  till-  mi'ti  that  hail  lirrii  i-a|itiiri'il  in  otic  nl'  Mr.  K'irUarliy's  vcsmi'Ih, 
ml  (hat   I  w  aiiti'il  In  ;;rt  Sou  III  in  unlrr  In  liavr  irlalial  inn  oT  tht-  Nml  hriiii'is  t'ltr  roli- 

iiii;j  iiir  i>r  my  rliithi's.     jji'   -.aiil   tiiat  il'  I  wi-iil  with    him  in  his   vi'ssil  1  slniiiiil  \iTy 

iini  lly  haM'  that  ii|>|ini't  nnit.N'. 
(.iplaiii  Unlrlirr  a-Ui'd    nii' at  the  iiiliTv  ii-w  if  I  waswrll   ai'i|iiaiiitfil  wit  h  thi-tinir 

lilts,  ami  I  tnhl   him  I  was.      |  askiil    him  what    |i<itl  in-  was  i^nin^  lu,  ami    he  ir|ilii-it 

'lat  III-  I'liiihl  mil  till  mi'  thru,  lull  that  tlnir  wmiiil  In-  an   a^iiihii-iit    maili>  In  I'liri'  wr 

It  I'nr  sra.     I  imiiiinil  as  in   tin'  lalr  nl'  wa;;i's,  ami  i  vn.is  in  j;c|    ».'  I  juw.  |ni  miiiitli, 

ivahli'  wi'rkly. 

I  tlirii  iiii|iiiii'il  it'  I  miyhl  rnnsiiliT  ni\srl|'  i'n;:a'4ri|.  iiiiil  lif  ri'iiliid,  yi's.  ami  that  I 
:^lil  ^n  nn  huaiil   the  iHAl  (lay.  wliirh    I   a(-i'nnlin^;ly  iliil  ;  ami  1  havii  hct-ii  wnrUiii;;' 

II  Imaril  up  to  last  Saliinlay  iii;;ht. 

Tlicsc  (l('|M).siti(»ns  wcir  iiii»|M'rly  iMfwMidcd  hy  M\:  S«|iiiif('v  to  Mf. 
(i.mllHT.  Ilif  si'cfct;ir.\   to  lln-  liunid  i»r  (•iistniii«;,  to'4illi('f  with   nil  o|iiii- 

III  wliicli  li;ii|  in-t'ii  uiNfii  Ity  .Ml'.,  now  Sir  iJnlh  ll ,  < 'ollii'l',  Mil  llic  \\  litdc 
ISC,  iiiid  wliicli  wii.s  ill  Ijicx'  It  riiis: 

!  liavr  |irnisri|  I  III' ahiivi- a  Hiila  V  its,  aitil  I  am  iirn|iiiiiiiii  that  tin- cnlli'i'tiii-iil'rnsinnis 
iiijil  III-  jiislilii'il  in  ili'tainin;;  I  III-  V'l-ssi-l.  Imh'i'il,  I  Nhnntil  think  it  his  ilnty  tnih'- 
iiii  hi-r  :  ami  that  if,  al'ti'r  tin'  a|i|ilii'alinii  w  liirh  has  Ihtii  maih-  tn  him,  sn|i|inrti'il  hy 
If  \-\  iili'iii'i'  w  hirli  has  lii'i'ii  laiil  lirlnri'  iih'.  In-  allows  tin'  M'sscI  in  h'avi"  l,i\'i'r|innl, 
'  ui'l  im-iir  a  hi'avy  irs]iniisiliility  — a  ri'spniisihility  nt'  whiriilhi'  Imard  of  ('ii>tiims, 
mil  r  w  iinsi'  iliii'i  I  inns  \\r  ajipiai's  tn  lie  art  iiiy;,  mM-.|  take-  t  hi'ir  share. 
It  appiars  iliiiii'iilt  tnmakrniit  a  s.  rnn;;rr  i'as<- nl' iiiii  iii;ri'nii-nl  nl'  the  rni'i'i^ii  I'lilist- 
iiii  ait,  w  jiirii.  if  lint  I'lilmi'i'il  nu  this  nii.isiiin,  is  liiili'  lii'tiir  than  -i  ih-ail  h'ttrr. 

I I  well  ili'M'l  \  IS    ^nll^il|^■|■al  i<i||   w  hit  lli-r.   if    I  hi'   \  i'>-.l'l   he  a  I  In  W  ell  tn    eseaii",  til"'   i'l'il- 
1  (  niN  rl  IIIIMIlt  Wnlllil  llnl    h;i\e  verjnlis  iilnlllllls  nl' lemnll^l  lalli'e. 

1,'.  I'.  (■((I.J.II'.K'. 
TiMi'i.i:, ./((///  'JH,  {"i't-i. 

Ndtwitlisliiiitliii;;'  litis  Hilditiniial  cvidciif!',  ;iml  llif  dccidcil  oiiiiiinii  of 
Mr,  Ciiliici',  sitiMii;;'!'  to  s;iy.  lIu'  ;i>sisl;iiit  s.dicitor  t.t  tlic  cilsticiis  re- 
iiiaiiicd  iiiisiiiilvcii  in  liis  opiiiiDii.     Ilt^  repurts  on  tli<>  -'>d  : 

I  liave  rcail  the  aihlitimial  t'viileiiee,  ami  [  i|n  nnt  think  that  it  iiiatt-rialiy  stri'n;4tlii'iis 

ill'  rase  (if  ll;r  appliraiils.      As  ri'j;aii|s  the  npininn  iif  Mr.  Cnllier.  I  (  antint  ciinriir  ill 

wvii'WH;   hill.  ai|\  I'll  in;;' In  the  liiuh   rharaeier   wliirh    he    hears    ii:    his   prnl'i'^'^iiin,  I 

■  iliiiiit  that  the  1  mail  I  mi'.;  hi  act  imli^illll^ly  in  leenmni-mliii,'  the  Imils  i  it'  the  i  re.isiiry 

'  '  lake  ihe  npiliiiiii  III'  III!-  law  -nlljei  is  III'  llic  L'lnw  il. 

.1.  n'i'iiW  ]),• 

.Il  IV  -Jil,  i-fi-.'. 

Tiicsr  ]»it|M'is  wric  iiiiiiii'diiitcly  suliiiiillcd  to  the  law  (illicci's. 

On  tlic  l'.")tli  of  ,Itily  cniiii'  a  fiiillK'i'  nllidnx  it  from  .Mr.  S(|iiai'cy,  that 
'la  man  named  Iit-ddcii,  wlio  d('|»o.scd  as  follows: 

!  iiiii  a  seaman,  ami  have  I'nllnwi'il  the  sea  for  lifleeii  year--.  I  Inivo  lii-i-n  Iin.atswaiii 
•iliiianl  linlh  steamers  ami  sailinii-vessels.  ami  lielniie;  tn  the  na\al  reserve. 

.\liiiiit  si\  weeks  a;;n  I  was  i'ii;;a:;ei[  hy  Captain  liiiieher.  (with   whniu   I    hail  jirevi- 

i^iy  saileil,)aH  Imatsw aiii  nil  Imaic!  a  \'essel  then  in  .Xjessrs.  l.airiliV  ( 'n.'s  sliip-liiiil(liii;{ 

nil.  lint  miw  l.vin^t  in  the  liiikenlieail  tinat,  ami  Kimwii  l)\'  llie  iiaiiie  >>{'  \n,  '.".m,  'I'ho 
■liil  (  apt.'iin  Itiiti'her  ntlereil  me  tjin  per  mniitli.  ami  saiil  an  a;;rei'ineiil  shnnlil  he 
•:u'lleil  when  WH  (lot  nlltsiile,  lie  tnlil  me  that  We  shnnlil  lia\e  ]ilellty  nl'  lllniiey  when 
■'■■■  K'lt  hiiim'.  us  W  e  were  K"''"n  t"  'I'"'  'Son t  hern  Stales  nil    a  spei'iihltinli  In  try  ami  ert 

■lllll'. 

'1''  "  crew  iinw  nu  '•■■ii  '1  the  saiil  \  esse]  ennsisiM  iif  ahniit  fnrfy  men.  Itnt  I  helieve  that 
•!»■  w  ill  lake  tn  s(!a  iii.  .: ; 'mus  liiimlri'il  iiieii.  all  tnhl.  It  is  eeiierally  mule.'sionil  mi  hnanl 
'ii:tt  she  will  cli'iir  'or  ,\;k-,-iu.  hilt,  lint  make  that  pnrt.  The  saiil  vessel  has  iill  her 
•'"ITS  ami  I'liaU  nu    mard  njidy  t'nr  sea.      She  is  titled  iii  all  respisets  as  a  iiiaii-nt'-wur, 

'•'iinyKix  hrnadsid.'  units  and  I'mir  pixnts,  hut   lias  im  ^iiiis  or  aiiiniiiuitinii  on  hoard 

'  ISritisii  Appendix,  p.  I'.iii. 

-Il.id. 

'HiitlHh  Appt'iidi.x.  vol.  i,  p.  I'.tT. 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


458 


ARHITKATIOX    AT    (;I:NK\A. 


m 


;irt,yf(.  Tlic  iiik's  oil  boiird  arc  similiU' to  tli(i.S(i  ill  iisi'  oil  a  mau-or-war.  ami  ihr  m,.;, 
art;  not  allowed  to  sin;;  as  tlw^v  do  on  a  nionliantiiian.  The  eall  ih  ii.vil  uii  houni. 
I'lie  said  vesstd  is  of  about  1,100  tons  biirtlieii. 

I  know  Captain  Jiiilloek.  lie  lia.s  been  siiperiiitciidiiii;  tlie  biiildin<.r  of  the  stiid  vc.sm.1 
in  Messrs.  I.aird  iV  Co.'.s  jard,  and  is,  I  believe,  to  take  eliarge  of  the  vessij  ,\heii  wc 
'^I't  oiitsid(>. 

Jt  is  ficiierally  iinderslood  on  board  the  said  vessel  that  she  belongs  to  the  loiifi'd- 
erate  ,!;-overninen(. 

IIKNKV  KKDDEX. 

]S\'Vi'itliolcss,  ]\ii'.  ()"l)ow«l  still  cliiij^s  to  liis  opinion  with  the  jtciti 
iiacity  with  Mhich  men  soiiietinie.s  persist  in  iullierin^-  to  an  opinion 
once  I'ornu'd.     He  says  : 

Isiibiiiit  a  reference  to  my  former  reports,  to  the  oi»iii ions  expressed  in  which  I  feel  stil' 
lioiiiid  to  adlnue.  80  far  from  j;iving  additional  foree  to  tlie  iipplieation,  tin;  aflidavit 
of  Henry  IJedden  appears  to  me  to  weaken  it,  as,  after  tin;  lapse  of  several  days  siiiee  tlie 
date  of  the  former  aliiilavits,  the  api)lieants  areeonfessedly  unable  to  make  out  a  better 
Justilh-ation  for  detaining  the  vessel.  It  is,  no  doiild.  (iiflicnlt  to  jtroeiin!  satisfactory 
evidence  in  snch  a  case  ;  but,  in  the  absence  of  at  hiast  a  clear  lirima-facic  case,  theiv 
cannot  exist  those  grounds  for  detaining  the  vessel  which  the  forcigii-culistmeut  act 
contemplates. 

.1.  0-D(n\T). 

CcsTo.Ms,  .liiUj  '2.'j,  lSC)i. 

There  was,  however,  abuntlant  evidenee  to  make  out  a  prhna-fmir 
ease,  and  of  that  opinion  were  the  hiw-otticers  of  the  Crown,  who,  on  the 
ll!)th  of  July,  reported  as  follows: 

In  onr  opinion,  the  evidence  of  the  witnesses  who  have  made  depositions,  (we  alludi' 
liiirticiilarly  to  William  Passmoro,  Edward  J^)bcrts,  Robert  .John  Taylor,  and  Henry  Rcd- 
(l(!n,)  coupled  with  the  character  and  structure  of  the  vessel,  makes  it  reasonably  t'lcai 
that  such  vessel  is  intended  for  warlike  use  against  citizens  of  the  United  States  and 
in  the  interest  of  the  (so-called)  Confederate  8tates.  It  is  not,  and  cannot,  be  deiiicil 
that  the  vessel  is  constructed  and  adajjted  as  a  vessel  of  war,  being  pierced  for  guns, 
the  sockets  for  the  bolts  of  which,  Passinore  states,  are  already  lai<l  down,  and  having  n 
magazine,  and  shot  and  cauist(;r  racks  on  the  deck,  and  a  certain  number  of  canisters  be- 
ing actually  on  board.  It  is  also  stated  in  the  report  of  the  commissioners  of  customs 
of  July  1st  that  Messrs.  Laird,  the  builders,  do  not  deny  that  the  vessel  has  been  built 
for  some  "foreign  government,"  although  they  maintain,, apparently,  a  strict  reserve 
as  to  her  actual  destinatioM,  and  as  to  the  "  foreign  government"  in  particular  for 
whose  service  she  is  intend  m1.  We  do  not  overlook  the  facts  that  neither  guns  nor 
amnmnitiou  have  as  yet  Lcen  shipped  ;  that  the  cargo,  (though  of  the  nature  of  naval 
stores  in  connection  with  wur-iteamers,)  may  yet  be  classe'd  as  a  mercantile  cargo  ;  and 
th.at  the  crew  do  not  appear  to  have  biien,  in  terms  and  form  at  least,  recruited  or  en- 
rolled as  a  military  crew.  It  is  to  be  expected  that  great  stress  will  belaid  upon  these 
circumstances  by  the  owners  and  others  who  may  oppose  the  condeumation  of  the 
vessel  if  seized  by  the  otticers  of  the  customs;  and  an  argument  may  be  raised  as  to 
the  proper  construction  of  the  words  which  occur  in  the  seventh  section  of  the  foreign- 
enlistment  act,  "  equip,  furnish,  lit  out,  or  arm,"  which  Avords,  it  may  be  suggested, 
point  only  to  the  rendering  a  vessel,  whatever  nniy  be  the  character  of  its  structure. 
l)resently  lit  to  engage  in  hostilities.  We  think,  however,  that  such  a  narrow  coii- 
striiotiou  ought  not  to  bo  adopted  ;  and,  if  allowed,  would  fritter  away  the  act,  and 
give  impunity  to  Q\wn  and  llagrant  violations  of  its  provisions.  We,  therefore,  rec()iii- 
inend  that  without  loss  of  time  the  vessel  be  seized  by  the  jtroper  anthoriti<s,  after 
which  an  opportunity  will  be  alforded  to  those  interested  ))revious  to  condemnation  tn 
alter  the  facts,  if  it  may  be,  and  to  show  an  innocent  destination  of  the  ship.  In  the 
absence  of  any  such  countervailing  case  it  appe.nrs  to  us  that  the  vessel,  cargo,  and 
stores  may  bo  properly  condemned.^ 

Unfortunately,  the  report  of  the  law-ofticers  came  too  late.  Before 
the  necessary  orders  to  seize  the  vessel,  could  ba  issued,  a  tele^rai)hi(; 
message  from  Liverpool  announced  that  she  had  gone  out  of  dock  the 
night  before,  (the  2Sth,)  and  had  left  the  port  that  morning,  (the  29tli.) 
She  left  under  the  pretense  of  making  a  trial  trip,  but  stood  out  to  sea, 
and  never  returned. 


'  Hritish  Appendix,  vol.  I,  p.  19 ^ 
-Ibid.,  p.  199. 
■Dml.,  p.201. 


OI'IMO.NS    (»F    .<\U    ALi;\.\M!i:iv'    ( OCKillR.V, 


4;")!) 


('ixni  tlu'S(!  faots  it  iii>]>eiir.s  to  mo  impossible  to  say  that  in  rospoct  of 
;liis  vessel  there  was  not  ai»  absenoe  of  '■  <lue  dilijjence"  on  the  part  o( 
:lie  British  authorities.  The  delay  which  occurred  in  the  I'urnishing  of 
•lie  re])ort  of  the  law-oHlcers  is  no  doubt  to  be  attributed  to  the  illness 
111' the  (|^ueen"s  advocate,  leferred  to  in  the  case  of  the  United  States — 
111  illness  unhappily  affe(;tinjf  his  luental  faculties,  and  which  neeessi- 
i;ited  liis  (Mitire  withdr'iwal  ironi  i)ublic  life.  As  senior  in  standinj;-  of 
he  lawoflicers,  the  papers  would  be  sent  to  hini  in  the  lirst  instance. 

I'^rom  a  letter  from  ]\Ir.  Adams  to  3Ir.  Seward,  of  the  1st  of  August. 
1S02,  it  appears  that,  in  tiie  interview  had  by  the  former  with  Lord 
iliissell,  on  the  previous  day,  Jjord  liussell  had  e.xplained  to  him  that  a 
ii'lay  in  determining  on  the  course  to  be  taken  with  respect  to  the  Ala- 
iiuiia  had  most  unexi)ectedly  been  caused  by  the  sudden  development 
it  a  malady  of  the  (Queen's  advocate,  Sir  John  Ilardinj^',  totally  incapaci- 
iiitin<jf  him  tor  the  ti'ansaction  of  business,  and  that  this  had  macJo  it 
necessary  to  call  in  other  parties,  whose  opinion  had  been  at  last  given 
tor  the  detention  of  the  gun-boat.'  Ui)on  this,  it  is  observed  in  the; 
iii'onment  of  the  United  States,  that  no  opinion  of  the  law-olhcers  was 
>ioiied  by  the  (Juecn's  advocate  after  the  .'>Uth  of  .Tune,  whence,  it  is 
siiid,  the  United  States  infer  that  that  officer  "  was  unable  to  attend  to 
his  duties  as  early  as  that  date,"  and,  it  is  added  with  an  ungenerous 
-iioer,  "they  infer  that  it  was  imt  necessary  to  call  in  new  parties,  but 
10  call  upon  the  old."'-  The  unworthy  insinuation  here  meant  to  be 
conveyed  is  that  Lord  Ilussell  stated  that  which  was  untrue — an  insin- 
uation which  will  be  treated  as  it  deserves  by  every  one  who  knows  him. 
it  is  obvious  that  Mr.  Adams  must,  in  this  i)articular,  have  misunder- 
stood his  lordship.  The  accompanying  explanation  of  the  circumstances 
attending  the  delay  in  the  delivery  of  the  opinion  of  the  law-olficers  on 
the  occasion  in  question  has  been  handed  to  the  tribunal  by  Sir  Roun 
dell  Palmer^,  and  is  beyond  doubt  the  true  explanation : 

Sir  John  iraiiliiig  was  ill  from  the  latter  part  of  .Iiiiie,  18(iii,  ami  did  not,  after  tliat 
lime,  attend  to  <fovt'ruin('nt  hiisiiipss.  It  was  not,  however,  known,  till  sonio  weeks 
si'terward,  that  ho  was  nulikely  to  recover  ;  nor  did  the  disorder  nndergo,  till  the  end 
ut'.luly,  snch  a  deve]oj)ment  as  to  make  the  j^overnnient  aware  that  the  ease  was  one 
uf permanent  mental  •ilienation. 

Although,  when  a  law-ottieer  was  ill,  he  wonld  not  he  tnmhled  with  ordinary  husi- 
ness.  it  was  (|nito  consistent  with  [iroliahility  and  experience  that,  in  a  case  of  more 
than  usnal  importance,  it  wonld  he  desired,  if  i>()ssihle,  to  olitain  the  hencht  of  his 
opinion.  Under  such  eircumstances,  the  papers  wonlil  natnrally  he  sent  to  his  private 
i  liouse  ;  and  if  this  was  done,  and  if  lie  was  iinahle  to  attend  to  Iheni,  some  delay  wouhl 
ui'.essarily  take  place  hefoio  the  impossibility  of  his  attendinjj;  to  them  was  known. 

Lord  Hnssell  tcdd  Mr.  Adams  (lUst  Jidy,  1>iC)2,)  that  sonu>  delay  had,  in  fact,  occurred 
with  respect  to  the  Alabama,  in  consc(|uenee  of  Sir  .Tobn  Harding's  illness,  lie  could 
»ot  have  made  the  statement,  if  the  fact  were  not  really  so  ;  because,  whatever  th«', 
liict  was,  it  must  have  been,  at  the  time,  known  to  him.  Tlie  \ cry  cirenmstance,  that 
"irj.  Hardinj?  had  not  already  advised  njton  the  case,  in  its  earlier  stage,  mii>ht  be  a 
nason  why  it  should  be  wished  to  obtain  his  opinion. 

8ir,T.  Harding  and  his  wife  are  both  (some  years  since)  dead  ;  so  are  Sir  W.  Ather- 
"011  (the  then  attorney-general)  and  his  wife  :  no  information,  thercdbre,  as  to  the  cir- 
'iimstances  which  may  have  caused  delay,  with  resi)ect  to  the  delivery  at  their  private 
jwiises,  or  the  transmission  and  consideration  of  any  papers  on  this  subject,  can  now 
i'l' obtained  from  them. 

The  then  solicitor-general  was  Sir  R.  rainier,  who  is  able  to  state  positively  that  the 

lirst  time  he  saw  or  heard  of  the  papers  sent  to  the.   law-oth.;ers  (i.  c,  all  Ihree  law- 

I  iitliccis)  oii  the  "Z'M  and  y.'ith  or  2()tli  of  .July,  was  on  tlm  evening  of  Monday  the  28Hi  of 

I  July,  when  he  was  summoned  by  the  attorney-general,  Sir  W.  Atherton,  to  consider 

'lieiu  in  consultation,  and  when  the  advice  to  be  given  to  the  ;^ov»!rnment  was  agreed 

upon.    Sir  U.  Palmer  thinks  it  his  duty  to  add,  that  no  government  ever  liad  a  more 

iliKeiit,  conseienti(ms,  and  laborious  servant  than  Sir  W.  Atherton  ;  and  that  it  is  in 


'  British  Apjiendix,  vol.  i,  p.  201. 

-  L'nii  ,d  States  Documents,  vol.  vi,  p.  411. 


ff  . 


4G0 


AUIUTKATIOX    AT    (a.NKVA. 


Ill*:  last  il('ij;i(Mi  uiililo'Iy  ihnf  ln>  would  li,i\<i  Ixh'ii  i;iiiUy  of  any  iici^li;r('iic( 
«ai'y  delay  in  I  lie  (MHisiilcratioii  oC  i)api'is  ol'siicli  inipoitaiu'f. 

As  I  think  that  a  govenimoiit,  in  the  liabit,  a(;(Hmrm;i;'  to  it 


or  iiniicn 


(•()ii>ti. 


th 


tutional  lU'acticc,  of  consultinjn' its  Icj^al  advisci'.s  berorc.  takiii^^' action 
on  matters  of  inipoitancc,  would  1)0  entitled  to  reasonable  lime  for  dojnn- 
so  on  such  an  occasion  as  this,  and  would  not  be  liable  i'ou  delay  occ;" 
sioned  by  an  unforeseen  acci(h'nt,  I  should  not  have  been  ])re]>ar((l  to 
say,  had  the  delay  in  the  report  of  the  law-oflicers  thus  arisinj-,- been  tlic 
sole  cause  of  the  delay  in  ordeiinj;-  the  seizure  of  this  vessel,  that  a  <!('■ 
lay  arising'  from  such  an  accident  could  ]>roi)erlybe  attril)ut«'d  to  a  want 
of  "  due  diliiience'-  in  the  sovernnu'nt.  The  want  of  "  due  dilij;-enc('." 
(»u  Avliich  my  judf;inent  in  res|)e(!t  of  the  ^Mabama  rcssts,  is  to  be  ibaiid 
J'urther  bade.  1  (Mi<^irely  a,uree  with  Sir  liobert  (.'oilier  that  it  was  tiic 
duty  of  the  collector  of  customs  jU  Liverpot)!,  as  early  as  the  I'L'd  of , Inly, 
to  detain  this  vessel.  "When  for  his  better  ;^ui(hince  and  protection  tin' 
collector  sou.uht  the  directions  of  his  superiors — for  which  I  can  scarcely 
blame  him,  althou.nh  the  case  a])])eare(l  clear  enou,nh — it  became,  in  my 
oi)inion,  the  duty  of  thc^  commissioners  of  customs  at  once  to  direct  tiu' 
seizure  to  be  ma(h'.  .Misled  by  advice  which  they  ought  to  have  in- 
jected as  i>alpably  erroneous,  they  unfortunately  refused  to  cause  the 
vessel  to  be  seized.  The  nmtter  ])roperly  belonged  to  their  department; 
It  Mas  com[)etent  to  them  to  act  independently  of  any  other  department 
of  the  state;  and  the  case,  as  it  seems  to  me,  was  too  elear  to  recjuire 
the  oi)iiuon  of  the  la\v-ofli(;ers,  although,  after  the  decision  of  the  com- 
missioners, it  ndght  well  be  deemed  i)roper  on  the  part  of  the  heads  of 
the  government  to  consult  the  hiw-ollicers  before  acting  in  o])position 
to  it. 

At  the  same  tinu',  1  must  not  be  understood  as  holding  that  a  mere 
error  in  judgment  amounts  to  negligen(!e.  (j)uestions  ])resent  themselves 
in  the  business  of  life  so  dillicult  of  decision  that  the  wisest  and  the 
ablest  men  are  apt  to  err  in  respect  of  them,  llnmannm  est  crrare.  In 
sncli  cases  the  question  must  always  l>e  one  of  degree.  l>ut  here  1  can 
not  lielj)  thiidving  that  the  nustake  was  such  as  to  carry  with  it  legal 
responsibility  as  its  consequence.  1  readily  admit  that,  in  a  case 
of  doid»t,  a  V)ublic  department  may  pro[»erly  act  on  the  advice  of  its 
constitutional  advisers,  and  woidd  not  be  liable  to  the  imputation  ol 
negligence  if  that  advice  should  turn  out  to  be  unsound.  But  here  1 
think  there  Avas  no  room  for  doubt.  ]\ry  Judgment  is  founded  on  the 
view  that  the  course  to  l»e  taken  was  plain  and  unnustakable,  but  un- 
fortunately Avas  not  pursued ;  and  that  there  was  consequently  an  ab- 
sence of  the  due  diligence  which  ought  to  have  been  exercised." 

The  vessel  having  thus  escaped  through  want  of  due  diligence  in  that 
department  of  the  government  to  which  it  specially  appertained  to 
seize  her,  the  entire  JJritish  government,  and  through  them  the  IJritisli 
people,  become,  as  it  appears  to  me,  by  necessary  conseciucnce,  involved 
in  a  common  liability.  IJut  how  far,  considering  the  fact  that,  while 
the  Dritisli  government  was  desirous  of  doing  its  duty  in  respect  of  this 
vessel,  the  escape  of  it  was,  in  the  event,  practically  speaking,  the  result 
of  an  unfortunate  and  unforeseen  accident,  the  tribunal  should  award 
to  the  United  States  damages  to  the  full  extent  demanded,  as  though 
the  result  had  arisen  from  negligence  alone,  is  a  question  which  may 
deserve  serious  consideration. 

liut  it  belongs  rather  to  a  different  department  of  our  labors,  and  1 
will  reserve  it  till  we  enter  thereupon. 
Ai»pr  i,uvn,«  In       ^ut,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  the  charge  of  want  of  diligence 
""""'  in  respect  of  this  vessel  does  not  stop  with  the  fact  of  hor 

escape. 


T"iPHT" 


T 


;o  or  iiiiiiiM' 


II  opposition 


OI'LMOXS    OF    SIK    ALi:XA\I)i:U    COCKIUII.V. 


401 


Oil  tlu^  inoriiinjv  of  the  3(>tli  of  July,  a  k^ttcr  of  tlie  lilUii,  liom  IMr. 
Siiiiiiit'.v's  firm,  iiif»)rine(l  the  coimnissioiiers  of  customs  that  the  vessel 
liiid  eoiue  out  of  dock  the  uif;ht  liefoie,  aud  had  steamed  down  the  river 
lietweeu  teu  and  eleven  that  nu)rnin,y,  as  the  writers  had  reason  to  be- 
lieve, on  her  Avay  to  Queenstown.'  At  that  tinu',  indeed,  thci  commis- 
sioners of  (uistoms  were  und'-r  the  belief  tliat  tluu-e  were  not  sulUcient 
grounds  for  detaining  the  vessel.  It  was,  therefore,  not  to  be  expected, 
rliat  on  being  infornu'dshe  had  left  the  Mijrseyand  jnone  lo  (Queenstown, 
tluy  should  take  any  steps  to  seize  her  at  the  latter  place.  JJut  on  the 
precedinj,'  day,  liie  UiHli,  the  opinion  of  the  law-otlicers  I'lad  been  given 
that  the  vessel  should  be  siii/.ed.  Had  that  ()i)inion  been  at  once  commu- 
nicated to  the  customs,  as  tlu;  emergency  of  the  case  required,  and  the 
commissioners  had  themselvesimmediately  ti'legraphedtothecolle<;tor  at 
liiverpool,as  it  would  have  been  their  duty  to  do,  desiring  hiin  to  ascertain 
wiiere  the  ship  was,  and  if  jiossible  to  follow  and  seize  her,  there  would 
still  have  been  an  ()])portunity  of  stoi)ping  her;  for  it  appears  that  she 
tirst  pro(;eeded  to  Moelfni  J>ay,  on  the  Welsh  coast,  a  place  about  iifty 
miles  from  Liverjwol,  and  remained  cruising  oil'  the  coast.  On  the 
iilternoon  of  the  ."JOth  the  tug  Jlercules  left  the  Mersej',  with  thirty  or 
tbrty  men,  who  were  to  form  i)art  of  the  ship's  crew,  and  found  her  in 
Moelfra  Bay,  where  the  two  vessels  lay  alongside  one  another  till  mid- 
night, and  the  war-steanH!r  remained  till  ',i  in  the  morning  of  the  .'51st. 
Ou  the  morning  of  the  30th,  i)rior  to  the  Hercules  leaving  the  river,  the 
consul  called  in  i)ersou  upon  the  collector  and  informed  him  that  the 
tug  was  then  in  port,  having  returned  from  the  Alabama  the  evening 
before  ;  that  she  reported  that  the  Alabama  was  cruising  off  Point  Lynas, 
and  that  she  (the  tug)  was  then  taking  on  board  men  aiul  equipments  to 
"convey  down  to  the  gun-boat."- 

Tlie  collector  sent' the  surveyor  to  the  tug,  and  ho  reported  that  he 
found  a  considerable  number  of  ])ersons  on  deck,  "  some  of  whom  admit- 
ted that  they  were  a  i)ortion  of  the  crew  and  were  going  to  join  the  gun- 
boat."   He  also  informed  the  collector  that  it  was  said  she  had  cruised 
otf  Point  Lynas  the  night  before.  ^ 

It  is  obvious  that  if  a  telegraphic  communication  had  been  sent  to  the 
collector  at  Liverpool,  as,  looking  to  the  urgency  of  the  case,  it  should 
liave  been,  he  might,  by  following  the  Hercules,  have  found  the  steamer 
in  Moelfra  Bay;  and  though  in  these  waters,  as  being  beyond  his  juris- 
diction, he  would  hfive  had  no  authority  to  seize  her,  he  might  have 
called  on  the  collector  of  customs  at  Beaumaris,  a  place  eight  miles  oft', 
within  whose  jurisdiction  she  was,  to  take  the  necessary  steps  for  doing 
so.  Knowing  that  she  was  off  that  part  of  the  Welsh  coast,  he  might  also 
have  telegraphed  from  Liverpool,  before  leaving  to  follow  the  Hercules, 
to  the  collector  at  Beaumaris  to  look  out  for  the  vessel,  and,  if  possible, 
to  seize  her. 

Unfortunately,  the  report  of  the  law-ollicers,  though  sent  in  on  the 
2!lth,  was  not  communicated  to  the  conamissioners  of  customs  till  the 
iit'ternoon  of  the  3Lst,  by  which  time  the  vessel  was  beyond  the  reach  of 
liritish  jurisdiction.  It  followed  the  ordinary  routine  of  otUcial  comnii'- 
nication — was  sent  in  to  the  foreign  ollice,  thence  to  the  treasury,  ami 
thence  to  the  department  of  the  customs.' 

It  seems  to  me  that  the  United  States  (jovernment  have  also  reason  to 
niiiiplain  of  the  inactivity  of  the  collector  at  this  conjuncture  in  another 

'  lSi'iti8li  Apptjutlix,  vol.  i,  p.  '400. 
■  Ibid.,  p.  2iKt. 
■'IWuh,  p.  201. 
^ll)id.,  i».  205. 


if 


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402 


AHl'.JTRATloN    AT    (.ENKVA, 


]>!irti(!uliii'.  Wlicii,  ill  iuMition  to  tlio  evidence  which  hud  passed  thionyli 
his  lijuids,  the  colhictor  found  that  the  vessel,  haviiif;-  jjone  out  ostensi- 
bly on  a  trial  trip,  did  not  return,  but  was  lying"  ott'  the  Welsh  coast, 
and  that,  instead  of  having  shipped  her  crew  at  Liverpool,  she  was  hav- 
ing theai  brought  ort"  to  her  by  the  Hercules,  all  doubt  as  to  tin;  real 
character  aud  destination  of  the  ship  shojild  have  been  at  an  end  ;  and 
as  he  might  fairly  presume  that  the  men  had  a  knowledge  of  the  service 
on  which  they  were  (Altering,  he  ought  not  to  have  allowed  the  Hercules 
tojeave,  (unless  for  the  purpose  of  tinding  and  seizing  the  war-steamer,) 
seeing  that,  under  the  Gth  section  of  the  foreign-enlistment  afet,  he  had 
l»ower  to  seize  the  tug,  as  being  about  to  take  oli"  to  the  steamer  persons 
who  had  unlawfully  enlisted  as  part  of  her  crew. 

I  must  say  I  think    he  complaint  of  the  United  States  of  a  want  of 
oHicial  activity  at  such  a  conjuncture  by  no  nutans  without  foundation, 

There  is  little  more  to  be  said  on  the  subject  of  the  Alabama.  She 
left  I'higland  without  her  guns  or  munitions  of  war  of  any 
kind.  8he  received  her  armament,  as  we  now  know,  oil" 
Terceira,  it  having  been  (conveyed  to  her  in  two  vessels  called  the 
IJahama  and  Agrippina,  but  without  any  knowledge  whatever  on  the 
part  of  the  authorities  that  those  vessels  were  leaving  Liverpool  for  the 
|)urpose.  What  is  stated  in  the  Uritish  counter  case  on  this  head  ap 
pears  to  me  strictly  aecnirate : 

Tlie  Alabama  saiU'<l  from  Kiifrland  wliolly  unarmiMl,  and  with  a  i-nnv  hired  to  work 
th«!  8hip,  and  n(>t  enlisted  for  th(i  confederate  service.  She  received  her  armanuMit  at 
a  (liHtaiice  of  more  than  1, ()()(>  miles  h'om  Knjulaud,  and  was  armed  for  war,  not  witiiiu 
the  Qneen's  dominions,  lint  either  in  Portnjfuese  waters  or  on  tlie  hif>h  seas.  The  f;iins 
and  ammunition,  which  were  pnt  on  hoard  of  her  olf  Terceira,  had  been  procured  and 
ex])orted  from  Kn^hind  in  an  ordinary  merchant- steamer,  which  loader!  tliem  as  carjiD 
and  sailed  with  ai  re<riilar  clearance,  for  Nassau.  Tiie  clearance  and  (h^partnre  of  this 
steamer  presented,  so  far  as  Her  Majesty's  {Government  is  aware,  no  circumstance  dis- 
tiuffuishinjj;  her  from  ordinary  blockade-ruinuirs.  No  information  was  es^er  given  uv 
representation  ma<h>  to  tin^  governnuint  iis  to  this  ship  or  her  cargo  before  she  Ict't 
IJritish  waters:  nor  does  it  ajipear  that  tlio  errand  on  which  she  was  cmjiloyed  wiis 
known  to  or  suspected  by  the  officials  of  the  llnitiid  8tat(!S.  Hut,  even  liiid  a 
suspicion  existed  that  iier  cargo  was  exported  with  the  intention  that  it  siiouid  Ih 
used,  either  in  the  Confederate  States  or  elsewhere,  in  arming  a  v»^ssel  Avhich  liad  been 
unlawfully  titt(Ml  in  JCiigland  for  warlike;  employment,  this  would  not  have  made  it  tlic 
duty  of  the  oflicers  of  customs  to  detain  Iwtr,  or  have;  empowered  them  to  do  so.  Siicli 
a  transiiction  is  not  a  breacli  of  English  law  ;  nor  is  it  one  which  tlu'.  JJritish  govein- 
ment  was  under  any  ol)ligation  to  prevent.  Whether  the  cargo  was  s(!nt  from  tlie  same 
jiort  as  the  shi|>,  or  from  a  different  jtort,  and  by  the  sanu;  or  difl'ereut  persons,  is  mani- 
festly immaterial  for  this  purpose.  The  distinction  is  plainly  not  sucli  as  to  create  in 
tiu>  one  ease  ;i  <luty  whit;]!  wouhl  not  arise  in  the  other. ' 

The  armament  was,  however,  prepared  in  England,  and  it  was  part 
of  the  same  scheme  that  the  vessel  having  been  "equipped,"  that  is  to 
say  prepared  to  receive  her  armament  in  England,  should  have  her  ar- 
mament and  crew  sent  out  and  put  on  board  out  of  the  Queen's  domin- 
ions, for  the  puri)ose  of  immediate  warfare.  It  is  fairly  open  to  conten- 
tion that  umler  such  circumstances  the  whole  should  be  regarded  as  one 
armed  ho.stile  expedition  issuing  from  a  British  port,  or,  at  all  events. 
that  the  ulterior  purpose  of  arming,  though  out  of  British  jurisdiction, 
gives  to  such  an  equipment  of  the  vessel  within  the  jurisdiction  the 
character  of  an  ecpiipment  with  intent  to  carry  on  war. 

On  the  whole,  1  concur  with  the  rest  of  the  tribunal  in  thinking  that 
in  respect  of  this  vessel  the  liability  of  Great  Britain,  in  respect  of  want 
of  due  diligence,  is  established  by  the  facts. 

It  would  be  unnecessary  to  pursue  the  history  of  the  Alabama  any 
further,  were  it  not  that,  in  respect  of  her  after-proceedings,  iinputa 

'  British  Counter  Case,  p.  87. 


'  1    L' 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALKXANDER    COCKMIRX, 


4G3 


\:   MartiiiiM'i 


tioiis  of  insincere  neutrality  are  cast  upon  IJritisli  authorities.    As  to 
tiiose  it  becomes  lUM-es.sary  to  say  a  woid. 

The  first  port  she  put  into  after  h,  aviiift'  Liverpool  was  at  ]\rartini«iue. 
The  Affrippiiui,  with  a  car<>o  of  coal  specially  nlesdned  for 
tiie  Alabanui,  \Nas  there  by  arrangement  awaitin*;'  her  ar- 
rival. What  furth(>r  i)ass(>(l  is  thus  stated  in  tin;  argument  of  the  United 
States:^ 

Tlio  A}jrii)i»inii  Icl't  intrt^  iiimii  tlu;  (>r<l(n'  of  (".ipt.iiii  Smuiii's  Id  net  iiiidci'  way  (ortli- 
witli  ami  proceed  to  ii  new  plact;  of  rciidc/vous,  as  "i/  would  iiol  da  for  him  to  iliii>k  of 
tinilhuj  in  M<trtini(iiic  niidrr  thr  riri-iniiHldiiccx.'"     iriU'tiiii(|Uo  wiis  uiidtT  the  jurisdiction 
Dt'tlie  Freiiclif^oveninuMit  and  not  niider  that  of  iler  Miijesty. 

The  part  of  this  passage  printed  in  italics  is  taken  from  the  Journal  of 
Captain  Semmes,  set  out  in  the  sixth  volume  of  the  United  States  Ap- 
pendix, p.  41)1. 

The  effect  of  this  statement  is  to  convey  the  impression  that  Cai)tain 
Scannes  found  it  would  not  do  for  him  to  coal  at  Martini(pie  on  ac- 
roiuit  of  the  strictness  of  the  French  authorities,  as  compared  with  the 
lix  neutrality  of  ports  within  Her  Majesty's  jurisdiction.  I  deeply  aiul 
sincerely  regret  to  tind  myself  bouiul  to  denounce  this  rei>resentatiou  as 
altogether  disingenuous.  It  was  the  fear  of  the  United  States  cruisers, 
not  apprehension  of  French  authorities,  which  led  Captain  Semmes  to 
seek  a  safer  place  for  coaling.     His  journal  shall  speak  for  itself: 

Affer  doscrihiii};'  his  cruise  and  captures  until  October  :$(•,  he.  continues,  (p.  492:) 
"Tlieen^'incer  havinij  now  reported  to  nie  that  we  had  no  nion;  tliau  about  four  (hiys of 
lui'l  ou  board,  I  resolvcMl  to  witiidraw  from  tiio  American  coast,  run  dowa  into  tlie  West 
Indies  to  nuict  my  coal-ship,  and  renew  my  snpi)Iy.  Heiiiff  nnt^utain,  in  tiie  conuntmce- 
iiiunt  of  my  cancer,  as  to  tlie  reception  I  should  meet  with  in  iieutnil  ])orts,  and  fear- 
iiiff  tiiat  I  mijfht  have  ditlicnlty  in  ))rocMrin<i'  coal  in  the  market,  I  had  arranjjed  with 
my  ever-attentive  (!o-lal)orer,  (.'aptain  Jhillock,  wluMi  we  jiarted  oti'Tei'(;eira,  to  have  a 
>iipi)ly-shii)  sent  out  to  me  fnnn  time  to  time,  as  1  should  indicate  to  him  in  the  ren- 
ilfzvous.  The  island  of  Martiniriue  was  to  l»e  tlui  lirst  renile/vons,  and  it  was  thither 
;ii'(:()rdin<j;lv  tiiat  we  were  now  b()nn<l.     This  resolution  was  taken  on  the  liOth  of  Octo- 

lllT." 

After  describin};'  several  other  captures,  and  iiis  arrival  at  [Martiniijue.  ho  continnes. 
p.  r.u :  ) 

"I  tound  liere  at  her  anelnns,  as  I  had  expected,  my  coal-ship  tln^  A^rippina.  She 
hull  l)een  lyini;-  here  ei^lit  daxs.  Her  master,  an  old  Scotchman,  who,  like  most  old 
siilors,  was  fond  of  liis  jrroj;',  had  been  (|uite  indiscreet,  as  1  soon  leariKMl,  in  taikiu}; 
alidut  hisshii>  and  her  movements.  Inst('ad  of  in-eti-ndinj;-  to  have  come  in  for  water 
iiirepairs,  or  to  hunt  a  market,  or  for  somethini;'  of  the  kind,  he  had  fre(]nently,  when 
liidf  seas  over,'  in  the  (lolVee-honses  <in  shore,  boasted  of  liis  conn(!ctiou  witli  the  Ala- 
liiuiia,  and  told  liis  brother  tars  that  that  ship  mi,t;ht  be  daily  looked  for.  V.ifjht  days 
wi  re  a  suflicient  spaci^  of  time  for  thes(!  conversations  to  be  repeated  in  the  nei<i;libi)rin,a; 
i^liiiids;  and  as  I  knew  that  the  enemy  had  several  cruisers  in  the  Wtsst  Indies,  I  was 
'  inly  surprised  that  some  one  of  them  had  not  looked  in  upon  the  A<fripi)ina  before.  It 
"(luld  not  do  for  me  to  think  of  coaliiiff  in  Martini(|ue,  under  tln^  circumstances,  and  so  I 
"nlered  my  coal-ship  to  <i;et  nnder  way  forthwith,  and  ])roceed  to  a  n(!W  roudc^zvous — a 
^niidl  island  ou  the  S[»anish  main,  when,',  in  due  time,  wo  will  n-Join  lu^r.  I  had  the 
satisfaction  of  seeing  her  get  a  good  oHing  before  nightfall,  and  knew  that  she  was 

Slt'l'."- 

Tlie  foregoing  extracit  speaks  for  itself.  What  makes  the  matter  still 
worse  is  that,  at  the  time  this  passage  in  the  United  States  argument 
was  i)enned,  a  letter  fiom  the  Jiritish  consul  at  Martinique  to  Earl 
Hiissell  had  been  published  iu  the  British  Appeudix,  from  wdiich  it 
iippe  irs  that  the  consul  actually  remonstrated  with  the  master  of  the 
Agiippina,  and  called  the  attention  of  the  French  governor  to  the  traus- 
iiction,  as  an  improper  one,  on  which  the  governor  declared  his  intention 
"if  allowing  the  same  facilities  to  the  Alabama  as  he  h.ad  previously  af- 
forded to  the  Sumter. 


i:\ 


>  Page  202. 

-  United  States  Documents,  vol.  vi,  p.  490. 


404 


AKMIITK'ATIDN    AT    (IKN'KVA. 


The  Iott<'r  is  as  Ibllows: 

Saim   l'ii;i;i;r.,  X.m  mhr  ■^^\.  l>,\>. 

y\y  l^oiM):  1  li.'ivi' ilif  lidiior  tti  iijiort  toyoiir  loidsliii)  that  tlic  coiil'cdi'rato  (stcanur 
Alaliania,  Captain  Scii:iiic-<,  lias  xisilcd  tliis  i^laiiil. 

Tlic  CoUowinir  are  the  (iicimistaiiccs  in  comifction  with  tlio  aiiival  and  dcinutuic  nf 
this  notcil  crni.sci': 

1  had  to  iniiL'ccd  to  J'ort  d(^  I'laiict!  mi  tho  l"2lii  instant  on  odirial  business  wiili  in, 
Knf;lish  sliip  l.vinj;-  tlicic.  and,  on  my  aiiival.  I  lieard  tliat  an  ]Mi<;'lish  haik.  liic  A;;iip- 
l»ina,  mastfv  Mcf/iu'cn,  ]ia<l  cnlcrcd  tht-  Jiailior  on  the  pirvious (-vcnin^-  with  a  cai^o  uf 
coals,  slii)i)>t'd  at  Carditl  and  (;h>ai'('<l  from  tlic  custoni-honsc  there,  lor  Jamaica;  tiiat  to 
exphiin  his  inoseiice  at  J'ort  d(!  France,  tlie  masterhad  statinl  tliat  lie  was  to  receive  in- 
structions from  mo.  1  was,  mortiover,  inlbrmcd  that  it  wiis  reported  in  town  that  tin- 
coals  on  hoard  of  this  vessel  were  destined  for  the  Alahama. 

I  innnediately  .sent  for  thiMiiaster  and  ac(piaiiited  liiai  with  what  I  liad  heard :  nr 
the  same  t  ime  expres.sin;:,-  niy  snrpri.se  iind  disiileasnre at  lii.s  liavinj?  luesnmed  to  conn  et 
my  name  with  .such  a  matter,  lleassured  me  ])ONiti^■ely  tliat  these  reitorts  were  willioiit 
any  foundation  whatever  ;  that  he  had  meri-ly  said  that,  when  ahout  to  have  Kiij;l;ni(l. 
he  had  receiv«)d  from  his  owners  a  telegram  desirin^f  him  to  call  at  Martinique,  wlai,' 
he  would  Iind  a  lettiu'  of  further  instructions  addressed  to  my  care. 

Ou  iuformin<;'  him  that  1  had  received  uo  such  letter,  he  replicjd  it  would,  no  douht, 
arrive  by  th(!  next  mail. 

The  harltor  rej^ulatious  not  allow  in  j^  vessels  to  remain  over  three  days  without  jiay- 
in<5  ])ort-ehar<j;es,  I  ffavehiin,  at  hisrcfiuest,  and  on  the  faith  of  his  assurances,  adrau^dit 
of  a  lettfir  to  he  addressed  to  the  authorities  to  obtain  jjermission  to  await  the  arriviil 
of  the  steamer,  due  on  the  IHtli  of  November,  without  exjieuse.  This  demand,  1  may 
hei'e  observe,  was  not  {^ranted  nltimately. 

On  the  same  afternoon,  havinj^  heard  from  the  captain  of  the  port  that  the  pilot,  who 
had  been  on  board  of  the  Agrippina,  had  reported  to  him  that  the  master  lia(l  told 
another  British  cajttain,  who  had  boarded  the  ship  in  the  oiling,  in  his  presence,  that 
liis  cargo  was  for  the  Alabama,  I  at  onco  sent  lor   both   the  master  and  the  i)il()t,  l)iit 
they  all  agreed  that  the  statements  the  master  of  the  Agrippina  liad  made  was  to  the 
ell'eet  merely  that  he  liad,  on  a  previous  voyage,  taken  stores  lo  the  Alabama.    lex- 
pressed  to  him  my  ojjinion  that  ho  had  acted  most  improperly  on  that  occasion,  and  I 
warned  him  of  the  conscfiiUMices  that  might  follow  the  repetition  of  any  such  illegal  I 
proceedings.    No  longtir  feeling  assured  of  the  veracity  of  his  protestations,  and  he.ir- 
ing  that  a  sloop  was  about  to  sail  for  Saint  A'incent,  I  addressed  aletter  to  the  senior  of-  j 
licer  of  the  station,  in   the  hope  that  it  might  lincl  him  there,  and  i»rocuro  for  me  the  j 
benelit  of  his  advice. 

On  my  return  to  Saint  Pierre,  linding  everywlna'c  the  same  rumors  afloat  concerniii^'  | 
the  Agriiijiina,  I  thought  it  proper  to  wiite  to  the  master  to  repeat  the  observations  1 
had  already  made  to  him  verbally.     Herewith  I  have  the  honor  to  inclose  copies  of  both  | 
these  letters. 

1  was  obliged  to  return  to  Fort  do  France  the  next  day  to  end  the  incpiiry,  began  tin;  | 
previous  day,  with  regard  to  another  vessel,  and  1  was  about  leaving  again  when  tin; 
master  of  the  Agrippina  came  to  tell  me  heliadaconlideii;.ial  connnunication  to  make,  j 
I  answered  that  I  would  not  refuse  to  hear  any  statement  he  might  wish  to  make,  butl 
that  I  reserved  to  myself  complete  freedom  of  action  as  to  the  course  I  should  adopt  j 
afterward,  i)articularly  if  the  comnmnication  had  reference  to  the  report  in  circulation 
concerning  his  vessel.  He  stiil  iiersisted  in  nniking  a  statement  to  the  elfect  that  liisj 
cargo  was,  in  truth,  for  a  steamer  that  he  had  expected  to  iind  at  Fort  do  France,  ainlj 
which  he  had  reason  to  believe  was  a  confederate  cruiser. 

I  again  pointed  out  the  illegality  of  such  a  lino  of  conduct,  but  the  se()ucl  showeil] 
that  my  remonstrances  proved  of  uo  avil. 

I  next  deemed  it  proper  to   acquaint  his  excellency  the  governor  of  what  I  had  just  j 
learned.     Ho  did  not  seem  nnich  surprised,  and  observed  that,  if  the  Alabama  came  iiitu 
port,  ho  would  act  exactly  as  he  hail  done  on   a  former  occasion,  in  the  case  of  tin' 
Sumter,  when  the  French  government  had  altogether  approved  of  the  measures  he  Innll 
taken  in  regard  to  that  vessel. 

Nothing  new  occurred  until  the  morning  (tTthe   18th  instant,  when  a  black,  rakisli- 
looking  screw-steamer  was  seen  approaching  thf  land,  steering  Ibr  Fort  do  France.  As 
she  passed  close  l)eforo  this  town,  she  showed   a   IJritish  blue  ensign  and  pennant,  Imtj 
no  one  was  deceived  by  the  character  she  had  thus  assumed.     She  was  at  once  imtj 
down  as  the  Alabama,  and  such  in  elfect  she  proved  to  be. 

Ou  his  arrival  at  Fort  de  France,  Captain  Semmes  sent  a  messag*;  tothc  goveriiurl 
to  re(iuest  permission  to  lajid  lifty-three  prisoners  whom  he  hail  on  board.  Ou  the  m-I 
turn  of  the  oflicer  they  wore  landed  and  sent  to  the  United  States  consul  at  tiiis  port,  ••iil 
the  same  afteri'oon  the  Agrippina,  whose  nnuster  had  gone  on  board  of  the  Alabiuii.i.j 
as  soon  as  she  came  in  sight,  got  under  weigh,  having  taken  a  clearance  for  l)emcrai:i.! 

Tho  Alabama  ai)peared  to  be  still  well  provided  with  fuel,  and  her  commander  .•iiiill 
that  ho  would  leave  during  the  night.    But  he  was  still  at  anchor  ou  the  morning  of  tln'j 


Tff 


OriXIOXS    OF    Slli    ALEXANDKK    COCKIUJRN. 


405 


)ul(l,  no  doulit. 


i  sequel  showed  I 


null,  wli'Mi,  alMiiit  7  a.  m.,  ii  T'cilcral  Wiir-stciimcr  niiililcn  iiiailf  lior  appoai'ain'i',  which 
|iiovt'(l  to  hi!  thi)  S;iii  Jacintn,  Cai>taiii  K'lMickciKlcitl',  (Voin  l.arh.iihis  and  Trinithtd,  on  ii 
criiiHn  in  searcii  of  tiio  Aialmnia.  TiiciattciiioiHtcil  the  ('(inli'ih'rat.)  lla;^,  on  pcrceivinK 
the  I''t'il('ral  vn.ssi;],  wiiosi!  contiiiandci'  dt'ciiiicd  to  rcccivn  th(^  jrovt'i'nuicnt  pih)t,  or 
niter  tins  harhoron  h'arninj^  that,  in  sni'li  easi^,  hi;  wonhl  have  to  risniain  in  port  iwenty- 
Ifoiii'  hours  at'tiir  tile  (hipartnri)  of  liis  advi-rsary.  H('  was  tlieii  infonned,  hy  a  hitter 
liiiiii  tlio  <;ove!nor,  tliat  iio  must  remain  at  a  distance  of  tlmte  miles  iVoiii  tlui 
liiciirest  lanil,  and  that  any  attempt  to  violate  the  neutrality  of  the  port  wonhl  he  re- 
iivssed  hy  force  of  arms,  if  necessary. 

Si  d'tly  aft  M»v:ii'.l  a  s  ii  ill   I'fiili  \v.ir-ste,:i'n  t  th  it     was  in  the  port  was  sent  out 
iiinl  took  up  a  iiDsition,  with    steaiii   np  and    her  mm  at    tlieir   i|iiarters,  hetween  the 
liiviil  sliii>s.     At  the  same  time,  thi^  forts  wi?ri^  mainieil,  and  twenty  rounds  of  ammuni- 
tion wtM'i!  served  out  for  each  j:i\\]\   l)eariii^  seaward  ;  tiie  ollicers  in  ch!ir;^e  of  those  at 
till' mouth  of  the  liay  haviiij^  orders  to  maintain  the  S.iii  Jaeiuto  at  the  prescrilicd  dis- 
|l;iiice  from  the  lantl,  and  lire  into  wliichever  vessid  mi;;lit  heeoine  the  assailant. 
MiiiMi while,  the,  |Trcii rest  anxiety  pievailt'd   on    shore;  many    Id'arin^   in    niiiiil   tbo 
v;i^'aries  of  the  Feihsral  cruisers  elsewhere,  an  I   reuolhji'tin.;  what  hi  I  oomirre.l  a  year 
llirt'viously  to  the  commander  ot  tin;  Iro  piois,  when  the  .Sniiitin-  ina  lo  luu"  eseape,  wero 
|,it'()itiuion  that  the  San  .laiMiito  would  have  attempted,  at  all  risks,  to  run  <lo\vu  the 
llahaiua  where  shi-  lay.     Xo  siieh  oiu-uri'eiiee.  fortunately,  took  plaee. 
Meanwhile,  the  Alabama  remained  perfectly  still,  her  cri'W  hein;^  emi)loyod  in  piiint- 
1  iij;  and    re|>airiuj;  the  masts  and    rij^^in^fs.     Her  (!a|ttain,  it   s  !enn,  ha  1  at  first  taken 
lu' S;in  .Jacinto  for  another  vessel  of  the  force  of  his  own,  and    he  sent  a   messiijri;    to 
lie  jidvernor  to  say  that  intendii)};  to  jro  out  to  enf^a^^e  her,  he  in  conseiiiKMice  n!i|iieste(l 
lliis  excellency   lo   permit   him   to  deposit,  at  the   [)ul)li(!   treasuiy,  a  sum  of  money, 
JiliDUt  £  l'<J,0U0stta'linj5,  which  he  had  on  Itoard;  this  reiiuest  could  not  hi;  granted,  and 
jiiTaiiH'eiueuts  were  heinj>;  made  with  a  inerchant  who  was  to  receive  it  at  acerttiin  per- 
i'iitiiii;e,  when,  hiivinj;  rc'coj^ni/ed  the  .San  Jacinto,  Capliiin  S 'mines  sent  word  that  he 
jniiilil  keep  the  nionev  on    hoard,   having   made   U|)  his  mind  to    run  out   that   samo 
|;ii;;lit. 

He  did  so,  ?ii   cll'ect,  and   accomi)lished  his  desi<;n  so  sneeessfnlly  that  his  adviM'sary 
\M  noteveu  perceive  his  llij^ht  ;  nor  wtis  it  until  after  remaining;  thirty-six  hmirs  huforo 
Flirt  (le   France  after  the  Alabama  hail  left  that  tlie  captain  of  the  San  Jacinto  could 
relieve  that  she  h:id  risilly  ;jot  away. 
Tile  nioveiiienls  of  the  Alahaniii  had  been  well  calculated. 

Slioi'tly  before  sunset  a  lioat  had  conveyed  to  the  San  Jacinto  one  of  the  masters  who 
Ikil  liei'U  lately  released  from   the  Alab;ima,  and  who    was    siiiit    by  the  Fiiit(Ml   States 
iiiisiil  to  arrai  .'e  lor  the  sij^nals  to  be  made  fnmi  an  Auiericaii  scUooner  anchored  near 
lllii' Ahibaiiia,  in  ease  the  latter  should  attempt  to  leave  dnrinif  the  nij^ht. 
Suspecting  their  intentions,  (,'aptain  Seminessciit  word  to  the  captain  of  the  port  for 
Hiildt,  whocame  olf  forthwith,  and  at  tliisk  he  ji;ot  under  weijrli,  first  rniuiiiijr  toward 
ik  iiiiicr  jxut,  and  wiieu  out  of  sij^ht  of  the  scliooner,  alterinif  his  course  so  as  to  run 
I'liit oil  the  south  side  of  the  bay.     The  pilot  left    him.  already,  nearly   half  an   hour, 
Iwlieii  the  master  of  the  schooner,  on  his  return  from   the  San  .Faciiito,  lindiii};  the  Ala- 
iMiiia  had  yone,  sent  up  three  rockets  in  tlie  (iirectioii  which  his  crew  told  him  she  had 
|tak(!ii. 

Tile  San  Jacinto,  under  all  steam,  ran  to  the  south  side  of  the  bay,  and  not  nieetiny;  the 
liliiliaina,  she  havinjij  already  ))asseil   out,  Captain    It  inekeiidolf  nnnained  all  nij^ht  oil 
'!LMitry  to  the    bay,  within  which  he  placed  his  armed  boats  in  a  line,  to  prevent  all 
|f?ress.      SoctU'tain  was  he  of  the  result  of  these  ini^asures  that,  as  1  Inive  already  said, 
|tic\Viis  with  dillieulty  hronj;ht  to  believe  tlie  escape  of  his  adversary.' 

It  IS  thus  abtiiultiiitly  clear  tliat  it  was  not  because  Martini(|ae  was 
|iiot  within  British  jurisdiction  that  Captain  Soiuines  did  not  coal  there. 

Iliivin^-  tijus  left  the  port  on  the  evening  of  the  I'Jtli,  on  che  afternoon 
oftlu>  next  day  the  Ahibaina  joined  the  Ajj^rippina,  and  the  two  ran  to- 
lnetlK'r  to  the  appointed  phu;e  of  anchorage,  Blanquilla,  described  by 
li'aptain  iSeni mesas  "  one  of  those  little  coral  islands  that  skirt  the  South 
jAineiicau  coast,  not  yet  fully  adapted  to  the  habitation  of  man.'  ^  There 
Itlie  Alabama  took  in  ji  su])ply  of  coal,  after  which  the  Agrippina,  which 
|liad  still  another  supply  of  coal  on  board,  was  sent  to  the  Areas,  small 

liids  off  the  coast  of  Yucatan.  The  two  vessels  met  there  on  the  23d 
|of  December.  The  Alabama  took  in  the  remainder  of  the  supply  of  coal, 
[after  which  the  Agrippina  wassentto  Liverpool  to  procure  a  fresh  supply.'' 

'BiitisU  Appendix,  vol.  i,  pp.  257-25J.    : 

•Seranies's  ''Adventures  Afloat,"  p.  516;   United  States  Documents,  vol.  vi,  p.  431. 

'Semmes's  "Adventures  Afloat,"  p.  519;  Uuited  States  Doc  uuients,  m&i  supra. 

30  B 


tr 


4GG 


AKIUTKATIOX    AT    (JKNKVA. 


ill 


rtrf 

■:v,  I,   ! 


At  Jiirii:ii(  II. 


On  tlie  11th  of  fliiniiiiry,  tlio  Aliibiiniii  «'iic()iint«'r('(l  tin-  iriiircd  Slates 
.sliipot' war  the-  llaltvra.s,  wlicii,  alter,  ii  sliort  eii;;MyeiiU'iit,  tlie  latter 
^vt'llt  «l(»\vi),  there  beiii;;' Just  tiiiK^  to  sa\('  the  crew. 

Alter  tliis,  the  Ahihaina  with  her   piisoners  iiiiKhU'nr  ,Ia- 
maiea,  and  arriscd  at  I'mt  li'i»,val  on  tlieeveninnor  the  untli. 

This  was  hei'  lirst.  ai»|>earane(^  in  a  I'.ntish  i)()rt.  after  her  (h'pai  tnie 
from  Liverpool  on  tiie  U'.tth  of. Inly,  ISIJI.  It  is  ol)served  in  llio  (Jase  oi 
the  rnited  States  lliat  the  '•  promised  orders  "  of  lOarl  Itnssell  to  detain 
her  lor  a  violation  of  Uritish  sovei'ei^^nty  were  not  iiiere,' 

JOarl  IJnsseli  had  promised  no  snch  or<h'rs.  The  only  orders  evo 
sjMiken  of  wei'e  those  sent  to  (^)ui'ensto\vn  and  to  \assan,  as  reeoiMinen. 
(led  l»y  the  hiw-oflieeis  immediately  on  the  escape  of  the.  Alabama  lioiii 
tile  Alersey,  before  any  transfer  to  tlie  Confeilerafe  States  was  kni»\va  to 
liave  been  made.-  At  the  time  the  .Mabania  was  at -lanndca  sliewasa 
commissioned  shipof  v\ar,  ami  as  siieh,  in  th;'  opinioa  of  II. 'r  .M  ijfty's 
j;'ov«'rnment,  protecti'd  IVom  seiznre. 

The  same  (pu'stion  arises  in  respect  to  the  Alabama  as  arises  in  re 
sjject  of  the  Florida,  namely,  whether  her  commission  as  a  siiip  of  war 
of  the  (./onfederatc^  States  yavc  her  immnnity  tVom  seizure  for  the  breach 
of  liiitisii  law  when  she  was  aj;ain  foinid  in  a  llritish  port.  Ibit  tliis 
(piestion  it  is  unnecessary  to  consider  if  the  IJritisli  government  islialdc. 
as  we  are  all  agreed  it  is,  in  resjiiHit  <;f  this  vessel,  by  re.ison  of  tlie  want 
of  due  dili^cnc(^  in  not  preventiiij;'  her  departure. 

The  mornin.u'  after  the  arrival  of  th(>.  Alabama  at  Jainai(;a,  ("aptaiii 
Semmes  called  on  Commodore  l)unIoi>,  the  ollicer  in  command  at  the 
.station,  who  reiiorte*!  to  the  admiral  : 

AimrKUt,  .VT  .Jam.vka,  Jannanj  -iW,  l-^li:!. 

Sii! :  I  liiiN  f  tli(^  Jionor  To  ini'di'iii  yon  thai  on  Ihccvt-ninj;-  of  tin;  liOth  ascrt'W-.stciniui.J 
a])i)ai('ntl.v  a  iiiaM-ol'-war.  wa.s  seen  olf  tliis   port,  ahont   sanscf.,  under   frcnt'li  cdliM'.-. 
Alter  (lark   the  vessel  entered   tlie   liailiur.  and  njion   hein;;  boarded  jn'oved  to  W,  {\\v 
screw  <i;uii-vessel  Alalianni,  under  tlie  .so-called  L'onledt^rafc  States  llaj^. 

2.  On  tfie  iiioi')iin<>'  of  tlie  "Jlst,  her  eoinniander,  Cai>tain  Seaniniis,  called  on  me.  amlj 
asked  for  i>ernii.ssion  tct  land  si^venteen  olilic(;rs  and  one  huiiilred  and  one  men.  the  cii'mI 
<if  the  lato  United  States  jjiin-vessel  ilatteras,  which  liad  (Mifrajfed  X\u\  Alabama  twenty- 
live  miles  southeast  of  (Jalveston,  Texas,  dnrin;;  the  ni<rht  of  the  llth  .laaiiary.  iiiidj 
was  sunk.  The  action,  according,'  to  Cai)taiu  Seninies'.s  account,  lasted  from  Hi  to  1.' 
minutes,  when  the  Ilatteras,  beiii-f  in  a  iiiiikiii};stat(%  ctiased  tiring',  and  the  crew  wciij 
removed  on  board  the  Alabama,  which  there  wa.s  just  timo  to  ellect  before  tlm  iliitteiiisj 
went  down. 

.^).  Ciiiitaiu  Semnies  tlien  .statist  that  ho  had  six  lar'-e  shot-liole.s  at  the  water-liiii' 
which  it  was  absolutely  uc^cessary  should  be  repaired  Itefore  In;  could  proceed  to  .sc^J 
with  safety,  and  asked  permission  to  receive  coal  and  necessary  su|>|)lics.     The  iiect'sT 
sity  of  the  re^iairs  was  oiivious,  Jiud  I  iiifoiined  Captain  Semnies  that  mo  timo  anist  lift 
lost  in  conii»letinj^  tluan,  takiu^f  in   his  supplies,  and  proceeding  to  sija,  in  e.xact  wii 
I'ormity  with  the  sjiirit  of  Earl  Itus.seH's  dispatch.     Captain  Seiniue.s  <i,ave  me  his  wonU 
of  honor  that  no  unnecessary  delay  should  take  place,  addinu;,  "My  interest  is  entii'i'lfl 
in  accordance  with  your  wishes  on  this  point,  for  if  I  remain  here  an  hour  more  tliaii 
can  be  avoided,  I  shall  run  tins  ri.>-k  of  lindiiifj;  a  sipiadron  of  my  enemies  outside,  for  uaf 
doubt  they  will  be  in  jiursnit  of  me  imniediiitely." 

(5.  Owing  to  the  delay  in  receiving  the  lientt^naiit-governor's  answer  to  my  li'tt('| 
relative  to  landing  the  jirisoners  from  Spaiii.sh  Town,  it  was  not  until  the  eveiiiii;,Mil 
the  yist  tliat  the  )termi.ssi()U  to  do  so  reached  Ca[)tain  Semmes,  and  too  late  for  tliem  ta 
1)<!  landed  that  night.  The  crowded  state  of  the  vess(d  previous  to  the  lamling  of  tlid 
lirisoners,  on  the  morning  of  the  2'.id,  made  it  dillicult  to  proceed  with  the  iiecc.s.siiiV 
repairs,  and  no  doulit  caused  some  unavoidable  delay.  As  booh  as  these  repairs  arJ 
coni]»letid,  the  Alabama  will  proceed  to  sea.'' 

The  governor  at  once  consented  to  the  landing  of  the  prisonor.s,  oil 
serving  that  "couimon  humanity  would  dictate  such  a  permission  heins 


"laid 
oliicei 
foloiM 
a.'i  \vli 


•  Case  ofthe  United  States,  p.  :{8i. 

-See  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  jip,  i*02,  20;i,  2X2,  and  2i9. 

^  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  page  ^GJ. 


OPINIONS    OF    SIK    ALEXANDER    t'OCKlirRN. 


467 


luitcd  Sl;\t('s 
t,  the    latliT 

lii;i(lr  I'm'  . lu- 
ll.-of  I  lit'  'Jitlh. 
el'  (It'paitiU'c 
111  tht'  <"iisi'  ol 

■^SL'll  tl>  (ll'tllill 

y  oi'tli'Vs  (>\tM 
lis  rccDiiimcu- 
iVlabaiMii  tiKiii 
was  Uiu»wii  ti> 
liiica  slic  wasii 
II, T  Miji'-ty's 

IS  arises  in  n' 
I  ii  sliip  of  wai 
■  for  tlic  hivacli 
port.     r.iiMhis 
iiiiu'iit  is  liable. 
soil  ol' the  want 

.maiea,  Cai.taini 
oiuin.iiul  at  tlu'l 

.laniutnj  SX  l~i'>'>- 
ithiiHc.i<'\v-stc:iiiuv.: 
„U;r  Ert'iulin'loiv] 
,1  |)Vovc(l  to  bo  Uk' 

I'l^illott   ou  w.  iuiil 

"   Olio  UllMl,  tllf  flVWI 

,.  AliiUiiuia  twculy- 

Uth  .laiuiary.  nw\i 

stiMl  from  t^i  to  1.>I 

jm«l  tilt",  fn'w  ^^''''i 
before  th.i  Hiittf nisi 

L  lit  tlui  wiitor-liii''! 

Viild  i»roc>'«!'l  to  s-'^j 
Uulics.  The  n.T.'^f 
lilt  no  time  must  l 
to  w^a,  in  exiict  m 
U  .vavc  me  Ins  ^vonM 
'  int.!rest  is  outiivbj 
,  an  tiour  more  tliaif 
;iuic8outi^iae,loru(^ 

insvvor  to  my  l'"tt«| 
lintil  tl.eov.M.miii 

too  late  for  tl.en  tj 
I)  tlie  liui<li>'!i  "'  "'3 
1  witti  ttie  "'■<'.''^^n 

L  these  r('l>mrsuii 


■jiiiiited,  as  »»tli('rwis(^  levor  or  ])»'stiU'iU!0  iiiiolit  aviso  iVoiii  an  ovei- 
ciowtie.'  sliip,  to  say  notliiii;,'  of  tlie  liorr«)i's  wliicli  would  eiisiie  should 
tiie  Alaltaina  a;;'ai.i  .no  into  action  with  tlwiii  on  board."  CJovenior  I\vre 
added,  that,  "of  {'oiirsc,  once  landed,  no  person  «'onld  be-  re  eiiiharUed 
;ij;ainst  their  will  iVtnn  iJritish  soil."'  The  prisoners  were  a('eordinj;iy 
landed. 

Assniiiin;;- that  the  Alabama  was  ])r(»per]y  received  as  u  belli;;('rent 
vessel,  no  (pU'stiiMi  can  arise  as  to  th(^  pi'oprii'ty  of  allowiiij;'  the  iieces- 
sary  lepairs  to  be  done.  .  "The  frac'tiires  made  by  six  larji'e  shot  or  shell 
near  the  water-line  (»l"  (he  Alabiima,"  says  Commodore  Dnnlo])  in  his 
report  to  the  admiral,  "  reipiired  exti'nsive  repairs.'"-' 

i  presume  it  can  hardly  be.  said  that  tin^  ship  oiio-ht  to  ha\e  been 
forced  to  ,!4o  to  sea  without  these  '' lar.i;'i^  fractures"'  haviii,:;'  been  stoppe<l 
lip. 

She  had  anclnu'etl  in  the  port,  the  comnuKlore  reixnls,  alter  dark  on 
till'  evening'  of  the  -Dth  of  -laiinary  ;  she  commenced  repairin;^'  the  dam- 
;i;;i's  received  in  the  action  with  the  ilatteras  tlu^  nt'Xt  morniiii; ;  but  the 
(■Diiiinochu'e  adds  that  the  repaiis  "  ( (nd<l  not  be  completed  by  the  nn- 
vkilllid  workmen  hired  here  befort^  lat(^  in  the  afteinoon  of  the -."ith,  and 
the  Alabama  sailed  at  .s.-"><)  p.  m.  of  the  same  evening."  It  cannot,  there- 
toie,  be  said  that  sln^  was  permitted  to  stay  too  loii^'  in  the  port.  She, 
icceived,  the  commodore  staies,  "n  supply  of  pnn'isions  nnd  coal,"  but 
it  does  not  appear  what  Wi.s  the  quantity.  No  complaint  has  ever  been 
hiiade,  that  1  am  aware  of,  (d"  any  excess  having  been  allowed.  Coin- 
!iiii(lor(^  l)nnlo|M'ertainly  appeals  to  have  been  cpiite  alive  to  his  duly  of 
hiitbrciny  the  regulations,     lie  concludes  his  rejiort  by  sayin^i;': 

III  I'oncliisioii,  1  liavc  only  to  state  tliat  tlic  cnn  '(It-rate  vessel  was  treated  sirielly  in 
aiTdnlaiiee  with  the  iiistriiel  ions  eoiilaiiied  in  Ivirl  liiissell's  ii^tter  of  I  lie  :>l^l  .(aiinary, 
l-il,aml  exuctly  as  [  shall  art  toward  any  I'liited  States  man-of-war  that  iiuiy  liere- 
iitii'r  eall  here. 

Two  United  Stiites  shiiis  of  war,  tli<^  ]{ieliinond  and  Powliatan.  arrived  here  in  If^dl, 
'  iiiiili'd  and  jirovisioned,  and  I'einained  in  poll,  the  Iliehnioiid  I'oiir  days,  and  the  I'ow- 
li;itiiii  three  days ;  the  .San  .lacinto  was  also  here,  and  rtMiiained  four  hours.' 

I  am  therefore  nnable  to  concur  in  an  opinion  expressed  by  the 
llirt'sident  of  this  tribunal  in  thinkino'  that  "  the  reception  of  the  Ahiba- 
iiia  at  .lamaica  far  exceeded  the  measure  of  what  the  duties  of  neutrality 
would  admit  of."  If,  by  this,  refereiu;e  is  intended  to  be  made  to  the 
llr;t  that  a  yoiino;  otllcer,  in  the  absence  of  his  superior,  thono'litlessly 
allowed  the  band  of  a  Queen's  ship  to  play  a  sontliern  national  air,  a 
liriannstiaice  afterward  fully  explained,  and  for  which  he  was  severely 
K'priiiianded,  or  that  the  oltioers  on  the  station  went  on  board  of  the 
Alabama,  and  treated  her  <^iptain  and  oHicjers  as  oHieers  of  a  man-of- 
war,  or  to  the  possible  fact  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  island  may  have 

"illOWr     " i.:...i 4- I      .-..    « *^i :*^i.      Ai...    ti,...*i I 


sliowii  some  kindness  toward,  or  sympathy  with,  the  Southerners,  1 
Ciiii  only  protest  against  such  facets  being  made  a  ground  for  fixing  a 
riabillty  on  the  IJritish  government,  when  no  fault  can  be  fixe.l  on  the 
I  local  authorities.     If  the  British   government  has  been  in  any  lespect 
Kaiiting  indue  diligence,  and  injury  has  thence  resulted  to  American 
pitizciis,  the  British  ])eople  are  ready  to  make  reparation.     But  to  call 
laid,  as  founding  a  liability  on  the  i)art  of  Great  Britain,  the  fact  that 
tiiirrs  of  Her  Majesty's  sliips,  or  the  inliabitants  of  a  West  Iiuliari 
Itolony,  may  have  shown  civilities  to  the  otticers  of  a  confederate  ship — 
e  pvisoaers,  "'^■as^yliy  j^l,jj„l^l  they  not?  or  have  exhibited  sympathy  for  the  cause  of 
ruM-missioii^beui^tbe South,  when  the  authorities  have  strictly  done  their  duty,  does  seem 


■>; 


!;9. 


'  Iinti^h  A(»)ienJix,  vol.  i,  p.  265. 

-  Ibi.l.,  p.  2()<J. 

='Ibid. 


41)8 


aKIUI  KAI  ION    AT    (iKNKVA. 


to  me,  [  must  siiy,  to  I»i»  j,'(»iiiiH'  ii  {jrcat  <l(>iil  t<)'»  far;  iinh'od,  rmllii'i'  thiin 
llu'.  I'^iitcil  Stales  tlicrnsclvrs,  l'\»r  ncitlirr  in  tlicii- case  iinr  ainninciit 
have  the  hitter  j^oiie  so  lai-  as  to  asseit  tliat,  savin;;'  in  tlie  mat tcr  (  f  not 
Hcizin;;'  the  Ncssel,  tiiere  was  any  breach  of  nt'utrality  in  what  passed  ii( 
.lainaiea. 

lint  the  same  e\cei)tion   is  also  taken  to  what  passed  iit   the  Cjipc. 
^,  „„  , „„  ,.|  It  is  necessary,  therefoi'e,  to  review  the  (acts. 

' '' " The  Alabama   arrive<l   in   Sahlanha  Ihiy  on  the  L".itli  of 

July,  1S<i;!.     It  appi'ars  I'rom  a  dispatch  ol  tiu^  admiral  on  the  stiitioii 
Sir  IJaldwin  Walker,  to  the  admiialty,  of  Aiiyiist  the   l!>th,  tlial,  (»ii  rc- 
ceivinin  inlormation  of  hor  hein;;'  llM'r<',  he  immediately  f;av(^  orders  to 
Captain    Forsyth,  of  Ih-r  ^lajest.v's  shi)>  ^'alorons,  to  hoM  himseU  in 
readiness  to  proceed  to  any  of  the  |)arts  of  the  colony  in  whicji  tli(> 
Alabama  mi^iht  anchoi-,  in  order  to  preserve  tlu^  rules  of  strict  nenlnihtv.' 
On   the  ."itli  ot  An^^nst,  liavin;;'  received  a  tele]i>rain  that  the  Alahiiiiia 
was  otl'    Tabh'  Kay,  the  admiral  ordered  the  \'alorons  to  proceed  tliitlit-r. 
As  the  Alabama  was  standing;'  into  Table  Ihiy,  she  fell  in  with  and  ciij) 
tni'ed  a  Tnited  States  vessel,  called  the  Sea  IJride,  and  snpiestion  aros(^ 
whetlu'r  the  capttnc  ha<l  not  been  made  within  the  waters  of  the  cejony.j 
Mr.  (ii'aham,the  United  States  consul,  immediately  (jailed  the  attention! 
of  tlu^  ;i<>vernor.  Sir   Philip  Wodehonse,  to  the  capture,  alleji'iny'  it  toj 
have  been  unlawlul  by  reason  of  its  having  been  made  within  4  niilesj 
of  the  shore. 

He  writes : 

I  Ix'lifvo  tin-It"  is  11(1  law  (Ictiiiiiiy  tli<' word  "  coiist,"  otii'T  tlian  iiitt'inntioiiiil  l;iu.) 
That  law  liasalwn.vs  liniitti!  iicniral  watfis  to  the  liylitinj;  distaiicf  rioin  land,  wliiiliJ 
upon  tln^  ii< V(Mitiii:i  ol'  ^ninxiwdtT,  was  cxtcndiul  to  flic  distantM-  of  three  naiilicd  inilcsl 
I'roni  land  en  a  sn'uij^lit  coast,  and,  liy  the  same  rnle,  since  tlu!  invention  ol'  Arnisin)n;,'| 
rilled  cannon,  to  at  least  six  miles. 

IJni  rll  wafers  inclosed  l>y  a  line  drawn  between  two  promontories  or  lieadlMinNl 
aro  rt!cojjnized  liy  all  nations   as  nenfral,  and    Kn<;land  was  the   tirsf  that  adii|iriMl  tlir 
rnle,  callinj.' sncdi  wafers  tht^  "  J<in;;'s  chainhers."     Uy  rcl'eirin;;  to  "'Wheatoirs  |)iy;i'st," 
lta;je  'J:!4,  or  any  other  {j;ood  work  oil  international  law,  you  will  find  the  ahove  iiilcsl 
laitl  down  and  tdiicidated.-' 

Mr.  Graham  also  scMit  aftidavits  of  the  cai)tain,  the  stewai-d,  and  tlicj 
cook  of  the  Sea  Bride  giving  the  bearin.<»s  of  the  vessel  at  the  time  otj 
the  capture  to  prove  that  the  \essel,  wlien  captured,  was  within  tliej 
waters  of  the  colony. 

Captain  Semmes  havint;?  been  called  upon  for  an  explanation,  answeiod 

In  reply,  I  have  the  honor  to  state  that  it  is  not  trim  that  the  bark  relerreil  to  Wiisj 
captured  in  Hritish  waters,  and  in  violation  of  British  neutrality,  she  havinj;  ImmiiI 
captured  outside  all  headlands,  and  a  distance  fr<ini  the  nearest  land  of  between  livoj 
and  six  miles.  As  I  approached  this  vessel  1  called  the  ]iarticular  attention  ol'  iiiyl 
otHcers  to  the  (|uesfion  of  distance,  and  they  all  agree  that  the  capture  was  inadufn)iiil 
two  to  three  miles  outside  of  the  marine  league.^ 

The  governor  referred  the  matter  to  Captain  Forsyth,  who,  after  taknid 
the  evidence  of  the  port  captain,  of  the  lisht-house  keeper  of  the  (lireiit 
Point  lij^'ht,  of  the  collector  of  customs,  of  the  signalman  at  the  Lion'!^ 
Kainp  telegraph-station,  and  of  a  boatman,  all  of  whom  had  seen  the 
position  of  the  two  vessels,  reported  that  he  had  come  to  the  conchisioiij 
that  the  Sea  Bride  was  beyond  the  limits  assigned  when  captured  by  the 
Alabama.'' 

The  decision  of  the  governor,  which,  of  course,  was  in  accordance 
with  the  opinion  of  Captain  Forsyth,  having  oeen  announced  to  Mr^ 

'British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  303. 
2Ibid.,  p.  302. 
3  Ibid.,  p.  315. 
*  Ibid.,  p.  311. 


''lMi> 


OPINIONS  oi'  SIR  am;naniu;k  (.UL  kiu  un. 


4(10 


(Iriiliiiiu,  tliis  ;,'('iifl«'iii;iti  loses  iill  sens 'of  in'opricty.  and,  r(>r,i:('ttiii;;  tlii\l 
lie  is  addri'ssiiijn  llcr  .\lajt'st.\'s  rrprcsciitativi',  writt's: 

Ymir  (IfiMMioii  in  tlic  cii^^i' ol'  tlic  Sm  Itiiilc  wjis  duly  riMM'ivcd  iif  I  o'cliPcU  p.  in.  on 
Saliii'iliiv.  in  riiniMinniciitiiii;'  I  liiit  tlrri>iiin  \nn  Mnijily  iinniHuirr  tinit  t  In'  \  rs^ti-l  w  um, 
ill  MMir  <i|iini(Mi.  iinil  ai'coidin;;  to  the  fs  idi'ncc  In  Inii'  ynn,  a  li'j;,il  jn  i/c  tit  llu'  Alaliinna  ; 
lull  Mm  nniil  to  stale  I  lie  pi  inrijilc  nf  inlri  natinnal  law  tliat  i^ovt'incil  your  tlrriNJoii, 
,iiiil  ncylcci  to  rmnisli  im;  willi  ilic  cv  iilciici'  icHimI  iipini  Ity  yon. 

UinliM'  tlicsf  (■iiciiinstanci's,  I  can  iii'illnr  have  tin-  rvidcnco  Vfrilicd  or  ndniltt'd  Immi!, 
iKirani  I  cnaMi'd  to  transmit  it  as  it  stands  to  Ilic  Ainciican  minister  at  London,  imr 
Id  tlie  I'liited  .'"^lateH  (io\  eniineiit  at  \\'asliinj;ton.  An  invilation  to  lie  ]»reseiil  wlieii 
\\\i'  i.i--i>tnic  leslimoiiy  was  taken  was  niil  eMeiided  to  nie,  and  I  am  tlieiel'ore  i'^noiaiit- 
III  llie  teiiur  of  it,  and  eaniiol  di-tin^nisli  ilie  pmiion  lliiown  out  tVnm  lliat  w  Inch  was 
aiccpted.  11  yuiir  decision  is  I  hilt  t  he  iicntral  waters  ol'  this  cidony  only  est  end  a  dis- 
i.iiiie  o|'  ilii'ce  miles  IVoni  land,  t  he  charactei  nl'  that  decisimi  won  Id  have  liceii  a'plly 
Jliisli;ited  to  the  people  ol' Cape 'I'nw  II  had  an  American  wai- vessel  appeared  on  the 
-line  and  eii;ia;;ed  tile  .\lah,iiii;i  in  halile.  In  sncli  a  conte>l.  w  itli  caiinnii  iair\in;j;  a 
lii^taiice  o|  si\  miles,  (thiec  ((\  ii- land,)  the  ciashino' hiiiUliiii;s  in  C'tipe 'i'ow  ii  would 
liiive  heeii  all  e\cellent  comineiit ary  on  your  decisimi. 

Iiiil  the  decision  has  heeii  made,  and  cannot  lie  resoUed  here,  so  that  liiitlief  coiii- 
iiii'Ml  at  present  is  tlierelore.  nniiecessarv.  It  can  <mly  he  reversed  hy  the  };ovci'nineiit 
\iiii  rcpicMenl,  which  it  prohaldy  will  he  when  the  rnitctl  States  government  shall 
liiiin  indemnity  for  the  owners  of  the  Sea  Ihide.' 

li'i'tc-niiio  lo  tlie  Tuscaloosa,  lie  cuds  by  sayiiio-: 

The  capliiii'  (d"  thei^ea  Ihide  in  neutral  waters,  tc  jfcthcr  with  the  case  of  iheTiisca- 
loDsa,  also  ii  prize,  constitute  the  latest  and  be  I  ''histiMtion  of  Uritish  iieiitiality  that 
ii;is  yet  been  <;iven. 

Tlic  ott'cnslvc  tone  wliicli  tlu'  I'nitcd  States  consuls  allowed  tlieinselves 
til  assume  towatd   liiitisli  authorities  I-,  not  ii  little  reiiiarUable. 

The  Heii  iJride  havinji'  been  jint  i'  ■  hiir<;e  of  a  pri/.e  crew,  while  the 
olllcer  in  ehaio'e  was  below,  the  vessel  was,  throiij;h  iiiadvertenc<', 
;r',(iwed  to  be  bronoht  within  two  miles  of  the  shore,  and  this  also  was  loilh- 
witli  bi'oiioht  umlerthe  notice  ol'tiie  }io\  eiiior  l).\  Mr.  (Iiahain,  who  insisl- 
id  that  tlie  vessel  shoidd  be  seized,  lint  it  appeared  from  Mr,  (iraham's 
Dttii  witnesses  that  the  otlicer,  coniino'  on  deck,  stamped  his  foot  as  if 
vexed  at.seeino'  the  ves.sel  where  she  was,  and  iinmedi;itely  ordered  her  to 
lu'ke|)t  farther  off.  The  j,'overnor  therefore  treate«l  it  as  an  act  of  inad- 
vi'iten(!e,  especially  as  it  was  alterward  apolo,i;i/ed  tor.  - 

I'lior  to  comiiif;-  into  Table  l->ay,  C'aptain  Semmes  Inid  written  from 
Saldanhii  I3ay  to  the  governor  : 

An  op'poifiinity  is  ofrercd  nui  liy  tlm  coastinj;  schooiiei'  Atlas  to  commiinicatt!  a\  itli 
ilii'  Cape,  of  which  I  promptly  avail  inystdf. 

1  Inive  tfe  honor  to  inform  your  excellency  that  I  arrived  in  this  hay  on  Wednesday 
iiKini'iij^'  liist  ftir  the  jmrposi^  ot'  etfectin<f  soino  necessary  repairs.  As  soon  as  tliesi'  rc- 
|Mir<  can  lie  completed  I  will  proceed  to  sea,  and  in  liie  mean  tiiiu^  your  excelleni-y  may 
rist  Mssurcd  that  1  will  pay  the  strictest  attention  to  the  ni'iitrality  of  your  fjjovern- 
iiii'ii..-' 

Oil  tlie  annonncenient  of  the  Alabiima  beinj;'  in  Saldnnha  Bay,  IMr. 
•iialiam,  the  (Jtiited  States  eonsid,  ,wrote  to  the  o;()vernoi'',  insistino-  on 
kv  h(t'u\g  seized : 

Fiom  rclialilo  information  received  by  nie,  and  which  yon  are  also  doubtless  in  pos- 
st'ssion  of,  a  war-steamer  called  the  Alubanui  is  now  in  Saldanha  Bay,  beinj;  painted, 
ilisiliarf;injL>-  prisoners  of  war,  «.Vc.  , 

Tiu!  vesstd  ill  (jncstion  was  built  in  Eiifthind,  to  ])rey  iiptin  the  cnnnnorcn  of  tiio 
United  States  of  America,  and  escaped  therefrom  while  on  her  trial  trip,  forfeiting 
liomls  of  £-iO,000,  which  the  British  goverunicnt  exacted  under  thi;  foreiyn-eulistnient 

M't. 

Ndw,  as  yonr  government  lias  a  treaty  of  amity  and  commerce  with  the  United 
States,  and  has  not  recognized  the  persons  in  revolt  a.-ainstthe  United  States  as  a  gov- 
friinieiitat  all,  the  vesseT  alluded  to  shonld  be  at  <inee  seized  and  sent  t<»  England, from 

'  British  Apiieiulix,  vol.  i,  p.  304. 
2  Ibid.,  p.  :U(),  :U7,  and  329. 
:'lbid.,  p.  308. 


I'- .  ■ 


470 


ARBITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


wlioiicc  she  ('laiulcstincly  csciiitcd.  AssMiuin<>-  tliaf  tlu'  Biitisli  (rovcin. 
(..,'il,'.'''^'"  ""'•""'"  jinMit  wiiH  siiKHMO  ill  ("xacliii^  tlitr  boiids,  \<iii  liavii  doiilitlcss  l)7('ii  in- 
structed to  st'iid  lu'f  home  to  Jlii^^laiid,  where  she  heh)n;rM.  Jiiit  if,  ||„,„ 
some  ovcrsij];ht,  you  ha%'e  not  received  siudi  iiislnu^tious,  aiul  you  deeliiie  tlie  rcsiioiisi- 
hility  of  makiiif^  the  seizure,  1  would  most  resi>ee.t fully  jirotest  af;aiiist  the  vessel  le- 
luaiiiiiijf  ill  any  port  of  the  enlony  another  day.  (Siie  has  heeii  at  fSaldaiilia  ISny  four 
[six]  <htys  alrcsady,  and  a  week  jirevioiisly  (hi  the  coast,  and  has  forfeited  all  ii;;li(  <<, 
remain  an  Jiour  ]oii;;('r  by  this  breach  of  neutrality.  I'aiiitiii;;'  a  ship  does  not  couie 
under  t;>',  head  of  "necessary  rejtairs,''  and  is  no  proof  that  she  is  iiiiseaworthy  -,  ami 
to  allow  her  to  visit  other  jiorts  after  she  has  set  *he  (Queen's  jiroclamatiou  ol  ncn- 
trality  at  dc(iaiic(!  would  not  he  rej;ar(led  as  in  aeeoidauce  with  the  spirit  and  )niipi).M' 
of  that  document.' 

Mr.  Graham  received  lor  answer: 

His  oxcelloucy  lias  no  instructions,  neither  has  he  any  authority,  to  seize  or  detain 
that  vesst^;  and  he  desires  me  to  a(Mjuaiiit  you  tiiat  lib  has  i.'eeived  a  letter  from  tiic 
coiiiniander,  dated  the  1st  instant,  statiiiii  that  repairs  were  in  pro^r^ess.  and  as  soon  as 
they  W(!re  coiuplete<l  ho  intended  to  jjo  to  sea.  lie  further  annoniices  his  intention  of 
resi)ecting  strictly  the  neutrality  of  the  British  j'overnment. 

The  course  which  Captain  Semines  hvw  projioscs  to  take  is.  in  the  f;ov(M'iior'so])iiiioii, 
iu  conformity  with  the  instructions  lie  has  himself  received  relative  to  shi])s  of  war 
and  privateers  belouf^iiij;  to  the  United  States  and  the  .States  calling  themselves  tins 
Confederate  States  of  America  visitinjj;  British  ports. 

The  reports  received  from  Saldanha  Bay  iiulnce  the  <jov(!riior  to  believe  that  the  ves- 
wel  will  huive  that  harbor  as  soon  as  her  rejtairs  are  coniideted  ;  but  he  will,  iiiunedi- 
ately  on  recelviii<;  iiitellij>ence  to  the  contrary,  take  the  necessary  steps  for  enforcinj; 
the  observance  of  the  rules  laid  down  by  Her  Majesty's  goveruineiit.- 

Oalled  upon  afterward  to  advise  as  to  the  ])ropriety  of  what  had  taluMi 
place  with  reference  to  the  Alabama  attheCai)e,  the  law-olliuers,  Sir  K. 
Palmer,  Sir  E.  Collier,  and  Sir  II.  IMiilliinore,  the  latter  so  clesorvedly 
held  u])  as  an  authority  by  the  United  States,  on  the  llHh  of  October 
advised  : 

With  respect  to  the  Alaliama  herself,  wti  are  clearly  of  opinion  that  neither  the  jiov 
ernor  nor  any  other  authority  at  the  Cape  could  exercise  any  .jurisdietioii  over  hi>r 
and  that,  whatever  was  her  iirevious  liist(U-y,  tli(\y  were  bouiul  to  treat  her  as  a  ship 
of  v.ar  belonging  to  a  belligerent  power.'' 

It  strikes  me  that  this  tribunal  should  hesitate  before  it  decides  that 
three  such  legal  authorities  were  wron}>'.  Or  are  we  to  suppo.se  that  ;iii 
"  insincere  neutrality"  lurks  beneath  their  opinion,  though  given  in  the 
course  of  otlicial  duty? 

On  liis  arrival  in  Table  Bay,  on  the  ath'of  August,  Captain  Seniuies 
wrote  to  the  governor,  informing  him  that  he  had  come  in  for  supi)lies 
and  repairs,  and  requesting  to  be  allowed  to  land  his  pri.soner.s,  thirty- 
three  in  number,  lately  ca|vtiired  on  board  two  ships  destroyed  by  hirii 
at  sea.  The  governor  giive  permission  to  laiul  the  i)ri.soners,  but  do- 
sired  that  Captain  Semmes  would  "  state  the  nature  and  extent  of  the 
supplies  and  repairs  required,  that  he  might  be  enabled  to  form  some 
estimate  of  tUe  time  it  would  be  necessary  for  the  Alabamti  to  remain  in 
the  port." 

Captain  Semmes  replies:     • 

Iu  the  way  of  sui)i)lie8  I  shall  need  some  provisions  for  my  crew,  a  list  of  which  will 
1(0  handed  yyu  to-morrow  by  the  paymaster,  and  as  for  repairs  my  lioilers  need  soiim 
iron-work  to  be  done,  and  my  bends  riKjiiire  calking,  lieing  (piite  open.  I  pro)iiis()  to 
take  on  board  the  nect^ssary  material's  here,  and  to  proceed  with  all  dispatch  to  .Simon's 
Hay,  for  the  purpose  of  making  thes(^  rejiairs.^ 

On  the  morning  of  theOth  the  paymaster  of  the  ves.sel  called  on  the 
governor,  with  the  merchant  who  was  to  furnish  the  supplies,  and  leave 


'  British  Appendix,  vol.  I,  p.  300. 
-  IbhI.,  p.  :{0l. 
'  Ibid.,  p.  :<',>;{. 
'Ibid., p.  :n 4. 


w 


OPINIONS    OK    SIR    ALEXANDER    COCKIIUR: 


471 


was  given  to  the  vessel  to  remain  till   tlic  next  day,  the  7th.     In  a 
dispatch  to  the  J)nke  of  Newcastle  Sir  IMiilip  Wodeiionse  states: 

Oil  tlio  iii;;lit  of  the  ntli  Ilcr  Jlii.jcsty's  shi))  ^'ill<)l•(llIs  had  vouw  roiiiiil  lri»ni  Simon's 
liay.  Diiiiii;;  tln^  ni^liI  ol"  (lie  tiili  tlio  wcatlicr  liccaiiit^  iiiil"iivi)ral>It: ;  a  vessel  was 
wrecked  in  tlie  l>ay,  and  a  iieav>  sea  prevented  tiie,  Alaitania  IVnni  receiving  lier  snp- 
plies  by  the,  time  ariaiif;t'd.  On  tiie  UKiiiiinj;  of  tiie  Htii,  ('ai)ta.in  Forsyth,  of  the 
Valorons,  am.  the  jiort  captain,  liy  my  <h'siie.  (H'essed  on  ( 'aptain  Hemmes  tlitMioces- 
.jty  for  his  h'avinjj;  tiie  port  witliout  any  unnecessary  delay;  wlien  lie  jdeaded  thec'oii- 
tiinied  heavy  sea  and  the  ahseiic)' of  his  cookinj;-api)aratns,  which  had  Immmi  sent  on 
-liore  for  i'ei)airs,  and  hail  not  been  ri'tnrned  l>y  the  tradirsma.i  at  the  time  appointed, 
;iii(l  "intimated  his  own  anxiety  to  j^et  av.ay.  IJetween  (i  and  7  a.  in.,  on  tlit^  iltli,  lio 
«ailed,  and  on  liis  way  ronnd  to  Simon's  I5ay  captured  another  vessel,  lint  on  tindiiij; 
iliat  she,  was  in  neutral  waters,  immediately  released  her.' 

With  reference  to  the  latter  circiiinstiince,  Sir  I».  NValker.  in  his  dis- 
[latch  to  the  adinir.ilty,  stiys  : 

Dnriiif'- his  i)assaj;e  to  this  jiort  ('a)>tain  Seninies  ehasetl  anothcu'  American  vessel, 
the  Martiia  Wentzid,  standinj;  in  for  'I'alde  I5ay.  On  my  pointinj^  out  to  him  that  In^ 
had  <loiu\  so  in  nential  waters,  he  assured  me  that  it  was  iiuite  unintentional,  and,  be- 
ing at  a  distance  from  tin;  liinil,  he  did  not  observe  that  he  had  j^ot  within  three  miles 
111'  an  imaffinary  line  drawn  frcmi  the  (Jape  of  (iood  llopcr  to  Cajie  Ilanpilip,  but  mi  dis- 
ii)verin<;  it  he  did  not  tletain  the  vessel.     'IMiis  eNplainition  I  considered  siittieic^nt.-' 

Ilaving:  arrived  at  Simon's  IJay  on  the  JHli,  the  Aessel  was  calked, 
and  had  other  slight  rei)aiis  done.  Site  took  in  no  coal  on  this  occa- 
sion. She  left  on  the  irith.  "Cai)taiii  Semines,"  says  the  admiral, 
■'was  gnarded  in  his  condnct,  and  exi)ressed  liimself  as  most  anxious 
not  to  violate  the  neutrality  of  these  waters.'' ' 

The  Alabama  again  put  into  Simon's  r>ay  on  the  IGth  of  September 
to  coal  and  have  repairs  done.  It  has  never  been  suggested  that,  either 
ill  respect  of  tlie  stay  of  the  vessel  on  either  occasion,  or  the  amount  of 
repair,  or  the  (luanlity  of  coal,  any  indidgence  was  allowed  to  her  in 
I'xcess  of  the  Queen's  regulations.' 

Courtesies  and  sympathy  may  have  been  shown  by  the  itdiabitants 
to  the  officers  and  crew  of  the  ship.  J>ut,  as  1  have  alreiuly  observed, 
these  are  things  which  a  nenti'iil  government  cannot  i)revent,  and  for 
which  it  woidd  be  simply  iibsiird  to  say  it  could  l>e  responsible.  Trob- 
iibly,  as  was  very  sensibly  remarked  by  a  Cape  newspaper,  the  Argus, 
citod  by  Captain  StMiimes  in  his  Jouruiil,  when  speaking  of  the  sympathy 
shown  by  the  iiduibitants,  "  It  was  not,  i)erhai>s,  t.iking  the  view  of 
cither  side,  Federal  or  confederate,  but  in  adiuiration  of  the  skill,  pluck, 
and  daring  of  the  Alabiinia,  her  captain  and  her  crew,  who  afford  agen- 
inil  theme  of  admiration  all  the  world  over.""' 

Fi'om  the  Cape  of  (Iood  Hope  the  Alabama  proceeded  to  the  Eastern 
Sons.  She  touched  at  Singapore  in  December,  l.SO.'J,  ami  vis-  i„  ,|„.  ,r„„.,, 
itcd  the  Cai)e  on  her  way  back  to  Euroi)ean  waters  in  March,  "  " 
1801.  It  is  mentioned,  in  the  C^ase  of  the  United  States,''  as  afresh  in- 
staiice  of  the  violation  of  the  duties  of  (ireat  J>riti»iu  as  a  neutral,  thtit, 
having  taken  in  coal  iit  Singapore  on  the  2.'5d  of  December,  she  was  al- 
lowed to  commence  coaling  again  at  Ca[)e  Town  on  the  lilst  of  ^[arch — 
two  days  too  soon,  liut  J  can  hardly  supi)ose  this  will  bo  seriously  in- 
Msted  Oil.  Moreover,  it  appears  from  tlie  llritish  Counter  Case"  tluit 
the  charge,  such  as  it  is,  resting  on  no  better  foundation  than  Captain. 
Seimnes's  journals,  is  founded  on  a  miscalculation  of  <lates.  The  Ala- 
biiiiiii  seems  to  have  taken  in  her  supply  of  coal  at  Singapore,  not  on 

'  lUitish  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  ',\Vi. 

-Ibid.,  p.  ;U)7. 

'Ibid. 

^  Ibid.,  p.  :»2r). 

"  United  States  Documents,  vol.  vi,  p.  4!>7. 

'  I'liRcs  :Ufi,  ;W6. 

'Page  117. 


A  i 


It 

f  ' 

^f 

i;l 

472 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


the  23(1,  but  on  the  22(1  of  December;  and,  although  she  arrived  at 
Table  Bay  on  the  2()th  of  March,  she  did  not  couinjence  coalin;?  till  tlic 
22(1,  when  the  period  of  tliree  months  |»rescril)<'d  by  the  regulations  liad 
exactly  elapsed,  liuleed,  she  could  not  have  done  .so  earlier  had  it  been 
■wished,  on  account  of  the  heavy  gale  that  was  then  prevailing. 

The  career  ofthe  Alabama  was  now  drawing  to  a  cdso.  On  the  lltli 
of  rlune,  1804,  she  entenid  the  port  of  Cherbourg.  The, 
United  States  war-steamer,  the  Kearsarge,  ai>peared  shortly 
afterward  in  the  neighboring  waters.  A  chailenge  ensued  betwiMMi  tlic 
(commanders  of  the  two  vessels,  and,  on  the  morning*  of  the  JDth  of 
June,  tiie  Alabama  steamed  out  of  Cherbourg  to  encounter  her  formi- 
dable opponent.  The  tire  of  the  Kearsarge  i)i'oved  too  heavy  for  the 
Alabama,  and  the  latter  sank  under  it  and  went  down,  affording  to  the 
victors  the  opportunity  for  the  boastful  taunt — which  even  the  peacccfiil 
occasion  of  tiiis  arbitration  coidd  not  restrain — that  "thustliis  Ibitisli- 
built,  British-aimed,  and  Jbitish-manned  cruiser  went  down  under  tiu', 
tire  of  American  guns."^ 

As  if  everything  connected  with  this  vessel  must  give  birth  to  con- 
troversy, the  sinking  of  the  Alabama  gave  I'ise  to  a  discussion,  not  un 
interesting  in  a  Juridical  i)oint  ot  view,  though  beside  the  purpose  oi' 
the  present  in(jniry.  As  the  Alabama  was  rapidly  sinking,  an  ollicjer  in 
one  of  her  boats  came  to  the  Kearsarge,  said  they  had  surrendered, 
and  that  the  ship  was  going  down,  and  asked  for  assistance  to  save  the 
crew.  The  Deerhound,  a  steam-yacht  belonging  to  an  English  gentle- 
man, who  had  gone  out  of  Cherbourg  to  witness  the  combat,  coniin;;- 
up  at  the  moment,  was  begge(i  by  tlu^  captain  of  the  Kearsarge  to  help 
to  save  the  people  of  the  Alabama.  The  boats  of  the  Deerhound  hav 
ing  been  lowered  succeeded  in  saving  Captain  iSemmes  and  manyot'tiii' 
crew,  who  were  struggling  in  the  water.-' 

Others  were  saved  by  the  Alabama's  boat,  with  the  before- nuMitioncd 
oliicer  in  her.  All  the  ])ersons  saved  were  taken  on  board  the  Deer 
liound,  and  were  carried  by  the  owner,  ^Ir.  Lancaster,  into  Southanij)- 
ton,  and  there  set   ree. 

They  were  claimed  as  ])risoners  by  the  United  States  Government  on 
the  ground  that,  tln^  ^Vlabama  having  surrendered,  her  crew  were  neces- 
sarily i)risoners.  If  saved  they  could  only  be  saved  as  prisoners,  or,  as 
the  alternative,  they  should  have  been  lett  to  diown. 

Mr.  Adams  having  written  complaining  that  the  owner  of  the  Deer- 
liound  had  taken  away  the  persons  thus  saved.  Lord  llussell  answered: 

I  have  the  honor  to  stiitc  to  yoii,  in  n'i)ly,  thiit  it  ai)peiii'.s  to  me  that  tiie  owner  (if 
the  IJeerhonnd,  ol'the  Royal  Yacht  Sfpiadron,  iterlornied  only  a  eoniuion  (Inly  ofhniiiini- 
ityin  Havini^from  the  waves  the  eai)tain  and  several  of  the  eiew  of  the,  Alabama.  Tiify 
^vonld  otherwi.se,  in  all  piohahility,  have  been  drowned,  and  thns  wonhl  never  luivc 
lieen  in  the  sitnation  of  jirisonerw  of  war. 

It  «loeH  not  ai))i(>ar  to  me  to  be  any  part  of  the  dnty  of  a  nentral  to  assist  in  niakini; 
](risoners  of  war  J'or  one  of  the  belli{;erentB.  ■' 

The  alternative  is  thus  sternly  put  by  Mr.  Seward  in  a  dispatch  to  Mr. 
Adams : 

Tiie  earl  arjines  that  if  tho.se  persons  had  not  been  so  taken  from  the  .sea  they  wnnld. 
in  ill!  probability,  have  been  drowned,  an<l  thns  wonhl  never  have  been  in  tlie  situa- 
tion'of  prisoners  of  war.  Earl  Rnssell  further  observes,  in  that  conneetion,  tliat  it  (lues 
not  appear  to  him  to  bo  any  part  of  the  duty  of  a  neutral  to  assist  in  nuikiiig  prisoiiei.s 
of  wy  r  for  one  of  the  belli<>ereiUs. 

I  h..v'e  to  observe,  upon  these  remarks  of  Earl  Rnssell,  that  it  was  the  rif;ht  of  tlic 
Kearsarge  that  the  pirates  should  drown,  unless  saved  by  luunauu  exertions  of  the 


'  Case  of  the  United  States,  p.  H87. 

-  British  Ap])endix,  vol.  i,  p.  384. 

3  United  States  appendix,  vol.  iii,  p.  2fi;$. 


OI'INIONS   OF    SIR   ALEXANDER    COCKnURN. 


473 


orticers  and  crow  of  tliiit  vcssol,  or  by  tlioir  own  cfl'orl.s,  without  tlio  aid  of  tho  Dccr- 
liniiiiil.  Till',  inoii  wcrt!  either  already  actually  ])ri.soiieis,  or  tht\v  wi-rci  d(!H|»i'rately  piir- 
micd  l»y  tilt!  K  'iirsarjic.  If  tlu-y  'isid  iterislicil,  Mk!  Ktiarsaiif(!  would  lia\c!  had  tho  ad- 
vantajfc  of  a  lawful  (Icstruirtion  of  so  many  (Mlt'Ulie^' ;  if  they  had  hccn  rcjcovcrcd  hy  tho 
Kcarsarj^c,  with  or  without  tho  aid  of  the  Dcorhound,  then  tho  voluntary  Hiiricndcr  of 
thoso  jicrsoiiH  would  liavo  Ixn^n  iicricctcd,  and  they  would  iiavc  been  prisoners.  In 
neither  eas(»  would  they  have  remained  hostile  confederates. 

The  Deei'honud,  by  tal<in;i;  the  men  i'.oni  the  waves  and  e(niveyiny;  them  within  a 
foreiiiu.juiisdietion,  deprived  t\w  United  States  of  tho  lawful  beuelits  of  a  lou^  and 
costly  i>ursnit  and  sueeessful  battli>. 

I  freely  admit  that  it  is  no  ]>art  of  a  m-uti-al's  duty  to  assist  in  niakin<{  captives  for 
;i  l)elliy;ereut;  but  I  maintain  it  to  he  e(|nally  clear  that,  so  far  from  beinjj  neutr.-ility, 
it  is  direct  hostility  for  a  stranjicr  to  intervent!  and  rescue  men  who  hail  been  cast  into 
the  o(;ean  in  battle,  and  then  convey  them  away  from  under  the  cou(|ueror's  ji;uns.' 

Possibly,  ill  stiictiioss  of  law,  'Sir.  Soward  was  i-iylit  in  coiitoiiding 
that  a  l)ellij>'ertMit  is  outitlcd  to  tlic  death  of  liis  ent'iiiy,  and  that  a  neu- 
tral cannot  inteifeio  to  save  the  latter  from  destruction.  ]»nt  it  is  idle 
to  jiroponnd  legal  theories  in  such  a  case;  the  instinct  of  humanity  will 
he  certain  to  prevail  over  all  considerations  of  le<»al  right — God  foibid 
that  it  should  not! — and  the  neutral  who  has  rescued  a  sinking  fellow- 
creature  from  impending  death  may  be  excused  if  lie  does  m)t  deliver  up 
as  a  i)risoner  the  man  whom  he  has  saved  irom  perishing. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  the  Jiritish  government  had  but  one  answer  to  make 
to  the  demand  that  these  persons  should  be  given  uj)  as  prisoners, 
namely,  that,  however  tliev  liad  reii(;hed  British  soil,  when  on  it  they 
were  entitled  to  the  protef^tion  of  its  laws;  and  that  the  government, 
which  had  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  manner  of  theii'  escape,  «n'en  if  it 
had  the  will,  had  nor  the  power  to  deliver  them  up. 


■f 

Li' 


ill 


lll-.,i,|..c,<,i 


CASE   OV  THE    I'USCALOOSA. 

Immediately  connected  with  th(^  case  of  the  Alabama  is  tl'at  of  the 
Tuscaloosa. 

This  vessel,  originally  called  the  Conrad,  was  a  merchant- 
vessel  of  tho  United  States.     She  was  taken  by  the  Alabama  when  oft 
tlie  coast  of  lirazil,  being  then  loaded  with  a  cargo  of  wool. 

(Jai)tain  Semmes,  tin;  commander  of  the  ^^  labama,  put  an  ofticer  and 
ten  men  on  board  of  her,  with  two  small  rifled  11!  pounder  guns,  gave 
her  the  name  of  Tuscaloosa,  and,  bringing  her  to  the  Cape,  wh«*re  she 
uirived  on  the  7th  of  August,  iSd,'?,  recpiested  that  she  niigiit  be  ad- 
mitted to  the  liarbor  of  Siuu)n"s  Bay  as  a  tender  of  tlie  xVlabaiua,  in 
other  words,  as  a  ship  of  war. 

The  admiral  on  the  station,  !Sir  I>aldwin  AValker,  learning  that  the 
so(!alled  tender  had  never  been  condemned  in  a  |»i'ize  court,  conceived 
doubts  as  to  the  legality  of  considering  her  in  the  light  of  a  tender.  He 
tlierefore  wrote  to  the  governor.  Sir  I'hilip  Wodehouse,  requesting  him 
to  obtain  the  opinion  of  the  law-ollicers  as  to  whether  the  vessel  ouglit 
Hot  to  be  looked  upon  as  a  prize,  Jind  as  sudi  prohibited  from  entering 
the  bay.'' 

Tiie  attorney-general  of  the  colotiy  reported  that  the  Tuscaloosa  could 
Hot  be  looked  upon  as  a  prize,  on  the  grouml  that  she  purported  to  be  a 
sliipof  war,  and  there  was  no  legal  proof  to  satisfy  the  local  government 
tliiit  such  was  not  her  true  character;  that  Captain  Semmes,  as  coui- 
iiuniding  a  ship  of  war  of  the  Confederate  States,  had  authority  to  coo- 
vert  a  captured  vessel  into  a.ahip  of  war,  and  so  to  invest  her  with  all 
tile  rights  and  immunities  accorded  to  such  vessels,  and  that  it  was  not 
tor  the  local  authorities,  but  for  the  courts  of  the  cai)tor,  to  determine 

'  United  States  Appendix,  vol.  iii,  p.  271$. 
-  British  Api)cudix,  vol.i,i).  3(18. 


l:ii 


M. 


474 


ARHITKATION   AT    (iENEVA. 


horroal  cliaractor,wliilo  no  moans  existed  in  tlie  colony  Ibr  (letenniniijf 
wliether  she  had  or  had  not  been  lef>ally  con<h'nined.' 

Having  af'tei".,ard  found  tliat  the  vessel  had  her  <!arj:>o  of  wool  still 
on  board,  and  that  her  araiainent  was  only  what  has  been  stated,  Sir  JJ. 
Waliver  felt  still  more  doubtful  as  to  tiie  real  character  of  the  vessel. 
AVritiny  to  the  <:>overnor  on  the  1>tii  of  August  he  says: 

The  juliiiissioii  of  tlii.s  vessel  into  jioit  will,  I  Icar,  oi)eii  tlie  door  for  nnmlieis  ol"  ves- 
sels eii)itiire(l  under  siiniliir  circiinistanees  beiiifj;  dcMioininated  tismlers,  with  a  view  to 
avoid  the  ])i'ohihitioii  contained  in  the  (Queen's  instiiietions;  and  I  wonld  ol)serve  tlnil 
tlie  vessel,  the  St^a  liride,  captured  l»y  the  Alahanni  oil'  Tal)le  liay  a  tew  days  since,  w 
all  other  prizes,  ndyht  be  in  like  manner  styled  tenders,  makinj;' the  prohibition  en- 
tirely nnll  and  void. 

I  appiehiMid  that  to  bring  a  captured  vessel  under  the  denomination  of  a  vessel  of 
war  she  must  be  (itted  for  warlike  ]»nrposes,  and  not  merely  have  a  few  men  and 
two  small  frnns  on  board  her^  (in  fact  n()thin<>  but  a  ju'ize  crew,)  in  order  to  disj^iiise 
her  real  ciiai'acter  as  a  prize. 

Now,  this  vessel  has  her  orij^imil  carjjo  of  woid  still  on  board,  which  cannot  be  re- 
quire<l  lor  warlike  purpost^s,  and  her  armament  and  the  ninnber  of  her  crew  are  <iuite 
insntticieiit  for  any  seiviees  other  than  those  of  sli«jht  defense?. 

Viewing  all  the  circumstances  of  the  case,  they  atford  room  for  the  sn])p()sition  that 
the  vessel  is  styled  a  "  tender,"  with  the  oltject  of  avoiding  the  prohibition  against  ln!r 
entrance  as  a  prize  into  our  ports,  where,  if  the  captors  wishisd,  arrangennsnts  could  l)e 
made  for  the  disposal  of  her  valuable  cargo,  the  transshipment  of  which,  your  excellency 
will  not  fail  to  see,  might  be  readily  ellected  on  any  part  of  the  coast  beyond  the  limits 
of  this  colony. 

My  sole  oitject  in  calling  your  excellency's  attention  to  the  case  is  to  avoid  any 
breach  of  strict  neutrality.- 

The  attorney-general,  however,  on  beingagain  referred  to,  reported  that 
"if  the  vessel  received  the  two  guns  froni  tlie  Alabaaia  or  other  confed- 
erate vessel  of  war,  or  if  the  person  in  command  of  her  hasacouimission 
of  war,  or  if  she  be  coinnmnded  by  an  otticer  of  the  confederate  navy,  in 
any  of  these  cases  there  will  be  a  sutlicient  setting  forth  as  a  vessel  of 
war  to  justiiy  her  b(Miig  held  to  bo  a  ship  of  war.  If  all  of  these  points 
be  decided  in  the  'legati^e,  she  must  be  held  to  be  only  a  prize  and 
ordered  to  leave  forthwith."  '  , 

The  admiral  on  this  gav«^  way,  and  the  Tuscaloosa  was  treated  as  a 
ship  of  war,  a:id  as  such  admitted  into  the  harbor  and  allowed  to  obtain 
provisions.  She  left  the  bay  on  the  14th  of  August,*  and  Cai)tain 
JSemmes  having  contrived  to  dispose  of  her  cargo  of  wool  at  a  place  on 
the  coast  beyond  the  precincts  of  *^he  colony,  dispatched  her  on  a  cruise 
to  Brazil.-' 

While  thus  occupied  she  is  said  to  have  done  some  mischief  to  United 
States  vessels. 

The  Tuscaloosa  again  put  into  Simon's  liay  on  the  liOtli  of  December, 
1803.'' 

Ill  the  mean  time,  the  government  having  reported  to  the  secretary  of 
state  for  the  colonies  wluit  had  hapjiened  on  the  occasion  of  her  former 
visit,  the  Duke  of  Newcastle  had  deemed  it  right  to  take  the  opinion  of 
the  law-oflicers  of  the  Crown  as  to  the  law  applicable  to  such  a  ease. 

On  the  lOth  of  (October  the  law-otlicers  reported  as  follows: 

Upon  the  point  raised  with  regard  to  the  vessel  called  the  Tuscaloosa,  we  are  not  able 
to  agree  with  the  opinion  expressed  by  the  attorney-general  of  the  Cape  Cohtny,  that 
she  had  ceased  to  have  the  character  of  u  prize  captured  by  the  Alabama,  merely  he- 
cause  she  was,  at  the  time  of  her  lieing  brought  within  British  waters,  armed  with  two 
small  guns,  in  charge  of  an  oflicer,  and  inanniMl  with  a  crew  of  ten  men  from  the  Alii- 
banni,  and  used  as  a  tender  to  that  vessel,  under  the  authority  of  Captain  Sonunes. 

'  Uritish  A])pendix,  vol.  i,  p.  ^Ot). 

2  Ibid.,  p.  :U0. 

='Ibid.,  p.  :U1. 

••British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  Hi:?. 

^  United  States  Documents,  v<d.  vi,  p.  4!)1>. 

"  British  Appendix,  vpl.  i,  p.  'SM). 


iis  Mi-n 


'■f 


OIMMOXS    OF    SIR    ALKXANDKK    COCKIJURN. 


475 


onmniDg 


wool  still 
c(l,  Sir  1j. 
lie  vcssol. 

ln.'rs  of  vcs- 
[h  ii  view  to 

(l)!SCrV(5  tllilt 

lys  since,  or 
hiliitiou  uii- 

il  V0SS(>1   of 

;\v  incii  and 
■  to  (lis^nisc 

iUinot  1)0  I'n- 
L'W  art;  (luite 

(osition  thiilr 

I  iij;ainst  Ium' 
lUts  could  1)1' 
iirexcidliMicy 
nd  the  limits 

o  avoid  any 

l>ovted  that 
lier  coiifed- 
joiniuission 
to  navy,  in 

II  vessel  of 
lese  points 

prize  and 

reated  as  a 
d  to  obtain 
id  Cai)tain 
;  a  plaee  on 
on  a  cruise 

f  to  United 

December, 

secretary  of 
her  former 
e  opinion  of 
li  a  case. 


It  would  apiK-nr  that  the  'J'nscaloosa  is  a  Itark  of  .">(tO  tons,  captnrtMl  l»y  tlio  Alabama 
iitttho  coast  ot'  Ui'azil  on  the  '21st  of  .Mine  last,  and  hrouifht  into  Simon's  IJay  <jii  or  l>c- 
liirc  tht)  7tli  of  Auy;ust,  with  her  ori;;inal  cary.ct  of  wool  (itself,  as  well  as  the  vessel. 
|ii'i/e)  still  on  hoard,  and  with  nothini^  to  j^iv(!  her  a  warlike  character,  (so  far  as  appears 
iroiii  tlie  ])ap(^rH  before  ns,)  exce)»t  the  circnmstances  already  noticed. 

AVe  tlierefori'  do  not  feel  called  ui)on,  in  tin;  cinMinistances  of  this  case,  to  enter  into 
tJH!  (ijuestion  whether,  in  the  ease  ot'a  vessel  duly  commissioned  iis  a  siiip  of  war,  after 
lii'inj^  made  prizt;  by  a  bellijic^'ent  ;;i)vernm<Mit,  without  beinj^  lirst  brouji;hr  (/(/((( />/7(.sir/i<(. 
01  condemned  by  a  court  of  itii/.e,  th"  character  of  jirize,  within  the  meaninjf  of  Jier 
Mnjesty's  orders,  wfiuld  or  would  not  be  merjied  in  that  of  a  national  ship  of  war.  It 
is  ciiouffh  to  say  that  the  citation  from  Mr.  Wheaton's  book,  by  the  colonial  attorn«'y- 
;'oiieral,  does  not  ajijiear  to  us  to  have  any  direct  l>earin<>'  upon  this  ijuestion. 

Connected  with  this  subject  is  the  (|U(VHtion  as  to  the  car;.foes  of  (•aptnre<l  vessels, 
which  is  noticed  at  the  end  of  Sir  Philip  Wodcdionse's  dispatch  of  the  I'Jth  Aujjust  last. 
We  think  that,  a(!Cordin<j  to  the  true;  inteipretatifHi  of  Her  Majesty's  ordtu.f,  they  apply 
IS  much  to  jtrize  carjjoes  of  every  kind  wliicli  may  be  brou;;ht  by  any  armed  ships  or 
privateers  oi"  either  b('lli<^er(Mit  into  liritish  waters  as  to  the  captured  vessels  themselves. 
They  do  not,  lunvever,  ai>ply  to  any  articles  which  may  liavt;  formed  i»art  of  iiuy  such 
(■ar;;oes,  if  brought  within  Ibitish  Jurisdiction,  not  by  armed  shi[»s  or  privateers  of  either 
liellijierent,  but  by  other  persons  who  may  have  ac(|uired  or  may  claim  jiroperty  in  them 
by  reason  of  any  dealings  with  the  ea|>tors. 

We  thiuk  it  right  to  olisi'rve  that  the  third  reason  alleged  by  the  colonial  attorney- 
^t'lieral  fur  his  opinion  assumes  (though  tlm  fact  had  not  been  made  the  subject  of  any 
in(|uiry)  that  "  no  means  existed  for  determining  whether  the  ship  had  or  had  not  been 
jiKlicially  condemned  in  .a  court  competent  of  Jurisdiction  ;"  and  the  proposition  that, 
"admilliiig  Iwr  to  hare  been  capliired  b\j  a  «/i//>  of  war  of  the  ('oiifidarntc  Slatcn,  sin;  was  en- 
titled to  refer  Her  Majesty's  government,  in  ciase  of  dispute,  to  the  court  of  her  States, 
ill  order  to  satisfy  it  as  to  her  real  character,"  appears  to  ns  to  Ik;  at  varianct;  with  Her 
Majesty's  undoubted  right  to  determine,  within  her  own  territory,  whether  her  orders, 
iiiiule  in  viudieatiou  of  her  own  neutrality,  have  b<'en  violated  or  not. 

Tile  unestion  remains,  what  course  ought  to  have  been  taken  by  th<!  authorities  at  the 
I'ape,  lirst,  in  order  to  ascertain  whether  this  vessel  was,  as  alleged  by  the  Tniled  States 
lOiisiil,  an  uncondemned  ])ri/e,  brought  within  British  waters  in  vi<dation  of  Her 
Miijesty's  neutrality  ;  and  secondly,  what  ought  to  have  been  done  if  such  had  ajipeared 
lobe  really  the  fact?  AVe  think  tliat  the  aUegations  of  the  United  States  consul  ought 
ioliav(!  l)een  brought  to  the  knowledge  of  Captain  Stmimes  while  the  Tuscaloosa  was 
still  within  Hritish  waters;  and  that  he  should  have  l)een  recpiested  to  state  whetlier 
he  did  or  did  not  admit  the  tacts  to  be  as  alleged.  He  should  iilso  have  been  called  upon 
(unless  the  facts  were  admitted)  to  jtroduce  tln^  Tuscaloosa's  papers.  l(  the  result,  of 
tlie>ie  intpiiries  had  been  to  provi;  that  the  vessel  was  really  an  uncondemned  prize, 
lirought  into  Hritish  waters  in  violation  of  Her  Majesty's  orders  made  for  the  pur]>oH(< 
lit'  maintaining  her  neutrality,  it  would,  wo  think,  deserve  veiy  serious  consideration 
«iietlita'  the  mode  of  proceeding  in  such  cireunistanccs,  most  consistent  witli  Her 
Majesty's  dignity  and  most  proper  for  the  vindication  ot  her  territorial  rights,  would 
iiiit  have  been  to  jindiibit  tlie  exercise  of  any  further  control  over  the  Tuscaloosa  by 
tile  captors,  and  to  n^tain  that  vessel  undta-  Her  Majesty's  control  and  jurisdiction  until 
luopeily  reclaimed  by  her  original  owners.' 

It  will  be,  observed  that  in  the  fore<;oino'  o[)inion  of  the  law-officers? 
the  question  whether  the  Tuscaloosa  should,  under  the  cinninistances, 
iiave  been  detained  for  the  ]>urpose  of  beiny  restored  to  her  original 
owners,  is  suggested  its  one  deserving,  should  the  like  case  nHuir,  of  very 
serious  consideration  ;  it  is  by  no  means  one  on  which  a  positive  opinion 
ffiis  intended  to  ue  given.  Tiie  governor  jind  the  adiuiral,  however,  con- 
sidered it  as  establishing  not  oidy  tiiat  they  ought  to  have  detained  the 
Tuscaloosa,  when  formerly  within  their  Jurisdiction,  but  as  imposing  on 
tlieifi  the  duty  of  doing  so  now  that,  luiving  returned  to  the  Cape,  she 
«ns  again  within  their  power.  They  accordingly  took  possession  of  her. 
Her  commander,  Lieuteimnt  Low,  thereupon  addressed  the  following 
protest  to  the  governor : 

Tuscaloosa,  Simon's  Hav,  Capk  oi-"  (ioon  Hope, 

Dcvemher  28,  IBGIl. 

8ii{:  As  the  otlieer  in  command  of  the  Confederate  States  ship  Tuscaloosa,  tender 
'0  tlie  Confederate  States  steamer  Alabanni,  I  have  to  reccnd  my  protest  against  the 
fecfiiit  extraordinary  measures  which  have  been  adopted  toward  me  and  the  vessel 
miller  my  command  by  the  Hritish  authorities  of  this  colony. 


I; 

ft:. 

I 


tf\ 


British  Appendix,  vol.  ii,  p.  323. 


476 


ARBITUATION    A'l'    (iENKVA. 


i 


1^  i 


III  Aiijiiist  last  tlif  Tiisciiloosii  aiiivtiil  in  Siinou's  IJay.  Slic  was  not,  only  riMduni/,.,; 
ill  tli«>  character  wliicli  she  lawtiilly  cliiinis  to  lie,  viz.  a  cdininissiontMl  ship  of  war  lir- 
loiijiiii;i;  to  a  ltt'lliii(!rt'nt  jtowcr,  but  was  aMov.iMl  to  remain  in  the  harbor  I'm  Mie  pcrioil 
of  wvcn  days,  taitiiifi  in  supplies  anil  cU'iH'tina:  repairs,  wit ii  X\w  tiiil  know  ltn|M;c  and 
sanction  of  tin^  antinti'ities. 

No  intimation  was  <>iven  that  nIhi  was  rcjiariled  merely  in  the  liy;ht-  of  an  ordinaiv 
])ri/,e,  or  that  she  was  consi(ler»!(l  to  Ix^  violating?  tlie.  hiws  of  m-ntrality.  Xoi',  wiiin 
slie  notorionsly  left  for  a  crnisi!  on  aetiv(^  service,  was  any  intimation  whatever  cini 
veyed  that  on  her  I'etnrn  to  the  jiort  of  a  friendly  j)ower,  wlu-re  sll(^  had  Iteen  received 
as  a.  nian-ot'-war.  she  wonld  he  re;farded  as  a  '•  prize,''  as  a  violator  ol'  the  (Queen's  pnic- 
laination  of  mnitrality.  and  <'onse((nently  liable  to  seiznre.  Misled  liy  the  condiii'f  ol' 
Her  Majesty's  j^ovei'iimmit,  I  retnrneil  to  Siinou's  IJ  i  v  on  th;'  "Jitli  instant,  in  vnv 
iirjient  want  of  repairs  and  snpi)lies :  to  my  snrjirise  I  liml  the  'I'nscaloosa  is  now  nn 
lon,ner  considered  as  a  man-of-war,  and  she  has,  by  yoni'orders,  as  I  learn,  been  seized  for 
the  pnrpose  of  beini;-  handed  over  to  the  person  who  claims  hei'  on  Itehalf  of  hei-  laie 
owners. 

Tlie  (diaracfor  of  the  vesscd,  viz,  that  of  a  lawful  commissioned  inan-of-wai'  of  tlir 
Confederate  States  of  America,  has  not  been  altered  since  her  first,  arrival  in  Simon's 
Hay;  and  she  havinj;'  been  once;  fnlly  reco^fiiized  by  th<^  lirilish  anthoiititis  in  (Mnniiiand 
in  this  colony,  and  no  luitice  or  wai'ninj>'  of  chan<;(!  of  opinion  or  of  t'rieiidly  feeling 
havinjj;  been  commnnicated  by  (inblic  notilication  or  otherwise,  I  wascntitled  to  e\[iect 
to  bo  au,ain  perinitti  <1  to  (Mitttr  Simon's  l>ay  withont  molestation. 

In  jterfect  f>-ood  faith  I  retnrned  to  Simon's  Hay  I'or  mere  necessaries,  and  in  all  lionm 
and  {rood  faith  in  rctnrn  I  shonld,  on  clian<;eof  opinion  or  of  policy  on  the  jiart  ol'  llie 
]$ritish  anthorities,  have  been  desired  to  leave  tlu!  port  aj^aiii. 

l?ni.  by  the  coarse  of  jn'occedinns  taken,  I  have  been  (snpposinj;  the.  view  now  taken 
l)y  yonr  exctdlen<'y's  j«;overnnM'nt  to  be  correct)  lirst  misled,  and  next  entrapjied. 

My  ]M)sition  and  (diaracter  of  in,v  ship  will  most  certaiidy  be  vindicated  l)y  my  yjov- 
crnment.  lam  jiowerless  to  resist  the  alliont  offered  to  the  Confcdorato  States  of 
America  by  yonr  exccdlency's  condnct  ami  ]n'0(.-eedinj;s, 

I  demand,  however,  the  ridease  of  my  ship;  and,  if  this  demand  be  not  prouiptl> 
comidicd  with.  1  hendiy  formally  jirotest  aj^.iinst  lii'r  seiznre.  especially  iinih-r  the  very 
]teciiliar  circumstances  of  the  case.' 

Upon  tliis  proceed i  11  <>■  being  reported  to  the  s'ovtnninent  at  home,  llie 
o])inion  of  the  hiw-ollieer.s  \va.s  iij>iiiii  taken.  It  was  felt  tliiit  what  liad 
heen  done  eoiild  not  l»e  properly  npheUl.  It  was  obviously  one  thinjjito 
hiivo  seized  the  Tuscaloosa  on  the  former  occasion,  as  a  prize  broiij^'lit 
into  a  jxirt  of  her  ller  ^lajesty ;  a  very  different  thinj;',  after  she  had 
been  treated  as  a  ship  of  war,  and  allo\ve<l  to  jt'o  free,  to  let  her  come 
afjain  into  port  in  the  like  character  without  notice  of  any  hostile  inten- 
tion, and  then  to  seize  and  ])ractieidly  condemn  her.  A.ssnminj;' — of 
Avhicli,  however,  I  must  say  I  entertain  very  serious  doubts — the  ri;;lit 
and  jiower  of  the  ^'overnment  to  take  such  a  course,  it  savors  too  nuu'li 
of  i)ertidy  to  be  a  course  which  Her  ^lajesty's  j>overnment  couhl  pursue 
with  a  due  rej>"iird  to  honor  and  good  faith.  Orders  were  therefore  sent 
out  by  the  secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies  "  to  restore  the  vessel  to 
the  lieutenant  of  the  Confederate  States  who  hitely  commanded  hor; 
or,  if  he  should  have  left  the  Cape,  then  to  retain  her  until  she  can  be 
handed  over  to  .some  jier.sou  who  may  liave  authority  from  Ctiptain 
Semines,  of  the  Alabama,  or  from  the  government  of  the  Confederate 
states,  to  receive  her."^ 

The  order  to  restore  this  vessel  has  been  retiected  upon  iu  the  case  of 
the  United  States-/'  but  I  cannot  but  tiiink  that  the  decision  come  toby 
the  government  was',  under  the  circumstances,  perfectly  right;  not  only 
for  the  reason  assigned,  but  also  because,  whatever  might  have  been  tlie 
power  of  the  British  government  to  seize  this  vessel  while  still  retain- 
ing the  character  of  a  prize,  she  had  now  been  invested  with  that  of  a 
vessel  of  war  belonging  to  ii  belligerent,  and  was  therefore  no  longer 
amenable  to  the  municipal  jurisdiction. 

'  Hritisb  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  W'iW. 
^  Ibid.,  p.  1542. 
•  Page  273. 


nPNlONS    OF    SIR    ALKXANMKU    COCKMUKN. 


477 


Tlie  (juestion  is,  however,  of  no  practical  importance  whatsoever. 

The  Tuscah)osa  never  was  delivere«l  np.  Lieutenant  Low  having;'  lett 
the  Cape  when  tlie  order  of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle  came  out,  she  re- 
mained in  the  custody  of  the  h)cal  authorities  till  tlie  end  of  the  war, 
and  was  then  delivered  up  to  the  United  States.  No  claim  of  danuiges 
can  arise,  therefore,  with  re}>ard  to  her  in  this  respe(!t.' 

A  serious  question  of  law,  however,  iiresents  itself  in  respect  of  what- 
soever dania<>e  may  have  been  done  by  the  Tuscaloosa,  while  crnising; 
in  the  interval  between  her  leavinji'  the  Cape  and  her  return  to  it.  This 
liability  maj'^  be  asserted  on  two  j^rounds:  lirsr,  it  maybe  said  that, 
tlie  Alabanni  havinj>-  been  enabled  to  make  war  on  the  commerce  of  the 
United  States  throujih  the  want  of  due  dili}»enceon  the  pait  of  the  Urit- 
ish  }»overnment,  and  the  Tuscaloosa  haviii};'  been  taken  by  the  Alabama 
and  coaverted  into  a  shii)of  war  employed  in  the  same  warfare,  the  ais- 
chief  done  by  her  must  be  looke<l  upon  as  the  conserpience  of  such 
original  default  of  the  government,  and  must  be  answiMcd  for  accord- 
ingly ;  a  proposition  obviously  involving  very  serious  consc(|nences,  as 
leading  to  a  liability  of  a  most  extensive  and  uidimited  charaiiter. 
Secondly,  it  may  be  said  that  the  Tuscaloosa  ought  to  have  been  seized 
and  delivered  up  to  her  original  owners,  when  first  found  at  the  Cape, 
and  that  the  British  government  must,  as  having  allowed  her  to  go  free, 
be  held  liable  for  any  damag(^  afterward  done  by  her.  J  Jut  this  argu- 
ment, of  course,  assumes,  lirst,  that  the  government  had  the  jiower  and 
right  to  seize  this  vessel ;  secondly,  that  it  was  under  any  obligation  to 
do  so  ;  thirdly,  that  if  such  an  obligation  existed,  it  rendered  the  gov- 
ernment liable  to  do  more  than  comi)ensate  the  original  owners,  and  in- 
volved them  in  liability  toward  the  United  States  GovernuuMit. 

The  question,  thougii  of  some  legal  interest,  is  otherwise  butof  snniU 
importance  by  reason  of  the  very  small  amount  of  damage  done  by  this 
vessel.  On  the  whole  I  am  ilisposed  to  think,  though  not  without  some 
doubt  as  to  whether  the  damage  may  not  be  too  remote  to  found  a  legal 
liability,  that  the  mischief  done  by  the  Tuscaloosa  being  the  direct  con- 
sequence of  the  Ciiuipment  of  the  Alabama,  on  the  princii)lc  that 
"omne  accessarium  seqnitur  suum  principale,''  those  who  are  answer- 
able for  the  one  must  be  answerable  also  for  the  other.  1  ac<]uiesce, 
therefore,  in  the  decision  of  the  rest  of  the  tribunal  in  respect  of  this 
vessel. 

OASE   OF   THE   (iEOKGlA. 

The  case  of  the  deorgia  is  one  in  which  not  even  the  <lesire  to  establish 
sreat  principles  of    neutrality  at   the  expense  of  (Ireat 
Britain  can,  as  it  api)ears  to  me,  find  r-iatter  on  which  to 
toand  a  charge  of  want  of  due  diligence. 

This  vessel  was  built  at  Dumbarton,  on  the  Clyde,  and  was  evidently 
originally  intended  as  a  blockade-runner,  which  may  account  for  the  in- 
teresting fact,  thrice  repeated  in  the  American  ease  and  argunu>nt,  that 
slie  was  christened  by  a  young  huly,  the  daughter  of  Captain  North, 
who  was  in  some  way  connecteil  with  the  insurgent  service. 

The  Georgia  was  evidently  not  constructed  as  a  vessel  of  war,  thougli 
afterward  applied  to  that  purpose.  The  vigilance  of  the  government 
having  been  aroused  by  the  escape  of  thi  Florida  and  the  Alabama,  the 
building  of  ships  of  war  for  the  confederate  service  had  become  a  mat- 
ter of  extreme  difficulty,  and  recourse  was  had  to  the  contrivance  of 
converting  ships,  originally  built  as  blockade-runners,  into  vessels  of 
war. 


V  ■ 


I 


1  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  363. 


47S 


AlilUTKATlON    AT    (iKNHNA. 


She  was  r«'j;ist(Me(l  on  tlio  -*()tli  of  Clinch,  18r>;>,  as  the  property  of  a 
Mr.  Tlioinas  l>oUl,  a  iiicrcliaiit  of  Liverpool,  on  his  ilcchirjitioii  that  ht" 
Avas  the  sol(^  owner.'  Sh(^  was  advertised  at  the  Sailors'  Home  at  liiver- 
pool,  as  about  to  sail  for  Singapore;  seamen  were  enfjayed  for  iu-r  as 
bound  to  that  i)ort,  and  her  crew  sijjned  urticdes  for  a  voya}>e  to  Silica. 
pore,  or  any  internie<liate  port,  for  a  period  of  two  years,- 

()n  the  1st  of  A|)ril  this  vessel,  the  name  of  which  ha<l  been  ('liiin,i>('d 
to  the  elapan,  cleared  out  in  ballast  for  a  voyaj^e  to  Point  do  (jalle  and 
Ilonjj;'  Kony.'  IJer  crew,  the  number  of  which,  as  appears  from  tlic 
deposition  of  Thomas  .Mahon,  one  of  them,  was  about  iV>,'  but  wiiicli. 
accordiujn'  to  the  report  of  the  chief  olliirer  of  customs,  was  in  fact  IS. 
thouji'h  maj;nified  by  INIi'.  Dudley  into  70  or  80,'' havinjn'  been  hired  ar 
Liverpool  l)y  the  lirm  of  .lones  »!<:  Co.,  of  that  jihu'c.  were  sent  by 
steamer  to  the  ('lyde.  Tiu'y  had  shipped  for  a  two  years' voy a, i,'e  to 
!Sinj>apore,  there  and  back,  and  beyond  all  (piestion  had  shii)ped  in  tlic 
honest  belief  that  the  ship  was  bound  for  that  place.  The  vessel  sailed 
on  the  lM  of  April  from  (Jreenock,  but  appears  only  to  luive  dropped 
farther  down  the  ri\  er,  and  not  to  have  finally  left  till  the  (Jth  or  Ttli. 
3Ir.  Dudley,  on  the  -Jil  of  April,  writing  to  ."Mr.  S«'ward  on  the  subje(;t  ot 
this  vessel,  adds: 

Sly  lu'lifl'  is  that  slic  ltcl()iij;is  to  tin-  ('onft'dcratcs,  iiiiil  is  to  bo  coiivorted  into  ;i 
privatcfi-;  i|iiit(!  likely  to  ciiiisf  in  tlie  East  Imlii-s,  as  Mr.  Yoiinij,  tlio  juiyiuastiM'  from 
tli<^  AlaliaiiKi,  tells  me  it  lias  always  hecn  a  favorite  idea  of  Mr.  Mallory,  ihe  secrctiiry 
of  the  eoiifeilerate  navy,  to  send  a  ]irivateer  in  these  waters.  I  sent  a  man  from  here 
to  (ilasyow  to  aeeompany  these  men,  to  endeavor  to  tind  out  tho  (h'stimition  of  tiie 
vessel,  iVe.  He  has  not  \h'vi\  sneeessfnl  yet  in  his  etl'orts.  IK*  has  hotiii  on  hoard,  and 
writes  that  she  has  no  armament,  and  he  is  still  there  watehinj;  luir.  I  liav(»  directed 
him,  hefore  he  retnrns,  to  visit  the  yarfls  in  the  Clyde,  and  to  <ro  down  lo  .Stockton  iind 
IJarth'ittxd.' 

From  a  letter  from  ^h:  Adams  to  Mr.  Seward,  of  the  !>th,  it  ajtpeais 
that  that  gentleman  "  ha<l  long  been  in  i)ossession  of  information  about 
the  construction  and  outtit  of  this  vessel  in  the  Cly<le  ;  but,"  he  adds. 
"  nothing  has  ever  been  furnished  me  of  a  nature  te  ba.se  proceeduigs 
ui)on."'  Neither  had  there  betin,  a.ssuredly,  up  to  this  time,  anything 
which  would  have  Justified  Mr.  Adams  in  applying  to  Her  Majesty's 
government  to  seize  this  vessel,  or  the  goveriuneut  iu  .seizing  her. 

The  meiisuring  surveyor,  who  had  surveyed  her  on  the  ITtli  of 
Januar3',  and  hatl  been  on  botird  on  two  subsetjuent  occasions  for  the 
purpose  of  completing  his  survey,  stated  that  she  "appeared  to  him  to 
be  intended  for  commercial  purposes,  her  framework  and  plating  being 
of  the  ordinary  size  for  vessels  of  her  class.""  The  collector  of  customs, 
upon  an  imiuiry  being  afterward  directed  by  the  government,  re 
ported : 

I  hiivo  ([uestionfid  tlio  oHisior  who  jmifornis  tido-snrveyor's  duty  iitio.at,  and  wlm 
visitixl  licr  on  the  evening  of  the  1st  instant,  to  see  that  the  stores  were  correct.  He 
informs  me  he  saw  nothing'  on  hoard  wiiicli  could  lead  him  to  Hiispecb  that  she  was 
intended  for  war  purposes.  I  can  testify  that  she  was  not  heavily  sparred;  indeed. 
she  could  not  spread  more  canvas  than  an  ordinary  merchant-steamer.  I  beg  to  adii. 
when  the  tide-snrv<'yor  was  on  board,  the  joiners  were  fitting  doors  to  tfio  caljins." 

The  vessel  left  ostensibly  for  the  purpose  of  trying  her  engines,  and 

an  intention  was  professed  of  returning  to  land  the  joiners  who  were 

on  board. 


'  British  Ai)peudix,  vol.  1,  p.  424. 

■=H)id.,  p.  4-i(!. 

« H)id.,  p.  404. 

Mbid.,  p.  4i:{. 

'•  United  States  Documents,  vol.  vi,  p.  .')09. 

"United  States  Documents,  vol.  ii,  p.  6,57. 

'  British  Ap|)endix,  vol.  1,  p.  404. 

*  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  404. 


OPINK^NS    l)F    SIR    ALKXANDKR    COCKFUUX. 


47 1> 


lint  while  thus  leaving  in  the  «lis'>uise  of  a  peawt'iil  mcrcliant- vessel 
tr.vin;jf  its  eiijjiiK's,  tlic  Ja|>;iii  was  intcinkMl  to  luM'inivtutiuI  into  a  ship 
of  war,  and  was  not  to  rctnrn  to  (Jn'cnoclv.  When  slu;  fi'ot  well  away 
from  (Ireenoek,  the  joiners,  who  had  been  fitting"  np  (;al)in-(loors  when 
.she  left,  were  employed  to  fit  ni>a  mau'.i/ine,  and  were  afterwai'd  landetl 
lower  down  in  the  Clyde.  Up  to  this  time  no  information  had  been 
furnished,  or  eommnnieation  made,  to  Her  Majesty's  <:overnnient  on  the 
subjeet  of  this  vessel. 

ilaviiin-  leit  the  Cly<le,  the  ,lai)an  proceeded  to  the  eoast  of  l"'ranee, 
where,  as  we  kiu)w,  she  was  joined  by  the  small  steamer  Alar,  whi(d» 
bronj^ht  ont  ti>  Ucr  her  armament  of  ••iins  and  mnnitions  of  war. 

Let  na  panse  here  for  a  moment  to  see  whether,  tlins  far,  theie  was 
uiiythinf?  in  respect  of  whi(;h  ne^nliyeiu'e  eonld  be,  with  the  slightest 
show  of  reason,  impnt.'d  to  Ifer  Majesty's  j^overnment. 

It  is  certain  that,  thonj;h  the  attention  of  Mr.  Underwood,  the  United 
States  eonsnl  at  (Jlasjiow,  had  been  for  some  time  lixed  on  this  vessel, 
there  was  nothinj;'  on  which  it  was  thon'^ht  that  the  action  of  the  i^ov- 
ernment  conld  be  invoked. 

It  is  said,  indeed,  in  the  ar^'ninent  of  the  United  States,  that  the 
reason  was  that  \io,  "had  not  and  could  not,  with  his  means  of  informa- 
tion, prodnce  '  sneh  (evidence  as  wonid  snpport  an  indictment  for  tiis- 
tleineanor  ;'  and  nothin;;'  short  of  that,  Mr.  Adams  had  been  informe<l 
ill  the  Jnly  inevioiis,  wonId,  in  the  opinion  of  the  solicitor  of  the  customs 
at  London,  fnrnish  'jnstiliabic  {«ronn(l  of  sei/nre.'"'  Jiut,  whatever 
inij^ht  have  been  said  in  the  precedinj;  Jidy,  at  tliis  time  there  was 
overythin';  to  enconi'aiie  Mr.  Adams,  if  he  had  possessed  any  Ki'oimd 
for  askinj"'  for  the  interi»osition  of  the  g^vernn^ent,  to  take  that  ('onrse. 
Daring-  the  last  three  months  he  had  made  rei)resentations  to  the  British 
Sovernment  on  the  snbject  of  three  ditleivnt  vess<'ls,  the  (Jeor^^iana, 
the  Phantom,  and  the  Southerner,  in  regard  to  which,  at  the  time  of  his 
tirst  commnnicatio!!,  he  had  no  evidence  to  jiiodnce  beyond  the  state- 
ments or  suspicions  of  the  United  States  consul  at  London  or  Liver- 
pool ;  and  inquiries  had  been  instantly  made  in  each  case,  and  in  rejfard 
to  the  latter  two  vessels,  Mr.  Adams  was  writing  at  this  very  time 
(April  G)  to  express  his  satisfaction  at  the  steps  which  had  been  taken.' 
He  was,  moreover,  in  correspondence  with  Earl  Russell  on  the  subject 
of  another  vessel,  the  Alexandra,  which  was  seized  on  the  oth  April  by 
order  of  the  government,  a  fact  of  which  he  was  informed  on  the  same 
•lay,  and  at  which  ho  also  wrote  to  testify  his  "  lively  satisfaction."-' 
He  knew,  too,  that  on  no  better  authority  than  public  leiwrt,  the  gov- 
ermnent  had  of  themselves  instituteil  an  inipiiry  in  the  month  of  March 
with  a  view  to  ascertaining  whether  vessels  of  war  were  being  built  at 
(ilasgow  for  the  confederates,  the  result  of  which  impiiry  had  been  com- 
niunicated  tohim  on  the21st  of  March.''  The  reason  why  Mr.  Adams 
made  no  communication  to  the  Government  relative  to  this  vessel  was, 
as  he  expressly  stated  when  writing  to  Mv.  Seward  three  days  later  thaa 
the  date  of  the  vessel's  departure,  that  "  nothing  had  been  furnished 
to  him  of  a  nature  to  base  proceedings  ni)on." 

Upon  what,  then,  can  any  charge  of  negligence  against  Her  Majesty's 
government  be  founded  in  respect  of  this  vessel  ?  Simply  upon  the  old 
allegation  of  the  notoriety  of  the  fact  that  it  was  being  lifted  out  as  a 
vessel  of  war  for  the  service  of  the  confederate  government.  And  how 
is  this  notoriety  attempted  to  be  established  f    Solely  by  an  anonyujous 

'  British  Appeudix,  vol.  ii,  p.  71. 

2  Ibid.,  p.  2;n. 

^  Uuited  States  Documents,  vol.  ii,  p.  203. 


'\vu 


480 


ARHITKATION    AT    (iKXKVA. 


lettor,  pnipoitinj''  to  ho  addressed  to  Lord  I'iiliiK'iston,  pnldislu'd  in  tli(> 
Daily  News  of  the  lUtli  of  Fehriiary,  l,S(i;{,  in  \vlii(!!i  the  vessel  is  spoken 
of.'  lli(!  letter  is  a  very  loiij?  one,  and  not.  written  in  a  style  to  eoiniuMiid 
mueh  attention,  the  chanj^es  heing  run<;' on  "pirates''  and  "  slavdiold- 
ers''  in  a  very  sensational  style.  Tiie  prohahility  is,  that  this  JcttiT 
was  never  seen  hy  any  of  Ilcr  Majesty  ministers;  still  more  so  that, 
if  it  was,  it  was  not  read  thronfih.  Jf  it  is  meant  to  he  sny-^ested  that 
the  anthor  was  writinjf  npon  facts  notorions  t«)  the  world,  and  not  from 
liis  own  private  sources  of  knovvledj;e,  it  is  only  necessary  to  tarn  to 
tlm  letter  to  see  that  this  coidd  not  have  heen  .so.  The  writer  is  jicrson 
ally  familiar  with  the  whole  snhject  of  vessels  hnilt  for,  or  in  thi>  in- 
terest of,  the  confederates,  and  was  donhtless  some  oflicial  connected 
with  the  United  States.  Hut  what  form  did  the  notoriety,  of  whieh  this 
anonymous  writer  was  the  orjjan,  take  in  respect  of  the  tlapan,  after- 
ward the  (ieor{»ia  ?  Did  it  treat  her  as  a  vessel  of  war,  as  the  passa<i'es 
in  the  American  case  and  argument  wotdd  lead  us  to  suppose?  Not 
so.  ller  destination  was  expected  to  be  of  an  humbler  kin<l — that  of  a 
blockade-runner.  This  is  what  is  said  by  "  Ammynious"  res[»ectiii;;' 
this  vessel : 

Mr.  Pot<'r  Itcniiy,  of  Diiiiil>Mrtoii,  liiisconstiiicU'd  two  line,  scrcw-slciniicrs.  'I'licy  an' 
lyini;  in  tlw  Cly<Ie.  Kcport,  of  a  soniowlnil  iintiiciitic  lvin(l,wiiys  one  of  tlicni  i.s  partly 
owned  by  tiie  "  Cliincse"  and  partly  by  individuals  at  Nastsan,  New  rnividenic.  It  i.s 
]inblicly  annonneod  that  slio  is  soon  to  be  employed  on  the  line  between  Nassau  ami 
Charleston.  Her  name,  is  the  Nirjiinia.  The  term  "  Chinesis"  is  in  general  ii.se  in  llu^ 
buiUlinj^-yards  of  the  Clyde  and  the  Mersey  to  desii.jiiale  the  confederates,  and  the 
"  Knijieror  of  China"  lias  no  other  si;;niticatioii,  in  this  connection,  than  to  personify 
.letferson  Davis.  The  "  Chinese"  have  hetin  .strivin;?  vtM'y  hard  to  jiurehase  tiie  sistci- 
vessel  to  tin)  Vir<;inia,  tliron<;h  one  of 'their  aj^ents  at  Liver[iool,  but  Mr.  ]>i'iiiiy  liiiilt 
and  lost  the,  Memiihis,  and  ho  itMiuircs  the  "Celestials"  to  pay  cash  down  before  lie 
parts  with  his  piopeity.- 

It  need  hardly  be  pointed  out  tiiat,  beino-  "  employed  on  aline,"  with 
reference  to  a  vessel,  means  bein}>-  emi)loyed  in  carryinjif  floods  or  pas- 
seiifjers  backward  and  forward  between  two  or  more  given  places. 

Tliere  was,  therefore,  nothing  in  this  letter,  any  more  than  in  the  facts, 
to  lead  to  any  supposition  on  tne  part  of  the  government  that  the  Jiii>aii 
Avas  intended  for  a  ship  of  war. 

lint  let  us  follow  the  vessel.  Having  left  the  Clyde,  the  Japan  first 
made  towards  the  Isle  of  ]Man,  then  suddeidy  changed  her  course,  and 
went  north,  through  the  North  Channel,  then  down  the  west  coast  of 
Ireland,  passe«l  Cape  Clear,  then  steered  eastward,  and  then  made 
straight  for  Ushant,  Ushant  light  being  the  lirst  light  sighted.  Siio 
then  kept  on  jiud  off  near  the  French  coast.^ 

In  the  mean  time  a  small  steamer  called  the  Alar,  of  Loudon,  having 
taken  the  armament  of  the  Georgia  on  board  at  Newhaven,  as  well  as 
some  twenty  to  thirty  men,  who  were  to  form  an  addition  to  her  crew, 
set  sail  from  Newhaven  on  the  5th  of  April,  having  cleared  out  for 
Alderney  and  iSt.  Malo.  Keeping  clear,  however,  of  both  these  places, 
she  steered  straight  for  the  west  coast  of  France ;  which,  however, 
owiug  to  accidents  which  happened  to  her  machinery,  she  did  not  reach 
till  Wednesday,  the  8th.  The  Georgia  was  then  sighted  far  away  to  the 
westward,  and  the  machinery  of  the  Alar  having  again  broken  down, 
the  former  vessel  came  and  took  her  in  tow,  and  took  her  iuto  the  nar- 
row passage  between  Ushant  and  the  main-land.  There  the  transsliip- 
meut  of  the  guns  and  niuuitions  of  the  Georgia  from  the  Alar  took 


'  United  States  Docuiuents,  vol.  vi,  p.  503. 

6  Ibid.,  vol.  vi,  p.  505. 

^  British  Appeudix,  vol.  i,  p.  412. 


oriNU^NS  ov  SIR  A)j:\anui:u  coi'Iviu'iin. 


481 


place,  tlio  whole  bciiis  liiially  lu'complished  by  tli'^  iillcnioon  of  Tliurs- 
(lay,  the  S)th,  when  theCJooryia  stoorloiit  to  sea,  while  tlu^  Alai'  rotnrnetl, 
but  licr  iiiachiuory  huvinj;  a;;alii  brokiMi  down,  .she  was  obliged  to  put 
into  IMy month.' 

Prior  to  the  Alar  partiiij;'  eoin])aiiy  with  the  (Jeorj^ia,  ii  Captain 
Lainont,  or  Dui)oiit,  who  had  (joiiio  out  i;i  the  Alar,  assumed  the  com- 
mand of  the  Georgia,  and,  haviiis  called  the  crew  together,  iulbrmcd 
them  that  the  vessel  was  not  bound  l"or  Singapore,  but  was  intended  for 
the  confederates  service,  to  "siidc,  burn,  and  <lestroy  vessels  belonging 
to  the  Uiutcd  States."  lie  then  propose<l  to  them  to  sign  articles  to 
servo  for  three  years.  Part  of  the  crew  agnsed  to  sign  articles  accord- 
ingly, but  some  seventeen  remsed,  v/ere  [taid  their  wages  then  <lue,  and 
returned  in  the  Alar. 

In  the  mean  time  Mr.  JJolan,  tins  collector  of  customs  at  Xewhaven, 
liiul,  the  day  after  the  Alar  left  Xewhaven,  v.'ritten  to  the  commission- 
ers of  customs  respecting  her: 

("i;sT.).M-II()USi;,  Xcwharcii,  Ai»-U  (!,  1SGI>. 

lloxoitAMi.i':  Sn:s  :  Tiio  sito.ajnsiiip  Alar,  oC  li?)ii(Ioi),  S.')  tons,  owikmI  by  If.  1'.  ;^[ill)l^s, 
mailed  on  Hiiiulay  ni(triiiii<>-,  .")th  iiistimt,  iit  'Z  ii.  in.,  lioiiiul,  accordinmto  tin!  ship's  pupov.s, 
viz,  tli(i  accompanying  content,  lur  Aldcrm-y  jmd  St.  Mnlo.  On  Saturday,  at  nii(lni<j;ht, 
lliiity  jn(ni,  twenty  oi'  whom  appeared  to  \w  IJritish  sailors,  ten  nujclianics,  arrived  by 
train.  Three  gentlemen  accompanied  tliem — Mr.  Lewis,  of  Ahlcriiey,  Mr.  Ward,  anil 
.Mr.  Jones.  The  men  appeared  to  bo  ignorant  of  their  ])rcciso  destination  ;  somo  said 
tboy  were  to  get  jC'<JO  each  l')r  the  trip.  A  man,  rather  hime,  superintended  them. 
Shortly  after  miduijjht  a  man  arrived  from  Brif;;hton  on  lior.-iebaek,  with  ii  telej^ram, 
which,  for  purposes  of  secrecy,  had  been  sent  there,  and  not  to  Newhavcn,  it  is  sus- 
pected. Mr.  Staniforth,  the  ajjent,  replied  to  my  inquiries  this  morning  that  the  Alar 
hiid  mur.itions  of  war  on  board,  and  that  they  were  consigned  by  -to 

;i  Mr.  Lewis,  of  Aldernoy.  His  answers  were  brief,  and  with  reserve,  leaving  no  doubt 
on  my  mind,  nor  on  the  minds  of  any  hero,  that  the  thirty  men  and  munitions  of  war 
aro  destined  for  transfer  at  sea  to  somo  second  Alabama.  The  i»rivato  telegram  to 
iJiighton  intimattnl,  very  probably,  having  becMi  reserved  for  tlio  last  hour,  where  that 
vessel  would  bo  fonud.  Whether  the  slu|nncnt  of  the  men,  who  all  appeared  to  bo 
British  subjects,  can,  if  it  should  bo  hereafter  proved  that  they  have  been  transferred 
to  a  Federal  or  confederate  vessel,  bo  held  as  an  infringement  of  the  foreign-enlistment 
;ict,  and  whether  the  clcaianco  of  the  Alar,  if  hereafter  proved  to  bo  untrue,  can  render 
tlio  master  ameuablo  under  the  custom.s-consolidation  act,  is  for  your  consideration  re- 
spectfully submitted. 

K.  J.  DOLAN,  Collector." 

Thus,  Aldcrney  was  sui)poscd  to  be  the  place  to  which  the  Alar  had 
ijone.  Similar  information  appears  to  hav<)  reached  Mr.  Adams,  though 
we  are  not  informed  from  what  quarter.  On  the  8th  of  April  he  writes 
to  Earl  Eu.ssell : 

Lkgation  of  thk  UNn-Ki)  Si      .s,  London,  April  8, 1SC3. 

MvLonD:  From  information  received  at  this  legation,  which  appears  cntiHed  to 
credit,  I  am  compelled  to  the  painful  conclusion  that  a  stoam-vessel  has  just  departed 
from  the  Clyde  with  tho  intent  to  depredate  on  the  commcrco  of  tho  people  of  tho 
United  States.  She  passed  there  nndcr  tho  name  of  tho  Japan,  but  is  since  believed 
to  have  assumed  the  name  of  tho  Virginia.  Her  immediate  destination  ia  the  island 
of  Alderney,  where  it  is  supposed  she  may  yet  be  at  this  moment.  A  small  steamer 
called  the  Alar,  belonging  to  Newhaven,  and  commanded  by  Henry  P.  Maples,  has  been 
loaded  with  a  large  supply  of  guns,  shells,  shot,  powder,  &c.,  intended  for  the  equip- 
ment of  the  Virginia,  and  is  (jither  on  the  way  or  has  arrived  there.  It  is  further  al- 
leged that  a  considerable  number  of  British  subjects  have  been  enlisted  at  J-iivorpool, 
mid  sent  to  serve  on  board  this  cruiser. 

Shoald  it  be  yet  in  the  power  of  Her  Majesty's  government  to  institute  somo  inquiry 
into  the  nature  of  these  proceedings,  in  season  to  establish  their  character,  if  innocent, 
or  to  pnt  a  stop  to  them,  if  criminal,  I  feel  sure  that  it  would  be  removing  a  heavy 
burden  of  anxiety  from  the  minds  of  iny  countrymen  in  the  United  States. 
I  pray,  &c., 

CHARLES  FRANCIS  ADAMS.« 


31  B 


»  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  pp.  409,  412. 

^  Blank  in  original. 

'  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  405. 


m 


1:1: 


0: 

Ii; 


I 


482 


AUmTUAIIOX    Al     (JKNKVA. 


m 


m 


This  \v;i.s  the*  lir.st  coiiimuiiicutioii  it'ct'iN cd  h.y  tlio  jjfovcniiiu'iit  on  the 
subject  of  this  nhip.     Not  a  momont  was  lost  by  tho  jijovcrmntMit  in  in 
Htitutinpf  inquiries,  and  a  lottei'  was  dispatcliod  tho  same  day  to  the 
licutcnant-fjovernor  of  (Jucrnsoy,  Mji.jorOoncral  JSladc,  from  tlio  homo 
otliee,  to  wliose  doimrtincnt  the  Cliannel  Islands  belong : 

WllITKIIAI.I,,  .ipril  ri,  iMi;;!, 

Sili:  I  am  directed  by  .^ir  (icoint-  Orcy  to  tiaiisinit  to  yon  liennvitli,  as  locoivcd 
tlirongli  tlir  fon'i};n  ollloc,  a  copy  of  a  letter  from  tlio  I'nitetl  States  iniiiiMter  ut  tliiN 
court,  reHpectiiiK  11  steain-vesHel  iiamtMl  oitlier  the  Japan  or  the  Vir^jinia,  reported  to 
have  h'ft  tho  Clyde  for  Aldern»!y,  where  nlie  is  to  rceeivo  on  board  an  annanumt  con- 
voyed to  that  island  by  a  small  steamer,  the  Alar,  liehiii)j;injj[  to  Newhaven,  and  is  to 
1)0  eventnully  omployed  in  hostilities  ajiainst  tho  Ignited  States;  ami  I  ant  to  retpiMt 
that  yon  will  ninko  innnediute  intpiiry  into  the  trnth  of  the  allo<,'ations  e<nitained  in 
that  connnnnication. 

I  have  to  call  your  attention  to  the  statnti;  .V.l  Geo.  JII,  ca)>.  (ii'.  .Section  seven  ap- 
pears to  1)0  applicable  to  tliis  case  if  tho  information  which  has  been  yiveii  to  tln^ 
minister  of  tho  I'nited  States  of  America  should  turn  out  to  b(^  correit.  In  that  caw 
tho  law-ollicers  of  the  (Jrowu  should  be  instructed  to  take,  without  <lolay,  the  proixT 
]>rocoedinj;s  authorized  by  the  law  of  Aldern(\v,  to  enlbrcHi  tlie  ])ro\isions  of  tiie  act  in 
question,  and  the  olliccrs  of  customs  may  ])»■  (.iillcd  upon  to  assist,  if  necessary. 

Sir  (jicorge  (Ji'cy  will  bo  filad  to  bo  intnrnied  (-{'  the  result  of  tlic  iiKiuiry,  and  of  au\ 
stcjis  that  may  be  t.'iken  in  <'onse<|Ucnce. 
I  have.  Ac, 

JJ.  WADDINGTON. 

On  receipt  of  this  letter,  (Jeueral  kSIade  iiniiiediately  sent  a  ship  oi 
■war  to  Alderney;  but  as  neither  the  ,lap;in  nor  the  Alar  had  ,yone  tn 
Alderney,  of  course  neither  of  them  was  to  bo  I'ound  there. 

I  should  ha\c  thouj^ht  it  dillicidt  under  tiiese  circumstances  to  raise  <iii 
accusation  of  negligence  against  llerlMnjesty's  government.  Xevertlu' 
less,  the  government  are  charged  in  the  American  case  with  neglect  in 
not  having,  on  receipt  of  Mr.  Adams's  letter  of  tlu?  <Sth,  dispatched  ships 
of  war  from  Portsmouth  and  riymonth  to  seize  the  two  vessels.  "Tlic 
sailing  and  the  destination,"'  it  is  said,  "  were  so  notorious  as  to  be  tlii' 
subject  of  newspaper  comment."-  A  single  newspaper,  the  Liverpo'' 
Journal  of  Commerce,  of  April  0,  i.s  referred  to  in  support  of  this  assi . 
tion.  I  turn  to  it,  and  I  find  it  there  stated,  indeed,  that  the  vessel  had 
sailed,  but  "for  «?i/iH07«i<;7c.s'/Mjf//?'o)j,s\'''  The  only  direction,  therefore,  given 
to  the  government  inquiry  was  Alderney.  To  that  island  it  is  said  to 
Lave  been  incumbent  on  the  government  to  send  ships  of  warfrom  rorts- 
moutli  and  Plymouth,  because  "Alderney  and  the  Channel  Islands  were 
on  the  route  to  St.  Malo  a7id  Brest :  and  it  is  not  at  all  probable, 
scarcely  possible,  that  the  Alar  and  the  Georgia  would  not  have  been  (lis- 
covered."^  There  is  in  this  statement  a  geographical  confusion  pardon 
able  only  in  parties  writing  from  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic.  Brest 
and  St.  Malo  are  on  different  sides  of  the  French  coast,  and  at  least  one 
hundred  and  tlfty  miles  apart,  and  according  as  a  vessel  was  bound  to 
the  one  or  the  other,  she  Avould  steer  a  totally  different  course.  But 
still  more  startling  is  the  statement  that  Alderney  and  the  Channel 
Islands  would  have  been  in  the  course  of  a  vessel  coming  round  the 
west  coast  of  Ireland,  and  bound  for  Ushant  and  the  northwest  part  of 
the  French  coast,  as  the  Georgia  undoubtedly  was.  To  a  vessel  comingj 
round  Cape  Clear,  and  intending  to  make  lier  way  towards  the  Bay  of 
Biscay,  or  to  stand  out  into  the  Atlantic,  Alderney  would  have  beeiij 
from  two  hundred  and  fifty  to  three  hundred  miles  out  of  her  way ! 

Independently  of  the  absurdity  of  supposing  that  the  Georgia  wouW 


'  llntiuli  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  4U1. 
-  Case  of  the  United  States,  p.  398. 
■  United  States  Documents,  vol.  ii.  p. 
•  Amoriciui  Case,  pp.  ;?i»'^,  '-VM. 


CAM*. 


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Ol'IMONS    i)V    Sill    ALKaANDEK    COCKIUKN. 


48:$ 


nimont  on  the 
>rnmont  in  in 
inic  day  to  the 
iioin  tliti  home 

M.,  .Ipiilr^mYX 
cwith,  iiH  lec'oivnl 
'H  ininiHtcr  ut  UiIn 
•jjiniii,  ropoittd  tu 
nn  arniiiuuiut  con- 
rthivv«'ii,  and  is  to 
11(1  I  am  to  r«'(|U('si 
tioiiH  coiitaiiitiil  in 

.Section  stn'cu  t\\>- 
bciMi  given  to  the 
rieet.  In  that  raw 
t  tlolay,  tl»i>  \m)\w: 
isioiis  of  the  aet  in 
f  ueeeHsary. 
iKiniiy,  anil  oi'  ;iii\ 

kVADDlNliTON. 

StMlt  Jl  shil)  01 
.liir  liiid  J^'oiie  to 
lerc. 

ances  to  raise  an 
lent.    Xcvei'tho- 
:>  ^Yitll  neglect  in 
dispatcluHl  .sliips 
I-)  vessels.    "Tlif 
ions  as  to  be  tlio 
.,  the  Livcrpo"' 
oit of  this  assi . 
it  the  vessel  hnd 
tlierefore,  given 
md  it  is  said  to 
f  war  from  Torts- 
nel  Ishiuds  weio 
at  all  probable, 
ot  have  been  dis- 
onfusion  pardon 
Atlantic.    Brest 
and  at  least  one 
el  was  bound  to 
ent  course.    But 
and  the  Channel 
oming  round  the 
ortUwest  part  of 
0  a  vessel  coming 
ards  the  Bay  ot 
would  have  been 
of  her  way ! 
e  Georgia  woulu 


have  coinci  to  Ahleniey  at  all — more  especially  as  she  would  there  havo 
been  exposed  to  seizure,  as  being  in  a  British  i)ort,  if  any  suspicion 
should  liaveaiiscn  resiiectingherrealeharacter — when  it  was  much  easier 
for  lier  to  take  in  her  armament  off  the  French  coast,  I  must  express 
my  surprise  that  it  should  bo  deliberately  stated,  by  those  who  know 
that  she  never  went  to  or  near  Alderiu'y  at  all,  and  that  no  other  des- 
tination of  the  vessel  was  known  or  surmised,  to  which  shii)s  could  have 
been  sent  after  her,  that,  by  reason  that  Karl  Kussell,  "  instead  of  di- 
recting action  to  be  taken  by  the  navy,  directed  im|uiries  to  b«^  made 
by  the  treasury  and  home  ollice,  the  Georgia  escaped." 

Is  it  to  be  said  that  without  having  the  least  idea  of  any  other  desti- 
nation than  Aldorney,  the  government  were  to  send  shii)s  of  war  in 
nil  directions  in  (piest  of  two  vessels,  neither  of  which  could  i)ossibly  be 
known  to  any  ollicer  in  Jler  JMaJesty's  navy  '  l<]ven  had  the  spot  where 
the  two  vessels  were  to  meet  been  known,  it  would  sciircely  have  been 
possible  for  a  ship  from  JMymouth — mu(!li  less  from  Portsmouth,  which 
is  more  than  one  hujidred  miles  further  off— to  have  overtaken  them. 

The  letter  from  3rr.  Adams  was  not  written  till  the  Sth,  and  would 
appear,  from  ]\lr.  llammomrs  letter  to  that  gentleman  of  the  same  date, 
to  have  been  received  in  the  afternoon  of  that  day.  Had  instructions 
been  telegraidied  to  JMymouth  thatafternooji,  it  would  have  taken  some 
short  time  to  carry  the  orders  into  execution,  yteamships  are  not  ready 
to  start  at  live  minutes'  notice.  From  IMymoiith  to  IJshiuit  is  some 
one  huiulred  and  twenty  miles;  and,on  tlv!  !)th,  the  Georgia  had  left 
the  F'rench  coast  and  was  on  her  way  ui)cn  the  ocean.  But  tor  the 
delay  occasioned  by  the  breaking  down  of  the  Alur's  ipachinery  she 
would  have  been  gone  several  hours  soonei'. 

There  is  a  homely,  but  expressi\ , ,  I'Jnglisli  saying,  that  "  Any  stick 
serves  to  beat  a  dog  with,"  but  one  must  iiuve  a  most  determined  in- 
tention to  beat  the  creature  to  make  such  a  (;ase  ;is  this  a  ground  of 
complaint. 

It  has  been  sought  to  fix  the  British  government  with  the  responsi- 
bility for  damage  done  by  this  vessel  on  the  ground  that,  until  the  23d 
of  June,  Bold  continued  to  be  on  the  register  as  owner.  It  is  true  that 
it  was  not  until  this  date  that  Bold  informed  the  collector  of  customs 
that  he  had  parted  with  the  vessel,  and  returned  the  certiticate  of  reg- 
istry. No  such  consequence,  however,  as  is  contended  for,  at  all  follows. 
The  ownership  of  a  British  vessel  may  be  transferred,  though  the  evi- 
ilcnce  of  it,  as  afforded  by  the  register,  remains  incomplete;  and  it 
would  be  absurd  to  suppose  that  Mr.  Bold,  if  the  true  owner,  lent  his 
vessel  to  the  confederate  government,  or  failed  to  take  care  to  be  paid 
for  her  before  ho  parted  with  her.  Tlie  delay  in  canceling  the  registra- 
tion was,  no  doubt,  for  the  purpose  of  delaying  as  long  as  possible  the 
disclosure  of  the  real  transaction. 

Mr.  Squarej^,  the  Liverpool  solicitor  engaged  for  the  United  States, 

being  consulted  on  this  point,  gave  the  following  very  sensible  advice: 

It  docs  not  appear  to  ine  thcf  engagement  of  the  crew  can  bo  treated  as  an  offense 
against  the  act,  because  the  only  legal  contract  binding  upon  the  crew  was  that  ap- 
pearing upon  the  articles.  The  men  were  not  liable  to  do  anything  except  what  they 
liad  agreed  to  do  by  the  articles  ;  and  from  the  statements  of  the  men  whom  I  saw,  it 
tlid  not  appear  that  they  knew,  when  they  shipped,  that  it  was  expected  or  intended 
that  they  should  serve  on  board  a  man-ai-war  or  privateer.  As  regards  the  liability 
of  the  British  registered  owner  to  make  good  to  the  owners  of  the  American  vessel 
destroyed  the  loss  su  stained  by  them,  I  conceive  it  must  depend  upon  the  question 
whether  those  in  com  and  of  the  vessel  at  the  time  can  be  considered  to  have  been  the 
agents  of  the  British  <  vner.  If  they  were  snch  agents,  and  there  was  any  evidence  to 
show  that  the  destru  „ion  of  the  American  ship  could  bo  considered  as  an  act  within 
the  scope  of  their  authority,  I  have  no  doubt  that  the  owners  would  be  liable:  but  it 


m^ 


It'  c 

m 


484 


ARBITRATION    AT    Gr.NJW.A. 


appears  to  mi!  thai  tlit;  cirfiiinstaiice.s  to  whicli  I  liav(5  prcvioiialy  iiiCcriTtl  ;;()  vory  far 
to  rebut  tlio  pn;biiiiiptioti  that  such  nguiicy  existed,  aiul  to  prove,  that,  in  ilestjoyhi" 
tbo  Auiericari  vessel,  the  oUicers  and  erew  were  aetiiig,  not  lor  l-ho  British  owiut,' liiil! 
for  tlio  f:;ovenmunt  of  tho  so-called  Confederate  States.  In  siieh  case,  I  do  not  think 
that  any  liability  conld  bo  established  against  tho  British  owner,  for  it  is  now  w(;]l 
ostablisiied  that  dio  mere  fact  of  bein<j  on  tho  register  of  the  ship  does  not  involve 
liability  for  tho  acts  or  ensaj^enicnts  of  the  master  and  crew,  and  that  such  lialiility  i-; 
in  fact  ii  (inestion  depending  upon  express  or  implied  aj^oney  in  every  case. 

Although,  therefore,  I  do  not  seo  how  a  British  owner  is  to  bo  made  liable,  there,  is, 
in  my  opinion,  a  case  which. jiiulilies  tho  American  Government  in  brin,2,in'j;  the  matter 
before  lluj  notice  of  the  British  jnovernnient,  and  rr(|nirinj;  explanations  from  thatnnv- 
erniiient  of  the  circumstances  inidcr  which  a  Jhit;isii  vessel  is  found  to  be  enf;a;fe(l  in 
tho  destrr.ctioii  of  V{  ssels  belonging  to  American  citizens.' 

It  appcar.s  to  me,  tlu'iefore,  beyond  all  question  cleai-  that  no  charge 
of  negligence  can  by  possibility  attach  to  Hei-  ]\[ajesty'S  g'overniuent  in 
respect  of  thi.s  ship.  And  1  confess  it  ■was  not  without  surprise  that 
I  heard  one  member  of  this  tribunal  say  that,  but  that  Mr.  Adams  had 
declared  in  ftivor  of  the  Jiritish  government  on  this  occasion,  he  should 
have  been  prepared  to  pronounce  "  a  more  severe"  judgment.  If  sucl\ 
views  are  to  prevail,  theresponsibility  of  neutrals  will  be  a  serious  tbiug- 
indeed. 

It  only  remains  to  be  added  in  respect  of  this  vessel  that  a  juosecu- 
tiou  was  instituted  by  the  government  under  the  foreignenlistiueut 
act,  against  Jones  and  Highatt,  two  members  of  the  lirni  of  Jones  & 
Co.,  of  Liverpool,  by  whom  the  men  had  been  engaged  to  serve  on  board 
the  Japan,  and  as  to  whom  it  was  alleged  that  they  had  engaged  the 
men  for  the  purpose  of  their  enlisting  in  the  confederate  service  when 
tho  true  character  of  the  vessel  was  declared.  The  (!ase  was  tried  before 
nic  at  Liverpool,  when  both  defendants  were  found  guilty  by  the  jur^-, 
but  points  of  law  were  reserved  involving  considerable  dilticulty,  par- 
ticularly that  the  men,  at  the  time  they  were  engaged  at  Liverpool,  were 
not  aware  of  tho  ulterior  purpose  which  tho  defenJants  were  alleged  to 
have  liad  in  view. 

On  the  defendants  being  brought  up  for  judgment,  the  defendants 
having  consented  to  abandon  the  points  reserved,  and  to  forego  an  in- 
tended application  for  anew  trial,  tin  arrangement  was  come  to  between 
the  counsel  for  the  Crown  and  the  counsel  for  the  defendants  that  a  fine 
of  £50  should  be  imposed  on  each  of  them.  Tho  punishment  might,  at 
lirst  sight,  appear  inadequate,  but  looking  to  the  legal  difllcultiea,  it 
was,  oil  the  whole,  I  think,  a  prudent  arrangement;  it  having  been  bet- 
ter that  the  law  shoidd  be  vindicated,  though  with  a  less  degree  of 
punishment,  than  that  the  chance  of  a  defeat  shoidd  be  risked. 

CASE  OF  THE  SHENANDOAH. 

This  vessel,  originally  known  as  tho  Sea  King,  was  a  screw-steamer 
built  at  Glasgow  in  the  year  ISCii,  for  the  purpose  of  being 
employed  in  tho  China  trade.^  She  had  been  scon  by  Mr. 
Budh^y  at  Glasgow  in  18G3,  who  represented  her  as  well  adapted  for  war- 
like purposes,  and  thought  she  was  likely  to  be  bought  for  such  purpose 
by  the  confederates.^  I3ut  in  this  ho  was  mistaken.  She  was  bought 
by  private  owners ;  ^^lessrs.  Eobertson  &  Co.,  of  London,  acted  as  mim- 
agiug  owners.* 

She  had  from  the  beginning  two  12-pounder  carronades,  such  as  mcr- 


The   StuMiiindoftli. 


'British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  428. 
*Ibi(l.,  p.  724. 

^United  States  Docnniciits,  vol.  vi,  p.  554. 
*  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  494. 


OriNIONB    OF    MIU    ALEXANDER    COCKIUJRN. 


485 


e  clerfinlants 


sucli  as  mer- 


chant-vessels are  in  the  habit  of  carryin<'-  as  signal-guns,  but  nothing 
more.^ 

In  Kovember,  18G3,  she  left  London  on  a  voyage  first  to  New  Zealand, 
taking  out  troops  for  Her  Majesty's  government  to  Aucklan<l,  and  from 
thence  to  Ilankow  for  c  cargo  of  tea,  and  with  the  latter  she  returned 
to  London.  She  was  a  vessel  built  entirely  for  commercial  purposes, 
and  was  in  no  respect  whatever  adapted  for  war. 

In  September,  1SG4,  she  was  sold  by  her  owners,  in  tlie  ordinary  way 
of  business,  to  a  Mr.  liichard  "Wright,  a  ship-owner  of  Liverpool.  On 
the  7th  of  October,  18G1,  Wright  granted  a  certificate  of  sale  to  Mr.  P. 
8.  Corbett,  the  master  of  the  ship,  empowering  him  to  sell  her  within 
six  months  from  the  date  of  the  certificate,  at  any  i)ort  out  of  the 
[Tnited  Kingdom,  for  a  price  not  less  than  £45,000.- 

After  this  the  vessel  cleared  out,  as  for  a  trading  voyage  "  to  Bom- 
bay, calling  at  any  ports  and  places  on  the  passage,  and  any  other  ports 
or  i)Iaces  in  India,  China,  or  Japan,  or  the  Pacific  or  Atlantic  Oceans, 
trading  to  or  from,  ais  legal  freights  might  ofier,  until  the  return  of  the 
ship  to  a  final  port  of  discharge  in  the  LTnitcd  JCingdom  or  continent  of 
i^liu'ope ;  the  voyage  not  to  exceed  two  years."''  A  crew  was  hired,  and 
signed  articles  for  the  voyage  in  question,  and  the  vessel  sailed  as  if 
upon  it,  without  any  suspicion  on  the  part  of  the  crew,  or  of  any  one 
nob  in  the  secret,  that  she  was  intended  for  any  other  destination. 

The  vessel  underwent  no  change  prior  to  her  leaving;  no  equii)ment 
of  her  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  any  armament  took  place;  she  re- 
mained as  she  had  been  from  the  beginning,  fitted  for  commercial  pur- 
poses only.  Slie  was  wholly  unadapted  to  receive  guns.  She  had  on 
board  only  two  small  12-pounder  guns  she  had  always  had,  such  as 
merchant- vessels  of  her  class  always  carry  as  sigual-guns.  She  had  no 
arms  or  munitions  of  war. 

When  afterwards  examined  at  Melbourne  by  Captain  Payne,  the  lat- 
ter reported  that  "  everything  indicted  that  she  was  nothing  more  than 
iui  ordinary  merchant-ship."  He  could  not  discover  any  magazine;  there 
were  no  stands  for  small-arms,  cutlasses,  or  pistols :  no  shot-racks  were 
fitted,  nor  could  he  see  any  shell-room  aloft.  "There  is  nothing,"  he 
says,  "to  protect  her  machines  from  shot  and  shell;  in  fact,  her  boilers 
and  the  principal  part  of  her  machinery  are  above  the  water-line.  Her 
bunliers  certainly  are  between  the  machinery  and  the  ship's  side,  but 
from  their  small  dimensions  they  would  otter  but  small  resistfince  to 
shot.  The  most  vulnerable  part,  viz,  the  boilers,  is  left  quite  unpro- 
tected." *  "  1  am  altogether  of  opinion,"  adds  Captain  Payne, "  that  there 
is  nothing  in  her  build,  armament,  (with  the  exception  of  two  Whitworth 
guns,)  and  equipment  that  should  call  for  more  sp-ocial  notice  than  that 
she  i:^  an  ordinary  merchant- vessel,  armed  with  a  few  guns." 

It  is  plain,  therefore,  that  till  the  Whitworth  guns  in  question  were 
put  on  board,  there  was  nothing  whatever  on  board  the  Sea  King  to  at- 
tract atte)ition,  or  to  excite  the  slightest  suspicion  about  her.  That  this 
was  so  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  crew  fully  believed  that  she  was 
really  bound  for  the  voyage  to  the  East. 

But  it  appears  that  the  Mr.  Richard  Wright  who  had  bought  the 
vessel  was  the  father-in-law  of  Mr.  Prioleau,  the  managing  partner  of 
the  firm  of  Fraser,  Trenholm  &  Co.,  of  Liverpool ;  whereupon  wo  are 
gravely  told,  in  the  case  of  the  United  States,  that  "  the  acquisition,  by 
a  nejir  connection  of  a  member  of  their  firm,  of  a  fast-going  steamer, 

'British  Appendix,  vol.  1,  p.  725. 
J  Ibid.,  p.  495. 
^  Ibid.,  p.  496. 
'  Ibid.,  p.  3^7. 


486 


ARBITRATION    AT    (JENEVA. 


capable  of  bcin^'  so  converted,  and  tlie  proposition  to  send  her  to  sea  in 
ballast,  with  nothing  on  board  but  two  mounted  guns  and  a  sni)i)ly  of 
provisions  and  coal,  ought,  of  itself,  to  liave  attracted  the  attention  of 
the  British  oftieials;  and  that  the  omission  to  take  notice  of  the  lact  is 
a  proof  of  want  of  the  due  diligence  required  by  the  treaty.'" 

Not  the  slightest  intimation,  however,  is  given  as  to  what  Jiotice 
should  have  been  taken,  or  what  could  possibly  have  been  done.  Tliere 
was  nothing  that  could,  in  any  way,  have  Justified  the  detention  of  tlie 
vessel.  In  the  foregoing  statement  we  have,  therefore,  as  it  seems  to 
me,  an  unwarrantable  assumption. 

The  Sea  King  left  the  port  of  London  on  the  Dth  October,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  Madeira,  where  she  arrived  on  the  18th.-  In  the  mean  time  a 
small  steamer  called  the  Laurel  had  left  Liverpool,  having  cleared  for 
Matamoras  and  Xassnu.  She  took  out  cases  marked  as  machinery, '  but 
in  reality  containing  two  u.'J-poundor  Whitworth  guns,  and  four  .S-iucli 
smooth-bore  guns  of  o5  hundred-weigiit  each,  together  with  shells, 
small-arms,  and  ammunition  for  the  use  of  the  Sea  King. 

Mr.  Dudley  was  somehovr  informed  that  the  cases  contained  guns  and 
gun-carriages,  and  believing  they  were  intended  to  be  mounted  on  the 
decks  of  the  Laurel,  wrote  to  Mr.  Adams  that  he  apprehended  she  was 
intended  as  a  privateer.  At  the  same  time  he  admitted  that  he  had  no 
evidence  to  implicate  her  except  the  talcing  on  the  guns  in  cases.*  It  is 
plain,  therefore,  that  Mr.  Dudley  did  not  surmise  any  connection  between 
the  two  vessels,  one  of  which  was  starting  from  London,  the  other  from 
Liverpool,  and  I  am  at  a  loss  to  see  how  any  could  possibly  have  been 
surmised. 

Lieutenant  AVaddell,  the  future  captain  of  the  Sea  King,  and  tlie 
other  officers,  and  seventeen  men  who  were  to  form  part  of  her  crew, 
were  also  passengers  in  the  Laurel. 

Before  the  Laurel  left  Liverpool,  Mr.  Dudley  began  to  suspect  that 
the  guns  put  on  board  her  were  intended  for  another  vessel,  as  they 
were  more  in  number  than  would  be  required  for  a  vessel  of  her  size;-' 
but  he  Avas  evidently  altogether  with(  it  any  definite  information  about 
her. 

The  Sea  King  arrived  at  Madeira  about  the  18th  of  October:  the 
Laurel  about  the  same  time.  The  following  day  both  vessels  proceeded 
to  some  small  islands  called  the  Desertas,  where  the  guns  and  warlike 
stores  intended  for  the  Sea  King  were  transferred  to  her  from  the  Lau- 
rel.^ Either  then,  Cj-  prior  to  leaving  England,  Corbett,  acting  on  the 
power  of  attorney  received  from  the  owner,  Wright,  sold  the  vessel  to 
the  confederate  government.  According  to  his  account  the  sale  took 
place  on  the  I'Jth.'  On  that  day  the  captain  and  officers  took  posses- 
sion of  her  as  a  confederate  ship.  Captain  Corbett  informed  the  crew 
that  he  had  sold  the  ship  to  the  confederate  government,  that  she  was 
henceforth  to  be  a  cruiser  in  their  service,  and  that  he  had  delivered  her 
up  to  them. 

Every  effort  was  made,  by  persuasion  and  offers  of  large  bounties  and 
high  wages,  to  induce  tho  former  crew  to  enter  the  confederate  service 
on  board  the  vessel ;  but,  with  the  exception  of  two  or  three,  all  the 
rest,  forty-two  in  lunnber,  refused,  and  were  conveyed  in  the  Laurel  to 

1  United  States  Case,  p.  1V^. 

^  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  i).  48'). 

■  Ibid.,  p.  Ami 

'  United  States  Docnineuts,  vol.  vi,  j».  boC). 

^  Ibid.,  p.  G.W. 

•  ISritisb  Appendix,  vol,  i,  ]ip.  47H-4H2,  4H()-48P. 

•  Ibid.,  p.  4.S1. 


<»l'INl(»N'S    OF    MIC    AI.E\ANI>KK    CUCKRIIUX. 


487 


Teaeritte,  Irom  wht'iice  they  .it'tcrward  returned  to  Loiuloii.  The  con- 
federate tla<»'  havinjv  been  hoisted  on  the  Sea  King,  wiie  crnised  thence- 
forward under  the  name  of  the  Shenandoah. 

It  must  be,  indeed,  a  stern  .stickler  l\>i*  neutral  re8i)onsibility  who 
could  say  that  up  to  this  point  there  had  been  anythinj,^  ibr  which  blame 
could  be  attribnted  to  ller  .Majesty's  g:()vernment.  Not  the  slfghtest 
suspicion  had  attached  to  this  sliip,  whicih  was  only  known  as  a 
merchant-vessel,  prior  to  her  leaving  England.  But  besides  this,  no 
ott'ense  whatever  had  been  committed  against  IJritish  law. 

The  ship  lu.d  not  been  either  "fitted  out,"  "equipped,'' or '•  armed," 
within  the  United  Kingdom  or  within  I  ler  Majesty's  <lominions.  Built  as 
a  merchant- vessel  she  had  been  sold,  as  she  stood,  to  the  confederate 
government;  and  neither  by  the  inunicipal  law  of*  Great  Jlriiain,  any 
more  than  by  that  of  the  United  States,  nor  by  international  law,  was 
snch  a  sale  in  any  way  illegal. 

The  argument  of  the  United  sfates  itself  admits  that  'Mf  the  Shen- 
andoah at  this  })oint  of  her  histoiy  stood  alone,  and  there  had  been  no 
other  cause  of  complaint  against  ITer  ]\raiesty's  government,  the  United 
States  could  not  now  hold  (ireat  Britain  n^sponsible  for  her  original 
cscai)e  and  armament."' 

No  question,  therefore,  can  arise  as  to  the  rcsi)oiisibility  of  Great 
Britain  in  respect  of  any  damages  done  by  this  vessel  priorto  her  arx^val 
at  Melbourne. 

The  first  that  was  heard  of  the  Shenaiuloah  by  Jler  ^rajesty's  govern- 
ment was  from  a  letter  of  the  (Mlth  of  October  from  Mr.  Grattan,  tRe 
British  consul  at  Teneriffe.  On  the  Laurel  arriving  at  that  place,  the 
master,  J.  ¥.  Eamsay,  on  presenting  himself  at  the  consular  oliice,  stated 
that  he  wished  to  land  43  passengers,  who  were  to  proceed  to  England 
by  the  next  Liverpool  steamer,  and  that  these  persons  were  the  master 
and  crew  of  the  British  steamer  Sea  King,  of  Loudon,  which  vessel  Iiad 
been  wrecked  off  the  Desertas.  The  Laurel  continued  her  voyage  on 
the  22d  instant.  The  master,  on  getting  up  steam,  aiul  not  before, 
landed  the  above-mentioned  seamen. 

The  master  of  the  Sea  King,  P.  S.  Corbett,  did  not  call  at  the  consular 
ofllice,  as  is  usual  in  such  cases,  either  for  the  ]>urpose  of  making  a  pro- 
test or  to  claim  assistance.  Therefore,  on  the  L*oth  instant.  Consul 
Grattan  sent  to  desire  his  attendance,  and-<lemanded  the  certificate  of 
registry  of  his  vessel,  in  pursuance  of  instructions  contained  in  para- 
graph No.  13  of  the  board  of  trade  instructions.  On  handing  in  his 
certificate  Corbett  informed  Mr.  Grattan  that  his  vessel  had  not  been 
wrecked,  but  that  she  had  been  sold  in  London,  and  delivered  to  her 
owners  on  the  high  seas  ;  and  that  himself  ami  his  crew  had  landed 
here  for  the  purpose  of  returning  to  England  as  passengers  in  the  AV'est 
Coast  of  Africa  mail-steamer,  due  at  the  port  on  the  31st  instant. 

The  consul,  having  been  struck  by  the  discrepancy  between  the  state- 
ments of  the  two  masters,  made  incjuiries  of  som6  of  the  former  crew  of 
the  Sea  King,  and  having  taken  their  depositions,  and  being  of  opinion 
that  they  contained  evidence  sufficient  to  substantiate  a  charge  against 
the  master,  Corbett,  of  an  infringement  of  the  foreign-eidistment  act, 
sent  him  in  custody  to  England,  at  the  same  time  forwarding  the  depo- 
sitions of  the  men  in  a  dispatch  to  Enrl  Itussell.' 

I  will  conclude  the  narrative  as  to  what  further  hvipi>ened  n:  relation 
to  Corbett  before  I  pursue  the  further  history  of  the  Shenandoah. 

On  the  arrival  of  the  depositions  in  England,  the  law-ofticers  at  first 


l,;j 


'  British  Apiiondix,  vol.  i,  j».  477. 


488 


ARBITRATION   AT    GENEVA. 


k 


advised  that  iiq  prosecution  could  be  sustained  against  Corbett,  as  all 
the  facts  had  taken  i)hice  on  the  high  seas,  and  a  Britiali  shij)  on  the 
high  seas  could  not  properly  bo  considered  as  "  within  Her  IMajesty's 
dominions,  or  a  place  belonging  to  or  subject  to  Her  Majesty.'"  Two 
further  affidavits  having  been  after  .vard  furnished  by  Mr.  Adams,  of 
men  who  had  been  engaged  by  the  defendant  in  London,  and  who  spoke 
to  language  of  a  suspicious  character  then  used  by  him,  the  law-oificers, 
on  being  again  consulted,  thought  that  there  was  sufficient  evidence  on 
which  to  found  a  prosecution ;  and  they  further  thought  that  as  the 
ship  had  left  the  country  as  a  British  ship,  she  might,  prima  facie,  bo. 
considered  as  such,  that  is,  till  a  sale  and  transfer  of  i)roperty  in  her 
was  shown ;  and  that  it  might  be  deserving  of  serious  consideration 
whether  her  deck  might  not  be  considered  as  "  a  place  belonging  toiler 
Majesty,"  within  the  language  of  the  act.'^  A  prosecution  against  Cor- 
bett was  accordingly  instituted  by  tho^overument,  for  a  breach  of  the 
second  section  of  the  foreign-enlistment  act,  in  endeavoring  to  procure 
men  to  enlist  and  serve,  or  to  embark  and  go  out  of  Her  Majesty's  do- 
minions to  enlist  and  serve,  in  the  confederate  service.  The  case  came 
on  before  myself  and  a  special  jury,  at  Westminster  Hall,  in  December, 
18G5.  The  witnesses  for  the  ])rosecution  were  six  sailors  who  had 
formed  part  of  the  crew  of  the  tSea  King,  and  who  dei)0sed  that,  after 
Captain  Corbett  had  inforrued  the  crew  that  he  had  sold  the  ship  to  the 
confederate  government,  he  endeavored  to  persuade  the  men  to  enlist, 
pointing  out  to  them  the  advantage  of  so  doing  in  the  way  of  pay  and  prize- 
uit)ney.  There  was,  however,  considerable  inconsistency  in  the  evidence 
of  these  men,  some  of  them  ascribing  to  tlie  defendant  what  others  put 
into  the  niouth  of  Captain  Waddell,  and  vice  versa.  The  man  appear 
to  have  had  a  strong  feeling  against  the  cap*^ain,  by  reason  of  their  in- 
tended voyage  to  the  east  having  come  to  an  abrupt  termination,  and 
to  their  not  having  received  as  much  wages  as  they  expected  for  the 
time  they  had  been  out. 

The  first  mate,  the  stevrard,  and  the  chief  engineer  of  the  crew  of  the 
Sea  King,  one  of  the  crew  of  the  Laurel,  and  two  or  three  confederate 
sailors  who  had  joined  the  confederate  ship,  all  of  whom  had  witnessed 
all  that  passed,  denied  positively  that  Corbett  had  taken  any  part  in 
persuading  the  men  to  sign  articles,  but  attributed  to  Captain  AVaddell, 
exclusively,  the  language  which  the  witnesses  for  the  prosecution  had 
represented  as  spoken  by  Corbett. 

It  having  been  objected  on  the  part  of  the  defendant  that  while,  in 
order  to  constitute  an  offense  under  the  enactment  in  question,  the  act 
complained  of  must  have  been  done  within  Her  Majesty's  dominions, 
what  was  here  alleged  to  have  been  done  by  the  defendant  had  taken 
place  in  Spanish  waters,  it  was  answered  by  the  solicitor-general  that, 
if  the  act  had  been  done  on  board  a  British  vessel,  that  would  be  suffi- 
cient,to  satisfy  the  statute,  and  that,  though  he  could  not  deny  that  a 
sale  of  the  vessel  had  taken  place,  yet  that,  so  long  as  the  British  crew 
remained  on  board,  the  vessel  could  not  be  considered  as  having  been 
delivered  up  to  the  purchasers,  and  must  still  be  looked  upon  as  a  Brit- 
ish ship.  I  was,  however,  clearly  of  opinion  that  the  defendant  Corbett 
having  openly  announced  the  sale  of  the  ship,  and  that  he  had  delivered 
her  over  to  Waddell,  and  the  latter  having  assumed  the  command,  and 
with  his  officers  taken  possession  of  her,  the  delivery  had  been  com- 
pleted and  the  property  effectually  transferred.  I,  however,  desired  the 
opinion  of  the  jury  on  this  point,  as  well  as  on  the  questions  whether 


'  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  483. 
-  Ibid.,  p.  490. 


OPINrON8    OF    HiK    ALEXANDER    COt^'KUrUX. 


489 


r"  I 


the  tleieiulant  h:ul  ciiikiivorod  to  induce  the  men  to  cn'ist  in  tlie  con- 
federate Korvice,  as  crew  of  the  Sea  Kinj?;  and  if  so,  whether,  when  lie 
engaged  the  men  in  London,  he  had  the  ulterior  design  of  inducing 
them  to  enlist  when  beyond  the  Queen's,  dominions.  The  Jury  thought 
the  evidence  too  conflicting  upon  which  to  convict  the  defendant,  and, 
it  being  very  doubtful  whether  the  witnesses  for  the  Crown  were  not 
confounding  Avhat  had  been  said  by  Waddell  with  what  was  said  by 
Oorbett,  I  think  the  jury  acted  wisely  on  the  whole  in  acquitting  the 
defendant.' 

I  have  adverted  to  these  circumstances  in  justice  to  the  government 
and  the  solicitor-general  who  conducted  the  prosecution.  No  public 
prosecutor  could  have  discharged  his  duty  more  honestly  or  zealously, 
or  with  a  greater  desire  to  obtain  a  conviction  if  it  could  legitimately 
and  i)ropeily  be  done. 

1  return  to  the  Shenandoah.    Nothing  more  was  heard  of  her  by  Her 
Majesty's  government  till  she  arrived  at  Melbourne  on  the 
25th  of  January,  18G5.  '  '  ' ' "'" 

Before  relating  the  events  which  occurred  during  her  visit  at  this 
port,  it  may  be  well  brielly  to  describe  the  locality,  some  knowledge  of 
which  is  uecessnry  to  a  thorough  appreciation  of  the  facts.  Port  Philip, 
nt  the  northeastevlj'  end  of  which  Melbourne  is  situated,  is  a  bay  ot 
irregular  oval  shajK',  some  sixty  or  seventy  miles  in  circuit,  o])ening 
into  the  sea  by  a  narrow  entrance  to  the  southwest,  called  the  lleads. 
The  harbor  of  Melbourne,  situated  as  has  been  said  at  the  opposite  end, 
is  called  Hobson's  liaj',  and  forms  the  estuary  of  the  Yarra-Yarra.  Mel- 
bourne itself  is  about  two  miles  inland  up  the  Yarra-Y"arra ;  on  either 
side  of  Hobson's  Bay  are  two  suburbs  of  Melbourne,  named  respectively 
Williamstown  and  Sandridge.  They  are  each  connected  with  the  town 
by  a  railway,  and  asteam-fen\v  runs  between  the  two,  from  one  railway 
pier  to  another  across  the  bay,  which  is  here  two  and  a  half  miles  wide. 
Williamstown  is  the  place  wliere  shipping  operations  are  for  the  most 
part  carried  on,  and  where  seafaring  men  principally  frequent.  It 
should  be  added  that  the  governor  had,  at  the  time  of  the  arrival  of 
tlie  Shenandoah,  a  small  military  force  at  his  disposal,  but  no  vessel  of 
war  of  any  kind ;  the  Bombay,  which  is  spoken  of  in  the  argument  of 
the  United  States  as  such,  being  merely  a  contract  steam-packet  belong- 
ing to  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental  Company,  with  a  naval  agent  on 
board  iu  charge  of  the  mails.  The  authorities  were  therefore  depend- 
ent upon  the  customs  oiHcers  and  the  ordinary  water-police  for  the  sur- 
veillance of  the  harbor. 

Immediately  on  the  arrival  of  the  Shenandoah,  her  commander,  Wad- 
dell, wrote  to  Sir  C.  H.  Darling,  the  governor,  to  announce  his  arrival  :^ 

CONFKUEKATK   StATKS   StKAJIKK  OF  WaU  SiIKNANDOAH, 

I'ort  rhili}),  January  25,  1805. 
Sik:  1  have  tho  honor  to  aunouuco  to  your  excellency  the  arrival  of  tbo  Coufedorate 
States  steamer  Shenandoah,  under  my  command,  in  Port  Philip,  this  afternoon,  and 
also  to  communicate  that  the  steamer's  machinery  requiros  repairs,  and  that  I  am  in 
want  of  coals. 

I  desire  your  excellency  to  grant  permission  that  I  may  make  the  necessary  repairs 
I  and  supply  of  coals  to  enable  rao  to  got  to  sea  as  quickly  as  possible. 

I  desire  also  your  excellency's  permission  to  land  my  prisoners.  I  shall  ob.s?rve  the 
I  neutrality.  • 

I  have,  «&c., 

J  AS.  J.  WADDELL. 


t    ; 


i 


fo-:  s 


'See  reports  of  the  trial,  printed  in  United  States  Dojuments,  vol.  iv,  pp.  G18 


'Appendix  to  British  Case,  vol.  i,  p.  500. 


490 


>\KrUTJ»'ATION    AT    (^KNEVA. 


The  conduct  of  the  governor  and  of  tlic  executive  council  of  the  colony 
seems  to  Lave  been  marked  by  the  most  anxious  desire  to  do  uhat  was 
strictly  right. 

The  commissioner  of  trade  and  customs  was  directed  to  communicate 
with  the  commander  of  the  Sheuandotih  'n  the  name  of  the  governor,' 
rcqiu?sting  liiui  to  inform  the  goveri"  ...fc  of  Victoria  of  the  mitnre  and 
extent  of  the  repairs  of  which  he  stated  his  vessel  to  be  in  need  ;  and 
informing  him  that  i)ermission  Avould  be  granted  for  the  Shenandoah  to 
remain  in  tlie  waters  of  the  colony  a  suflicient  time  to  effect  her  repairs, 
and  to  receive  the  ])rovisions  or  things  necessary  for  the  subsistence  of 
her  crew — but  not  beyond  Avhat  woukl  be  necessary  for  immediate  use; 
and  that  Avhen  the  government  of  Victoria  were  in  i)ossession  of  the 
nature  and  extent  of  tlio  supplies  and  lepairs  which  were  necessary,  lie 
should  be  informed  of  the  time  which  his  vessel  would  be  permitted  to 
remain  in  the  waters  of  the  colony :  and  that,  as  to  that  i)art  of  his  letter 
which  referred  to  prisoners,  he  must  communicate  to  the  government 
the  names  of  the  prisoners,  and  any  other  particulars  relating  to  them 
w'hich  he  might  be  willing  to  supply. 

The  application  of  Lieutenant  Waddell  to  land  his  prisoners  was  also 
directed  to  be  communicated  to  the  United  States  consul . 

Mr.  Blanchard,  the  consul  of  the  United  States  at  Melbourne,  jno- 
tested  against  the  Shenandoah  being  admitted  to  the  i)rivileges  of  a 
belligerent,  maintaining  that,  as  she  had  been  sold  at  sea  to  the  confed- 
erate government,  a  sale  under  such  circumstances  was  unlawful ;  that, 
being  a  British-built  merchant-ship,  she  could  not  be  converted  into  u 
war- vessel  of  the  Confederate  States  on  the  high  seas,  but  only  by  pro- 
ceeding to,  and  sailing  in  such  a  character  from,  one  of  the  ports  of  the 
confederacy;  and  that  "  not  being  legally  a  man-of-war,  she  was  but  a 
lawless  i>irate,  dishonoring  the  flag  under  which  her  status  was  to  be 
established  and  under  which  she  decoyed  her  victims." 

Having  consulted  the  law-officers  of  the  colony,  who  advised  that  the  ves- 
sel purported  to  be,  and  in  their  opinion  should  be  treated  as,  a  ship  of  war 
belonging  to  a  belligerent  power,  the,  governor  and  council  decided  that, 
whatever  might  be  the  previous  history  of  the  Shenandoah,  the  govern- 
ment of  the  colony  was  bound  to  treat  her  as  a  ship  of  war  belonging 
to  a  belligerent  power. 

It  is  clear  that  the  law-oflieers  of  the  colony  were  perfectly  right. 
Even  had  there  been  any  foundation  for  the  notion  of  Mr.  Blanchard 
that  the  sale  of  the  vessel  on  the  high  sea;;  wc.s  invalid,  the  Shenandoah 
arrived  at  the  colony  as  a  commissioned  ship  of  a  belligerent  power, 
which,  according  to  the  usage  of  maritime  nations,  was  a  sutHcient  ground 
for  her  receptiou  as  a  vessel  of  war.  It  is  to  be  observed  that  no  ques- 
tion can  arise  in  respect  of  this  vessel  as  to  its  having  been  the  duty  of 
the  Britisli  government  to  seize  her  in  spite  of  the  commission  of  the 
Confederate  States.  She  had  neither  been  equipped,  nor  armed,  nor 
specially  adapted,  w  holly  or  in  part,  for  warlike  use,  in  British  territory, 
nor  was  the  sale  of  her  to  a  belligerent  on  the  high  seas  any  violation 
of  the  rights  of  Great  Britain  as  a  neutral.  To  have  seized  her  woukl 
therefore  have  been  utterly  unjustifiable. 

A  question,  it  appears,  arose  as  to  whether  the  officer  in  eommaiul 
Bbould  not  be  required  to  sho»7  his  commission,  and  the  majority  of  the 
council  decided  that  there  was  no  necessity  for  doing  so.  And  nothiijg 
having  then  occurred  to  lead  to  any  doubt  as  to  the  vessel  being  com- 
missioned by  the  confederate  government,  or  as  to  the  honor  of  the 


I  Appendix  to  British  Case,  vol.  i,  p.  511. 


^r 


OriNJONS    OF    SIR    Al.KXANhEK    C'OCKlU'h'X, 


41)1 


rs  was  also 


louviie,  ])ro- 


officer  who  (.'omniandod  lier,  to  lia\e  deiiiaiulod  to  sec  tlio  commission  lie; 
professed  to  bear  would  have  implied  an  unworthy  suspicion. 

What  followed  is  thus  rels'.ted  in  a  narrative  signed  b-v  the  yentlemen 
who  were  at  that  time  cnicf  secretary,  minister  of  justice,  comn.issioner 
of  trade  and  customs,  and  attorney- »2,encral  of  the  colony : 

On  iccoivinj;  tlu;  erMnnmnication  iVoiii  Iho  ifovijriior,  Lioiitoiiiuit  WiuldcU  omployed 
Messrs.  Lari^hindH,  Brotlicis  «fc  Co.,  iron-lbundois,  of  Melbourne,  to  exaininotlie  vessel 
and  to  undertake  tlio  repairs,  and  they,  on  the  :5()ili  January,  re]>orted  that  it  was  abso- 
lutely necessary  to  put  the  Shenandoah  on  tlio  government  slip,  as  tho  diver  who  in- 
spected the  vessel  had  reported  that  tho  lining  of  tho  outer  stern-hack  was  entirely  gone, 
and  would  have  to  be  replaced;  and  that,  as  three  days  would  elapse  befon;  the  vessel 
was  slipped,  it  would  take  ten  days  from  date  to  accomplish  tho  repairs. 

It  may  bo  here  remarked  that  tho  slip  (termed  tho  "government  sli]»-'  in  Ihc  report 
of  Messrs.  Langlands,  Urotliers  &  Co.)  was  not  in  possession  of,  or  under  th((  control 
of  the  government,  tlie  fact  being  that,  although  it  was  originally  built  by  tho  govern- 
ment, yet  it  hadbeen  for  many  years  leased,  and  atthattinu)  was  nnilcr  lease  to  Mr.  Enoch 
Chamljers. 

This  report  was  submitted  to  the  commissioner  of  trade  and  customs,  who  wrote,  by 
direction  of  his  excellency  tho  governor,  for  a  list  of  tho  supplies  r<n[uire(l  for  tho  im- 
mediate uso  of  tho  vessel,  and  stated  that  his  excellency  had  appointed  a  board,  con- 
sisting of  Mr.  Payne,  inspector  and  secretary  of  tho  steam  navigation  board ;  Mr.  Elder, 
tho  superintendent  of  tho  marine  yard  at  itelbourno ;  and  Mr.  Wilson,  the  government 
marine  engineer,  to  go  on  board  the  Shenandoah,  and  to  examine  and  report  whether 
that  vessel  was  then  in  a  lit  state  to  go  to  sea,  or  what  repairs  were  necessary. 

Lieutenant  Waddell  furnished  a  list  of  tho  supplies  ho  required,  and  permission  was 
given  for  tho  shipment  on  board  of  reasonable  qnantiti<!S  of  tho  supplies  asked  for. 

Tho  board  appointed  by  his  excellency  had  the  vesse'  examined  by  a  div^er,  and  then 
reported— 
Ist.  That  the  Shenandoah  was  not  in  a  (it  .state  to  proceed  to  sea  as  a  steamship. 
2d.  That  repairs  wero  necessary.  ^ 

;?d.  That  the  part  or  parts  retpuring  rep.air  btiing  tho  inner  stern-post  bearing  of  the 
screw-shaft,  the  extent  of  the  damage  could  not  be  ascertained  without  the  ves.sel 
being  slipped. 

His  excellency,  en  tho  receipt  of  this  report,  gave  permission  for  the  vessel  to  be 
placed  on  tho  patent  slip,  and  he  requested  the  commissioner  of  trade  and  customs  to 
make  arrangements  for  obtaining  daily  reports  of  the  progress  of  repairs  and  provision- 
ing of  the  Shenandoah,  and  directed  every  precaution  to  bo  taken  against  tho  i)08- 
sibility  of  the  commander  of  that  vessel  in  any  way  extending  its  armament,  or 
rendering  the  present  arnuiment  more  elfective;  and  these  instructions  were  carefully 
acted  on. 

On  the  6th  of  February,  18(3.5,  an  application  was  made  for  permission  to  land  some 
surplus  stores  from  the  Shenandoah,  which  was  refused  on  tho  advice  of  the  attorney- 
general. 

The  repairs  of  the  Shenandoah  not  having  been  proceeded  with,  tho  commissioner  of 
trade  and  customs  wrote  oil  the  7th  of  February  to  Lieutenant  Waddell,  stating  that 
his  excellency  desired  that  a  day  should  be  named  for  proceeding  to  sea ;  and  that  ho 
was  directed  to  say  that,  after  carefully  considering  the  question  of  the  position  of 
Great  Britain  as  strictly  neutral  in  the  present  contest,  tho  use  of  appliances,  the  prop- 
erty of  the  government,  could  not  be  granted,  nor  any  assistance  rendered  by  it,  directly 
or  indirectly,  toward  elFecting  the  repairs  of  the  Shenandoah. 

Lieutenant  Waddell  replied  that  he  could  not  name  a  day  for  proceeding  to  sea  till 
the  vessel  was  taken  on  the  slip,  when  the  injury  could  bo  ascertained,  and  tho  time 
estimated  for  its  repair,  the  recent  gales  having  prevented  him  from  lightening  the  ship 
to  the  necessary  draught  preparatory  to  going  on  tho  slip,  in  which  matter  ho  bad 
been  guided  by  those  in  charge  of  the  slip.  He  hoped  the  weather  would  permit  tho 
engineer  in  charge  of  the  slip  to  take  the  Shenandoah  on  tho  slip  the  following  morning. 
The  ve.s8el  was  not  hauled  up  on  the  slip  imtil  tho  morning  of  the  10th,  when  tho 
board  appointed  by  tho  governor  had  another  inspection,  and  they  then  reported  as 
follows : 

Ist.  That  the  lignum-vitte  staves  forming  the  bearing  of  tho  forward  end  of  the  onter 
length  of  tho  screw-shaft  were  entirely  displaced. 

2d.  That  the  inner  stern-post  bracket  in  which  the  staves  of  ligimm-vitie  wero  litted, 
forming  also  the  support  for  the  foremost  end  of  the  screw-frame,  was  fractured  on  tho 
starboard  side  to  the  extent  of  about  4  inches. 

3d.  That  these  repairs,  necessary  to  render  the  nt  eamship  sea-worthy,  could  be  elTeated 
in  or  about  five  clear  working  days  from  that  date.' 


British  Appendix,  vol.  v,  j).  (>0. 


492 


ARlilTKATION    AT    GENEVA. 


It  tliuH  apin'iU'.s  that  on  tho  3tl  of  February,  the  coininissionor  of  trade 
and  customs  was  iustructed  by  the  j:joveruor  to  make  arrangements  for 
obtaining  daily  reports  of  the  piogress  of  the  repairs  and  provisioning  of 
tho  Shenandoaii,  and  communicated  to  him  the  information  so  obtained* 
and  to  take  every  precaution  in  liis  power  against  the  possibility  of  the 
commander  of  that  vessel  in  any  degree  extending  his  armament,  or 
rendering  the  present  armament  more  effective.' 

Thus  matters  stood  when,  on  tho  10th  of  February,  the  United  States 
consul  wrote  to  tho  governor,  inclosing  a  deposition  on  oath  of  one  John 
>\'^illiams,  who  had  been  a  prisoner  on  board  the  Shenandoah,  and  who, 
having  been  one  of  the  crew  of  the  ship  1).  Godfrey,  captured  by  the  Shen- 
andoah, had  escaped  from  the  latter  by  swimming  ashore  on  tho  (Uh. 
In  this  deposition  Williams  stated  that  tifteen  or  twenty  men  had  joined 
the  shij)  since  her  arrival  in  port,  and  were  concealed  in  various  parts  of 
her,  and  that  three  others,  who  were  wearing  the  ship's  uniform,  had 
also  come  aboard  since  her  arrival.^  To  this  was  added,  on  the  13th,  the 
affidavit  of  one  Madden,  another  of  the  crew  of  the  1).  Godfrey,  who 
stated  that  "when  he  left  the  vessel  on  the  7th,  there  were  men  hid  in 
the  forecastle  of  the  ship,  and  two  working  in  the  galley,  all  of  whom 
came  on  board  the  vessel  since  she  arrived  in  the  i)ort;  and  that  the 
officers  pretended  they  did  not  know  these  men  were  hid."'" 

The  proceedings  of  the  governor  and  council  on  the  loth  of  l^'ebruary 
iire  marked  by  the  same  attention  to  their  duty  in  the  matter  as  before, 
as  appears  from  the  following  minute  of  their  proceedings:  ' 

Tlio  furtber  report  of  ^lio  board  ol' survey  on  tbe  Sheniiiuloiib,  iit'lor  vimviiig  that 
veKsel  on  tlie  slij*,  is  siibniitlod  luid  considorcd. 

His  excellency  stn tea  to  tbe  council  tbat,  in  conseiiucnco  of  a  letter  wbicli  be  bad 
received  from  tbc  United  States  consul,  dated  tbe  lOtli  instant,  and  inclosing  a  testimony 
on  oatb  of  one  John  Williams,  be  bad  deemed  it  bisdntyto  refer  itfortboconsiderution 
of  tbo  law-ofticers  of  tbe  Crown  ;  as,  presuming  tbe  statements  therein  containad  to  bo 
correct,  it  would  .appear  that  tbo  commandor  of  tbe  Shenandoah  was  taking  advantage 
of  tbo  .aid  and  comfort  which  bad  been  afFordod  to  bini  in  this  port  to  incroaso  the 
number  of  bis  crew  by  enlisting  British  subjects  in  contravention  of  tbo  foreign-enlist- 
mont  act. 

In  conseijuence  of  this  refcronco,  tbc  law-oflicers  of  tbe  Crown  b.id  directed  tbe  at- 
tendance of  tbo  man  John  Williams,  and  that  bo  bad,  with  other  men,  attended  that 
morning  at  tho  Crown  law-ottices,  and  had  nuido  statements  to  the  eftect  that  a  nnmber 
of  men  representing  themselves  to  be  Englishmen  had  gone  on  board  tho  Shenandoah 
«ince  her  arrival  in  this  port,  with  tho  intention  of  joining  bor,  and  were  now  couce.aled 
on  board. 

The  la w-oflicers  being  of  opinion  that  there  was  sufficient  evidence  to  take  steps  for 
prosecuting,  bad  instructed  tbe  police  to  lay  informations  against  these  men  for  a  mis- 
demeanor, and  to  apply  for  a  warrant  for  their  apprehension. 

On  consultation  with  tho  council,  it  was  not  considered  necessary  by  his  excolloncy 
to  take  any  further  steps  in  the  matter  until  tbo  result  of  tbo  police-officer  proceedings 
were  known  ;  but  Mr.  Francis  is  instructed  again  to  inquire  by  letter  when  Lieutenant 
Waddell  would  bo  ready  to  proceed  to  sea. 

A  report  from  the  detective  police  at  Sandbridge,  of  this  day's  date,  on  matters  re- 
nting to  tho  Sben.andoab,  is  laid  upon  the  table  of  the  council ;  and  as  from  informa- 
tion which  had  reached  tho  government  somo  suspicion  had  been  attached  to  the  move- 
ments of  a  vessel  called  tbe  Eli  Whitney,  now  lying  in  the  bay,  tho  honorable  the 
commissioner  of  trades  and  customs  undertakes  that  her  movements  shall  be  carefully 
watched. 

The  honorable  the  attorney-general  then  submits  to  his  excellency  depositions  taken 
on  oath  by  eleven  persons  before  the  consul  of  the  United  States  in  Melbourne,  which 
depositions  have  been  placed  in  his  hands  by  tho  couBul. 

The  Eli  Whitney  was  watclied  accordingly,  and  if  any  intention  of 
using  her  as  a  means  of  shipping  the  men  had  been  entertained,  it  was 
abandoned. 


'  Appendix  to  British  Case,  vol.  i,  p.  529. 
2  Ibid.,  p.  COG.  '  Ibid.,  p.  608. 


Ibid.,  p  520. 


OI'INIONS    OF    Slli    AI.EXANDICU    COCKIU'KX. 


493 


!p 


itsvinir  tlia  t 


On  tlic  loth  ol'  J'Vbniary  a  warrant  was  j^raiitod  by  a  magistrate  at 
V/illiamstown,  for  tlic  ai)i)rolKMi8ioii  of  a  man  known  as  ,Ianu's  David- 
son, or  "Charley,"  who  was  stated  to  be  eoneealed  on  board  the  Shen- 
andoah. The  RU[)erintcndent  of  pobce,  who  was  char{;:ed  with  the  exe- 
cution of  the  warrant,  went  on  board  the  shi[»,  and  Captain  Waddell 
not  be  in  ft'  on  board,  saw  the  odieer  in  eharjre,  told  his  business,  and  re- 
quested to  see  tlie  man  on  board  to  execute  his  warrant.  This  was  re- 
fused, lie  showed  Ids  warrant,  which  the  olTKH-r  looked  at,  sayinf]^, 
"That  is  all  rij^ht,  but  you  shan't  ;?o  over  the  ship."  Th(>,  nextmorninj;' 
the  police  ollicer  returned  lo  the  ship,  and  stated  tluit  information  hav- 
ing been  s,\vorn  that  persons  had  Joined  t!ie  vessel  from  Melbourne,  and 
were  now  on  board,  he  liad  come  with  a  warrant.  Captain  \Va<ldell  re- 
plied, "1  pled.i^e  you  my  word  of  hoiuir  as  an  ofiicer  and  a  j-ventlemaii 
that  I  have  not  any.  one  on  board,  nor  have  1  engaged  any  one,  nor  will 
I  while  1  am  here.''  The  superintendent  answered  that  he  understood 
that  the  ])ersoiis  he  wanted  were  wearing  the  uniform  of  the  (Confeder- 
ate States,  and  were  working  on  board,  but  this  Captain  'NVaddell  dis- 
tinctly denied.  Tlie  superintendent  asked  to  go  over  the  ship  an«l  see 
if  the  men  he  wanted  were  on  board.  This  being  refused  he  said  that 
lie  must  execute  his  warrant,  even  if  he  had  to  use  fonie.  To  which 
Waddell  replied  that  he  would  use  force  to  resist;  that  he  dare  not 
allow  his  sliip  to  be  searched;  it  was  more  than  his  commission  was 
worth ;  and  that  such  a  thing  would  not  be  attempted  to  a  ship  of  war 
of  any  other  country;  that  a  great  slight  had  been  put  upon  him  by 
sending  any  one  to  the  shij)  with  a  warrant.  On  the  superintendent 
again  asking  if  the  captain  refused  to  allow  liim  to  look  for  the  man  lor 
whom  he  had  a  wai'rant,  Waddell  answered,  that  he  "did  refuse  it,  and 
would  fight  his  ship  rather  than  allow  it."' 

The  governor  having  called  the  attention  of  the  council  to  the  cir- 
cnmstances,  and  to  the  necessity  of  considering  what  steps  should  bo 
taken,  by  the  advice  of  the  council  directed  the  commissioner  of  trade 
and  customs  to  write  to  Captain  Waddell,  and  to  request  him  to  recon- 
sider his  determination,  and  further  to  inform  him  that,  pending  his  re- 
ply, the  permission  which  had  been  granted  to  him  to  repair  and  take 
in  supplies  had  been  suspended.  The  governor  then  issued  a  direction 
that,  on  receipt  of  an  instruction  to  that  effect  from  the  chief  commis- 
sioner of  police,  none  of  Her  Majesty's  subjects  in  the  colony  should 
render  any  aid  or  assistance  to,  or  perform  any  work  in  respect  of  the 
so-called  confederate  steamship  Shenandoah,  or  in  launching  the  same. 
The  chief  commissioner  of  police  was  instructed  to  send  some  police  to 
Williamstown,  to  take  care  that  the  direction  above  mentioned  was 
duly  observed. 2 

On  the  14th  a  letter  was  addressed  to  Captain  Waddell,  informing 
him  that  the  government  conceived  it  had  a  right  to  expect  that  those 
who  were  receiving  iu  the  port  the  assistance  claimed  as  a  belligerent, 
should  not  oppose  proceedings  intended  to  enforce  the  maintenance  of 
neutrality.  Ho  was  therefore  appealed  to  to  reconsider  his  determina- 
tion, and  was  informed  that,  pending  his  auower,  the  permission  granted 
to  him  to  repair  and  take  in  supplies  was  suspended,  and  that  Her 
Majesty's  subjects  had  been  duly  warned  accordingly.^ 
Captain  Waddell  replied  on  the  same  day  in  the  following  terms : 

I  kave  to  iuform  his  excellency  the  governor  that  the  execntion  of  the  warrant  was 
not  refused,  as  no  such  person  as  the  one  therein  specified  was  on  board  ;  but  penais- 

>  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  pp.  524,  525. 

» Ibid.,  p.  524. 

^British  Appendix,  Tol.  i,  p.  643. 


iii 


ml 


41)4 


AKIJITKATION    Al'    GENKVA. 


sioii  to  KciiiL'li  tlif  hliip  wivs  It  fu.sc<l.  According;  to  nil  tlio  laws  of  nntioiis,  the  ih'rk  of 
II  vesHt'l  of  war  is  conMUlcrcd  to  it^prcHt'iit  tlic  niiijcsty  of  tlio  «'oniitry  wIiohc  Hag  bIib 
rticH,  and  she  in  ficns  from  all  cxorutioiis,  lixwpt  for  crimes  actually  committbd  on  Hlioro, 
wIr'u  a  domand  must  bo  mado  for  thodolivory  of  hucIi  person,  and  the  execution  of  tli« 
warrant  pti  formed  by  the  i)oli(?o  of  the  nhii).  Our  BhippinR  articles  have  Itecn  Nliown 
to  tlie  snperiiitendcnt  of  jiolice.  All  Htranjicrs  have  been  sent  out  of  tlio  ship,  and  two 
conimissioncd  oHicers  were  ordered  to  search  if  any  such  have  been  left  on  board. 
They  have  reported  to  mo  that,  after  makin^j  a  thorough  search,  they  can  tind  no  per- 
son on  board  except  thoso  who  entered  this  port  as  part  of  the  complemont  of  men. 

I,  therefoH",  as  c<mimander  of  the  shi]i,  representing  my  government  in  British  waters, 
have  to  inform  his  excellency  that  there  are  no  i)ersonson  board  this  shipcxc(!j»t  those 
■whose  names  are  on  my  shipping  articles,  and  that  no  one  has  been  enlisted  in  the  serv 
ice  of  the  Coufedisrate  States  since  my  arrival  in  this  port,  nor  have  I  in  any  way  vio- 
lated the  neutrality  of  the  port. 

And  I,  in  the  name  of  the  government  of  the  Ctmfederate  States  of  America,  hereby 
enler  my  solemn  protest  against  any  obstruction  which  may  cause  lhe«letention  of  this 
shiit  in. this  port. 
I  have,  Ac, 

.IAS.  .J.  WAlJDELL. 
l/itutiiiiittt  Coiiniiantliiit/,  Coii/rdeiutlr  Stntrn  Xarii.' 

lloil.  .I.V^.  (i.    l'l!A.SCI>, 

Comminxiinivr  of  TnnU'  and  CiiilotDx,  MvUmuriii'. 

it  iippears  Irom  ii  vcport  of  the  .superintoiulcji't  of  police  tliiit,  in  order 
to  carry  out  tlic  ins^^nictions  of  the  gfoverninent,  he  ])roeee(le(l  to  Wil- 
liamstown  on  the  •  ■L-'rnoou  of  the  llth,  toolc  i)ossession  of  the  slip  on 
M'hich  the  Slienaiidoali  ^vas  placed,  and  cleared  the  yard  of  the  workmen 
employed  on  the  A'essel.  The  effect  of  th.is  determined  course  of  pro- 
ceedings soon  showed  itself.  At  about  10  p.  m.  four  men  were  seen  to 
leave  the  vessel  in  a  boat  pulled  by  two  watermen.  They  were  ])ursned 
by  the  water-police,  and  brought  back  to  the  superintendent.  On  being 
questioned,  they  said  they  had  been  on  board  a  few  days,  unknown  to 
the  cajitain,  and  that  as  soon  as  he  found  they  were  on  board,  he  or- 
dered them  to  go  ashore.^  The  men  were  detained,  and  the  American 
cousid  was  communicated  with  resi)eetingthem.  Toward  morning  tug- 
steamers  came  to  tow  the  vessel  otl",  but  were  ordered  away  by  the  su- 
l)erintendent,  who  also  took  steps  for  i>reventing  the  vessel  being  fur- 
nished with  a  pilot.  The  four  men  were  taken  before  a  magistrate  on 
the  Kith.  One,  being  an  American,  was  discharged ;  the  three  others, 
one  of  whom  was  the  man  Davidson,  ("  Charley,")  were  committed  for 
trial.  Two  of  them,  after  awaiting  their  tri.al  in  prison  for  a  month, 
were  sentenced  to  a  further  imprisonment  of  ten  days ;  the  other,  being 
a  mere  youth,  was,  on  that  account,  discharged."  The  vessel  still  re- 
mained on  the  slip. 

On  the  15th  of  February,  tlie  lessee  of  the  slip  wrote  to  the  chief  sec- 
retary, stating  that  his  manager  had  informed  him  that  should  a  gale  of 
wind  occur,  he  would  either  be  compelled  to  launch  the  ship,  or  run  a 
great  risk  of  her  sustaining  serious  damage  in  consequence  of  her  un- 
safe position  on  the  cradle.*  This  being  so,  and  .all  motive  for  searching 
the  ship  being  now  at  an  end,  the  man  against  whom  the  warrant  had 
been  directed  having  been  taken,  and  there  being  no  reason  for  suppos- 
ing that  there  were  other  Melbourne  men  secreted  in  the  vessel,  it  was 
thought  advisable  that  tlie  order  suspending  the  permission  to  repair 
should  be  revoked,  and  the  necessary  repairs  to  the  ship  be  allowed  to 
be  completed,  the  commander  being  informed  that  he  was  expected  to 
use  every  dispatch  in  getting  to  sea  by  the  time  previously  fixed. 

Captain  Waddell  having  written  to  complain  of  the  ship  having  been 
seized,  was  informed,  in  reply,  that  the  ship  had  not  been  seized,  hut 

'Britsh  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  G44. 

-  Ibid.,  p.  527. 

'  Ibid.,  vol.  V,  p.  <)2. 

*  Ibid.,  vol.  i,  p.  528. 


OPINIONS    OF    SIK    AI.KXANDKK    COCKIU'KN. 


405 


•K 


lip,  or  run  a 


that  I'lirtlier  proKross  with  tiie  repairs  li a* I  boon  arrested  bj- reason  of  his 
refusal  to  allow  tlio  ship  to  be  searehed.  Jle  was  also  reminded  of  the 
four  men  having  been  caught  leaving  the  ship,  notwithstanding  his  state- 
ment that  there  was  no  stranger  on  board ;  but  he  was  at  the  same  time 
informed  that,  as  the  man  against  whom  the  warrant  had  been  issued 
was  now  in  custody,  and  he  (Captain  Waddell)  had  given  his  assurance 
that  no  person  other  than  those  on  her  shipping  articles  were  now  ou 
board  tlie  ship,  the  work  might  proceed.  In  acknowledging  this  com- 
munication Captain  Waddell  took  the  opportunity  of  observing  as  fol- 
lows, with  reference  to  the  lour  men  : 

Tlio  four  men  ivlliuit'd  to  in  your  conininnication  an^  in>  i>ivi'.t  of  tliiH  vcsst'l*N  coniplt!- 
ment  of  men  ;  tliny  wcro  (letiatetl  on  boanl  l>y  tlio  ship's  ])()licc  niter  all  stranjjers  weri> 
reported  ont  of  tlio  vessel,  ami  they  were  onhntMl  and  sent  ont  of  the  vessel  by  the 
ship's  police  immediately  on  their  discovery,  which  was  after  my  letter  had  been  dis- 
patched infonnin,i?  his  excellency  the.  j^overimr  that  there  were  no  such  jiersons  on 
board.  These  mtsn  were  here  without  my  knowled^je,  and  I  have  no  doulit  can  be 
properly  called  stowaways,  and  such  they  would  have  rcnnained  but  for  tlu;  vi;;ilance 
of  the  bhip's  police,  inasmuch  as  they  were  (h.-teeted  after  the  third  search,  but  in  no 
way  can  I  be  accused,  in  trutli.  of  beiii;^  coj^nizaiit  of  an  evasion  of  the  fi)rei;;ii-eMlist- 
niontact.' 

On  the  evening  of  the  1,1th,  the  roi)airs  hitving  Ixmmi  cinnpleted,  the 
vessel  was  launched  from  the  slip  and  tinehored  in  tht^  bity,  where  she 
proceeded  to  reship  her  stores  and  coal,  of  whicli  latter  article  she  was 
iiUowed  to  take  in  a  further  sui)ply  of  I'oO  tons. - 

She  liually  quitted  Tort  Philii)  ou  tlte  moniiiig  of  the  18th  of  Feb- 
ruary. 

Ijlan)e  luis  been  cast  On  the  governor  for  htiving  allowed  the  repairs 
of  the  vessel  to  be  eoiiipleted  and  the  vessel  to  be  launched,  or  coal  to 
be  supplied  to  her,  in  consequence  of  tho  attitude  of  deliiiiice  assumed 
by  Captain  Waddell  in  refusing  to  sutler  his  ship  to  be  searcluMl. 

The  position  was,  however,  an  embarrassing  one. 

It  was  very  doubtful  how  far  the  police  ollicer,  after  htiving  received 
the  word  of  honor  of  Cttptain  Wiuldell,  as  an  ollicer  tind  a  geuUeman, 
that  the  nuin  against  Avhom  he  had  a  wtirrant  was  not  on  board,  had 
done  right  in  insisting  on  searching  the  ship,  and  in  threatening  to  use 
force  in  order  to  execute  the  warrant.  The  position  taken  b}^  Captain 
Waddell  that  a  ship  of  war  of  another  nation  is  not  subject  to  local  ju- 
risdiction is  undoubtedly  true.  Upon  a  request  of  Sir  C.  Darling  to  be 
iuformed  as  to  the  propriety  of  executing  n  warrant  under  the  foreign- 
enlistment  act  on  board  a  confederate  ship  of  war,  the  law-officers  of  the 
Crown,  on  being  consulted,  advised  as  follows: 

It  appears  to  iis  that,  in  the  circumstances  stated,  his  excellency  the  governor  acted 
with  propriety  and  discretion ;  and  there  does  iiot  appear  to  us,  at  X)rosent,  to  be  a 
necessity  for  any  action  on  the  part  of  Her  Majesty's  govetumeut. 

With  respect  to  his  excellency's  request,  that  ho  may  receive  instructions  as  to  the 
propriety  of  executing  any  warrant  under  the  foreigu-oulistmont  act  on  board  a  con- 
federate (public)  ship  of  war,  we  are  of  opinion  that,  in  a  case  of  strong  suspicion,  he 
ought  to  request  tho  perniissiou  of  tho  commander  of  tho  ship  to  execute  the  warrant ; 
and  that,  if  this  request  Lo  refused,  ho  ought  not  to  attempt  to  euforco  tho  oxceutiou ; 
but  that,  in  this  case,  the  commander  should  bo  desired  to  leave  tho  port  as  speedily 
as  possible,  and  should  be  informed  that  he  will  not  be  re-admitted  into  it.-' 

There  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  soundness  of  this  advice.  While  a 
ship  of  war  is  thus  exempt  from  local  jurisdiction,  the  right  of  tho  local 
authority  to  withhold  the  accommodation  of  the  port  is  equally  un- 
doubted ;  and  the  exercise  of  this  power,  applied  here  in  the  first  in- 


Ml 


4 


'  British  Appendix,  vol  i,  p.  G4G. 

-  Ibid.,  vol.  V,  p.  8;"). 

'Appendix  to  British  Case,  vol.  i,  p.  558. 


40(1 


AKniTKATION    AT    OKN'KVA. 


HtaiuK'.  iiiislit  no  doubt  liav*^  ham  i»roloiis«'«l.  Jhit,  tiuj  liouor  ol'  the 
coinniiiiulcr  of  tlic  sliip  hiivinj;  been  plodji-od,  ought  tlic  scan-h  of  tlsc 
vo.ss(^l  to  havo  boon  fintbcr  insiatod  on  :'  JJy  tlic  <;oniity  of  nations  liu! 
Avord  of  a  coniniissioucd  ollieer  is  bold  to  bo  .sidlM^icnt  Riiaianlcci  for  llu^ 
trutb  of  anytbiniL,'  to  wbicb  it  is  olticially  i)k'df;od.  Tiio  rulo  is  a  sound 
one.  Th(!  Ix'st  security  for  lionorabUi  conduct  is  unhositatin;^:  conii- 
dcnc(!  whenever  honor  is  ])ledjLfe(l.  It  is  of  infiniUily /.greater  niomenT 
that  such  a.  rub;  shouUl  bo  maintained  than  tliat  a  "  (Jharley  "  shouhi 
hv.  arrested  and  underfjjo  a  mouth's  inij)risonuient.  Any  vaporinji' 
bingua^'e,  or,  in  transatlantic  ])hrase,  "tall  talk"  of  Captain  Waihh'll 
might  lie  excused  owing  to  tlic  impropriety  of  the  i)olice-olli('er's  tlu'eat 
of  using  force,  to  searcb  the  sbip  under  bis  ('(unnuiud. 

It  is  true  that  the  fact  to  which  the  word  of  tlie  conunander  has  been 
pledged  turned  out  to  be  otherwise.  I'ut  (Ja'ptain  Waddcll  explained 
this  by  saying  that  the  nu'u  bad  st^creted  theinselve.i  in  the  bottom  ol' 
the  vessel,  and  had  oidy  been  discovered  on  a  third  searcb.  Now  it  is 
well  known  that  men  do  contrive  to  secrete  themselves  in  ships  so  as 
to  elude  searcb.  A  striking  instance  occurred  in  tho  case  of  the  United 
States  ship  tbe  Kearsarge.  When  that  sbip  Ictt  Cork  in  Novendier. 
I8O0,  sixteen  men  contrived  to  bide  themselves  in  lier,  nor  was  tlieii- 
presence  in  her  known  to  Captain  Wiuslow,  her  commander,  till  tiie 
day  after  tbo  vessel  bad  gone  to  sea,  notwithstanding  that  search  had 
been  made,  and  other  men,  found  concealed  on  board,  bad  been  sent 
out  of  the  sbip  just  before  ber  departure.'  It  should  be.  added  that 
Williams  and  Gladden  having  stated  in  their  depositions  that  certain  of 
tbo  subordinate  ofiicers  of  the  ship  bad  been  aware  of  tbe  presence  ol' 
'"Charley"  in  the  forecastle  of  the  sbip,  tboso  oiliccrs  immediately  pub- 
lished in  the  Melbourne  Argus  declarations  signed  by  them,  denying 
in  tbo  most  positive  terms  the  statoujonts  affecting  tbem.  Sir  Eonudoll 
Palmer  puts  tbe  pertinent  question  :  "  Can  it  be  imputed  as  a  want  of 
duo  diljgenco  to  the  government  of  Melbourne  (whose  good  faith  and 
vigilance  had  otherwise  been  so  manifestly  proved)  that  although  not 
entirely  satislied  with  Captain  Waddell's  demeanor  or  conduct,  they 
accepted  the  solemn  assurances  of  not  one,  but  several,  oflicers  of  the 
same  race  and  blood,  and  with  the  same  claims  to  the  character  or 
gentlemen  as  the  ollicers  of  the  United  States?" 

The  matter  was  further  complicated  by  the  fact  that  the  owner  of  the 
slip  had  reported  that  the  position  of  the  vessel  on  the  cradle  was  one 
of  danger;  and  that,  if  a  gale  of  wind  should  arise,  a  disaster  would 
probably  ensue.  It  is  obvious  that,  if  such  a  thing  had  happened  it 
would  have  been  very  awkward  for  all  parties.  The  wisest  thing,  there- 
fore, as  it  appeared  io  the  governor  and  his  council,  was  to  allow  things 
to  be  comideted  and  t  get  rid  of  this  unpleasant  visitor  as  early  as  pos- 
sible. That  the  conduct  of  Captain  Waddell  in  augmenting  his  crew 
from  the  colony,  a.s  it  afterward  turned  out  that  he  did,  in  spite  of  his 
solemn  promise  to  observe  neutrality  in  this  respect,  was  conduct  dis- 
graceful in  an  otlicer  and  a  gentleman,  there  can  be  no  doubt ;  but,  as  I 
have  before  observed,  no  governor  or  other  authority  can  be  blamed  for 
trusting  to  the  word  of  any  one  bearing  the  commission  of  an  officer.  I 
am  bound  to  respect,  but  I  certainly  cannot  share,  the  opinion  of  some  of 
my  colleagues  that  Sir  C.  Darling  showed  any  indulgence  to  the  com- 
mander of  the  Shenandoah,  in  further  extending  to  him  the  privileges  of  a 
belligerent,  inconsistent  Avith  what,  as  the  governor  of  a  neutral  govern- 
ment, he  was  fully  empowered  and  entitled,  in  theexerciseof  his  judgment 


'  See  United  States  Docnmonts,  vol.  ii,  p.  429. 


J- 


oriMONS    OF    filli    Al.i;\ANI>i:U    C(U  Kin  UN. 


'1!)7 


■  I'lily  111'  iiml. 


hihI  «lis('r('ti()ii,  to  cxtrnd.     Still  less  ciiii  !  Iliiiik  that,  cvoti  if  tlicrc  wiis 

any  onor  of  Jii(l<;iii('iit  in  this  rcsju'ct,  iiixl  th(^  j^ovciiior  (if  McllKMiriM' 

was,  lUMlcr  tlio  circiiiiiMtunccs — as  I  iicunl  it  two  or  thr«'(!  tiincs  said  in 

tlio  <H)iirs(^  of  the  (lisciissioii — too  ^-ivil  ("  tioppoli  ")  to  Captain  Wiuhioll, 

that  tho  Hi'itisli  nation  is  tlici-cforc  to  inckir  a  liahility  to  a  ciaiiii  of 

[soino  $(i,()(M>,(l(K).  If  snch  a  conclusion  is  to  he  arrived  at  upon  such 
fucts,  1  shall  he  half  disposed  to  a<;ree  with  M.  Staeniplli,  that  there  is, 
indeed,  no  snch  tliinji  as  international  law,  hut  (hat  we  aie  now  creating 

lit  for  the  lirst  time. 

1  pass  on  -to  aiM)ther  snhject.  of  <'oniplaint,  namely,  the 

[supply  of  coal  which  the  Shenandoah  was  allowed  to  reci'ive 
:iii(l  which  is  said  to  have  been  ex(ressiv<' — an  assertion  which,  I  confess, 

llliave  heard  with  no  little  surprise.  It  is  trne  that  the  Shenand(»uli 
still  had  on  her  arrival  at  ^Ij'IbcMirne,  if  reliance  is  to  he  placed  on  a 
jonrmil  kei)t  by  a  nndshipnnin  on  board,  KK>  tons  of  coal  in  her  bankers; 

lit  is  trne  that  she  was  there  allowtnl  to  take  in  "JM)  tons  more. 

Ihit  internatioind  law,  as  w((  hav(^  seen,  imposes  no  limitation  on  tlio 
qiiantityof  the  supplies  whi(!h  a  bellijjjerent  vessel  may  obtain  in  a  mmtrsil 

||iort.  The  only  restriction  in  this  case  would  therefore  arise  from  the  'jjov- 
iTinnent  rej^ulation  that  no  \essel  should  be  allowed  to  tak(!  more  tliau 

Isiinicient  to  convey  her  to  her  nearest  i)ort.  Now  the  nearest  ])ort  of 
the  (country  of  the  Sheinnnloah  was  some  thirteen  thousand  to  fourteen 

Itliousand  nules  from  Melbourne;  and  all  tlu^  coal  which  could  possibly 
liiivo  been  stowed  in   tlie  vessel  would  have  fallen  infinitely  short  of 

Iwliat  she  must  have  consumed  on  snch  a  voyaj^e  if  she  had  had  recourse 
to  her  steam-power.    Jt  is  true  we  are  told  that  she  was  an  evcellent 

hiiiler.  Mr.  Evarts  informed  us,  [  believe,  on  the  authority  of  ii  mid- 
shipman's Journal,  afterward  ])ublished  under  tho  title  of  "The  Cruise 

lof  the  Shanandoah,"that  her  speed  under  canvass  was  at  times  equal  to 

Isivteeii  knots  an  hour;  but  itdi<l  notoccur  to  that  distinguished  counsel 
to  tell  us  how  the  governor  and  his  council  could  possibly  know  that 
liict,  unless,  indeed,  they  were  to  know  it  by  intuition.  Although,  from 
the  vessel's  build  and  appearance,  she  ndght  be  thought  likely  to  be  a 
last  vessel,  all  they  knew  of  lier  was  that  she  was  a  screw- steamer, 

[ailnpted  to  sail  or  steam. 
The  argument  that  a  vessel  is  not  to  be  allowed  coal  because  she  is 

liiot  likely  to  use  it,  strikes  me,  I  must  say,  as  a  very  singular  one.  If 
she  does  not  use  it,  what  harm  can  arise  to  any  one  from  her  having  it  on 
board?  "  Yes,  but,"  says  Mr.  Evarts,  "  this  coal  was  to  enable  her  to 
liave  an  advantage  over  the  whalers  when  among  the  ice.''  J5nt  here 
we  must  have  recourse  again  to  the  intuitive  powers  of  the  governor 
and  his  council.  For  how  else,  in  the  name  of  common  sense,  were  they 
to  know  that  the  intention  of  Captain  Waddell  was  io  go  ;inioi!g  the 
icebergs  in  pursuit  of  the  whaling-vessels  ?  Captain  Waddell  knew  his 
business  too  well  to  let  his  intentions  in  this  respect  be  known.  Nor  is 
it  at  all  reasonable  to  say  that,  because  a  vessel  can  both  sail  and  steam, 
she  is  not  entitled  to  have  whatever  is  necessary  lor  navigation  in  both 
forms.  The  government  regulations,  which  allow  a  vessel  to  have  the 
ijuantity  of  coal  necessary  to  take  her  to  the  neai^est  i»ort,  make  no  dis- 
tinction (anymore  than  does  international  law^) between  vessels  depend- 
ing wholly  upon  steam,  and  others  navigating  both  by  steam  and  sail. 
The  regulation  must  bo  taken  to  have  reference  to  the  quantity  of  coal 
which  would  be  required  to  take  the  vessel  to  her  nearest  port,  if  she 
[bad  to  depend  on  steam  alone. 

It  would  be  absurd  to  supposfe  that,  in  every  case,  the  local  authority 
I  is  to  enter  upon  a  nice  calculation  of  the  sailing  power  of  the  particular 
32  B 


i 


;,■ 


1 

v.V' 


':■■■  1  : 
1  ■  (  1 


498 


AKMITHATION    AT    GENEVA. 


vessel,  niul  allow  a  greater  or  less  quantity  of  coal  accordinjr  to  the 
estimate  that  may  be  formed  of  the  rate  of  speed  under  canvas. 
A  vessel  is  entitled  to  the  advantaf;e  of  all  her  motive-power,  however 
derived.  Either  may  fail.  A  vessel  under  sail  may  carry  away  her 
masts.  In  this  instance,  liad  the  Shen;indoali  been  ji'oing  bomoward 
this  might  have  hajjpened  when  she  wa^  thousands  of  miles  from  huiiie. 
It  seems  to  me,  therefore,  that  it  was  not  a  question  for  the  local  gov- 
ernment whether  this  vessel  was  a  good  sailer  or  not.*  The  only  <|U('s- 
tion  was,  what  amount  of  coal  she  was  at  liberty  to  have  according  to 
the  regulation.  Keferring  to  that,  and  looking  to  the  immense  distance 
between  her  and  her  nearest  i»ort,  no  one,  as  it  seems  tome,  can  reason- 
ably say  that  she  was  allowed  a  single  ton  too  much. 

Meii,„„n,..ni,„.,.  I^iit  it  is  said  that  by  taking  in  coal  at  IMelbourne,  witli 
oiniv,i„i..n,t,.,i,>.  ^]^^y  ulterior  purpose  of  making  war  on  the  whaling- vessels 
of  the  United  iStates,  this  vessel  was  enabled  to  make  the  port  of  Mel- 
bonrue  a  "  base  of  naval  operations." 

Asl  have  already  observed,  when  the  law  on  this  subject  was  under 
discussion,  the  ai)i)li(tation  of  such  a  rule  in  favor  of  the  United  iStates 
to  the  prejudice  of  (Jreat  Britain  would  be  aflagi'ant  injustice,  seeing 
that,  as  1  then  showed,  ships  of  war  of  the  United  States  obtained 
many  thousand  tons  of  coal,  under  exactly  the  same  circumstances,  that 
is  to  say,  when  they  had  particular  "  naval  operations  "  in  immediate 
view.  If  this  doctrine  is  to  hold,  every  time  a  vessel,  having  a  partic 
ular  belligerent  purpose  in  view,  takes  iu  coal,  and  proceeds  on  sneh 
purpose,  tlie'port  will  be  at  once  converted  into  a  base  of  naval  opera 
tions.  The  same  reasoning  would  of  course  applj^,  and  in  the  same 
degree,  to  repairs. 

Tins  i)roposition  is,  to  my  mind,  utterly  unreasonable,  as  being  alto- 
gether inconsistent  Avith  any  idea  that  ever  has  been,  or  properly  can 
be,  attached  to  the   term  "  base  of  operations;"  and  is,  moreover,  in 
the  most  Hagrant  degree  unjust,  if  it  is  to  have  the  effect  of  impos- 
ing on  the  neutral  any  responsibility  to  the  other  belligerent.    For  it  is 
obviously  inconsistent  with  common  justice  that  the  neutral  state  shall 
suffer  for  that  to  which  it  is  not  only  no  i)arty,  but  of  which  it  has  alsoj 
no  knowledge.   ]>y  the  common  ])ractice  of  nations,  as  well  as  by  the  reg- 
ulations of  the  government,  a  belligerent  vessel  is  allowed  to  have  tlic 
beneht  of  necessary  rei)airs,  and  to  take  a  supply' of  coal  without  the 
local  government  being  entitled  to  inquire  into  her  ulterior  destination.] 
No  such  inquiry  is  prescribed  by  the  regulations  in  question,  or  by  those  | 
made  by  any  other  nation;  nor  has  any  publicist  ever  suggested  that 
such  a  proticeding  should  beadoi)ted.     jS'o  such  inquiry  could,  with  pro 
priety,  be  made;  nor  couhl  the  commander  of  the  ship  be  called  upon' 
to  answer  it  if  made.     The  knowledge  of  his  intended  course  niiglit 
expose  him  to  the  attack  of  an  enemy.    No  such  question,  so  far  as  Ij 
am  aware,  was  ever  ])ut  to  a  belligerent  vessel  during  the  whole  course 
of  the  war.    None  such  was  ever  put  to  a  ship  of  the  United  Static] 
when  applying  for  coal  at  a  liritish  port.    This  being  so,  to  say  that. 
the  local  government  being  in  ignorance  of  the  destination  of  tlie  ves- 
sel, a  resimnsibility  is  to  be  incurred  because  the  belligerent,  in  obtain- 
ing this  accomnnxlation,  has  an  ulterior  operation  in  view,  as  to  which. 
by  some  violent  distortion  of  language,  the  port  may  be  said  to  be  <husj 
rendered  a  base,  but  of  which  ulterior  operatioa  the  neutral  knows 
nothing,  ai)pearsto  !ne  to  be  an  outrage  not  only  on  the  first  principles  | 
of  justice,  but  also  upon  the  plainest  dictates  of  common  sense. 

Thus  far  1  am  unable  to  discover  anything  but  a  desire  on  the  part  of  I 
the  local  government  to  comply  with  the  Queen's  regulations,  ami  to| 


OriMONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDER    COCKIUIUN. 


499 


V 


)i(liiig  to  tho, 
iiuler  ciuiviis. 
)\vcr,  howovci' 
irry  away  Ikm' 
iig  boiuoward 
OS  from  liuiitc. 
tlio  local  s<>v- 
Che  only  (lucs- 
e  according  to 
inensedistanci' 
no,  can  reason- 

clbonrno,  witli 
vlmlins-vcsscis 
le  port  of  ]\k4- 

jeot  was  nndor 
United  States 
iijustice,  seeing 
tates  obtained 
imstances,  tliat 
"  in  immediate 
aving-  a  partie- 
oceeds  on  sneh 
of  naval  opera- 
id  in  tbe  same 

,  as  beinji'  alto- 
lor  properly  can 
s,  moreover,  in 
Bli'ect  of  impos- 
srent.    For  it  is 
itral  state  shall 
licb  it  lias  also 
1  as  by  the  reg- 
ed  to  bave  the 
oal  witbont  the 
■ior  destination, 
ion,  or  by  those 
sufigested  that 
onld,  with  pro 
be  called  upon 
course  niijihtl 
tion,  so  far  as  1 
e  wbole  conrsc 
United  States 
so,  to  say  that.  | 
tion  of  the  vos- 
ireut,  in  obtain- 
iw,  as  to  whicli. 
saidtobeMuis 

neutral  kno>vs 
first  principles  I 
a  sense, 
eon  tho  part  oi 
ilatiolKs,  and  to 


V 


(liscbar^'c  their  <lnty,  faithfully  and  conscientiously,  in  preventing  any 
breach  of  neutrality  on  the  part  of  the  commander  of  the  (Shenandoah 
in  the  enlistiufj;  of  men ;  nor  does  it  appear  to  me  that  any  blame  can 
reasonably  or  Justly  attach  to  them  in  respect  of  i>eriuitting  necessary 
repairs  to  be  (lone  to  the  ship,  or  as  to  the  time  allowed  for  that  pur- 
pose, or  as  to  the  qjiantity  of  coal  which  the  vessel  was  suft'ered  to  take 
on  ])oard. 

The  only  (|uestion  which  presents  any  real  dilliculty  '«  v.hether  sufli- 
cient  care  was  exercised  to  prevent  men  from  enlisting  in  the  Shenan- 
doah immediatel}*  prior  to  her  departure. 

For,  it  is  an  undoubted  fact  that,  on  the  night  before  the  vessel  left, 
which  it  will  be  remembered  was  on  the  morning  of  the  18th,  a  consid- 
erable number  of  men  contrived  to  get  on  board  and  sailed  away  in  the 
Shenandoah,  as  part  of  her  crew. 

In  addition  to  the  suspicious  circumstances  connected  with  the  'Secre- 
tion of  the  man  "Charley"  and  the  ocher  three  men,  it  appears  that  ii 
detective  named  Kennedy,  having  been  directed  to  make  inquiries,  on 
the  13th  of  February,  reported  as  follows : 

That  twenty  men  have  been  disehargoil  from  tho  Slieii.iiuloiili  since  her  ;ii rival  at 
this  port. 

That  Captain  Waddell  intends  to  ship  forty  hands  here,  who  are  to  be  taken  on 
board  dnrinjj  the  nij^Iit,  and  to  siyn  articles  wh„ii  they  are  ontside  the  Heads. 

It  is  stated  that  tlio  captain  wishes,  if  possible,  to  ship  foreign  seamen  only,  and  all 
Eii<;lishmcn  shipped  here  are  to  assnnie  a  foreif^n  name. 

McGrath,  Finlay,  and  O'lbien,  three  Melbonriie  boarding-lionse  keepers,  arc  said  to 
lie  employed  in  {ifettinfj  tho  re<iuisito  unmber  of  men,  who  are  to  receive  JJO  per  month 
wajjfes,  and  £8  boii:.f-y,  &c. 

Peter  KeVr,  a  shirwrijjht,  living  in  I'ailway  Place,  Samlridge,  stated  abont  a  fort- 
njitht  ago,  in  the  hearing  of  several  persons,  that  Captain  Waddell  ottered  him  £17  por 
month  to  ship  as  carpenter.  A  waternum  invmed  McLaren,  now  at  Sandridgo,  is  either 
already  enlisted,  or  abont  to  be  so. 

The  det'.'ctive  has  been  nnalde,  nj)  to  the  pr(>scnt.  to  coilcMt  any  reliable  information 
•IS  to  whether  ammnnition,  &c.,  has  been  put  on  board  the  Shenandoah  at  this  port,  or 
whether  arrangements  have  Ihmmi  made  with  anv  person  for  tliat  i)nrpose. 

I).  S.  KENNEDY, 
Firnt-claf<K  Jhivctire.' 

The  superintendent,  in  forwarding  this  rei)(>rt,  added  the  following 
statement : 

Mr.  Scott,  resident  clerk,  lias  been  informed — in  tact  he  ovtirlieard  a  person  repre- 
sented as  iin  assistant  pnrser  statti—  tiiat  al)ont  sixty  men  engaged  ln're  were  to  be 
sliipijcd  on  board  an  old  v<'ssel,  believed  to  be  the  Eli  Whitney,  together  with  a  (jnan- 
tity  of  ammnnition,  Ac,  abont  two  or  thret;  days  betbre  the  Slicnandoah  sails.  Tlie 
liinner  vessel  is  to  1)(^  cleared  out  lor  Portland  or  Warrnambool,  Init  is  to  wait  ontside 
the  Heads  tor  the  Slieiianileali,  to  whom  her  cargo  and  pas.seiigers  are  to  be.  trans- 
iirred. 

Ile'Tupon,  the  comniissiouer  of  trade  and  nistoins  undertook,  by 
the  desire  of  the  government  and  conncil,  that  the.  Mil  \Vliitney  should 
be  watched,  and  Unit  vessel  was  watched  accordingly. 

Xotwithstanding  that  the  foregoing  report  of  the  dctt'ctive  Ivennedy 
appeared  to  point  to  specilic  facts,  and  the  police  were  on  the  lookout 
to  detect  any  attenijits  to  «'nlist  men,  nothing  of  a  delinite  or  certain 
character  came  to  light.  In  the  report  afterward  made  by  the  minis- 
ter of  Justice,  the  attorney-general  of  the  colony,  the  <diief  secretary, 
and  the  commissioner  of  cnstoms,  which  has  been  before  referred  to, 
it  is  stated  that — 

Whilst  the  Shenandoah  was  in  port,  there  were  many  vagno  rnmors  in  circulation 
that  it  was  tho  intention  of  a  number  of  nnni  to  sail  in  lier;  but  although  tho  police 
authorities  nnido  every  eicertion  tu  ascertain  tbe  truth  of  these  rumors,  yet  (with  tho 

'  British  Appendi  c,  vol.  i,  p.  i)23. 


■!     ■■ 


500 


ARBITKATION   AT    GENEVA. 


exception  of  rlio  foiii'  cieii  already  alluded  to)  iiotliiiifj  sufticiciitly  definite  to  instify 
criminal  proceedings  could  bo  ascertained;,  indeed,  at  the  best,  these  rumors  jiistilieil 
nothing  more  than  sus]ii(ion,  an-l  calied  only  for  that  watchfulness  which  th((  irovcrii- 
nient  exercised  to  the  fullest  extent  in  its  jiower.  It  was  not  until  after  the  Slicii.in- 
doah  had  left  tlu!  waters  of  Victoria  that  the  govcr*  uient  received  inforuiutiou  cou- 
lirniing  in  a  manner  the  truth  of  these  rumors.' 

On  the  Kltli,  (as  appears  from  a  report  of  the  chief  coinmissioncr  of 
police  on  tliis  .subject,  made  in  October  last,)'^  representations  wcic 
again  made  to  the  government  tliat  the  foreign-enlistment  act  was  be- 
ing violated,  and  the  police  were  instructed  to  v.pe  their  ntnuist  eltbrts  to 
prevent  it.    Nothing,  however,  appears  to  have  occurred  on  that  day. 

But  about  5  o'clock  on  the  afternoon  of  the  17th,  a  man  of  the  nainc 
of  Forbes  came  to  the  American  consul,  Mr.  Blanchard,  and  informed 
liim  that  at  4  o'clock  that  afternoon  he  had  seen,  at  the  pier  at  Sand- 
ridge,  five  men,  most  of  whom,  if  not  all,  Avere  British  subjects,  and 
that  one  of  them  had  told  him  that  they  and  others  were  going  on  boar<l 
a  bark  called  the  Maria  Boss,  then  lying  in  the  bay,  and  were  to  join 
the  Sher.andoali  when  she  was  out  at  sea,  ami  that  boats  from  the 
Maria  Boss  were  *o  come  for  them  at  o  o'clock.  ' 

The  co.isul  thereupon  took  Forbes  to  the  otlice  of  the  Crown  solicitor; 
but,  according  to  the  statement  of  the  consul  made  to  the  governor  on 
the  ensuing  day,  tlie  Crown  solicitor  refnsed  to  take  the  infornmtion, 
and  the  consul  further  complained  that  the  language  and  nuinner  of 
that  ollicer  in  doing  so  had  been  insulting  to  him.  The  ('ruvv::  solicitor, 
however,  disclainu'd  any  intention  of  giving  offense  t.  tl.  ("msul,  as 
appears  from  the  letter  of  the  private  secretary  of  the  ji'twiii.'  i;o  Mr. 
Blanchard,  the  consul,  which  is  as  follows: 

Febkuauv  21,  iSCut. 

8n{:  I  am  desiicd  liy  his  excellency  the  jrovernor  to  acquaint  you  that  he  received 
your  letter  of  the  ISth  instant  ii:  the  afternoon  of  that  day,  .Saturday,  and  that  on  Mon- 
day, the  yOtli,  hi'  caused  it  to  he  referred,  through  the  honorable  tho  attoruey-general. 
to  tlie.  Crown  solicitor,  for  any  explanation  he  mijiht  wish  to  offer. 

2.  After  statin;;  that  it  was  only  in  consequence  of  his  accidentally  returniiin-  (o  ills 
ofifice  at  half  jiast  f)  i>.  m.,  after  it  had  been  dosed  for  the  day,  that  tlie  interview  he- 
twecn  yon  and  himself  occurred  at  all,  Air.  (Juiner  stat(>s  tluvt  he  infornu'd  you  that, 
not  beinj;  a  nia<;''strat<',  he  couhl  not  t.i'<i!  an  information,  and  adds  that  he  was  in  a 
liurry  to  save  a  railway  train,  aud  thevefoie  left  more  suddenly  than  hi-  olhcrwisf 
should  have  done  ;  but  he  iiositively  asserts  that  neitlwr  in  manner  nor  language  did 
be  insult  yon. 

15.  His  exceilency  feels  sure  that  the  C'rown  solieitor's  tone  and  manner  have  bei'ii 
inisaj)prehended,  and  confident ly  assures  you  that  there  was  no  intent i(Ui  on  the  \m\, 
of  that  oflicer  to  fail  in  the  resi»ect  due  to  your  position  as  the  consul  of  the  liiiirM 
States  of  America.'' 

What  occurred  after  the  consul  left  the  Crown  solicitor's  oflice  is  !■  'm^ 
found  in  the  statement  of  a  ]Mr.  L(U"d,  an  American  gentlemiiii  r''  iL;  ,u 
at  ]\relbourne,  made  for  the  use  of  the  consul,  .Mr.  Lord  hiiving  at-^oi 
panied  that  gentleman  in  his  endeavors  to  .secnre  the  arrest  of  the  :ne". 
Mr.  Lord  states  .-'.s  follows: 

We  left  and  went  first  to  the  oftice  of  the  chief  commissioner  of  jiolie. ,  and,  not  liiiil- 
ing  either  him  or  Mr.  Lyttleton  in,  \>  e  drove  to  the  houses  of  pai  liaiuent,  and,  on  send- 
ing yonr  name  to  the  altorncy-generii],  h(!  at  once  came  out  aud  asked  us  into  tlie 
side-room.  He  patiently  lisreiu'd  lo  all  yon  had  to  say,  and  then  suggeste<l  that  if  ymi 
would  place  the  matter  in  theshiijie  of  an  allidavit  he  would  lay  it  before  his  eolleagncs; 
that  a  verbal  stati'uiei't  was  not  sullieieut  for  the  governn  ent  to  proceed  ujion.  We 
then  left  and  drove  to  the  otlice  of  the  detective  police,  aiul  saw  .Mr.  Nicholson,  tln' 
chief,  who  heard  the  man's  sliiti'inent  in  full;  but.  as  lie  could  not  act  without  :i  war- 
rant, advised  us  to  go  to  tlw  ]»o'iice  magistrate,  Mr.  Sturt,  aud  get  a  wai ' 
wcmld  at  once  act  upon  it.     Leaving  then',  we.  went  to  the  residence  ». 

'  Ibitish  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  ii'i, 
«Il)id.,  p.  Iv'l. 


\f 


ili^n  lie 

it'ir'.  ia 


'Ibid.,  p.  CiKV 
'Ibhl.,  p.  (519. 


\  I 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDKR    COCKBURN. 


501 


■finUo  to  justify 
luinois  jntstilieil 
licli  tlid  (rovcni- 
ftiT  the  Sliciiiin- 
uforniatiou  con- 

iimissioiK'i'  (»t' 
tations  were 
t  act  was  1)0.. 
luist  efforts  to 
11  that  (lay. 
\  of  the  name 
iind  infonncd 
[)ier  at  Saiid- 

subjocts,  and 
jiiig  on  board 

were  to  Join 
)ats  from  the 

own  solicitor; 
e  jn'ovornor  on 
3  inforinatioii, 
nd  manlier  of 
\.vv'  solicitor, 
:\.  '•  hisul,  as 
•  win."  to  Mr. 


JUAUY  21,  ISfi."). 
that  lie  rcncivcd 
iiid  tliut  t»ii  Moii- 
ittoiuey-geiRTul. 

rotiiniinn'  lo  liii^ 
lu>  interview  be- 
oiinetl  you  that, 
that  he  was  in  a 
in  he  othirwisi' 
lor  laugiia}j;e  did 

anner  have  been 
tion  on  llie  l>iiii 
nl  of  the  I  iiitt'; 

<ofliceist'  ')i: 
niaii  v    a    ,. 
laviiifj'  avj.ii. 
st  of  the  :nc". 


,  and,  not  tind- 
nt,  and,  on  seiiil- 
ki'd  us  into  tin' 
;ested  that  if  yeil 
c  his  e(dlea};ui's: 
)eeed  niion.  We 
r.  Nieh(ds(Mi,  tlic 
t  withofl  X  wai- 
k'ai   :.u':  i!'"!!  1"' 


Spencer  street,  who  received  yon  very  politely,  listened  to  what  yon  ha<l  to  say,  exam- 
ined the  jnan,  but  stated  that  he  could  not  take  the  i'es])on.>iI)ility  of  {•lantinjj;  a  war- 
rant on  th(!  evidence  of  tliis  man  alone,  and  advised  your  going  to  Willianistown,  to 
J[r.  Call,  who  i>erhaps  would  be  in  possession  of  corroborative  testimony  through  the 
water-i)olice.  \V<^  then  hd't,  it  being  about  half  past  7,  and  yon,  tinding  such  a  disin- 
clination in  any  one  to  act  in  the  matter,  decided  to  take  the  deposition  yourself  and 
send  it  to  the  attorney-general,  leaving  it  to  the  government  to  tal^e  such  action  on  it 
as  It  might  deem  proju'r.  (Joing  to  your  consulate,  th"  <leposition  was  taken  and  a 
copy  inclosed  to  the  attorney-general,  with  a  rc(|uest  for  me  to  deliv<'r  it. 

I  took  it  to  the  houses  of  ])arliament,  which  I  found  closed;  and  it  being  tlieu  lato 
(about  y,)  I  decided  it  was  too  late  to  stoj)  the  shipuient  of  the  men,  as  we  understood 
the  vessel  was  to  leave  at  .'>,  audi  wiMit  honu;  and  returned  'le  letter  to  you  on  Sunday 
morning.  I'revious  to  going  home,  however,  I  again  Avent  to  the  detective^  ollice,  saw 
Mr.  Nicholson,  told  him  how  you  had  been  ])reV(Mited  from  getting  tiu;  evidence  biifore 
the  government  in  the  shajie  tliey  recjuired  it.  lie  expressed  his  regret,  but  could  not 
act  in  so  important  a  nuitter  without  ti  warrant.^ 

From  the  foregoing-  statement  it  appears  that  it  was  siiogested  by  the 
attorne.vgeneral  to  the  consnl  to  embody  the  matter  of  liis  communica- 
tion in  the  shtipc  of  an  allithtvit.  This  the  consnl,  having  the  power  to 
talce  aflidavits,  could  readily  have  done,  in  which  case  the  resi)0!isibility 
of  further  action  would  have  rested  with  the  colonial  authorities.  Iii- 
.stead  of  this  the  consul  proceeded  to  the  ollice  of  the  detective  police, 
but,  as  the  chief  otlicer  coiihl  not  ac't  without  a  warrant,  he  very  prop- 
erly advised  Mr.  Blanchard  to  proceed  to  the  residence  of  ]\[r.  Sturt,  the 
police  magistrate,  to  procure  a  warrant.  This  accordingly  Mr.  Blanch- 
ard ditl,  but  it  appears  tliat  ]\[r.  fSturt,  having  heard  the  statement  of 
the  man  Forbe.s,  was  not  satislied  with  it  or  disposed  to  act  on  his  un- 
supported testimony,  lie  therefore  declined  to  grant  the  warrant,  but 
advised  that  the  consnl  should  proceed  to  Willianistown,  to  Mr.  Call, 
the  head  of  the  water-iiolice,  who  would  probalily  l)e  able  to  procure 
evidence  of  a  more  conclusive  character. 

It  being  by  this  time  almost  7  o'clock,  the  consul  decided  upon  doing 
what  the  attorney-general  had  desired  him  to  do  some  two  hours  before, 
namely,  take  the  deposition  himself,  and  dispatch  it  by  Mr.  Lord  to  the 
attorney-general,  leaving  it,  as  Mr.  Lord  says,  t(.  the  government  to  take 
.such  action  as  it  might  deem  proper.  The  (!c  isul  himself  proposed  to 
follow  Mr.  Sturt's  advice,  and  iiroceeded  to  Willianistown;  but  we  learn 
from  his  own  statement  that  w  hen  Forbes,  his  informant,  "  found  he  had 
to  go  among  his  aciinaintances,  he  was  afraid  of  bodily  harm,  and  re- 
fused to  ])roceed,'"^   ■ 

In  the  mean  time  3rr.  Lord  proceeded  with  the  deposition  taken  at  the 
consulate  to  the  house  of  iiarliament  to  find  tin',  attorney-general,  but, 
on  arriving  there,  found  the  house  was  up,  and  it  being  then  about  0 
o'clock,  concluded  it  was  too  late  to  stop  the  shiinnent  of  the  men,  as  it 
had  been  understood  the  vessel  was  to  leave  at  5,  so  Mr.  Lord  gave  the 
matter  uj),  and  went  <piietly  home. 

I  am  at  a  loss  to, see  wherein  it  can  be  said  thai  there  was  here  negli- 
Souce  on  the  ])art  of  any  one,  unless  it  may  have  l>e<'!i  on  that  of  3lr. 
Lord,  who,  having  undertaken  to  tleliver  Forbes's  <leposition  to  th<?  at- 
torney-general, left  the  tj:.-il:  he  had  nndeitaken  incom])lete,  because  he 
did  not  succeed  ii:  liiuling  that  oliiice)'  at  the  only  ]»lace  where  he  sought 
him.  But,  in  trut'i,  the  whole  matter  becomes  perlectly  immaterial  from 
the  fact  that  what  was  desired  to  be  «lone  had  refereinu^  solely  to  the  ])re- 
venting  cf  the  men  from  being  taken  otf  to  the  JNlaria  Boss  by  the  boats 
of  that  vessel.  But,  as  it  turned  out,  no  intention  whatever  existed  of 
conveying  the  men  to  the  Shenandoah  by  means  of  the  Maria  Boss,  or,  if 
such  intention  ever  did  exist,  it  was  afterward  abandoned.     No  boats  of 

'  British  Appeudix,  vol  i,  p.  619. 
"  Ibid.,  p.  587. 


502 


ARDITRAnON   AT    GP^NEVA. 


that  vessel  came  to  take  the  men  off,  and  she  left  the  next  morning  upon 
her  own  destination.  But,  as  showing  the  anxiety  of  the  local  autlior- 
ities  to  i)revent  men  from  Joining  the  Shenandoah,  it  should  be  nu'ii- 
tioned  that  it  appears  from  the  report  of  the  detective  oflicor  subse- 
sequently  employed  to  make  inquiry  on  the  subject  that  the  JNlaria  Koss 
was  searched  to  see  that  no  men  for  the  Shenandoah  were  on  boiird  of 
her,  both  before  she  left  and  again  when  ott'  the  Heads,  that  is,  before 
she  finally  <|uitted  the  bay.^ 

As  has,  however,  been  said,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  men  did  con- 
trive to  get  on  board  the  Shenandoah  late  that  night  under  cover  of  tlie 
darkness.  It  ai)pears  from  the  statement  of  the  consul  that  one  llob- 
bins,  a  master-stevedore,  having  observed  boats  taking  oft'  men  with 
their  luggage  from  the  pier  at  Sandridge,  went  up  to  the  American  con- 
sulate about  11  o'clock  at  night,  and  gave  information  to  Mr.  Blancliiud 
of  what  was  going  on.  Mr.  IJianchard,  however,  did  irot  think  hiniself 
called  upon  to  repair  to  the  spot,  or  deem  it  necessary  to  call  ujx)!!  the 
police  to  take  any  steps  to  i)revent  the  men  from  being  conveyed  to  tlie 
Shenandoah.  Ih'  contented  himself  with  telling  liobbins  "that  ]\lr. 
Sturt,  the  police  magistrate,  had  told  him  the  water-])olice  were  the 
proper  j)ersons  to  lodge  any  information  with,"  and  that  "as  a  jnood 
sub;  c%  he  (liobbins)  was  bound  to  inform  tbei.i  of  any  violation  of  law 
that  .  •"  uderhis  notice.''-  This  Kobbins  i)roniised  to  do,  and  to  con- 
vey a  t.         ge  from  j\Ir.  lilanchard  to  the  police. 

Thus  1.1.  interests  of  the  American  Government  were  transferred  by 
their  proper  representative,  who  no  doubt  went  (piietly  to  bed,  hoping 
for  the  best,  to  Kobbins,  the  stevedore,  who,  however,  seems  to  have 
been,  "as  a  good  subject,"  more  zealous  in  the  maintenance  of  nentral- 
ity  than  the  consul,  for  it  appears  that  Kobbins  actually  went  to  Will- 
iamstown  and  gave  information  to  the  police.  He  crossed  over  to  Will- 
iamstown,  however,  only  in  time  to  see  the  last  boat-load  going  toward 
the  ship.  In  the  mean  time,  the  water-police  having  heard  reports  of 
what  was  likely  to  take  place,  were  out  in  the  bay  in  their  boat ;  but 
Williamstown,  on  the  oi)posite  side  of  the  bay,  being  the  princijjal  .ship- 
ping-place, and  the  place  Irom  Avhich  men  would  be  the  most  likely  to  em- 
bark, their  attention  had  to  be  directed  to  that  quarter;  and  it  would 
seem  that  when  they  approached  the  pier  at  Sandridge,  from  which  the 
men  were  putting  off,  the  latter  secreted  themselves  in  some  rough  wood 
in  the  immedirMi  vicinity,  culled  scrub,  and,  as  soon  as  the  police-boat 
had  gone  in  another  direction,  slipped  oft'  in  watermen's  boats,  and  man- 
aged to  reach  the  Shenandoah  unseen  by  the  police.  They  were  seen 
by  two  constables  who  were  successively  on  duty  at  this  spot,  who 
must,  one  would  suppose,  have  been  pretty  well  aware  of  what  was 
going  on,  as  the  men  hnd  their  luggage  with  them,  and  at  that  hour  of 
the  night  could  have  had  no  business  on  board  the  Shenandoah;  besides 
which,  two  American  ofticers,  one  in  uniform,  the  other  in  plain  clothes, 
were  o  the  ])ier  directing  the  embarkation  of  the  men  ;'  but  neither  of 
tliese  constables  did  anvthing  toward  preventing  the  men  from  getting 
off. 

It  is  possible  that,  not  having  any  warrant  for  the  apprehension  of  the 
men,  they  did  not  think  they  had  any  power  or  authority  to  detain  them; 
or,  the  numbers  being  formidable  and  the  place  lonely,  they  may  have 
thought  it  wiser  to  abstain  from  interfering.  By  the  time  Kobbins 
arrived  at  Williamstown  and  gave  information  of  what  hjid  occurred, 

'  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  121 
"  Ibid.,  vol.  i,  p.  r)H7. 
•i  Ibid.,  pp.  551,  .'J5:i. 


Ol'INIONS    OF    SIR    AI.KXAXDER    COCKI'.l'RX. 


i) 


03 


the  last  boatload  of  men  must 'have  boeii  already  on  board;'  and  the 
poli(;e  were  powerless  to  act  without  order.s  from  the  authorities,  which 
would  have  involved  a  forcible  search  of  the  ship,  and  which,  therefore, 
the  latter  could  not  properly  have  jifiven.^ 

I  will  not  go  to  the  lengtli  of  saying  that,  in  my  opinion,  the  police 
were  on  this  occasion  as  vigilant  and  active  as  they  might  have  been. 
There  was  reason  to  sui^ect  the  olHcers  of  the  Shenandoah  of  a  design 
to  recruit  their  crew  from  the  port :  and  as  that  purpose  had  so  far  been 
prevented  by  the  lookout  kept  in  respect  of  the  two  ships,  the  Eli 
Whitney  and  the  ^laria  Iloss,  susi)ected  of  being  intended  to  take  the 
men  to  the  Sheimndoah  when  outside  the  waters  of  the  colony,  it  was  not 
unlikely  that,  on  the  eve  of  the  shi[)'s  departure,  some  attempt  would 
be  m.ade  by  the  men  who  \\ished  to  ship  in  Jier  to  get  on  board.  The 
police  had  receive<l  instructions  to  use  the  iTtmost  vigilance  to  i)revent 
anything  of  the  kind  being  done,  but  they  appear  to  have  faileil  to  carry 
out  their  instructions  at  a  critical  moment.  A  few  resolute  officers,  sta- 
tioned on  the  two  piers  of  Williairstown  and  Sandridge,  would  probably 
have  prevented  the  nuiu  from  embarking,  or  deterred  the  watermen  from 
conveying  them  to  the  ship.  But  the  governor  and  council  acted 
throughout  under  an  honest  and  thorough  sense  of  dutj,  and  exhibited 
in  all  their  relations  with  the  commander  of  the  Shenandoah  the  fullest 
determination  to  prevent,  as  far  as  in  them  lay,  any  infraction  of  neu- 
trality. 

Possibly  their  susiticions  may  have  been  removed  too  easily  by  the 
positive  word  of  honor  of  the  American  comnuinder  ad  his  officers, 
but,  as  has  been  more  than  once  observed,  it  has  ever  been  a  received 
rule  of  ollicial  conduct  to  trust  implicitly  to  the  honor  of  an  oftieer. 

To  hold,  under  such  circumstances,  that  because  the  local  police  were 
not  as  vigilant  as  they  might  have  been,  or  because  uiider  cover  of  the 
darkness  men  may  have  contrived  to  elude  their  vigilance,  a  nation  is 
to  be  held  liivble  for  damage  done  by  a  vessel  to  the  extent  of  a  claim  of 
many  millions,  of  dollars,  would  be,  as  it  appears  to  me,  to  carry  the 
notion  of  "  due  liligence"  to  an  unheard-of  and  uti warranted  lengtli,  and 
would  be  calculated  to  deprive  the  decisions  of  the  tribunal  of  respect 
in  the  eyes  of  the  world. 

Questions  have  been  raised  as  to  t  'j  number  of  men  thus  added  to  the 
orew  of  the  Shenandoah,  and  as  to  the  proportion  which  the  number  thus 
ad<led  bore  to  the  number  of  her  crew  on  her  arrival  in  the  port.  But  to 
this  I  attach  no  value.  The  second  rule  of  the  treaty  prohibits  any  re- 
cruitment of  men.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  number  was  sutlicieut 
to  constitute  a  recruitment.  And  though  it  may  be  true  that,  independ- 
ently of  the  addition  thus  made,  the  number  of  the  crew  remaining  after 
the  desertions  at  JMelbourne  would  have  been  sullicieut  to  enable  the 
vessel  to  carry  on  o[)erations  against  ordinary  merchant-vessels,  and, 
therefore,  if  the  operations  of  this  ship  had  been  directed  against  the 
same  class  of  vessels  as  before,  the  augnuMitation  of  the  crew  would 
have  made  no  ditt'erence  as  to  her  capacity  for  mischief,  yet  I  agree  with 
the  counsel  of  the  United  States  that  it  is  unlikely  that  without  such 
augmentation  she  would  have  ventured  into'  the  dangerous  polar  seas 
to  destroy  the  whaling-vessels.  ]My  opinion  is  based  on  the  ground  that 
the  autiu)rities  cannot  justly  be  held  responsible  for  what  happened  in 
spite  of  their  anxious  desire  and  endeavor  to  insure  the  observance  of 
neutrality. 

It  only  remains  to  be  stated  that  on  hearing  that  men  had  been  em- 

'  Ihitish  AjipeiHlix,  m>1.  i,  p.  553. 

-  Appendix  to  United  States  Counter  Case,  p.  1185. 


504 


AKIJITRATIOX    AT    (.EXEVA. 


bark(M^  in  the  Slionandoah  |)riov  to  lior  departure,  the  j;overnor  caused 
iiiquirie.s  to  je  made,  and  findiiij;  that  a  violation  of  neutrality  had  taken 
pla  !e,  he  ai'iiouneed  his  intention  of  refusinj^  the  liospitality  of  tlie  jyort 
to  tlu-  caiitain  or  any  other  oflicer.s  of  the  Shenandoah,  shouhl  fhey  ai^ain 
visit  the  colony.  lie,  moreover,  wrote  to  the  jnovernors  of  the  other 
Australian  colonies,  and  to  the  commodore  of  the  station,  to  warn  tlicin 
of  wliat  had  occnn-ed.  As  the  Shenandoah  <lid  not  visit  any  oilier 
British  ])ort  until  she  arrived  at  Liverpool  to  be  surrendered  at  the  end 
of  the  war,  uo  opportunity  0(u;urred  of  taking  i)roper  notice  of  tlie  (lou- 
duct  of  her  commander  on  this  occasion. 

Imjiortance  has  been  attached  to  the  language  of  this  letter  of  the 
governor.     It  is  in  the  Ibllowing  terms: 

(jovKiiNMKNT  IfoirsK,  MiU)t)iiini',  I\hntarij 27 ,  I-Im. 

Sii! :  I  c-Diisidcr  it  my  duty  to  ])lii(!oyonr  exct'llency  in  possession  of  tlio  iu'coniiKinyinir 
com's])()n(l(Mico  ;nul  otlwr  tiocinncnts  connt'cti'd  with  t Ik;  ]»ro(ii'(ulinj;s  of  liioconiniiuKlcr 
of  tlic.  Contr(lfiiit<;  Stiitfs  > cssi'l  Slicniindoali.  wliiltj  lyiii;;'  in  llolison's  liay,  I'or  tin;  |iiir- 
posc  of  liavin;!;  necessary  rc])airs  ('fTectcd  and  takinir  in  snpjdics,  nndi',r  pcrniisNioii 
>j;raut<'d  \>y  me  in  aceordanci!  with  IIk!  conditions  i)rfs(;ri))cd  by  llcjr  Majesty's  jyrocl;!- 
ination  and  instnielions  for  the  oliservanee  of  nentrality. 

2.  I  have  also  tlit:  lionor  to  forward  ('o))i(;s  of  hitters  from  tlio  chief  commissioner  of 
police  in  N'ictoria,  aceoni))anied  hy  r<'iiorts  and  statements  which  leave  no  douht  that 
the  nentialily  lias  been  ila;;rantly  violated  by  the  connnander  of  the  .Shenandoah,  who, 
after  havin;^  assni'cd  me  of  his  intention  to  resiiect  it,  and  [tleadcd  the  jirivile^i!  of  a 
l)elli<;erent  ship  of  war  to  ])r(!vent  the  execntion  of  warrants  under  the  foreijin-onlist- 
nicnt  act,  uevertheless  received  on  board  Ids  vessel,  l)efore  he  left  the  port  on  the  f'tli 
histant,ii  ccnisiderablo  nnndn-r  of  men  destined  to  anfrment  the  shii)'s  company. 

;?.  1  have  thought  it  ri^ht  to  comnniiucate  to  yonr  excellency  this  information,  in  tlu' 
oveiit  of  Lientenant  \Vaddell  or  any  of  his  ollicitrs  hereafter  claiming-  the  privilei;-.'s  of 
a  b«'lli<ierent  in  any  port  of  the  colony  nnder  yoin'  government. 
1  have,  kVc., 

C.  II.  DAKLIXC. 

Our  distinguished  president  dwelt,  as  one  of  the  governing  motives 
of  his  decision  tigiiinst  the  British  government  as  to  this  ship,  on  the 
admission  thus  nuide  by  the  governor,  tliat  the  neutrality  had  been 
flagrantly  viohited  by  the  comnuiiuler  of  the  Sheiunuloah,  as  though  this 
were  an  admission  made  b}-  th.e  governor  as  against  liimself.  The  gov- 
ernor is  complaining  that  the  neutrality  of  a  Jkitish  port  has  been  vio- 
lated by  a  belligerent,  in  sj)ite  of  the  endeavors  of  the  authorities  to 
maintai.x  it,  Jind  of  the  i)ledge  given  by  the  belligerent  to  respect  it. 
To  hold  the  governor  responsible  for  what  he  thus  complains  of  is  to 
reverse  the  nature  of  things  and  to  male  the  party  wronijed  liable  instead 
of  the  H-ron(i-<loer.  The  viohitiou  of  the  neutrality  of  a  British  port  by 
the  cominiiiuler  of  the  Shemindoah  coidd  oidy  iiliect  IJritish  litibility  if 
there  had  been  negligence  on  the  part  of  the  British  authorities,  whereby 
the  violation  of  neutiidity  had  been  allowed  to  occur. 

1  cannot,  therefore,  concur  in  the  decision  of  the  luiijority  of  the  tri 
bunal  that  the  British  government  is  resi)onsible  for  anything  that 
liappened  with  reference  to  the  Shenandoah  sit  JMelbounn  .  Jjooking  to 
the  regulations,  tnid  the  distance  of  the  vessel  from  her  nearest  port,  1 
cannot  agree  with  the  presidciut  that  too  much  coal  wtis  allowed.  1  can- 
not agree  that  repairing  or  ttiking  in  coal  at  a  i)articular  i)ort,  on  the 
way  to  some  ulterior  operation,  m.ikes  the  ])ort  Ji  base  of  lunal  opera- 
tions;  still  less  that  the  neutral  can  be  affected  thereby  when  ho  is 
ignorant  of  the  ulterior  oi)eration  so  contemplated.  1  cannot  agree 
that  where  the  government  of  a  colony  is  honestly  desirous  of  doing  its 
duty  and  maintaining  neutrality,  the  fact  that  men  anxious  to  ship  on 
board  a  belligerent  vessel  elude  the  vigilance  of  the  police  in  the  night- 
time is  to  make  the  parent  state  liable  for  all  the  damage  such  vessel 

'  Ih'itisli  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  .')t;r>. 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    ALEXANDKR    COCKIURN. 


505 


!  \ 


ettor  of  tlio 


I M.'. 


may  afterward   do.      And   1   ])rotost,   respectfully  but    emphatically, 
a{:jainst  n  decision  hased  on  {ironnds  to  my  mind  so  wholly  untenable. 

The  remainder  of  the  history  of  tlie  Slienandoah  may  be  told  in  u  few 
words.  On  leaving;'  ]M«'lbourne  in  February,  ISO."),  she  ]>ro- 
ceeded  to  the  arctic  seas  in  (juest  of  the  whalers  of  the 
United  States;  and  does  not  appear  to  have  touched  at  any  port,  with 
the  exception  of  the  island  of  Ascension,  mitil  she  arrived  and  surren- 
dered at  LiverjxK)!,  on  the  <Uh  of  Xovembcr,  18(5.1.  ^Meanwhile,  how- 
ever, the  <;reat  contest  between  Federals  and  confederates  had  been 
finally  decided.  (J<MUMal  I>ee  had  l)een  forced  to  evacMuite  the  lines  of 
Petersburgh  and  JJichmond.  ,ind  had  surrendered  with  the  remnant  of 
his  army.  Tlu^  ]>residcnt  and  vice-jjresident  of  the  confederacy  had 
been  arrested  and  the  principal  iMiropean  i)owers  had  Avithdrawn  the 
recognition  of  belli<;ercnt  rii^hts  accorded  in  IcSOl.  Under  these  eir 
cumstances,  ^Ir.  .Mason,  the  confederate  a<;ent  in  ]']n,i;land,  applied  to 
Iler  Majesty's  jjfovernment,  on  tiie  liOth  of  dune,  1805,  for  permission  to 
send,  throuj^h  the  JJritish  authoritu's,  letters  to  the  commander  of  the 
Shenan<loah  directiuft'  him  to  desist  from  any  further  hostile  proceed- 
ings. This  a])i)lication  was  acceded  to,  and  the  letters  of  recall  were 
sent  to  Nagasaki,  Shanghai,  and  the  Sandwich  Islands,  and  copies 
were  also  sent  to  the  governors  of  the  British  colonial  possessions  and 
to  the  otlicers  commanding  the  Jiritish  squadrons  in  the  i'aciftc  and 
China  seas,  and  on  other  foreign  stations.'  In  August,  rei)orts  were 
re(;pived  by  the  British  government  fiom  Washington,  that  the  Shenan- 
doah was  continuing  her  depredations  although  her  commander  had 
been  informed  of  the  tern)ination  of  the  war,  an<l  orders  were  in  conse- 
quence given  to  the  various  colonial  authorities,  and  to  the  ollicers 
commanfling  British  squadrons,  to  detain  the  vessel  whenever  she 
should  come  within  their  reach.  The  vessel  herself  was  to  be  surren- 
dered to  the  United  States  authorities,  but  the  crew  was  to  be  allowed 
to  go  free.-'  She  arrived  at  Liver])ool  on  the  Cth  of  Novend)er,  18(55, 
and  was  at  once  placed  under  detention  by  the  anthorities.  A  party  of 
men  from  Her  Majesty's  ship  Donegal  was  placed  on  board  of  'ler,  and 
a  gun-boat  lashed  alongside  to  prevent  her  leaving  the  port.  Her 
commander  addressed,  the  same  day,  a  letter  to  the  British  govern- 
ment surrendering  the  vessel.  lie  explained  that  the  captures  made  b}' 
him  after  the  close  of  the  war  had  been  made  in  ignorance  of  that  tact, 
and  asserted  that  he  had  received  the  first  intelligence  of  the  extinction 
of  the  government,  under  whoso  authority  he  was  acting,  on  communi- 
cating at  sea  with  a  British  bark  on  the  LM  of  August,  and  that  he 
had  then  suspended  all  further  warlike  action.' 

Acting  upon  the  advice  of  the  law-ollieers,  the  British  government 
decided  ui)on  setting  free  such  of  the  crew  of  the  Shenandoah  as  could 
not  be  prosecuted  under  the  foreign-enlistment  act,  and  upon  giving  up 
the  vessel  herself  to  the  United  States  (lovernment,  who  had  claimed 
her  through  their  minister  in  London.  This  was  accordingly  <lone.  The 
captain  of  Iler  i\lajesty's  ship  Donegal,  v,  ho  had  been  i>laced  in  charge 
of  the  Shenandoah,  interrogated  the  crew,  and  having  satisfied  himself, 
as  he  afterward  reported,  that  none  of  them  were  British  subjects,  the 
whole  of  them  were  set  at  liberty.'  If  is  certain  that,  at  the  time,  no 
evidence  to  prove  the  British  nationality  of  any  of  the  crew  was  offered 
to,  or  in  the  possession  of,  Her  Majesty's  government.      About  seven 


'  IJritish  Appt'inlix,  vol.  i,  p.  (mA. 

-  Ibid..  J).  Oi)?;  United  States  Dociimonts,  vol.  vi,  p.  TOl. 

'  Hritisb  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  GOT. 

<  Ibid.,  pp.  682,  711. 


i^ 


!'■■.    f. 


506 


ARBITRATiON   AT    GKNEVA. 


» 


s 

; 


weeks  aftorwanl,  the  deposition  of  a  man  named  Temple,  who  asserted 
amoni^  otiier  tliijifjfs  tiiat  part  of  the  crew  were  British  subjects,  was 
communicated  by  Mr.  Adams  to  the  government,  and  investigations  were 
made  with  a  view  to  instituting  prosecutions.  But  Temple  was  found 
to  be  himself  unworthy  of  credit,  and,  no  further  evidence  being  forth- 
coming, the  matter  was  .allowed  to  drop.'  The  Shenandoah  was  linally 
delivered  up  to  the  American  consul  at  Liverpool,  and  sailed  for  New 
York  in  November,  1805.^ 

The  act  of  the  British  government  in  thus  giving  orders  for  seizing 
the  Shenaiuloah  has  been  referred  to  in  the  United  States  argument  as 
an  instance  of  the  exercise  of  the  prerogative.  Aiid  in  a  certain  sense 
it  is  true  that  it  was  so.  But  the  case  was  altogether  exceptional,  it 
was  supposed  that  the  Shenandoah  being,  owing  to  the  extinction  of  the 
confederate  government,  from  whom  her  character  as  a  ship  of  war  had 
been  derived,  without  a  commission,  was  continuing  her  hostile  opera- 
tions on  the  high  seas.  Such  acts  done  in  the  absence  of  a  commission 
would  have  assumed  the  character  of  piracy,  and  the  party  committing 
them  have  become  a  hoatis  communis,  who  might  be  taken  by  any  one 
having  the  means  of  stopping  such  proceedings.  Instructions  miptht 
therefore  well  be  given  to  any  oflicers  of  Her  Miijesty  to  seize  the  vessel 
wheresoever  found. 

Cases  of  the  iSinnter,   Nttshcllh',  Chiclamdw/tt,   TaUahasscc,  and   Jidti 

bution. 

The  five  cases  we  are  now  about  to  enter  on  belong  to  a  class  dif- 
fering altogether  from  those  which  have  hitherto  occupied  our  attention. 
We  liave  here  no  question  as  to  the  fitting  out  or  equipping  on  British 
territory ;  none  of  those  vessels  having  been  fitted  out  or  equipped, 
for  the  purpose  of  war,  in  a  British  port.  The  complaint  with  respect 
to  them  is  that  they  were  permitted  unduly  to  enter  and  remain  in 
ports  of  Great  Britain,  and  to  procure  coal,  beyond  what  ller  Majesty's 
regulations  of  the  .'Ust  of  January,  1802,  prescribed  ;  or  that  they  were 
treated  with  a  degree  of  indulgence  refused  to  ships  of  the  United  States. 

FIRST,  AS  TO  THE  SUMTER. 

This  vessel  was  a  steamship  ;  she  was  purchased  at  the  commence- 
n,,  s„M.t,r  at  ment  of  the  war,  by  the  government  of  the  Confederate 
ir.nuia,!.  Statcs,  fittcd  out,  uud  armed,  and  duly  commissioned  as  a 

ship  of  war.  As  such  she  left  the  Mississippi,  on  the  30th  of  June, 
1801,  under  the  command  of  an  officer  of  the  name  of  Semraes,  holdiuga 
commission  from  the  confederate  government.  She  cruised  for  a  period 
of  six  months,  and  during  that  time  made  seventeen  prizes.  She  coaled 
once,  and  once  only,  at  a  British  port,  namely,  at  Trinidad,  where  she 
arrived  on  the  30tli  of  July.  But  prior  to  arriving  at  Trinidad,  she  had 
put  in  and  coaled  at  the  Spanish  port  of  Cienfuegos,  and  the  Dutch  port 
of  St.  Ann,  Cura(;oa.  After  her  visit  to  Trinidad,  she  put  in  and  coaled 
at  the  Dutch  port  of  Paramaribo,  and  after  that  at  Martinique.  Be- 
sides stopping  at  these  ports,  she  put  into  Cadiz  for  repairs. 

It  was  in  respect  of  the  Sumter,  the  first  ship  of  war  of  the  Confed- 
erate States  which  appeared  upon  the  ocean,  that  the  United  States 
Government  asserted  the  untenable  position  that,  while  itself  treating 
those  States  as  a  belligerent  power,  and  shrinking  from  treating  con- 
federate prisoners  as  rebels,  or  confederate  ships,  when  taken,  as  pirates, 

'  British  Appendix,  vol.  i,  p.  720. 
'  Ibid.,  pp.  683,  689. 


OPINIONS    OF    .SIR    ALEXANDKK    COCKIURN. 


507 


i-eatins  cou- 


they  wore  entitled  to  call  u|)oii  all  other  nations  to  treat  tlie.sc  ships  as 
such,  and  to  refuse  the  ordinary  shelter  accorded  by  the  universal  com- 
ity of  nations  to  vessels  of  -war  in  neutral  ports.  Upon  tiiis  assertion, 
which  was  at  once  repudiated  by  every  other  (touqtry,  I  have  already 
taken  the  opportunity  of  making  such  rennirks  as  occurred  to  nie.  I 
refer  to  the  subject  in  this  place  only  for  the  purpose  of  pointing  out 
thcit,  as  regards  the  assistance  afforded  to  the  Sumter  at  Trinidad,  the 
complaint  preferred  by  the  United  States  Clovernment  was  not  in 
respect  of  any  excess  in  the  accommodation  afforded,  but  to  the  ves- 
sel having  been  permitted  to  enter  the  port  and  receive  any  assist- 
ance at  all.  • 

On  the  7th  of  August,  ^Ir.  Francis  IJernard,  an  Anunican  gentleman 
residing  at  Trinidad — there  being  at  the  time  no  LTnited  States  consul 
at  that  place — wrote  to  inform  Mr.  Seward  that,  "  on  the  oOth  ultimo,  a 
steam  sloop-of-war,  (Semmes,  commander,)  carrying  a  secession  Hag, 
five  guns,  some  of  a  laige  caliber,  and  a  crew  of  from  lliO  to  l'>0  men, 
sailed  boldly  into  our  harbor,  aiul  reported  herself  to  the  authorities  of 
this  island  as  being  on  a  cruise.  She  was  last  from  Puerto  Cabello ;  and 
since  she  succeeded  in  getting  out  })f  the  3Iississii)pi  Kiver  she  has  al- 
ready captured  no  less  than  eleven  Anu'rican  vessels." 

Having  given  the  names  of  some  of  these,  he  adds  :  "  The  Sumter  re- 
mained here  till  the  .5th  instant,  and  was  allowed  to  sui>ply  herself  with 
coals  and  other  necessary  outlits.  The  IJritish  Hag  was  hoisted  on  the 
government  tlag-staft"  for  her  arrival,  and  the  otUcersof  theBritish  war- 
vessel  Cadnuis  appeared  to  be  on  amicable  terms  with  those  of  the  Sum- 
ter. The  merchant  who  supplied  the  Sumter  with  coals  did  it  with  the 
consent  and  approval  of  our  attorney-general."' 

On  the  oOth  September  Mr.  Adams,  transmitting  to  Earl  Russell  au 
extract  from  Mr.  IJernard's  letter,  writes  as  follows: 

I.KDATIOX    1)1'    Tin;    r.NITKI)    STAIT.S, 

September  'M,  18CI. 

The  nii(lerHi<{ii(Ml,  envoy  extnuirdiiiary  and  minister  ])leniiH»teutiary  of  the  United 
States,  reffrets  to  he  ohli^ed  to  inform  tlie  Kij;ht  Monorahle  Eail  Kussell,  Her  Majesty's 
principal  secretary  of  state  for  forei<rn  affairs,  tliat  ho  has  heon  instructed  by  tlie 
President  of  tlio  I'nited  States  to  prefer  a  complaint  a<j;ainst  the  authorities  of  the 
island  of  Trinidad  for  a  violation  of  Her  Majesty's  ])roc]aniation  of  neutrality,  by 
{giving  aid  and  encouraj^ement  to  the  insurj^ents  of  the  United  States.  It  ai)pear8,  by 
au  extract  from  a  letter  received  at  the  Department  of  State  from  a  •jeutleman  )»elieved 
to  be  worthy  of  credit,  a  rt!sident  of  Trinidad,  Mr.  Francis  Perinird,  a  copy  of  which 
is  submitted  herewith,  that  a  steam-vessel  known  as  an  armed  insurgent  privateer, 
called  the  Sumter,  was  received  on  the  ;?Oth  of  July  last  at  that  port,  and  was  per- 
mitted to  remain  for  six  days,  during  which  time  she  was  not  only  furnished  with  all 
necessary  supplies  for  the  continuance  of  her  cruise,  under  the  sanction  of  the  attor- 
ney-general, but  that  Her  Majesty's  Hag  was  actually  hoisted  on  the  government  llag- 
staif  iu  acknowledgment  of  her  arrival. 

The  undersigned  has  been  directed  by  his  Government  to  bring  this  extraordinary 
proceeding  to  the  attention  of  Lord  Kussell,  and  in  case  it  shall  not  be  satisfactorily 
explained,  to  ask  for  the  adoption  of  such  measures  iis  shall  insure,  on  the  part  of  the 
authorities  of  the  islijiid,  the  prevention  of  all  occurrences  of  the  kind  during  the 
continuance  of  the  dilliculties  in  America. 

The  undersigned  deems  it  proper  to  add,  in  exj)lauation  of  the  absence  of  any  oflicial 
representation  from  Trinidad,  to  substantiate  the  present  complaint,  that  then;  was 
uo  consul  of  the  United  States  there  at  the  time  of  the  arrival  of  the  vessel.  The 
undersigned  had  the  honor,  a  few  days  since,  to  apprise  Lord  Riissell  of  the  fact  that 
this  deficiency  has  been  since  8Ui»plied  by  preferring  an  application  for  Her  Majesty's 
exequatur  for  a  new  consul,  who  is  already  on  his  way  to  occupy  his  post.^ 

It  will  be  observed  that,  in  these  communications,  nothing  is  said  as 
to  the  quantity  of  coal ;  all  that  Mr.  Bernard  reports  is  that  the  vessel 

'  British  Appendix,  vol.  ii,  p.  3. 
-  Ibid. 


ii' 


V 


508 


ARIUTHATIOX    AT    (JENKVA. 


"  was  allowed  to  sni)ply  horsolf  with  coal  and  tux'ossarv  oiitllt."  In  tli(> 
case  of  the  United  States  this  is  converted,  without  any  relerence  to  the, 
actual  ((uantity,  into  '■'•'.xJ'nU  supjili/  of  coal.'" 

In  point  of  fact,  the  vessel  toolc  in  eighty  tons,  which,  as  W(!  shall  see, 
presently,  was  not  a  third  of  what  she  could  actually  carry. 

The  facts  whiclioccurred  on  the.  arri\al  of  tin!  Sumter  at  Tiinidad 
were  these: 

The  <;ovenu)r,  evidently  a  little  embarrassed  at  this,  the  lirst  visit  of 
a  confederate  ship  of  wai'  to  the  islaiul,  sent  oil"  a.  dis]  'tcli  to  C.iptain 
inilyei",  conunandiniif  Her  Majesty's  ship  Oiidmus,  tlieu  supposed  to 
be  at  St.  \'iiu!ent,  ie(]uestin^'  his  presiMice.  iJefore  r(*c,eivin;Lj  tiw  lctt(>r 
Captain  llillyer,  as  appears  from  liis  rei)ort  to  Admiral  Sir  A.  yUliw  of 
the  (ith  August,  bein;^  about  to  enter  the  harbor  of  (Iranada,  was 
informed  by  the  harbor-master  there  that  a  lar^e  lU'ivatiu'r,  l)elon,i,niit>- 
to  the  scutliern  confederation,  was  at  Trinidad,  and  that  tlie  <»()vern(»r 
of  the  latter  islarul  had  dispatched  a  letter  to  bin.  at  St.  Vincent  the 
day  before;  whereuj)on  he  i)roceeded  with  his  slnp  to  Tiinidad,  arriving; 
there  on  the  4th. 

He  reports  Inrther  as  follows: 

I  fonml  a  lu^iivy  l)iiik-rif;;>('(l  (stcainrr,  witli  Soiitli  iV'ilfial  ila^r,  with  fcii  .stars  and 
pon<l(!iit,  flying.  An  olliccr  from  licr 'l)()anlc(l  us  as  .soon  as  \vt<  aiu-liorcd,  witli  tlio 
captain's  respects.  Soon  after  I  sent  the  senior  lientenanf,  Mr.  Sitt.injistone,  ■\vitli  luy 
coniplinients,  ret|U(!stin<i;  he  wouhl  be  ^ood  eiion^fh  to  show  his  coinniission  and  i>a]»or.s, 
■whi(di,  after  some  liesitation,  and  not  before  Mr.  CjittinH'tone  prodneed  lii.s  commission, 
lie  (lid. 

From  liis  report,  it  is  a  re<;tUar  commission  as  c»  mmander  to  Cajjtnin  Semmes,  late 
of  tho  Uniti  (I  States  Navy,  to  the  Sumter,  as  a  man-of-war,  sij^ned  by  I'resident  Davis. 
Sho  mounts  live  jiuns  between  decks,  viz,  four  lieavy  ;?"i-ponn(h^rs  and  one  pivot  tiS- 
pounder;  but,  liavinjf  l)een  ii  passenj^er-boat,  her  scuntlinjj;  is  so  li<j;ht  (not  more  tlmii 
T)  or  (')  inches)  tliat  I  <h)  not  tliiuk  she  could  stand  any  lirin^,  and  the  j;uns  Itcing  only 
from  4  to  fi  feet  from  the  water,  woiihl  not  be  worked  in  bad  wi^athei'. 

She  broke  tho  bh)ckad(!  at  Now  Orh^ans,  and  was  nearly  captured ;  sin(u>  then  she 
has  been  most  successful,  having  eleven  i>rizes ;  two  she  sank  and  the  rest  are  at  St. 
Jas')  »lo  Cuba,  under  the  iirotectiou  of  the  !<(>verument,  with  tho  sanction  of  tho  j;ov- 
vornors-in-chicf,  until  thej  n^ceivo  orders  from  Spain  as  to  the  matter. 

She  has  bc(Mi  supplied  with  a  ncnv  main-yard,  eijfhty  tons  of  coal,  ami  provisions 
from  this  i)la('0,  tho  attoriiey-genenil  havinjj;  given  the  governor  his  opinion  that  it  was 
ijiiito  legal  to  sni)i)ly  her. 

I  called  on  Captain  Semmes  next  morning  as  he  was  getting  liis  steam  up,  and  he 
gave  jye  full  assurance  that  he  would  in  no  way  inti'rfere  witli  IJritish  or  neiitial 
trade,  lint  complained  greatly  of  the  southerners  having  no  ])(U't  to  send  their  prizes 
to,  and  that  ho  wouhl  be  obligetl  to  destroy  iill  he  took,  in  eouseiiuence  of  tlie  strict 
blockade  on  the  southern  ports  and  the  stringent  proclaniatious  of  all  the  great  jiowers. 
Ho  thinks  himself  safe  at  Cuba,  as  the  government  of  Spain's  proclamation  is  only 
against  \)rivateers  and  their  prizes,  and  says  nothing  al)out  ineii-of-war. 

She  sailed  yesterday  under  steam,  at  1  ]>.  in., and  from  the  signal  station  was  reiiortcd 
going  to  windward,  and,  from  his  (|nestions,  1  .should  fancy  he  is  going  to  cruise  for 
some  of  the  California  and  China  homeward-bound  shi|>s.  and  there  is  no  donl)t  he  will 
do  an  enormous  amount  of  damage  before  he  is  taken,  for  he  seems  a  bold,  detorinined 
man,  and  well  nj)  to  his  work.- 

The  governor,  Mr.  Iveate,  ap[)ears  to  have  been  much  on  his  guard 
against  any  compromise  of  the  neutrality  he  had  been  enJoiiuHl  by  Her 
Majesty's  government  to  observe.  In  his  dispatch  to  the  Duke  of  New- 
castle, of  the  7th  of  August,  announcing  the  arrival  of  the  Sumter,  he 
writes : 

I  have  the  lionor  to  rejiort  that  a  steamer,  ])urporting  to  bi;  a  man-of-war,  and  to  be- 
long to  the  so-called  Confederate  States  of  North  America,  ])ut  into  the  harbor  of  I'ort 
of  Spain  on  tho  oOth  ultimo.  The  vessel  is  called  tho  Sumter,  and  appears  to  bo  a  con- 
verted i)asseug(!r-stcamer.  She  now  carries,  as  I  am  given  to  iiudorstaud,  five  powerful 
gnus.' 


'  Case  of  the  United  States,  p.  321. 
^  Britfsh  Appendix,  vol.  ii,  p.  4. 


OPINIONS  OF  SIR  alkxani>i:r  tocKisrux. 


509 


2.  On  till'  (lay  of  licr  arrivjil.  one  of  Iht  odicci'H  (all  of  wlioni  scorn  to  liavt?  been  in 
the  naval  st'ivii'*^  of  tlin  rnitiil  States)  called  Ujton  nie,  .senilluj;  In  Iii.s  card,  witli  th^^ 
words  written  under  liis  name,  "Lienti'nant,  ('oiifederate  States  Navy."'  Mefore  reeeiv- 
inf?  Iiini,  I  directed  my  jirivato  secretary  to  ini|nire  of  liini  wlietlier  my  doinj;  so,  after 
rciidiiif?  these  words,  would  1)c  construed  into  any  sort  of  recofjnition  of  him  or  liisslnjv 
in  tlieir  assumed  character.  I  did  this  in  conse(|nenetM)f  the  injunction  in  your  K'lK't'''* 
(lisi>atch  "(Ml  no  a<'count  to  recof^nizc  "  any  ship  "  in  any  other  capacity  than  that  of 
a.  United  States  vessel."  Mr.  Kvaus,  for  such  was  tliis  otlicer's  luime,  replied  that  ho 
was  sent.  Iiy  his  commandin;^  ollicer,  Captain  Si-nnues,  w1k>  was  himself  unwell,  simply 
to  pay  his  respects,  and  that,  to  jwevenr  any  such  construction  he  wonld  withdraw  his 
card  and  only  send  in  his  name  verhally.  I  then  received  him,  and  liad  some  conversu- 
tioii  with  him,  taking  occasion  to  refer  expressly  to  the  neutral  jtosition  occupic<l  l>y 
(ireat  Britain  in  rcj^ard  to  the  two  bollij;eri'nt  parties  in  North  America.' 

It  sooiiis  protty  plain  that  tlio  i>re.seuee  of  the  Siiiater  was  by  no  nieaua 
agreeable,  for  Governor  Keate  adil^: 

The  avowed  and  inincii>al  oliject,  no  doubt,  with  which  tlie  Sumter  ran  to  this  port 
was  to  obtain  coals  and  jirovisions.  A  <;reat dejil  of  trade  ooes  on  between  'I'rinidad 
and  the  northern  ports  tif  North  America,  and  ('ai)tain  Semniev,  I  imiij;ii'<',  has  n(tti 
failed  to  tal<«^  this  opportunity  of  (d)tainin<r  information  with  rei^ard  to  the  vessels  em- 
ployed under  the  tln;;()f  the  I'nitcd  States  in  this  traflic.  Fears  arcfntertained  with 
i'cj;iird  to  one  or  two  now  exjicctcd.  It  is  to  be  liopcd  that  the  ju'cseiice,  (d'tlio  Scmter 
in  these  waters  will  soon  be  madc^  {generally  know  ii,  and  that,  while  the  civil  war  con- 
tinues, the  lumber  and  jirovision  trade,  any  interruption  of  wliicli  wonld  cause  scriourt 
t'lnbarrassment  to  this  coniniiiiiity,  will  be  carri^'d  on  in  IJritish  liottoms.  I  have  com- 
iiuinicatcd  with  Admiral  Sir  Alexander  Milne,  now,  1  believe,  at  Halifax,  on  the  subject, 
and  since  the  arrival  of  the  Suint(!r,  Her  Majesty's  ship  t'admiis  has  come  into  the  liar- 
boi,  and  her  commander,  Cajitain  Hilly<'r,  has  verilied  the  character  of  the  Sumter, 
and  the  coinmissions  of  her  ol'licei's,  ami  recoirnized  her  as  ti  man-of-war.  ' 

It  appears  from  these  letters  that  the  governor,  beyond  recogni/ing 
the  Sumter  as  a  belligerent,  as  he  was  bouml  to  do,  aeted  with  the  ut- 
most eaution  as  to  recognizing  her  natiomdity;  that  the  production  of 
Captain  yemnie.s's  eoniniisfsion  was  insisted  on  before  any  acconiniodatiou 
was  afforded  ;  that  the  sui)plies  which  the  ship  obtained,  beyond  provis- 
ions, were  confined  to  a  new  main-yard  and  SO  tons  of  coal ;  that  even  this 
was  not  conceded  before  the  advice  of  the  attorney-general  of  the  colony 
had  been  taken  ;  that  the  ship  ctiine  into  port  on  the  oOtli  of  July,  and 
left  on  the  oth  of  August;  u  period  of  about  six  days. 

We  are  now  able  to  estimate  the  correctness  of  JNIr.  Bernard's  opinion 
as  to  the  amicable  terms  on  whi(th  the  oflicers  of  the  British  w-ar-vessel 
were  with  those  of  the  Sumter.  Their  intercourse  appears  to  have  been 
purely  of  an  oflicial  character. 

It  is  important  to  observe  that  what  thus  took  place  at  Trinidad  occur- 
red in  August  18(J1,  several  nnmths  before  the  issuing  of  the  regula- 
tions restricting  the  stay  of  belligere.it  ves.sels  and  the  supplies  to  be 
obtained  in  British  ])orts,  and  when  the  matter  stood  simply  on  the  prin- 
ciples of  international  law. 

The  Sumter,  in  her  short  career  of  six  months,  put  in  and  obtained 
supplies  of  coal,  as  has  been  stated,  at  ports  of  four  <lifferent  nations^ 
Spain,  Holland,  the  Brazils,  and  France. 

It  may  be  interesting  to  see  how  the  goven.^'-s  of  these  ports  under- 
stood and  acted  upon  the  principles  of  neutrriit)  Ahich  they  were  bound 
to  observe. 

Before  arriving  at  Trinidad  the  Sumter,  as  has  been  stated,  put  into 
the  port  of  Cieiduegos. 

It  appears  from  the  remonstrance  of  the  United  States  consul  to  the 
captain-general  of  the  Havana  that  she  arrived  there  on  the  7th  July 
and  took  in  coal ;  from  the  journal  of  Captain  Semmes  we  learn  that  the 
([uantity  was  100  tons.^ 

'  British  Adpendix,  vol.  ii,  p.  1. 

-  Ibid. 

^  British  Appendix,  vol.  vi,pp.  101,  lO.I ;  Semmes's  "Adventures  Afloat,"  p.  145. 


510 


AniUTUATloN    AT    (iKNKVA. 


■ :  i 


It  appears  from  a  (lisi);itcli  of  IVFr.  Serrotary  Stnviird  to  tlir  ted 
States  minister  at  the  IIa;;iu':,  of  tlie  15tli  Auj;nst,  that  the  iimter 
arrive*!  at  St.  Ami's,  ('luaeoa,  on  tlie  17th  July,  and  that  slie  there  re- 
ceived iLMKonsof  (!oal.  It  appears  from  Captain  Semmes's  Journal  and 
from  a  h'tter  of  Hie  Tiiited  States  minister  at  the  Jla<,Mie  of  October  8, 
l.Stn,  that  she  remained  there  six  or  seven  days.' 

Attiu-  her  stay  at  Trinida<l  we  next  tind  her  at  the  ])nt(h  port  of 
l*arainaril»o.  She  arrived,  as  ajipears  from  a  letter  of  the  United  States 
consul  at  tlnit  i»ort  to  the  IJnitetl  States  minister  at  tin?  Ila/^ue,  on  the 
IDth  Aupnst,  and  left  on  the  31st,  makinj;"  a  period  of  twelve  days,  hav 
in^  been  allowed  to  coai  and  rellt.^  The  jjnantity  of  coal  is  stated,  in  a 
letter  of  the  ir»th  <)etol)er,  from  the  Netherlands  minister  for  forei^ni 
affairs  to  the  United  States  minister,  to  have  Ikhmi,  as  he  terms  it,  "  the 
very  restricted  qimntity  of  lli."»  tons — at  the  most,  sullieient  for  four  days 
pro<>ress  ' 

The  vessel  next  arrived  at  the  ]>ra/ilian  port  of  JMaranham.  It  ap- 
pears frt)m  a  letter  liom  the  United  States  consid  at  that  port  to  i\Ir. 
Seward,  of  the  l.^th  September,  1801,  that  she  arrived  at  Maranham  on 
the  0th  and  remained  there  nine  days,  and  obtained  100  tons  of  coal, 
having  already  150  tons  on  board,  "  which,"  he  adds,  "  would  make  an 
ample  supply  for  ten  or  tifteen  days  of  constant  runninj;."  Other  sup- 
plies she  was  allowed  to  procure  ad  libitum,  and  when  she  left  her  com- 
mander stated  that  she  had  enough  to  last  for  three  months.^ 

She  api)ears  to  have  arrived  at  IMartinique  on  the  Otli  of  November. 
She  remained  there  fourteen  days,  rermission  was  given  by  the  gov- 
ernment to  take  on  board  as  much  coal  as  her  commander  re(iuired. 
He  took  sufficient  to  enable  him  to  cross  the  Atlantic.'' 

The  ship  arrived  at  Cadiz  on  the  4th  January,  1802,  as  appears  from  a 
dispatch  of  the  United  States  minister  to  Mr.  Seward  of  the  8th  of  that 
month."  As  she  needed  repairs,  her  commande'  juested  the  use  of 
the  government  dock  for  that  i)urpose.     The  est  was  granted, 

though  with  the  limitation  to  such  repairs  as^\t.o  strictly  ne(;essary. 
She  remained  at  Cadiz  thirteen  days." 

It  thus  appears  that  in  every  instance  on  which  the  Sumter  had  occa- 
sion to  coal  she  was  allowed  to  take  in  a  considerably  larger  «puintity 
than  she  took  at  Trinidad,  and  that  on  every  one  of  such  visits,  witii 
the  exception  of  the  one  to  Cienfuegos,  she  remained  a  greater  nundjor 
of  days  than  in  the  British  ports. 

On  the  receipt  of  Governor  Keate's  dispatch,  this  being  the  first  time 
such  a  thing  as  the  arrival  of  a  confe<lerate  ship  of  war  at  a  British 
port  had  occurred,  the  secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies  required  tlie 
opinion  of  the  law-officers  of  the  Crown  "  as  to  the  propriety  of  the  course 
pursued  by  the  governor  and  the  commander  of  ller  Majesty's  ship 
Cadmus ;"  and  also  "  as  to  whether  vessels  of  war  or  privateers  belong- 
ing either  to  the  United  States  or  to  the  so-styled  Confederate  States 
can  properly  be  required  to  leave  British  i)orts  in  the  West  Indies  and 
British  North  America,  if  the  state  of  tl)e  weather  permitted  their 
doing  so." 

The  law-officers,  on  the  IGth  September,  a  fortnight  prior  to  the  let- 
ter of  Mr.  Adams  to  Lord  Itussell,  reported  as  follows : 

*  Britisii  Appendix,  vol.  vi,  pp.  69,  81 ;  Semmes's  "Adventures  Afloat,"  pp.  154-100. 
"British  Appendix,  vol.  vi,  p.  81.  , 

» Ibid.,  p.  84. 

*  Ibid.,  p.  2. 

*  British  Case,  p.  17.  • 
"British  Appendix,  vol.  vi,  p.  108. 

■Ibid.,  pp.  113, 116. 


OPINIONS    OF    SIR    AI-KXANDKR    ( OCIvlURN. 


5U 


ir  to  the  let- 


Wo  do  not  i»ri>ciscly  iiiwlcrstiiinl  wlifit  was  Mic  course  imrsiicil  toward  tln'  Smiitiir 
by  Hit' •'''iiiinaiidfrot'llci' MiiJcMlv's  ship  ("adiiius ;  tlicre  is  iiotliiiij;  tVom  this  ollicor; 
and  (lovcrnor  Keatr'a  disjiatcli  of  An;rii.st  7  only  states  tliat  "(.'ai>tain  liillycr  has 
viM'Kicd  tlic  cliaractfi- of  tlie  SmntiT  and  tlii^  (.'oniinissions  of  hi-r  ofliutTs,  and  rocoy- 
ni/.t'd  her  as  a  man-of-war." 

(iovrrnor  Kt-ate  a|ii>fars  to  have  cart't'nlly  avoided  any  sni'h  reeonnKion  whatover. 
Wo  know  not  upon  wlnit  Inst  met  ions  eiliier  of  these  ollieers  may  liave  aett-d  ;  Imt  as 
at  present  advised  we  see  no  reason  to  disapprove  of  the  <'ondnet  (d"  eitlier.  Tht*  Sinn- 
tiT  certainly  apjiears  not  to  he  a  i)rivateer,  and  is  (we  jiresnine)  a  vessel  of  war  coni- 
inissioneil  l»y  a  tlv  j'urlo  Itelli^erenl  jfovernment. 

Vonr  Irtrdshiit's  second  (jneslion  mnst,  in  onr  opinion,  he  at  pr!v.ent  answered  in  tin! 
ne|;atlvo. 

Althonj^h  it  is  e(ini])elent  hy  the  law  and  iisajjes  of  nations  to  Ilei'  Majesty,  in  coin- 
nion  with  all  neutrals,  to  plaee  certain  restrictions  upon  t  he  access  o|'  t  he  ships  of  war 
or  i)rivat(M'rs  of  l)elli;;erenl  ^rovernnu-nts  tif  Ihitish  ports;  yet  Iler  Majesty  has  not 
(aH  far  as  we  are  aware)  done  so  during  the  jiresent  contest,  exeeptin^i  only  in  tliu  (;ase 
of  their  beln;;  ae(:oin]>anied  hy  ))ri:',i's  in  (ho  (printed)  instructions  of  June  1,  In^rewitli ; 
lit  tlio  i)reHent  time,  therefore,  <r^»r<»(si()  iniinH  rul  ixrhixio  altcrhix  ;  and  Her  Majesty'H 
^ov(;rnnnMit  should  determine  upon  ami  nuiko  |Mildic  sonn^  other  i^etu'ral  instructions 
on  tlio  uoiut,  if  this  should  he  considered  e.xpcMliiMit  on  Ki'uiiuds  of  imperial  ami  int((r- 
initlcnuil  i»olicy  ;  unless  oj' until  this  he  (hnu'  the  .shijis  of  war  or  privatiuMS  of  eithor 
jiarty,  unaccompanied  by  i)ri/,es,  should  not,  in  our  opinion,  be  i  ;;(|nired  to  leavo  Jlrit- 
ish  ports  by  the  local  authorities.' 

This  oi)iMion  liaviiiff  been  given  by  th(»  law ofliccrs,  Eail  Russell,  on 
receiving  tlie  letter  of  Mr.  Ailam.s  of  the  4tli  October,  replied  as  follows : 

FoRKiON  Qi  TICK,  Odoher  4,  1801. 

The  undersiM;ned,  ITor  Majesty's  i)rine.ipal  secretary  of  state  for  forciifii  atVairs,  lias 
had  the  honor  to  re(!eiv«  a  romi)laint  from  Mr.  Adams,  envoy  extraortlinary  and  inin- 
istor  i»loni]totontiary  of  the  I'uited  States  at  this  court,  ajjainst  the  authoriticis  of  tho 
island  of  Trinidad  for  a  violation  of  her  Majesty's  ]>roelamatiou  of  neutrality,  by  giving 
aid  and  onconragement  to  tho  insurgents  of  the  United  States. 

It  ajipears,  from  tho  a(;counts  received  at  the  colonial  otlice  and  at  tli(>  admiralty,  that 
a  vessel  bearing  a  secession  Hag  entcn  d  tho  jiort  of  Trinidad  on  the  ;U)th  of  Jniy  last. 

Cajdain  llillyer,  of  Her  Majesty's  hip  Cadmus,  having  sent  a  boat  to  asct^  tain  her 
nationality,  the  comnninding  ollic(;r  showed  a  commission  signed  by  Mr.  .TeH'crsoii 
Davis,  calling  himself  tho  Presiihmt  of  the  so-styled  (."oufedeiate  Stat(!s. 

Tho  Sumter,  which  was  the  vtissid  in  ((uestiou,  was  allowed  to  stay  six  days  at  Trin- 
idad, and  to  sujiply  herself  with  coals  and  provisions  ;  and  the  attorney-general  c.f  tho 
island  jierceived  no  illegality  in  these  iiroceedings. 

Tho  law-otlicers  of  the  Crown  Lave  re])orted  that  tho  conduct  of  the  governor  was 
in  conformity  to  Her  Majesty's  ])roclamation. 

No  mention  is  made  by  the  governor  of  his  hoisting  tho  IJriti.sh  tlag  on  the  goveru- 
mont  tiag-start';  and,  if  he  did  so,  it  was  ])robahly  in  order  to  show  the  national  char- 
acter of  the  island,  iind  not  in  acknowlcMlgment  of  the  arrival  of  the  Sumter. 

There  does  not  appear,  therefore,  any  n^ason  to  believe  that  Mer  jSIajesty's  ])roclaina- 
tion  of  neutrality  luis  been  violated  by  tin;  governor  of  Trinidad,  or  l)y  the  command- 
ing ollicer  of  Ihsr  Majesty's  ship  Cadmus.-' 

Tbe  Government  of  the  United  States  instrncted  Mr.  Adams  to  in- 
form Her  jMajesty's  government  that  "  the  President  deeply  regrets  that 
Tord  Eussell  is  unable  to  give  to  our  complaint  a  satisfactory  solution."'' 
"The  armament,  the  insurgent  dag,  and  ths  spurious  commission," says 
Mr.  Seward,  *'told  the  governor,  as  they  sufticiently  ])rove  to  Her  Maj- 
esty's government,  that  the  Sumter  is  and  can  be  nothing  but  a  pirati- 
cal vessel."  Consequently  her  otticers  and  crew  ought  not  to  be  received 
in  foreign  ports.  At  another  time  she  was  said  to  be  a  privateer,  and 
that  Great  Britain  ought  to  adopt  toward  her,  as  such,  the  rule  estab- 
lished by  some  European  governments  of  not  allowing  privateers  to 
stay  in  their  ports  longer  than  twenty-four  hours  at  a  time.  Such  was 
the  language  of  Mr.  Seward  to  Lord  Lyons,  as  appears  from  a  dispatch 
of  the  latter  to  Earl  Eussell  of  November  4,  1861.*    But  the  assumption 

'  British  Appendix,  vol.  ii,  p.  2. 

'^  Ibid.,  p.  5. 

'  United  States  Documents,  vol.  ii,  p,  487. 

*  Ibid.,  p.  488. 


i 


;i 


512 


ARBITRATION    AT    CENEVA. 


J  '4 


that  tlio  Sumter  ^vn.s  :\  privateer  Avas  a  mistake.     She  was  a  commis- 
sioned ship  of  war  of  the  Confederate  States. 

Now,  we  liave  seen,  when  eonsideiiiiy-  how  far,  aceording  to  interna- 
tional hiw,  a  neutral  sovereign  is  bound  to  place  any  restraint  ou  tlie 
stay  in  his  ports  of  belligerent  vessels,  or  on  the  supplies  they  are  al- 
lowed to  procure,  that  by  that  law  no  such  obligation  exists.  Indeed 
it  is  admitted  in  the  case  of  the  United  States'  that  there  were  ''not 
any  preiv-dents  whieh  settled  absolutely  the  (piantity  of  coal  that  might 
be  furnished  to  a  belligerent  man-of-war  by  a  neutral,"  and  I  obs(>rve 
that  it  is  nowhere  asserted  by  the  United  States  that  the  law  of  nations 
im[)0ses  any  such  restraint.  Tiiere  is,  therefore,  an  end  to  the  claim  of 
the  United  States  in  respect  of  this  vessel  having  been  i)erndtted  to 
coal  at  Trinidad.  For,  1  need  hardly  say  that  the  Queen's  regulations; 
of  January,  18(11',  'annot  be  ajiplicd  v.r  iiont  f'ncto  to  create  an  obligation 
whieh  did  not  previously  exist.  It  would  iinleed  be  strange  if  regula- 
tions, more  stringent  than  the  rules  of  international  law,  framed  by  a. 
neutral  sovereign  for  the  very  purpose  of  insuring  the  observance  of 
neutrality,  can  i)e  made  to  create  an  anteccMlent  liability  which  never 
would  have  (^'cisted  without  tliem.  l-'veu  if  the  hospitality  afT'orded  to 
the  Sumter  at  Trinidad  should  be  deemed  too  great  with  reference  to 
the  rules  laid  dcuvn  in  thv:  regulations,  the  fa(!t  that  it  occurred  some 
months  before  those  regulations  were  issued  depi'iv(»s  it  of  all  im[)or- 
tance. 

It  is  true  that  in  this  case,  as  in  others,  the  (lovernment  of  the  United 
States  insists  that  partiality,  inconsistent  with  neutrality,  was  exhibited 
toward  confederate  vessels  by  reason  that  these,  as  in  the  present  in- 
stance, were  i)ernMtt«>d  to  coal,  while  liberty  to  form  a  depot  of  coal  ;.i 
Bermuda  for  the  supply  of  their  ships  of  war  was  denied  to  the  United 
States.  Xo  one  can  be  misled  by  such  a  contention.  I  have  already 
pointed  out  that  to  allow  om^  belligerent  to  have  a  sui)[dy  always  stored 
up  and  r''ady.  aiul  to  leave  tln^  othei'  to  take  his  chance  of  the  i»ubli(! 
market,  are  things  essentially  ditlerent,  and  that,  far  from  the  refusal 
of  siieh  an  advantage  to  the  United  States  being  a  vitdation  of  neutral 
ity,  the  concession  of  it  would  have  been  so  in  tiro  op})Osite  directioii. 
l\Iore<)ver,  su<di  a  contention  involves  a  forgetfulness  of  one  of  ^\\>'  ele- 
mentary principles  of  international  law.  ^\  neutral  is  only  Justified  in 
allowing  to  a  belligerent  vessel  the  use  of  his  poi'ts  and  aceess  to  his 
shores  to  obtain  the  things  wITudi  the  belligerent  may  lawfully  i)r(»cniv. 
lie  has  no  right  to  allow  the  belligerent  the  use  of  uis  territory  on  slion- 
for  belligerent  p\irposes,  which  tlu;  permission  to  fornt  a  depot  would 
nec«\ssavily  involve. 

There  is  one  other  material  fact  conne(!ted  with  this  vessel  to  whieh  I 
desire  to  draw  attention,  the  nu)re  i>articu!arly  as  it  is  stated  in  the 
Annniean  (Jase'  that  the  "exeessivt^  supply  (d'  (?oal  (SO  tons)  fiirnislied 
to  the  Sumter  at  Trinidad  enabled  her  to  indict  the  subsecpieni  injuries 
on  the  commerce  of  the  United  States."  The  fact  to  which  [  refer  is. 
tiiat  rchUe  usiitff  (he  coals  /KmiNhed  at  Ttiittdud,  the  Sumter  did  not  cai)- 
lure  a  ,sin!ile  j>ri~(. 

From  the  list  of  (aptures  contained  in  the  fourth  volume  of  the  Amer- 
ican Doennu'nts,  and  front  the  two  lists  of  (daims  successively  jmt  in  by 
the  Unite«l  Stafes  Government,  d  a|)pears  that  this  ship  captured  in 
the  wlude  eighteen  vessels,  of  whi(di,  however,  one  was  recaptured,  and 
seven  wen^  afterwani  relejr.s(>d  by  the  Spanish  governmeut.  Those  cap- 
ture<l  should  be  thus  distributed  : 


Page  3-24. 


OriMOXS    OF    SIH    AJJEXANDEU    COCKMrRX. 


;) 


1:5 


>  a  commis- 


On  lici'  cniiso  back  from  Xow  Oilcans  to  (!ioiifuoj;'os  tlio  Siiint«>r  cap- 
tuivd  ci^lit  V('ss(»is ;  on  licr  cruiso  botwoon  Ci(Mifn(\i;OS  and  Cnra(;oa, 
nono  ;  on  ]wr  crnise  bt'twiMMi  (Muaroa  and  Tcinidad,  two;  between  Trin- 
idad and  I'iirainaribo  and  Maianliani,  none ;  between  ^liiranhain  and 
3Iartini(]ne,  on«';  Iietween  ]\I;  ,  iniciue  and  t'aiJiz,  live;  between  ('adiz 
and  (libialtar,  two.  Jt  tiius  ai)i)eais  tlnd,  of  tiie  eigliteen  vessels  taken 
by  tlie  Sninter,  eij;lit  were  taken  before  tiie  vessel  ever  entered  a  neu- 
lial  ]>ort  at  all ;  nine  before  she  arrived  at  Trinidad ;  that  alter  leaving- 
Trinidad  she  made  two  crnises  withont  takin;>-  a  sin{>le  vessel  ;  and  that 
it  Avas  iM)t  till  she  ha<l  ol)ta,ined  at  Maranham  the  sni)itly  of  1(H>  tons  of 
coal,  in  addition  to  the  I'A)  she  already  had  on  boad,  that  siie  a<;'ain  be- 
came snceessfnl  in  nnikinjn'  a  ])rize.  Of  the  prizes  for  which  (Jreat  lliit- 
ain  is  now  aske<l  to  make  eom])ensation,  two  were  taken  before  the  Snin- 
ter ai'rived  at  Trinidad,  and  the  rest  at  int?rvalsv,f  two,  three,  and  fonr 
months  fntm  the  time  she  ieft  a  Uritish  i)ort,  and  when  olie  was  ernisin;;' 
liy  means  of  coal  lnrnish"d  iVom  a  French  ])ort.  Tiic  tribnnai  is  no'v  in  a 
]iosition  to  .ind<>e  how  far  the  snpply,  said  to  have  been  "excessive," 
farnishod  at  Trinidad,  '"enabled  this  vessel  to  inflict  the  sid^setjnent  in- 
juries sustained  by  the  comnu'rce  of  the  I'liited  States." 

It  is  impossible,  Avith  any  rcpird  to  e<inity  and  Justice,  to  hold  (Ireat 
Uritain  liable  for  injuries  inili(;ted  by  the  Sunder  on  Ignited  States  com- 
merce at  a  time  when  this  vessel  was  deriving'  no  beaelit  from  coal  sup- 
]»lied  to  her  from  a  JJritish  port,  but  was  availing;'  herself  of  supplies  ol)- 
tained  from  other  countries. 

The  facts  connected  with  the  Sumter  during'  her  stay  at  (libi-altar 
\i  <Mi.,Mi..r.        niay  be  brielly  stated. 

She  arrived  at  (iibraltar  on  the  18th  .lannary,  ISfli'.  in  need  of 
some  rei)air,  and  wholly  out  of  coal.  A(rcordin<;"  to  the  I'nitcd  States 
consul,  she  had  but  I  wo  days*  supply  in  her  bunkers.  The  merchants  at 
(iibraltar,  from  what  motive  is  innnaterial,  refused  to  sui)ply  her  with 
!Uiy.  The  i)ecunii!rv  ri'sourctes  of  her  <'oriimandcr  ran  short.  Many  of 
tiu>  crew  havinji'  jiot  on  sln)re  refused  to  return,  and  when  force  was  at- 
tempted to  be  used  to  <'ompel  them,  the  local  i)olic('  interfered  r'ld  pro- 
tected the  men  aj^aiust  vioience.  Another  crew  could  not  be  ;;()t,  and, 
luider  thesecircumstances,  the  vessel  was  compelled  to  remain  inthejjort. 
Mr.  Spra.uue,  the  United  States  consul,  had  from  the  lirst  ])i'otested 
Ji'^ainst  her  beinj;'  allowed  to  enter  or  remain  in  the  port,  but  received 
tlie  very  projx-r  answer  that  strict  neutrality  should  be  observed.  Oi 
ilic  LMst  of  tianmiiy  he  telejirajihcd  ]\lr.  A«lams,  "The  Sunder  is  stid 
liere,  evideidly  await iu};-  funds.  The  IJritish  jiovi'rnment  observes  strii-t 
iieatrality  in  conforndty  with  the  (^)ueen's  proclamation."'  On  tlu'  7th 
of  IVoj'uary  31r.  Spraf^ue  informs  .Mi-.  Seward  that  "the  Sumter  still 
icnmined  in  i>oit,  not  havin<>'  yet  received  a  pound  of  coal."- 

The  helpless  condition  of  the  vessel  further ajtpears  from  a  letter  Iron; 
\\r.  Si)raHue  to  3Ir.  Adams  of  the  (ith  I'ebruary  : 

Tlio  Siiintor  rcuinins  in  ])ort.  She  todk  in  yes  nlny  It.dOa  {rnllons  of  water,  imid  lor 
'■y  11  Jlr.  li.  «).  .loyco,  oftliis  city,  wlio  liad  \n:  loiisly  lutivitlcd  licr  witli  iiii  iinclioiiiiKl 
cliain.  To-day  Iut  coiniiiandcr  inadf  a  sn  nid  atti'iiipt  to  ol>taiii  coal  (Voiii  Wto  coal 
nicicliaiitK  in  tlijs  muiket,  nnd  I  am  iul'oriiicd  tlicy  liavt;  declined  snpidying  liini  ont,  of 
ild'cii'iico  to  niysclC. 

Since  yesterday  tlu're  are  Nome  ten  or  twelve  seamon  of  tlie  Snmter  on  shore,  ami 
to-day  they  have  nearly  all  refused  to  return  to  their  ship.  One  of  them,  in  a  drunken 
state,  calK'd  upon  me  this  day  for  inntection.  As  the  oHicers  of  the  Snmter  have  at- 
It'uipted  to  forcihly  ship  them  oft  (roni  the  <|nay,  I  to-(hvy  called  nj)on  the  j^cvernor  of 
this  ibrtresH  to  inform  him  of  the  circumstance  ;  that  1  was  ready  to  take  under  my 
charjie  any  of  these  seamen  who  mi^ht.  wish  to  avail  of  my  protecl  on,  and  who  would 


n 


.1.  a 


H 


3311 


TnitedStatcH  Documents,  vol.  ii,  p.  5(10. 
-  Ibid.,  p.  r.ni. 


nu 


ARIUTKATION    AT    (iKNKVA. 


swear  allc^iiimct^  to  tlif  (iovi-iiimoiil  nt'  the.  Tlniti'd. States ;  and  tliat  I  <iiil  not  hilicM' 
that  it,  would  be  in  eonforniity  with  strict  neutrality  to  force  tlicse  men  on  i)oard  nl 
tlie  Snmter. 

iSinee  my  interview  with  the  fjovernor  I  hear  that  orders  have  been  juiven  to  the  ]mi- 
liee  anthorilies  not  to  jii-rniit  fliesp  men  to  in-  I'oreibly  taken  on  board  oi'the  Sumter  iiv 
her  ofHcers,  and  up  this  hour  (7  p.  ni.)  tht^y  renuiiu  on  sluu'e,  mostly  in  a  state  of  intox- 
ication. 

All  these  circumstances  may  pndiably  retard  the  dejjarture  of  the  Sumter  from  this 
port;  still  I  sincertdy  hope  tiiat  a  Federal  cruisir  may  soon  appear  lodo  away  with  any 
further  troulde  about  this  ciaft.  I  have  ev(!ry  reason  to  believe  that  her  boilers  arc 
defective,  and  that  she  is  viuy  badly  [irovided  with  powder  and  other  munitions  ot 
war.  ' 

On  the  loth  of  February  Captain  Seinines,  havin*;'  it  .seeiu.s  in  tlie 
mean  time  procured  funds,  lindiuf;'  the  nnirket  shut  a;;aiust  him,  ad 
dressed  a  pressing  hotter  to  Captain  Warden,  tlie  oflicer  of  the  (Uiciv-yard, 
to  be  allowed  to  piuchase  eaal  from  the  government  stores.     Ue  writes  : 

Co\iKi>i:iJATK  SrvrKs  Stkamku  Sr.Mri;i!, 

liny  of  Gibraltar,  February  10,  ld(W. 

Silt  •■  I  have  the  honor  to  inforn>  you  that  I  have  made  every  effort  to  i)roonre  a  sup- 
jdy  of  coal  without  success.  The  British  and  other  inercliants  of  (Jibraltar,  iustisated. 
I  learn,  by  the  United  States  "'onsul,  have  entered  into  the  iiniieutrul  combination  of 
declining  to  furnish  the  Snmter  with  coal  on  any  term.s.  Tuder  ihese  circunistances  I 
trust  that  the  government  of  Her  Majesty  will  find  no  ditticulty  in  supjdyinf;  nu'. 

Hy  tlio  recent  letter  of  Earl  Russell  (.Jaimary  'M,  IHU)  it  is  not  inconsistent  with 
neutrality  for  a  bellfgerent  to  supply  him.self  with  coal  in  a  I5riti.sh  port.  In  other 
Avortls,  the  article  has  lieeti  jtronounced,  like  jirovisions,  iinnoxioi  s;  and  this  beinj;  the 
ca.se,  it  can  make  no  diffcirence  wln'ther  it  l)e  supplied  l>y  the  government  or  an  iiiili- 
vidual,  (the  governnu'ut  being  re-imbursed  the  »'xpense,)  and  this  even  though  tlir 
nuuket  was  open  to  me;  much  more,  then,  may  the  government  supply  nic  with  an 
iiniocent  article,  the  nuirket  not  being  open  to  me.  Suppose  I  had  come  into  port  des- 
titute of  ]>rovisi<>ns,  and  the  same  illegal  combination  had  shut  me  out  from  the  nuu- 
ket, would  tlu!  IJritish  government  i)ernMt  my  crew  to  starve  t  Or  su)>pose  I  hud  been 
a  sail-ship  qu«1  had  come  in  dismantled,  and  the  dock-yard  was  the  only  place  where  1 
coidd  be  relitt«^d,  would  you  have  denied  me  a  mast;  ami  if  you  would  not  deny  ine  a 
nuist,  on  what  i)rinciph^  would  you  deny  me  coal,  both  articles  b(ung  declared  by  your 
government  to  be  innocent  f  The  true  criterion  is  not  whethi;r  the  governuumt  or  an 
individual  nuiy  sujtply  the  article,  but  whether  tln^  article  itself  is  noxious  or  uimox- 
ious.  The  government  may  not  supply  me  with  i<owder,  whj-  f  Not  because  I  may  have 
ri'course  to  tin;  market,  i)ut  because  the  article  is  noxious.  A  case  in  point  oeeurnd 
when  I  was  in  Cadiz  recently.  My  shij*  was  adnuttt^d  into  a  government  dock,  ami 
there  rcj)aired,  and  why  ?  First,  becaust;  the  repairs  were  innocent,  and  secondly  lit- 
caus<^  there  were  no  i)rivate  docks  in  Cadi:i. 

So  lu're  the  article  is  innocent,  and  then;  is  none  in  the  market,  (accessible  to  iiic:' 
why  may  not  the  government  supply  me  f 

In  coiudusion,  I  respectfully  request  that  you  will  sujiply  me  with  I.'jO  tons  ol'  ecml. 
for  which  I  will  pay  the  cash,  or,  if  you  pn-fer  it,  1  will  <leposit  tlu>  inouey  wilh:iii 
agent,  who  can  have  no  diillcnlty,  I  suppose,  in  ]iurchasiiig  the  sauut  amount  of  tlu'  Ma- 
terial from  some  one  of  the  hulks  and  returning  it  to  Her  Majesty's  dcjck-yard.  - 

Jh're  was  an  occasion  where  an  "  habitimlly  insincere  neutrality" 
nr;{;ht  have  found  orounds  for  makino-  nii  e:<c<'i)tion  to  rules  howcvoi 
,  strict.  The  oidy  answer,  howt'ver,  which  Cai)taih  Semines  received  was. 
that  "Captain  Warden's  instructions  prohiliit  him  from  supplying  the 
forei}4ii  men-t»f  war  of  any  inition  with  coal,  either  by  i)urchase  or  otiicr 
wi.se,  from  the  "'ovei'iiniciit  <lei>ot,  so  loiifjas  there  is  any  in  the  market." 

()i»  the  lUth  of  February  the  Fiiited  iStat«'s  war-shii)  the  Tuscarora  ai 
rived  olf  Aljicciras,  and  was  .soon  followed  by  the  Keansarju^e,  and  later  by 
the  Ino,  tnd  these  vessels  thein-eforth  lay  in  wait  to  intercept  the  Sumter 
if  she  attempte«l  to  leave  the  bay.  In  the  mean  time  her  condition  w- 
niaiiied  as  helpless  as  before.  On  tin'  iSth  Mr.  Spraj'iu',  writes  to  31  r. 
Adams:   "The  Sumter  still  remains  in  port.    The  coul  companies  in 


'  I'liited  States  Doeumeiils,  vol.  ii,  p.  '>0l, 
•  Hritish  Appeiulix.  vol.  ii,  p.  l^. 
•'ibid.,  p. IS. 


•ssiltlo  ti>  iiK' :' 


nPIMONS    OF    8IK    AI,i:XAM»i;i{    (  .  K  KIMKN. 


515 


I 


this  market  still  persist  in  rof'nsiiifjto  sell  her  coal,  iiotwithstaiidiiij;-  that 
.*1L*  i)er  ton  is  ollered  for  it,  which  isTjO  per  cent,  over  the  market  i)rice.'" ' 

Whether  by  reason  of  not  bein*?  able  to  ])ro(  nre  eoal,  or  from  fear  of 
beinj;  captured  by  the  United  States  ships  which  were  waiting;'  to  inter- 
cept hei',  or  both,  the  iSumter  remaine<l  at  (libraltar  till  December, 
when  it  was  proposed  to  sell  her.  Ilavinj;'  heard  of  the  intended  sale, 
the  United  States  mip.ister  at  JNFadrid  desired  .Mr.  Spraf>ue  to  protest 
against  it. 

Captain  IMckerinji',  the  commander  of  the  Kearsar<;(>,  though  consider- 
in{?  the  vessel  "as  of  little  value,''  yet  thinkinjithat  she  was  offered  for  sale 
probably  only  in  order  to  establish  a  precedent,  and  because,  in  his 
opinion,  "the  sale  of  the  so-called  confederate  war-vessels  in  Uritish 
ports  was  an  act  as  unfriendly  and  hostile  to  the  United  States  (lovern- 
inent  as  the  purchase  of  war-vessels  in  their  ports  by  the  same  party," 
advised  a  similar  course.- 

Mr.  Adams  took  a  wiser  and  more  lib'jral  view.  On  the  UUh  of  De- 
cember he  writes  thus  to  Mr.  Seward : 

I  have  tlio  Iionrr  to  traiismit.  copies  of  a  serios  of  c'omiiinnicatioii:'  rcccivt'd  from  Mr. 
H.  .J.  Spra}j;ni>,  the  eoiimil  at  (iibraltar,  leapectiny  tlie  iMoveinents  made  at  tliat  port  to 
sell  tile  steamer  Siuiiter.  As  he  desired  my  advice,  I  f^ave  it  to  him  in  the  hitter,  a  copy 
of  which  goes  with  the  papers.  Tiie  ((nestioii  of  the  riyht  to  sell  the  ])roperty  of  a 
belligerent  to  a  nentral  in  a  nen'ral  port  is  not  without  its  diHicnltieH,  and  I  liiid  th«' 
iiiithorities  dilVer  mater-ally  about  it.  My  own  leaning  is  rather  to  a  liberal  construc- 
tion, especially  as  in  this  case  it  relieves  us  from  a  l)nrdensome  i)ro<ess  of  vigilance. 
Besides  which,  I  Hnd  that  the  Government  bought  a  war- vessel  of  the  (ireeks  while 
engaged,  in  182(5,  in  their  war  with  the  Turks.' 

The  protest  of  Mr.  Sprague  was  founded  oti  two  orounds:  First,  that 
the  Sumter  was  a  United  States  vessel  which  had  beeu  made  prize  by 
the  confederates ;  secondly,  that  the  sale  was  made  in  order  to  avoitl 
capture  by  the  vessels  of  the  United  States  Xavy.^  The  local  govern- 
ment refused  to  interfere  to  prevent  the  sale,  but  };ave  ollicial  publicity 
to  the  protest  of  the  American  consul.'  The  sale  took  place,  and  the 
vessel  was  sold  for  ^IJ),;")!)!)."  The  purchaser  was  a  ^fr.  Klinyender,  said 
to  have  been  connected  with  the  house  of  Fraser,  Trenholm  ^:  Co.  of 
Liverpool.  It  is  probable  that  the  ])urcliasc  was  in  reality  made  on  be- 
half of  the  latter.  It  was  no  doubt  believed  at  the  time  that  the  sale 
was  fictitious,  and  that  the  vessel  ^  >  intended  still  to  remain  the  prop- 
erty of  the  confederates,  and  to  In  nployed  .11  her  former  s<'i\i('e, 
(whence  the  objection  to  the  sale,)  moie  especially  wlicft  the  vess<  1,  lak- 
iiijj;  advantaj»e  of  a  very  hijih  wind,  slii)ped  ;)'  iv  at  nijiht  niul  escaped 
tlie  viji'ilauce  of  the  hostile  cruisers,  who  had  iiisimctiiti  >  from  Mr. 
Adams  to  seize  her,  notwithstandiiifi,-  the  sale,  il  slu'  (piitttil  the  juirt 
;ind  was  caufiht  on  the  hi};h  seas,  llad  the  sale  been  to  an  rn(il»j(M'- 
lionable  ))i;rchaser,  Mr.  A<lams  was  i)repai('d  to  ac(|nies(  ••  in  it.  «>ii  the 
17th  of  J)ecember,  three  days  before  the  sale,  he  writes  to  Mr.  Spra';ue  : 

You  will,  iirst  of  nil,  confine  yourself  to  the  simple  duty  of  w  jildiing  ail  the  jiru- 
ncdings.  Ill  cast'  of  any  attempt  at  a  nieieiy  fiiiiiduleiit  Uaiisfer  for  tlie  sake  of  es- 
liipiiig  iiarmless  from  our  c-riiisers  and  resmuiiig  her  former  career,  you  will  call  tiieir 
Mtlciitiou  to  the  fact,  deny  the  validity  of  any  siicli  ]iroceediiig.  and  iiiv.  ■■  their  iii- 
itrfeicnce.  .Should  it  appear  to  you,  on  tlie  other  hand,  that  the  pui'  '  .isiiig  parties 
ill!'  tbieigiieis  acting  ill  good  faitli  for  the  conversion  of  the  vessel  li  .niie  legitimate 
niiil  peaceful  trade.  I  see  no  better  way  of  getting  rid  of  a  burdeiis(Mue  laiior  of  vigi- 
l.iiKe  u)ioii  a  property  of  little  valiio'tl.i:.i  to  ucqiiiesce  in  it.     Oil  the  other  hand, 

'  United  States  llocumeiits,  vol.  ii.  j).  .'d.'). 
-  Ibid.,  pp.r>(l8,,%10. 
'  Iliid.,  vol.  ii,  p.  .''itlT. 
'  Ibilish  Appendix,  vol.  ii.  |<.  4;"). 
'  Ibid.,  p.  Al. 
'  United  .States  Docuuients,  vol.  ii,  p. , ')!.'». 


i 


r)iG 


AK151T1JA HON    AT    (iENKVA. 


iJf 


should  you  have  icasou  to  sus)>cft,  a  ai»uiiiius  trausactiou  for  tlu>  si)lt!  i)uip()S('  of  cxtri 
<-ati;i;;'  tli<^  vessel  iVuni  its  i)i-esei;t  ])i)sitioii  in  order  to  replace  it  in  a  uiore  <'lV.'etive  at- 
titude of  liostility  to  tlie  United  Males,  you  will  do  well  to  reuioustiate  witli  the  loial 
aiitlMuities,  and  to  send  a  copy  ol'  yonf  reinonstrauce,  together  with  the  evidenie  on 
wiiieli  yon  rest  it,  to  this  lejuation.' 

Tlio  vessel  iinivtMl  at  Liverpool  on  tlie  l.'Uli  of  February,  ISO.'}.  There 
she  underwent  repairs:  all  (ittinj;s  ior  warlike  ]»nrposes  were  removed, 
and  site  was  reduced  to  the  condition  of  a  fieiyht carryinj;  nierchaiit- 
vessel.-'  But  Mv.  Dudley  maintained  to  the  last  the  beliefth.it  she  was 
aaaiii  intended  to  be  employed  on  herlbrmer  service.  The  conse(iiieiice 
uas,  that  viji'orous  remonstrances  were  addressed  by  Mr.  Adams  to  Her 
3IaJesty"s  government  for  having  jterntitted  the  sale  of  the  vessel,  on 
the  don'.de  ground  that  the  transfer  was  fictitious,  and  that  the  sale  of  a 
lu'lligerent  siiip  in  a  neutral  port,  elfected  to  avoid  capture,  is,  by  the 
law  of  nations,  uidawfid.' 

Three  complaints  are  ]>ut  ibrward  with  reference  to  the  foregoing 
facts:  (1.)  Thiit  the  vessel  ought  to  have  been  compelled  to  leave  the 
l)ort  in  conformity  with  the  regulations  of  January,  ISUl',  as  soon  as  those 
I'egulations  came  into  oi)eration,  namely,  on  the  17th  of  February.  (2.) 
That  the  auti)orities  ought  not  to  have  permitted  the  sale  to  take  place, 
more  espiH-ially  as  it  was  ti(!titious.  (.),)  That  when,  after  the  sale,  the 
vessel  entered  the  port  of  Liverpool  she  ought  to  have  been  treated  as  a 
confederate  ship  of  war,  and  as  stu-it  compelled  to  lea^o  the  port  under 
the  regulalions  of  Jaiuiary,  18(!2.^ 

The  lirst  of  these  heads  of  complaint  is  brought  forward  for  the  first 
time  in  the  (tase  of  the  I'liited  States.  It  neveroecurred  to  the  /eal  either 
of  Mr.  Si)ragiu'  or  Mr.  Adams  to  insist  on  the  Sumter  being  driven  out 
of  the  har])or  into  the  very  Jaws  of  her  eiUMiiies.  It  is  now  insisted  on  as 
;i  flagrant  \iolation  of  lUMitrality. 

As  regards  tliis  head  of  coujplaint  it  is  [)laiu  thiit  the  oidy  way  in 
which  the  iMiited  States  coidd  be  ])rejudiced  by  the  Sumter  remaining 
in  the  poit  is  that,  if  cfuupcllcd  to  leave,  she  would  inevitably  have  been 
captured  by  thr  l'\'deral  ships  which  werc^  waiting  ti>  sei/e  her.  Jbit 
for  this,  the  longer  she  remaiiu'd  idle  at  (iibraltar,  iiujapacitated  l)y 
want  of  coal  and  want  of  funds,  tln^  better;  while  there,  she  could  do  no 
damage  to  the  commerce  of  the  I'nited  States.  From  the  hour  she  en 
tcred  the  harbor  of  Gibraltar  all  complaint  of  prizes  taken  cr  destroyed 
ne>".ssariiy  ceasus.  .Ml  that  the  United  States  could  havi;  gained  by 
the  Sumter  l>eing  forced  to  leave  (Iibraltar,  and  being  taken  by  their 
war-vessels,  woidd  have  Iteen  the  few  thousand  poui'ds  which  this  old 
steamer  would  have  sold  for;  to  whi<'h,  however,  shoidd  jierhaps  be 
added,  that  the  employnu'id  of  shi[)s  to  watch  her  would  have  ceased  to 
be  neeessiiry. 

Ihit  was  the  go\ernmeiit  under  any  obligation  to  compel  the  ship  to 
leave  on  the  expiration  nt  the  twenty-lour  hours'  The  answer  is  that 
the  regulations  of  Jitnuary  .">1,  LS(;2,  did  not  apply  to,  but  on  the  con- 
trary excluded,  the  Sumter,  which  entered  the  harbor  on  the  LSth  ol 
Jaiuiary,  18()li,  the  regulations  applying  in  terms  only  to  such  vessels 
as  should  enter  ports  of  Jler  Majesty,  '^  after  tha  time  when  the  order 
shoidd  be  first  notified  and  put  in  force,"  in  the  i)artieular  place ;  which. 
in  this  instance,  was  not  till  the  Ist  of  Febriuiry.  Even  liad  this  been 
eUierwise  it  would  have  been  injpossible  with  any  ])retense  of.justi«;e  to 
apply,  c,v  post  facto,  to  a  vessel  whi<  h  had  entered  the  port,  when  no 

'  l'iiitL'«l  Staten  DocuMieiits,  vol.  ii,  p.  .')14. 
-'  Itritish  A])|>eiuli\-,  \  ol,  ij,  p,  ()4. 
'  Hritisli  Appendix,  sol.  ii,p.  ^if*. 
^  Case  of  the  I'liitrd  States,  p.  ',\'i'>. 


OPINIONS    01"    Sllf    AI-KXANDKU    {'OCKHIIJN. 


r)i7 


sncli  r«'<4nlatioMs  existed,  a  rule  whicli  must  luovitjibly  liiive  liad  the 
cliecl  !.'f  ''I'liveriuff  lier  into  the  hands  of  lier  enemies. 

Aji'ain,  even  if  the  third  article  of  tlie  reyuhitions  had  been  applicable 
to  the  Sumter,  the  fact  that  the  necessary  ellect  of  forcing'  iier  to  leave 
the  harbor  would  have  been  to  give  her  up  to  hostiU^  vessels,  waitin*;' 
Just  outside  to  seizin  her,  would  have  afforded,  I  thinlc,  a  sutlicient  ground 
for  suspending  the  regidation,  and  extending  the  tinu»  beyond  the 
twenty-four  hours,  under  the  discretionary  power  wiiich  admits  of  such 
extension  in  eases  of  necessity.  No  gov<'rnor,  as  it  seems  to  nu',  is 
bouiul  to  force  a  vessel  to  (juit  a  port  in  which  she  is  in  safety,  when 
the  necessary  ellect  of  doing  so  must  be  to  throw  her  into  the  hands  of 
a  more  i>owerful  enemy  who  is  waiting  lor  her  outside.  Jt  is  admitted 
that  by  the  law  of  nations  a  vessel  taking  refuge,  when  pursued  by  an 
enemy,  in  a  neutral  port,  cannot  be  pursued.  She  is  prote(!ted  by  reason 
of  tht-  inviolability  of  the  neutral  territoiy  and  its  waters,  and  by  the 
right  of  asylum  which  the  neutral  concedes  to  her. 

JJut  of  what  avail  would  this  be,  if  the  neutral  were  bound,  at  the 
expiration  of  twenty-four  hours,  to  say,  "You  must  quit  my  port.  I  am 
aware  that  your  enemy  is  waiting  outside  to  seize  you,  but  your  time  is 
uj)  and  you  must  g«).  If,  indeed,  your  enemy  were  inside  the  port,  I 
could  give  you  twenty-four  hours  start  of  him,  which  would  probably 
enable  you  to  escape  ;  but  he  is  just  outsi<le  the  port  instead  of  within 
it,  and  1  must  therefore  leave  you  to  your  fate."  I  cannot  think  that 
any  governor  would  be  bound  to  drive  a  vessel  out  of  a  port  where  she 
is  in  safety,  when  the  necessary  conse(|uence  must  be  her  capture  or 
destruction,  any  more  than  he  would  be  bound  to  do  so  if  the  conse- 
(|uence  would  be  her  exjwsure  to  a  hurricane.  The  regulation  neVer 
was  intended  to  apply  to  such  a  case. 

Furthermore,  I  cannot  help  thinking  that  giving  an  equitabl  >  con- 
struction to  the  third  article  of  the  (Queen's  regulations,  the  inability  to 
procure  a  supi»ly  of  coal,  also  brought  the  vessel  within  the  exceptions 
contaiiu'd  in  it,  although  coals  are  not  specifically  mentioncil. 

The  Sumter,  iiuleed,  had  her  sails  and  could  have  i)ut  to  sea  ;  but  it 
is  obvious  that  a  steamer  without  coal,  in  the  face  of  i)owerful  steam- 
ships, would  have  but  a  ]toor  chance.  Thus  cripi)led,  her  i)ower  of 
navigation  on  the  o(!ean  or  of  escape  from  eiu'mies  being  seriously  im- 
l»aired,  she  would  be  the  cripjded  duck  in  the  comparison-  of  jNI.  Drouyn 
(le  Lhuys.  Supi)osinga  siviling-vessel  dismasted,  in  a  ])Oit  at  which  no 
mast  suitable^  to  her  size  could  be  procured,  the  local  authority  would 
certai'.ily  not  be  bound  to  comi)el  her  to  leave  ;  the  case  would  be  within 
the  ex(;eption  ;  but  what  masts  and  sails  '.ire  to  the  sailing-vessel,  coal, 
in  addition  to  her  machinery,  is  to  the  stean)er. 

If,  as  1  have  shown,  the  (^in>en"s  regulations  did  not  apjdy  to  the 
Sumter,  r>  /orf/o>/ in  the  exercise  of  his  discretion  the  governor  ought 
not  to  have  compelled  her  to  leave  un<ler  the  circumstances  stated. 

In  answer  to  the  remonstrancesof  Mr.  Adams  as  to  the  saleof  the  vessel 
having  been  allowed  to  take  place.  Her  .Majesty's  government,  under 
the  advice  of  its  lawollicers,  took  this  position.  The  sah^  of  a  bel- 
ligerent ship  in  a  neutral  i)ort  to  avoid  cai)ture  has  in  it  nothing  un- 
lawfid.  It  nuiy  i»ossibly  be  invalid  against  the  other  belligerent,  into 
whose  bands,  but  for  such  sale,  the  vessel  woidd  have  fallen  ;  but  it  is 
good  against  the  rest  of  the  world.  The  vessel  may  be  subject  !•>  eaf)- 
ture,  when  again  at  sea,  by  a  ship  of  the  belligerent,  an<l  the  new  dwiier 
irmst  abide  by  the  decision  of  a  prize  court  of  the  belligerent  as  lo  the 
validity  of  his  purchase;  he  cannot  claim  [irotection  from  his  own  gov- 
ernment in  respect  of  the  seizure.     Uut  the  government  of  the  neutral 


!  1 


'hi 


518 


AKiMTKATlOX    AT    (iENKVA. 


port  ciiimot  intcrfoie  to  ])rov(Mit  tlie  siilo,  nor  can  it  i)vov«Mit  tlio  |nii- 
chjjscr  Ironi  <U'jiIinji'  with  tlio  vessel  as  he  pleases.  It  is  under  no  olilj. 
j?ation  to  <lo  so;  and,  wliat  is  still  more  to  the  pnri)ose,  it  iias  no  iiowcr 
to  «lo  so. 

It  was,  therefore,  impossililc  that  the  IJritish  authorities  eouhl,  con- 
sistently with  tile  law,  interfere  witli  the  sale  or  movements  of  this 
vessel. 

They  had  no  ])ower  to  try  thci  <pu'stion  whether  the  sale  was  real  «»t 
tietitious ;  even  if  the  transfer  had  been  plainly  tietitious,  they  had  no 
l)ower  to  [uevent  the  vessel  leavinjy  the  port  as  freely  as  she  had 
entered  it. 

This  position  appears  to  me  impregnable.  I  will  only  add  that  I  do 
not  tind  anywhere  pointed  out  by  what  i)Ower,.whether  derived  from 
statute  or  common  law,  the  British  authorities  could  have  seized  or 
interfered  with  this  vessel  after  her  sale. 

Even  If  the  British  ffovernment  could  be  held  to  have  incurred  any 
liability  i  respect  of  the  Sumter  having  been  sutlered  to  leave  (lib- 
raltar,  as  she  never  again  appeared  on  the  seas  as  ii  vessel  of  war,  or 
did  injury  to  an  American  ship,  no  claim  to  damages  can  arise  in  re- 
sj)ect  of  lior  being  permitted  to  leave,  beyond,  possibly,  the  inconsider- 
able sum  which  may  have  been  her  value. 

The  position  at  lirst  taken  by  M.  Staemptii  that,  by  analogy  to  the 
case  of  Ji  military  force  taking  lefuge  in  a  neutral  country,  in  which 
case  an  established  rule  of  international  law  re«piires  that  such  force 
should  submit  to  being  disarmed  and  disbanded,  a  ship  of  war  taking 
refuge  in  a  neutral  port  must  in  like  manner  be  disarmed  and  dismantled 
is,  as  I  have  show»i  elsewhere,  wholly  untenable,  the  distinction  between 
military  and  naval  forces  in  this  respect  being  universally  admitted.  1 
am  glad  to  tind  the  honorable  gentleman  no  longer  insists  on  it. 

After  the  arrival  of  the  ship  at  Liverpool,  ^Ir.A<lams  addressing  I'.arl 
Ivussell  insisted  on  her  being  still  considered  as  a  (confed- 
erate vessel  of  war,  and  therefore  within  the  (^>ueen's  regu- 
lations relating  to  the  stay  of  sliii)s  of  war  in  IJritish  jwrts.' 

Earl  Kussell  gave  the  proper  answer  : 

I  liave  tlio  lioiior  to  inform  yoti  tliat  Her  Miijesly's  f;()vt'rmn('iit  hiivn  liiul  iiiulcr  their 
coiisideraf  ioi),  in  coniiiinniciition  witii  tlie  proper  law-advisers  of  the  Crown,  your  letter 
of  tlie  I'^tli  nltinto,  stafinjj;  that  yon  lia»l  reeeiv<'(l  information  of  the  arrival  of  the 
steamer  Sumter  at  Liverpool,  and  <aliinjf  my  attentimi  to  the  bearin^j  on  this  ease  of 
Her  Majesty's  juoelamation,  limitinj?  the  stay  within  IJritish  ports  of  vessels  of  war 
beloniriiif;  to  either  of  tlie  Itellijierent  parties. 

I  liave  now  to  inforn*  yon  that  Her  Majesty's  ^iovernnient,  in  the  jireseut  state  of 
tlieir  infornnition  on  the  sulijeet,  are  nnahiti  to  assume,  as  you  apjtear  to  do,  that  tlie 
ship  lately  called  the  fSumt<'r  has  not  lieen  legally  and  hotiajidc  sold  to  a  Uritish  owner 
for  eomn\ereial  and  jteaeeful  purjtoses;  and  unless  it  were  established  that  the  sale  was 
nn>rely  tietitious,  Hei'  Majesty's  inoelannition,  to  wliieh  you  refer,  oaniU)t  be  deemed 
api)lieable  to  that  vessel  in  the  \Mit  of  Liverpool. -' 

To  this  might  have  been  added  that  she  was  no  longer  a  vessel  ot 
war. 

Even  if  this  view  were  erroneous,  the  Sumter,  never  having  done  fur- 
ther mischief  to  LTnited  States  vessels,  no  claim  to  damages  can  possil»ly 
arise  in  respect  of  her  having  been  allowed  to  remain  at  Liverpool. 

This  being  so,  it  nmy  be  scarcely  worth  while  to  say  more  about  her. 
But  as  this  pitiful  claim  is  nnide  the  occasion  of  studied  insult  to  Great 
Britain,  on  the  score  of  her  ''habitually  insincere  neutrality,"  it  is  right 
to  observe  that  as  soon  as  this  vessel  was  known  to  be  at  Liverpool,  she 


Uritish  Ajipendix,  vtd.  ii.  p.  ."iC). 


-Ibid.,  jip. .')?,  .'iS*. 


OPINIONS  OF  SIR  am:xamiek  cockiuun. 


510 


bcc'unio  tlic  ol)J«M!t  of  wiitt'lil'iil  attention  on  the  part  of  Her  JMaJes^ty's 
<;o  vein  men  t. 
On  the  4th  of  A]»ril  Earl  Unssell  writes  to  ]Mr.  Adams  as  follows: 

^!y  iittiMition  liiiviii<f  Ihmmi  drawn  to  a  i)ariiy;riiitli  \vlii<di  iiiJpcaiTd  in  tlio  Daily  Nows 
(if  tins  17tli  ultimo,  in  wliicli,  himIci-  the  li(>a(lin<;  oC  "  ('onfcdcratc^  War- Vessels,"  is  in- 
rlnded  tlie  Sinnter.  now  called  the  (Jilnaltar,  as  liavinj^  been  tlioroiij;lil_v  leiiaired  at 
ISii'kenhead,  and  liein<^  ready  lor  sea,  I  deemed  it  ailvisalde  at  oneo  to  i'e<iiiest  the 
)  roper  authorities  to  <'anse  partienlar  attention  to  l»e  iiaid  to  this  ves>.el. 

1  have  now  the  honor  to  a('<|naiiit  yon  that  it  appears  IVoni  a  repoi  t  which  has  heen 
reci'ived  from  the  cidleetor  of  eastonis  at  j^iverpool,  and  which  has  Wvu  cominnni- 
catcd  to  me  by  tin*  lords  comniissi(MH'rs  of  Ilcr  Majesty's  treasury,  that,  since  the  ar- 
rival of  the  Sumter  at  hiverpooi  on  the  llith  of  February  last,  she  has  btsen  carefully 
watched  by  the  cust(un-house  olliecrs,  and  that,  althou<jh  the  vessel  has  received  some 
rejiairs,  nothinj^  has  taken  jilaco  ref^ai'diufj  her  of  a  suspicions  (duiracter. 

The  Sumter  appears  to  We  laid  up  in  the  upper  jiart  of  tin;  {jreat  lloat,  at  IJirken- 
hcad,  and  there  seems  to  be  no  sijjn  of  her  hein<{  at  ju'esent  iut<Mide<l  for  sea. 

I  have  the  honor  to  aihl  that  tin;  authorities  at  Liverpool  are  instructiMl  to  cnutinu*^ 
to  observe  this  vessel,  and  to  report  without  delay  any  circumstances  of  an  unusual 
charactt-r  which  may  happen  to  take  place  with  regard  to  her.' 

To  whieh  Mr.  Adams  replies  : 

I  have  nad  the  honor  to  receive  your  not(i  of  the  4th  instant,  in  reference  to  a  para- 
^jrajtli  which  appeared  in  the  Daily  News  of  the  17th  ultimo,  respectinjif  the  immediate 
jtreparation  of  the  SinnttT  for  departure  from  the  i)ort  of  Liverpool.  I  must  confess 
that  the  inforimition  received  by  me  from  Liverpool,  from  wholly  independent  sources, 
had  led  nu;  to  believe  the  newspajter  statciuent  to  be  true.  It  is,  however,  with  very  great 
satisfaction  I  receive  the  contradiction  of  it  from  your  lordship,  as  well  as  the  assur- 
ance that  the  movements  of  that  vessel  are  un<ler  the  observation  of  tier  Majesty's 
government.  I  am  the  mnn'  led  to  indulge  this  that  the  notict  appears  to  have  been 
siKintaneously  furnished  to  me  with  a  decree  of  courtesy  which  I  should  bo  wanting 
in  my  duly  if  I  were  to  fail  iiropeily  to  apj^'eeitite.- 

A  month  or  si.\  weeks  htter,  all  her  war  tittinos  were  removed;  and 
the  vessel,  havino-  been  adapted  for  runniii};'  earyo,  it  was  proposed  to 
h)ad  some  Iieavy  ordnanee  on  board  of  her,  tlie  intention  beino-  no  doixbt 
to  ran  the  bhMjUade  and  convey  the  g;nusj  which  appear  to  have  been 
intended  lor  [jnrposes  of  fortihcation,  to  one  of  tlie  southern  )(orts.  The 
anthorities  immediately  interfered,  nor  wouhl  they  allow  the  ship  to  sail 
with  the  };nns  till  thorouohly  satisfie<l  that  they  were  incapable  of  bein"' 
used  on  board,  and  were  to  be  carried  only  as  cargo. 

On  the  1st  of  July,  ^Ir.  Dudley,  for  once  giving  credit  to  the  authori- 
ties for  a  <lesire  to  do  their  duty,  wiites: 

The  steamer  Sumter  is  still  i.'  port.  She  has  taken  on  the  two  large  guns  referred 
to  in  i)revions  dispatches.  The.  collector  refuses  to  clear  the  vessel  until  they  are  re- 
moved and  threatens  to  seize  iier  if  she  sails  without  her  clearance,  l^ither  the  gov- 
trumeut  or  owners  will  have  to  give  way.  This  loctks  as  if  the  authorities  were  in 
earnest;  at  h-ast.  so  far  as  this  vessel  is  concerned.' 

On  further  incpiiry  all  doubt  as  u)  the  guns  being  cargo  was  removed, 
and  the  vessel  was  allowed  to  clear  with  them  on  boanl. 

The  conlident  expectations  at  lirst  entertained  by  Mr.  Dudley  of  her 
being  destined  for  further  use  as  a  vessel  of  war  proved  unfoumled. 

8he  assumed  the  humbler  character  of  a  blockade-runner,  and  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  lost  in  attem[»ting  to  get  into  Charleston. 

It;  is  impossible  to  say  that  any  responsibility  attaches  to  Great 
IJritain  in  resi>ect  of  this  vessel.  < 

THE   NASHVILLE. 

The  facts  relating  to  the  Nashville  are  very  similar  to  the  earlier  part 
of  the  historvof  the  Suuiter.  ih..N„i,v,ii-. 


At  ItfTtiimtii. 


'  British  Appendix,  vol.  ii.  p.  5!>. 
•Ibid.,  p.  tjl. 

'  United  States  Documents,  vol.  iv,  p.  *2():?. 
'  Page  :ttH. 


520 


AIMHTKATION    Al'    (iKNEVA. 


She  is  stated,  in  the  case  of  the  United  States,  to  Iiave  been 
ii  lar^e  i)ad(Ue-\viieel  steamer,  fonnerly  eii{?a^e<l  on  the  X»'\v  York 
and  (Jharleston  line;  to  have  been  li^jlitened  to  diminish  lier  diauyht; 
to  have  been  armed  with  two  fjiins,  antl  to  liave  been  eommanded  by  an 
ollieer  who  had  be(Mi  in  the  Navy  of  the  United  States.  She  ran  out 
from  Charleston  on  the  ni<»ht  of  the  L'Oth  of  October,  ISUl,  and  arrived 
at  the  port  of  St.  (ieor^^e,  JJermnda,  on  the  .JOth.  Slie  was  then  short 
(►f  eoal,  bavin};',  no  doul>t,  taken  only  a  snllieient  supply  to  brinj;-  her  to 
JJermnda,  tin;  object  beinj;'  to  iif^hten  her  draught  as  nineh  as  ]K)ssibl(', 
in  order  to  facilitate  her  jiettinj*-  over  the  bar  at  Uharleston.  In  a  dis- 
patch to  the  Dnke  of  Newcastle,  of  the  I'd  of  November,  (Jovernor  Onl 
writes : 

I  have  tli(!  lioiior  to  iin|iiiiiiif  \(iiiv  oxfcllciicy  tliat  tlit'«(>  islamls  woro  visitod.im  tin- 
:{(ltli  nUiuio,  1>,v  tli(!  ('oiiffdrrati'  States  ])ail(lli'-\\lici'l  Htoaincr  Nashville,  cominaiMlcd 
l>y  I.icutonaiit  I'cajjiaiii,  and  liaviiij;  on  hoanl  liit'iitcnaiit-Coloni'l  I'l-yton,  of  the  (Dn- 
t(Mlt;rato  States  army,  said  to  he  a  minister  tVoni  those  States  to  the  eoiirt  of  Simiii, 
with  numerons  other  oHieeis  and  peisoin  ai>i)arently  conueeted  with  the  ship.  The 
A'ossel  anehoied  oil'  the  doek-yard;  and  Lieutenat  I'eajjiani  and  Colonel  Peyton  at  onei^ 
called  upon  Captain  Hutton,  K,  N.,  the  superintendent,  and  requested  hiia  to  supply 
their  vessel  with  (100  tons  of  coal,  it  bein<f  their  wish  to  proceed  to  sea  us  early  'm 
possible. 

This  request Cai)tain  lEutton  declared  himself  unable  to  comply  with, 
and  the  governor,  on  being  applied  to,  having  repeated  the  refusal, 
Lieutenant  reagram  su[>plied  himself  from  private  sources. 

The  governor  further  states : 

The  object  of  the  Nashville's  visit  has  not  been  distinctly  stated;  but  there  can  he 
no  doubt  that  she  is  bound  to  Huj^land,  and  that  she  has  on  board  persons  who  will 
•nideavor  to  excite  an  interest  in  the  favor  of  tlit;  Confederate  States  at  somts  of  the 
European  courts,  and  probably  to  obtain  supplies  of  material  and  stores  for  the  sup- 
port of  their  cause. 

It  had  been  reported  that  the  Xashville  left  Charleston  on  the  I'Jtli  ultimo,  with  ex- 
Senators  Sliihdl  au<l  Mason,  as  )'ei>reseutatives  from  the  Confederate  States  to  tlui  j^ov- 
erumeutsof  I'rance  and  l]n;;laud;  that  she  hail  $i,Ol)((,Ui)()  on  board  for  the  jinrchase  of 
nuiterial,  and  was  intended  to  coal  at  IJermuda.  This  rei>()rt  no  doubt  led  to  the  eall- 
in<j  in  here,  on  the  yOth  ultimo,  of  the  United  States  steam-vessel  Connecticut,  wliicli 
left  here  immediately  after,  and  proceeded  apparently  to  cruise  south. 

It  appears  from  the  report  of  tlie  Xashville  ollicers  that  these  ex.-Senators  really  did 
bnuik  the  blockade  about  the  timts  named,  but  in  a  smalh-r  vessel,  aiul  that  tlicy 
reacluMl  Havana  on  their  way  to  JOni^land.  The  United  States  steam-vessels  lieiiij;- 
thus  i»ut  upon  a  wronj^  sciMit,  the  Nashville  ran  tin;  Idockade  tlu^  ni<?ht  of  the 'ilitli, 
probably  with  the  remainder  of  the  Confederate  States  representatives  and  the  specie. 
and  f^ot  to  Hcrmuda  in  safety,  from  which  slu!  has  t;very  chanci!  of  reaching  Euj^hunl 
uumolesteil  l>y  tlu^  United  States  vessels  of  war. 

I  trust  my  procecdinj^s  on  this  occasion  will  meet  your  (Jrace's  ai)proval.' 

It  is  stated  in  the  case  of  the  United  States,  that  "  the  Nashville 
took  on  board  at  Bermiula,  by  the  i>ermission  of  the  governor,  OOO 
tons  of  coal,  and  that  this  a(!t  was  api>roved  by  Iler  Majesty's  princii»al 
secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies.  This  approval  seems  to  have  been 
elicited  by  the  complaints  which  had  been  made  to  the  governor  by  the 
consul  of  the  United  States  at  that  port.  It  may  also  be  that  Her 
]\[ajesty's  government  preferred  to  have  the  (juestion  settled,  betbre  it 
could  bo  made  the  subject  of  diplomatic  representation  on  the  part  of 
the  Unite<l  States.'' 

This  statenuMit  requires  correction.  In  the  first  place,  i!o  permission 
was  given  by  the  governor.  At  that  time  none  was  required.  No  reg- 
ulations having  tlien  been  issued  as  to  the  stay  of  vessels  in  IJritish 
ports,  or  the  supply  of  coal  to  bo  allowed  to  them,  it  was  free  to  a  ves- 
sel of  war  to  purchase  as  much  coal  as  she  required. 

In  the  second  place  the  quantity  was,  in  fact,  not  000  tons,  but,  as 
appears  from  a  dispatch  from  Governor  Lefroy  to  the  Karl  of  Kimber- 
ley,  either  ii2h  or  47li.^  ton.s,  accortling  aa  the  report  of  an  officer  of  the 

'Hntish  Appendix,  vol.  ii,  p.  87. 


OPINIONS    OV    SIR    AI-KXANIM:I{    ( OCIvIMUN'. 


i)2\ 


{^ 


\  oit,  who  took  down  the  jiniouiit,  or  th«i  iiUMnory  of  the  party  who  sui)- 
plied  the  coal,  may  happen  to  1)(^  correct.' 

This  fact  appearing  in  tlie  evidence  furnished  l>y  Ifer  ^fajesty's  (lov- 
ernnient,  it  is  now  said  by  tlie  United  States  (loverninent  to  ''matter 
little  wliicli  is  the  true  a<!connt;"-  yet  we  have  se<Mj  l.'iOtons  treated  as  ji 
(•onsi(h'ral)Ie  amount;  and  while  on  this  sul)ject  I  cannot  help  observ- 
inj"'  that  although  it  is  true  that  (lovernor  Ord,  in  writing  to  the  Duke 
(>f  Newcastle,  says,  with  referen(!e  to  the  amount  of  coal  taken  by  the 
Xashville,  he  ''has  been  informed  they  have  taken  in  about  <>(M)  tons," 
the  United  States  consul,  .Mr.  Wells,  who  no  doubt  kept  a  sharj)  eye  on 
what  was  doing,  and  was  more  likely  to  be  well  informed  about  it, 
states,  in  a  letter  to  Mv.  Seward  of  the  Sth  of  November,  "  the  Nasli- 
ville  took  in  about  ."HK)  tons  of  coal.'"'  Why  should  the  larger  figure  at 
once  be  assumed  to  be  the  right  one,  without  any  refereiu^e  to  the  state- 
ment of  jNIr.  Wells '! 

When  it  is  stated  that  the  approval  of  the  colonial  secretary  of  what 
has  been  done  "  seems  to  have  been  elicited  by  the  complaints  which 
had  been  made  to  the  governor  by  the  United  States  consul,''  I  am  struck 
by  tlie  fact  that  tlieie  is  a  total  absence  of  all  such  complaint.  JJeyoml 
an  application  made  by  the  consul  to  the  governor,  on  hearing  of  the 
ship's  arrival,  soliciting  that  an  order  may  be  given  that  no  supplies 
shall  bo  granted  to  the  vessel,  no  remonstrance  or  complaint  of  any  kind 
is  made  by  ^fr.  W^ells.^ 

When  it  is  insinuated  that  "  Her  ^Majesty's  goveriiment  prefeyred  to 
have  the  matter  settled  before  it  could  be  made  the  subject  of  diplo- 
matic correspondence,"  two  things  shonld  be  added:  the  first,  that  the 
supplies  furnished  to  the  Nashville  at  Bermuda  never  did  become  the 
subject  of  diplomatic  correspondence,  no  complaint  having  ever  been 
addressed  to  Her  JNlajesty's  government,  either  as  to  the  fact  of  coal 
having  been  supplied  to  the  Nashville,  or  as  to  the  quantity  furnished  to 
her.  The  subject  is  brought  forward  as  a  matter  of  complaint,  for  the 
first  time,  in  the  proceedings  before  this  tribunal.  Further,  it  should  be 
stated  that  the  approval  of  the  secretary  of  state  was  elicited  by  the  re- 
quest of  Governor  Ord  himself,  who  asked  to  be  informed  if  he  had  acted 
rightly  in  allowing  the  vessel  to  coal.  It  is  distressing  to  have  so  fre- 
quently to  advert  to  inaccuracies  of  this  kind. 

The  approval  of  the  secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies  was  in  these 
words: 

The  course  piir.siuMl  by  you  in  tli(»  ju'eseiit  instance  was  in  Htrict  accorilance  with  tlio 
principles  wiiich  yon  will  find  laid  down  in  my  circnlar  dispatch. 

I  hav(!  fnithev  to  stah;  that  both  ^on  and  (Japtain  Hntton  slir)wed  a  vmy  i)ro]>er  dis- 
irction  in  declininff  to  furnish  supplies  to  a  war-vessel  of  one  of  the  belli^^cirt-nt  parlies 
tVoin  ])nblic  stores  belon^in;;  to  the  Kritish  fjovernnwnt. 

Her  Majesty's  government  entirely  approve  of  the  whole  of  your  procoedings  on  this 
occasion."' 

The  secretary  of  state,  by  the  same  mail  which  carried  out  the  ai)proval 
of  the  secretary  of  state  as  to  what  had  been  done,  sent  a  circular  to 
the  governors  of  Her  ^lajesty's  colonies,  containing  instructions  for  their 
future  guidance  in  such  cases: 

Ilavinji;  had  occasion  to  consult  the  law-oHicers  of  the  CroU'u  on  the  subject  of  remon- 
strances a«ldressed  to  the  governors  of  sonu'  of  the  colonies  by  consuls  of  the  I'nited 
■States  in  regard  to  certain  particulars  in  the  treatmen :  of  vessels  bearing  the  Hag  of 


'  liritish  Appendix,  vol.  v.,  \).  13. 

-  Arguinent  of  the  United  States,  ]).  '.M)\. 

'United  States  Doeinnents,  v<d.  vi,  p.  •^(•7. 

<  ISritish  Appendix,  vol   ii,  p.  H?^. 

•  Ibid.,  p.  el».     . 


ii\ 


Sl'l 


AWlMTh'ATION     AT    (il.NKVA. 


till!  Stiitt'.H  wliii'Ii  liiivo  Mcci'ilcd  IVoiii  \\w  riiiim,  I  tltiiik  it.  riy;li(  to  ((iminiiniiiilc  to  von, 
lor  your  inl'ormiition  iiihI  jiniilanci',  (lin  i»riiiciiik',s  wliicli  oiij^lit  t(»  l>o  ohsciNcil  in  ciiNt  s 
of  tlu!  i<iii<l  wiiicli  raised  liit-  prcHciit  <|iit'stioii. 

Voii  will  iindor.staiHl,  tlH'it'l'mc,  that  n<>  toii'i;^!)  ((nisiil  lias  any  jidwi'i  or  .jiiriHiIji  liin, 
to  Hci/.o  any  vcshc!  (nndi-r  wiiatrvcr  llaj;)  witliin  Itritisji  IfirittMial  watfis,  and  tiiat  ilir 
IJritish  uutii(>iiti<'s  oiiffht  not  to  tal<ti  any  sti'iis  advciso  to  nii'rcliant-Vf.s.stds  of  the  (on- 
ffderato  Statt'H,  or  to  intrrt'cro  witii  tliidr  IVimi  resort  to  Itritisii  ports. 

With  rosjject  to  supplies,  even  of  articles  clearly  "eontraliand  of  war,"  (sncli  mh 
arms  or  aininiiintion.)  lo  tin;  v(!ssels  of  either  ]iarty,  the  colonial  authorities  are  not  :it 
liherty  to  intertVu'e,  unless  anything  should  l)t^  doin>  in  violation  of  the  fiu'ei^n-eiilistnii'iit 
act,  r>l)  (ieo.  Ill,  "a|).  (>'.),  which  ))rohii)its  the  «'(|nip)iin<r,  furnishin<r,  littin;r.oiit,  {imi 
arndn;{  of  ship.,  ).'  vessels  of  forcijjn  helli);;erent  ^towers,  and  also  the  supply  (d"  ijuiis  or 
eiiuipnieiits  for  war,  ho  as  to  increase?  the  warlike  forcjc  of  vesstds  of  war,  hut  wlii(  li 
does  not  reiulcr  illegal  the  mere  8iii>ply  of  arms  or  animuniticni,  Ac,  to  private  ships 
or  vessels. 

If  it  hIiouM  ho  necessary  for  the  colonial  authorities  to  act  in  any  sneli  case,  it  should 
only  ))e  done  when  the  law  iu  repjularly  put  in  force,  ami  under  the  advice  of  the  law- 
otlicers  of  the  Crown. 

With  respect  to  the  supplyin^f  in  British  Jurisiliction  of  articdes  nHvipit'm  iisim,  (sucli, 
for  instance,  as  coal,)  there  is  no  ground  for  any  interference  whatever  on  the  part  of 
the  eolutiial  authorities.' 

It  is  pl.tiii  from  these  iiiHtrnctious  tluvt  Her  Majesty's  }>()vernn»oiit, 
acting  under  the  advice  of  the  coimcil  of  the  ('rowii,  took  the  same  view 
of  the  law  applicable  to  such  a  case  that  all  writers  on  international  law 
had  taken,  namely,  that  in  the  absence  of  regnlations  made  by  the  neu- 
tral state,  a  belligerent  vessel  in  a  neutral  port  enjoys  perfect  liberty  to 
obtain,  from  i)rivate  sources,  whatever  sujn)lies  she  may  require. 

Nor,  even  if  the  governor  hiul  had  any  discretion  in  the  matter,  could 
it  be  said  that  he  had  exercised  such  discretion  unwisely.  The  Nitshvillc 
did  not  appear  to  be  going  on  a  mission  of  war  at  all.  She  was  iinper 
fectly  armed  with  only  two  rilletl  Oponnder  guns.  She  Mas  conveying 
to  Europe  agents  jiuthorized  to  communicate  with  European  govern 
ments  on  Uehalf  of  the  Confederate  States.  The  quantity  of  coal  al- 
lowed her  was  no  more  than  was  stitticient  for  the  purpo.se  of  stu-h  ji 
voyage,  and  there  was  then  no  rule  limiting  the  supjdy  to  the  quantity 
to  tiike  her  to  her  nearest  port.  As  a  ship  of  war  she  was  at  liberty 
to  buy  what  she  wanted. 

I  am  therefore  quite  at  a  loss  to  see  how  the  supply  of  cotil  at  Ber 
muda  can  be  made  a  ground  for  asking  ilamages  at  the  hands  of  this 
tribunal.  The  argument  that  whiit  was  done,  at  a  time  when  there  wtis 
unrestricted  freedom  in  respect  of  such  transactions,  is  to  be  tried  by 
the  test  of  stringent  regulations,  afterward  made  for  the  i)urpose  of 
placing  restraints  on  that  freedom,  is  obviously  unsound.  AVlien  it  is 
said  that  there  was  a  violation  of  neutrality  in  allowing  a  confederato 
vessel  to  take  as  much  coal  as  she  wanted,  while  the  Unitetl  States  wen- 
not  permitted  to  establish  a  depot  of  coal  for  the  sui)ply  of  their  ves- 
sels, the  argument  which  confoumls  the  obvious  distinction  between  a 
public  national  store  ami  the  resources  of  private  dealers,  if  indeed 
worthy  of  attention,  has  already  been  disposed  of. 

The  Nashville  arrived  at  Southampton  on  the  L'lst  November,  18(51. 

On  her  way  she  seized  and  set  tire  to  a  LTnited  States  nier- 

chant-ves.sel,  making  her  crew  ])risoners  of  war.     On  this 

ground,  as  well  as  her  being  a  ves.sel  of  the  insurgent  government,  ^Ir. 

Adams  objected  to  her  being  received  into  a  IJritish  port. 

It  was  ascertained  that  the  Nashville  was  duly  commissioned  as  a  ship 
of  war  of  the  Confederate  States,  and  was  under  the  connnand  of  h 
duly  commissioned  otHcer. 

The  law-otticers,  on  being  consulted  by    the  governnuMit,  gave  an 


'  ISritish  Appendix,  vol.  ii,  p.  88. 


nl'INIONS    OK    SIi;    Al.i:X.\MU;i{    Cn(  Kl!l  l{N. 


■)-2:») 


opinion   ill  strict  confoiinity  to  ostaldislicd  principlca  of  international 
law  : 

'I'lic  Niislivillf  iii>i»i'iirs  to  he  a  roiiCcilcrnti'  vosmoI  of  war:  Iwr  coiimiamli  riiiid  olllrors 
have  coiiiinisNiiiii)-  ill  iIk^  ('(iiit'ctli'iati- navy  ;  siini)>  of  tlii-iii  liavi^  writtt'ii  onlriH  t'roiii 
till'  navy  'Ifpaitiiinit,  lii(  liinnnd.  to  report  to  l.it'iitcnaiit  I't-^^raiii  "  tor  <liity"  on  lioaril 
tln<  Naslivillf,  ami  Iter  crew  liavc  si<;ncil  aiticlcs  to  Nliip  in  tini  '•  ront't'dcrati'  navy.'' 
Ilcr  liavinj;  captiirt'il  ami  Itmnt  a  liiitcd  States  iiitr(;iiant-vi'Mscl  on  tlic  lii;j;li  ncas 
raiinot,  iiiMler  tlx'se  ciriiiinstanccs.  he  coiiNidrretl  (to  adopt  Mr.  Adams's  worils)  as 
'•  voluntarily  nndertakfii  Ity  imlividnals  not  vested  with  powers  generally  aekiiowl- 
e<l;;ed  to  1»(^  neressary  tojiistify  a<i;;ressiv(!  warl'are;"'  nor  does  it  at  all  approximate 
within  tht^  delinition  of  piracy;  nor  is  it  an  nnatithori>^ed  ai-t  of  vicdence:  and  if  (as 
Mr.  Adams  siijjf^ests)  Her  Majesty's  jfovt-rnnreiit  is  called  on  in  this  case"tMther  to 
rccoj^nize  a  liellij^erent,  or  to  denounce  a  wron^j-doer,"  Her  Majesty's  government  must, 
upon  the  facts  and  documents  now  appearing,  adopt  the  fiu'iiier  course. 

With  reference  to  the  alle;;!ition  that  solium  of  h^^r  olilieers  are  to  be  put  in  coinnmiid 
of  vessels  now  fitting  out  in  Jhitisli  ports  for  hostile  purposes  ajjainst  tlu!  United  States, 
wo  can  only  say  that  if  reasonaltlo  evidtuice  can  he  ))rocnred  that  such  vessels  are  he- 
iiijj  so  iitted  out,  in  contravention  of  the  forei;iti-enlistment  a<t,  all  jjarties  concerned 
therein  should  be  leifally  jtroci'eded  ajiainst,  with  the  view  to  their  beiii;;  jiersonally 
punisluul,  and  to  the  forfeiture  of  tlio  vessels. 

We  may  add  (generally)  that  it  will  he  competent  to  Her  Majesty,  as  a  neutral 
power,  either  to  tlesi};nate,  the  jmrticiilar  ports  to  which  alone  the  niitiomil  ships  of  the 
belliji[erents  are  ]i(Tiuitted  to  resort;  to  limit  th<'  time  for  which,  or  to  deline  the  cir- 
cumstances under  which,  they  may  .so  resort  thereto,  or  to  make  and  juiblish  such  <fen- 
eral  rcffulations  with  reference  tlier«^to  as  she  may  think  proper;  but  siibjec^t  to  such 
limitations.  Her  Majesty  cannot  interfere  with  the  national  ships  of  om^  i»arty  resort- 
iii}^  to  her  ]>oits  in  respect  of  hostile  acts  done  on  the  high  seas  to  the  ships  of  the  o|>- 
jiosite  jiarty.' 

Sir  Hiiftli  Cairns  and  Dr.  Dean*',  licinj^'  consulted  l»y  the  United 
States  consid  as  to  the  jjossihility  of  recovering"  chrononieters  seized  as 
prizes  on  the  takinj*'  of  the  Harvey  JJirch,  advised: 

It  ajipears  from  the  allidavit  of  Captain  Nelson  that  the  Harvey  IJirch  was  taken 
possession  of  and  burnt  on  the  hijih  seas,  outside  the  limit  of  Mritisli  waters,  and  that 
the  armeil  ship  Nashville  carried  the  i\:\<i  of  the  Confederate  States. 

Fioin  the  statement  in  thi^  newspajjcr  above  referred  to,  the  commander  of  the  Nash- 
ville seems  to  hiivt)  held  a  commission  under  the  Coiif«!derati!  States  and  in  the  navy 
of  those  States. 

The  Ibitish  ji[overnnient  has  considered  the  Kecb'ral  and  Conft-derate  States  entitled 
to  be  treated  as  belli<>-erents,  each  possessed  of  the  i-if^lits  id"  war,  om^  of  which  ri;ihts 
is  the  ca])tnro  and  destruction  of  vessels  belonyinjj;  to  the  enemy  by  the  commissione<l 
vessels  of  the  belli^rerelits. 

If,  therefore,  the  Nashville  was  ii  commissioned  vessel  belonjiing  to  the  (Confederate 
States,  we  are  oi'  oi>inion  that  Cajttain  Nelson  has  no  lej^al  ri;;hts  in  this  country 
ai;ainst  the  Nashville  or  her  commander.' 

There  is  nothiiifj  in  what  was  done  in  relation  to  the  Nashville  after 
lier  arrival  at  Southampton  which  eoidd  j^ive  occasion  for  any  conii>laint. 
As  soon  as  it  was  found  that  she  was  about  to  underf^o  repairs  at  that 
port,  instructions  were  piven  by  the  government  to  exercise  the  utmost 
vigilance  to  see  that  nothing:  was  ad<led  to  her  equipment  or  her  power 
as  a  ves.sel  of  war.'  JNIr.  Adams,  naturally  anxious  to  jjievent  any 
attempt  of  this  nature,  found,  on  applying  to  I'^arl  Kusseli,  that  he  had 
been  anticipated  by  the  spontaneous  action  of  the  government.^  Noth- 
ing was  done  to  the  Nashville  beyond  uecessaiy  repairs,  and  she  event- 
ually left  England  on  the  .'>d  of  February,  1802,  the  same  in  point  of 
('(juipment  antt  strength  as  .she  had  been  on  leaving  Charleston. 

On  the  lothof  December  the  United  States  steamer  Tuscarora  arrived 
also  at  Southampton,  and  having  taken  in  150  tons  of  coal  proceeded 
to  keei)  watch  on  the  Nashville,  evidently,  as  the  sequel  showed,  for  the 


'  British  Ap])emlix,  vol.  ii,  p.  IK'. 

-'  United  States  Docnmeiit<,  vo'.  ii,  p.  560. 

'IWitish  Appendix,  vol.ii.  p.  lU. 

'  Ibid.,  p.  1(12. 


i- 


r.24 


A  i;  It  IT  RATI  ON    AT    (JKNKVA. 


purpose  ol' sci/iii;;'  lirr  on  licr  drpiirtiiic  from  IWitisli  watt'is.  I''ri)iii  ji 
tclcj^iiuii  of  (Japtiiin  I'iitcy,  sciiioi-  onicrr  of  ll»'r  .M.ijt'sly's  sliips  ;it 
S(iiitliiiin]>t()ti,  to  tli<'  iwliniialty,  it  iippvars  tliiit  on  tlu^  iii;>lit of  tlic  !t|li 
of  .laiiiiiiry  "tin' dork-inastrr  i«'|toit('(l  liaviiij^' discoxcrnl  in  the  dock 
two  olliccrs  and  tlii'«'«'  iiicii  from  Tiiscaioia,  wlio  stated  tlu'y  were  on 
slioH' midcr  orders  watrliin^'  Naslivillc,  and  to  si;jiial  slioidd  slic  ;;(t 
uiidi'i'  \vei;;li.     Dociv-iiiastcr  removed  lliem  fiom  the  doek." ' 

ICail  Kiissell,  having;  become  ae(pjainted  with  this  state  of  thiii^^s, 
wrote,  on  the  10th  to  Mr.  A(hims: 

F  Iinvcjiist  Ih'cii  inCinincd  tlijit  iiniicd  iiwii  were  fiMiml  liisf  iii;ilit  Wiifcliiitjf  tlicN'usli- 
villi-  ill  Siiiilli:iiii|itoii  (lucks,  iiiiil  lliiit  tlicy  were  <li.sciivci'<'<l  Uy  .Mr.  Ilii};(',  tiic  dock  mc 
licriiitciidcnl,  close  at  (lie  Nasliviile's  liows. 

I  tliMik  it  iiecessai>  to  state  to  > on  tliat,  excejit  ill  case  of  stress  of  weatlier  ImciuM 
tlieiii  to  land,  Her  .Majesty's  ;;oveiimieiit  cannot  perniit  aiined  ineii  in  llie  ser\  ice  cil  a 
toi'ei;;ii  <;:ovenini<'iit  to  land  upon  Kritisli  ;;idiind. 

1  tlieret'orc  reijiiest  that  ,\'on  will  iiiforin  the  captain  of  tlie  Federal  steanier  inSdiilii- 
innpton  waters  that  he  must  retrain  t'loin  acts  of  this  kind,  which  may  lead  to  a  cn|- 
lision  lietweeii  his  men  and  the  Ihitish  authorities. 

I  have  also  to  inform  yon  that  no  act  ol  hostility  can  l>e  permitted  Itctween  the  I'cd- 
eial  steamer  and  its  cneniy  within  Hritish  waters,  and  that  orders  to  that  cll'ect  will 
lie  issued  to  the  lioaiil  of  admiralty. 

In  the  ease  of  the  Nashville  leaviiif^  liritish  waters,  the  Federal  steanier  of  war  will 
not  lie  ]ieniiittcd  to  Htart  from  ISritisli  wateis  in  pursuit  of  her  till  after  the  cxpiratimi 
of  tweiity-foni'  hours. 

The  name  rule  will  he  applied  to  the  vessels  of  the  so-called  ('oiifcd>  i;;t(!  States.- 

On  the  lOth  Captiiin  Wileo.v,  of  Jler  Majesty's  sliip  Dauntless,  writes 
to  Captain  Craven,  the  eonimandor  of  the  Tuscaroni,  as  follows  : 

IlavinfX  olis<'rved  )ne[)arntions  for  departure  in  tho  United  States  steumer  Tuscaroi;!. 
under  your  coinmaiid,  ami  also  in  the  Confederate  Stat«'s  steamer,  Nashville,  I  hc;f  to 
ac(|naiiit  yon  that  I  have  received  iiistrnctions  to  prevent  any  iiostility  takinj;  place  in 
IWitish  wateis;  and  I  he;;  to  hriiiy;  to  yoni'  iiotict^  the  nsnal  law  of  nations  wliirh  n- 
i|iiires  that  twenty-four  Innirs  should  elapse  hefore  the  departure  ot  one  Itellijiciciit 
sliiji  in  ]inrsiiit  of  the  other. 

JJelyiiif;  upon  your  ;;ood  Jinlf^inciit  in  this  matter,  and  the  friendly  fccliny  cxistiiij;  lic- 
twecii  tho  two  {Governments,  1  liave,  iVc' 

Captain  Craven  answered,  giving,  it  will  be  observed,  no  i-etlge: 

I  have  tli(!  lioiKU'  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  commnnieation  this  evciiiiiy. 

I  am  not  aware  that  I  liave;;iven  cause  for  your  assuniiii};  that  1  incdilatt;  an  ad  nf 
hostility  in  the  waters  of  (ircat  IJritain. 

Claiiniiif;'  the  iii;ht  of  free  a<;cess  to,  and  e;jress  from,  the  waters  ot  a  nation  believed 
to  he  in  amity  with  the  I'liited  States,  ami  sincerely  desirous  of  avoiding  all  semhlaiac 
of  <dfense,  I  am,  Ac' 

It  was  not  without  some  dillicnlty  that  Captain  I'atey  obtained  the  re- 
quired pletlge.    On  the  I'.Jth  of  Jjinujiry  he  rei)orts  to  the  admiralty: 

The  Nashville's  n<'cessary  defects  liavo  hcen  made  j;'ood,  and  sll(^  has  licen  coaled ; 
and,  Jiid^jinj;  from  the  frc(iiicnt  movements  of  tht«  Tnscarora  up  and  down  the  Soiilli- 
ampton  Water,  includin<>'  one,  trip  throuj^h  th»»  Nc^edles  and  round  the  Isle  of  W'i^lit, 
that  the  sliii>  is  in  all  respects  rea<ly  for  sea,  I  am  induced  to  hrin<;  this  matter  under 
tlu)  notice  of  their  lordships,  hecaiise  it  appears  to  me,  from  the  course  ))ursucd,  and 
avowedly  so  made  known  to  me  hy  the  captain  of  the  Tuscarora.  in  a  conversation  wliiili 
I  have  had  with  that  otiicer,  he  will  do  his  utmost  to  lemler  the  rule  of  twcnty-loin 
hours  which  thc^  Nashville  may  \n'  inclined  to  take  advantajfc^  of  null  and  void,  by  i  mi- 
stautly  kecpini;  up  his  steam,  and  havinji;  slips  on  his  cable,  so  that  the  moment  Xiisli- 
ville  moves  Tuscarora  will  precede  her,  and  at  once  claim  jiriority  of  sailinj^,  ritiiinin;; 
in  this  port  a<;aiu  within  tliti  lapse  «>f  twenty-four  hours;  it  hemic  follows  that  tlic 
Nashville  is  closely  Idockaded  in  a  neutral  port,  and  this  is,  no  doubt,  the  special  <ili- 
jectof  ih«  'I'nscarora's  visit  to  8outham[iton. 

I  would  also  l)eij  to  point  out  to  tlusir  lordships  the  jiossibility  of  the  Tuscaroni  and 
Nashville  cominjr  into  collision  in  a  narrow  channel,  and  at  ni<>ht,  ami  the  pr(d)abilit.v 
of  Tuscarora,  supjiosiu;;  that   tho  other  ship  bad   purposely  run  into  her,  opcnin;; 

'Hritish  Appendix,  vol.  ii,  p.  107. 
-Ibid.,  p.lOf^. 
'  Ibid.,  i».  100. 
^Ibid.,  i>.  int. 


oi'iMoxs  UK  sii;   Ai.i:x.\M)i:i{  corKiti  i;\. 


f  'm  t  I 


I  I 


liri'  nil  Iht,  iiimI  licucc  )iriii;{iiiH;  (»ii  ii  ^ravr  <liriiriiltv  in  tlni  iiiiittcr.  I'ihIi  r  nil  the  cir- 
( iiiiistiiiK  rs  of  this  |u'('iiliiir  ciisi',  1  tliiiik  it  iii,v  iliit.v  l<>  iMiii\<t  this  ('iiininiinicatiiiii  to 
tlicir  loidMliips,  t lint  tlicy  iii.'i.v  tiiUr  niicIi  Nti'ps  ns  inny  I'.v  Ihrm  Im^  ilri'iiit'il  necessary, 
lesjiectCnlly  snliinit t iiiy  that  tlie  eoniinan<lers  ol'  the  'liiseanna  ami  .\ash\iile,  ies|ieet- 
ively,  sIkiiiIiI  Ite  ealleil  ii|i(in  to  ^ive  ine  a  wiitteii  notice  of  the  ilale  anil  hon'r  they  in- 
teiiil  III  itroeeed  to  sea,  anil  that,  ha  vili;;  reciiv  eil  such  no!  ice  iVoni  eilliel'  one,  the  otiiel 
"honhl  lie  iinnietliately  iiolilieil  of  the  tact,  anil  that  he  wonhl  not  he  ailoweil  to  follow 
until  twenly-tonr  hours  hail  ela|iseil,' 

Tilt!  Collowiiio'  .sisiiiiiiiir.v  of  I'iicts,  riiiwjii'dcil  liy  tin-  iidiiiinilty  to  tlif 
ri)iTi<;'ii  ollicc  oil  tlio.'ii.st,  is  printed  in  the  liriti.sl.  A|i|M'iiili\  : 

A'r»r(/)i/((C  "Jl,  i-lll.— Xashvilie  aniveil  at  .'^onthainiiton,  ami  taken  into  ilock  for  calk- 
in};' anil  other  repairs. 

lUiimhir  I.'). — 'rnsiiir'tiii  nnixcil,  ami  .mchoieil  otf  entrance  to  river  Itchen. 

hicrmhir 'Si. — ('apt. liii  I'ati'y  ri'porte<l  no  repairs  hail  lieen  made  in  the  Nashville, 
lieyomi  what  were  alisolntely  necessary,  ami  that  she  hail  not  heeii  in  any  way  e(|nippc(l 
more  completely  a»  a  man  of  war, 

Jiiiiiiarii  1(1,  !-'(>'.'.-  Captain  i'atey  leporteil  that  <li)ck-innster  at  •'^oiithamptoii  hail  on 
pii'vioiis  nijfhl  Ion  111  I  I  woofil  .ers  (one  with  sidc-ai'ins)  ami  three  imn,  hrlonnin;;'  to  Tiis- 
carora,  nmler  (iravin;;  linck  fciice'on  piei'  heiweeii  ilocks.  They  slated  that  they  were 
stationed  there,  hy  their  ciplain's  orders  to  w,it(di  Nashville,  and  to  make  a  siy;iial  to 
their  own  ship  should  Nashville  attempt  to  ;;ct  underway.  Dock-master  removed 
these  persons. 

,/iiiuKirji  1(1. — (,'apfain  I'atey  also  reported  that  Tnscarora  h,'id  received  one  hundred 
and  lifty  tons  of  coal,  and  had  kept  her  steam  np  since  her  arrival,  with  a  s[irin;;' on 
her  cahle,  apparently  ready  for  sea. 

Jiiiiiitirii  II, — ('a|itain  Wilcox,  of  |[er  M.ijesty's  Nliip  Danntless,  stjitioned  in  Smith- 
am)  don  Water,  informed  ca|dainsof  'riiscaroi'a  and  Nashville  that  he  had  oliserved  p!'e- 
parations  for  their  departnie,  and  had  instrnctions  to  prcM-nt  any  hostilities  in  Mritish 
\>aters,  and  hniii<{ht  to  their  notice  that  the  law  of  natimis  rei|iiires  that  twenty-four 
hours  shoiilil  ellipse  before  the  departure  of  one  li(dli;;'erent  ship  from  a  neutral  port  in 
pnrsnit  of  another.  Captain  I'atey,  as  senior  ollicer  at  Soul  ham|don,  also  ini'orincd 
captain.s  id"  Tnsc'arora  and  Nashville  that  he  had  received  orders  to  detain  one  vesstd 
until  the  other  had  twenty-four  lionrs'  start.  Captains  of  two  vessels  answercil,  they 
would  conform  to  law  ;  and  Captain  Craven  (of 'rnscarora)  claimed  ri^fht  of  frec^  access 
to  and  ejjri'ss  from  "  watis's  of  a  nation  helievi'd  to  he  in  amity  with  the  I'nited  States," 
trnstinj;  that  strict  ini)iartiality  wonld  he  ol>ser\ed  Itetween  the  two  vessels.  In  reply, 
Captain  I'atey  vd'erreil  to  fact  of  C.iptain  Craven  havin;^  sent  ollicers  and  men  into 
docks  to  watch  Nashville,  and  also  )iointeil  onl  that  :>  lioat,  ,i]iparently  armed,  fi'om 
the  'I'nscareni  had  hei'ii  ohserveil  imllin;;  in  anil  out  of  the  docks  wilhont  landing; 
dnrin;;  the  ni<;ht.     Cajitain  Craven  ;;ave  assurance  that  this  wonhl  not  he  I'epeateil. 

•hiuHurii  lit. — 'I'nscarora  left  anchi>ra;.;e  at  1  a.  in.,  ami  ]irocceded  to  am  hor  one  mile 
west  of  Calshot  Lijflit-.ship.  l»etiirneil  at  4  p.  in.  to  former  anchoiai;-e  at  entrance  of 
Itchen  River. 

•/((iiiKtrji  1."). — Tiisearorji  at  '2  ji.  in,  \veij;lied,  and  )>iisseil  Calshol. 

■liuniarii  1(!. — At  'i  p.  m.  returned  to  ori>>inal  anclioraf;e. 

'ftiiiiiani  "JO. — At  '^  p.  111.  proceeilcil  down  Smithuiiijiton  Water  and  amdiored  l)nt^ide 
Calshot  Castle. 

■fduiiarji  'i'i. — At  10  a.  m.^'etiirned  to  anch()ra<ie  at  month  of  Itchen  K'i\cr, 

'/(iiniarji '-i^t. — Ca|itain  I'atey  ri'iiorted  Nashville  coaled  and  necessary  repairs  com- 
]ileted,  and  'rn.scarora  ready  for  Hca;  also,  that,  in  conversation  with  him.  Captain 
Craveu,  of  Tnscarora,  had  avowed  that  he  would  do  his  utmost  to  render  rule  as  to 
twenty-four  Iionr.s' start  null  and  void,  Iiy  constantly  keepinj^  np  steam,  and  havinii 
slips  on  her  cahle,  so  that  the  moment  Nashville  inij^ht  move  Tnscarora  would  jin-cedc 
her,  anil  claim  jiriority  of  sailiiifj,  retiirniiif;  a;;ain  within  twenty-four  hours,  and  so 
actually  bloikadin<;  Nashville  in  a  neutral  port. 

Jaiiiiarji  'JIJ. — Under  instructions,  Captain  I'atey  ohtal,  ed  written  ))ri)niise.s  from  cai>- 
tains  of  'J'uscaroni  and  Nashville  not  to  leave  their  then  po.sitions  without  giving 
twenty-four  liouis'  notice. 

January  ti7. — In  order  to  prevent  any  hostile  ]iioceediu<>s  hetwoen  the  two  vessels  in 
HritLsh  waters,  a  messenger  was  dispatched  in  the  morning  to  Southampton  with  in- 
structions to  Captain  Patey  to  reqiiiro  Nashville  to  depart  hy  \'i  o'clock  at  noon  on 
Tuesday,  the  2Hth  January,  and  Tnscarora  on  following  day  at  same  hour;  but  at  1  p. 
III.,  and  before  receiving  these  last-inontioued  instructions,  Captain  Patey  tolegraplicd 
that  captain  of  Tnscarora  had  notified  him  that  that  ship  would  put  to  sea  on  tlie  ful-. 
lowing  day,  namely,  on  28th  .lauuary,  at  11  a.  m.  To  this  telegram  an  answer  was  at 
once  sent  that  Tnscarora  was  accorciingly  to  be  allowed  to  proceed  first;  and,  under 
the  circumstances.  Captain  Putey  did  not  think  it  necessary  t<  acquaint  the  captain  of 


'  Hritisb  Appendix,  vol.  ii.  p.  114. 


52C 


AU'IUI'K'ATION    AT    (JKNKVA. 


h 


'rnsciiror.:!  iil'tlic  ni-ilci's  lie  ( ( ';i|itiiiii  l';il<\\)  r<M'ci\  cd  .siil>.si'(|iifMtly.  loii  tlif  .•iftcriKion  nf 
the,  '<27th,)  rci|iiiriiiir  tlu'  sliip  to  (|iiit  Sniil  liaiiipton. 

./;(»/(«(•(/•,'-'. — (';i|)l;iin  of'l'ilsciiinru  irjtiirti'd  liy  let  tiT  to  C;!]!',  aili  Taley 
s.IXitni''i"i!'i'.  i'  "  "'"'  li«'.sli<iiil(l  (Ifl'cf  (Ifiiarliiic,  ill  r(»isi'(|iiciicn  1)1"  iiicifiiiciicyor  \\fallicr. 
until  "-.".Mil,  or  lirst.  line  day.  ('aptaiM  I'ati'y,  in  answer,  told  ('a|itaiii 
fViivon  that  lie  saw  notiiiiif:  in  tlic  state?  ol  tlic  wcalliiT  to  lUfvciit  'rnscaroia  pniicnl- 
in;^,  aiwl  rc«|iii'slrd  sin-  would  Itisc  no  time  in  doii  y;  so,  o'wvrvinf;'  that.  Ii.-iviii';-  rt'ccivid 
tVoiii  ('ai>liiin  I'rasfii  a  written  iiotiliratioii  of  liis  intention  to  jiroeeed  on  the  •JTtii,  al 
1 1  a.  III.,  he  (Captain  l'ate.\ )  had  not  deemed  it  necessary  to  convey  to  Caplain  Craven 
the  iiiistnietions  he  had  recei\ed  lor  rn.seai'iiia  to  leave  Soiithainidon  al  noon  on  llie 
'J^'Mi. 

Jaiiiiarii  '■i''. — Ca|itaiii  I'atey  diieeted  liy  tele^rraph  not  to  take  any  atep.s,  at  pr<'S(iit, 
to  compel  Tnscarora's  departure. 

Jiiiiiiiiijj  2\). — At  H.ld  ii.  in., 'I'liscaidra  proeteded  down  Sonlhampton  Water. 

tliiiiiiurji  'Ml — Captain  I'atey,  liy  telegraph,  reports  Tiiscarora.  at  '2  p.  in.,  reiiiiiins  in 
\  aniioiith  Koads,  and  he  asks  lor  instrintions  as  to  Naslivillc's  departure,  liitornied. 
ill  r('|ily,  tliat  the  time  of  Nashville's  (hpartnrc  will  ihito  from  lionr  Tii.scaroni  shall 
re;illy  jjo  to  sea,  in  aecor.laisee  w  ith  notice. 

Ai)Mii!.vi.rv,  Jaunary  :W,  hM'fiJ 

This  suininaiy  Mas  forwarded  by  Ear!  Jlu.sstll  >o  Mr.  Adams,  witli 
this  obsorvaluni : 

I  tliink  you  wil!  sw  from  tliis  snmiuary  that  ll(>r  Majesty'.s  jjoveniinent  have  reason 
to  complain  of  tlic  comliict  of  the  <omiiiander  of  the  'I'lisciirora,  as  an  attempt  to  cany 
on  ■   istilities  in  the  waters  of  a  neutral. 

i  liiiv«  tlie  honor  also  to  inclose  a  copy  of  the  London  (Jazctte,-  cuntaiiiiii}r  the  rules 
which  I  mentioned  to  you  in  a  previous  letter. 

Oil  the  1st  of  February,  the  Tuscarora,  having  left  Lynungtoii,  to 
\vhi(!h  ]»h«('<>  she  had  previimsly  shilte<l  her  bertli,  six  miles  to  the  west 
of  the  Needles,  is  seen,  steatiiiiig  to  the  westward.     The  Nashville  is 
aceordiiifrly  informed  thtit  she  can  leave  on  the  ensning  day.    The  next 
day  tiie  Tuscarora  is  at  Portland.     On  the  .{tl,  she  is  at  her  lonner  sta- 
tion in  ('owes  lioads.     The  Niisljville  havinj;  iti  the  mean  time  jii^^.n 
notice  to  leave  on  the  "(d,  notiet»  was  j^iven  to  Uie  captain  of  the  'I'liscn 
j'ora  not  to  leave  tor  twenly-fonr  h<»nrs.     Unt  so  snspiiMonsdid  the  iiiov<' 
ments  of  this  \oss('l  appear  to  the  commanders  of  Jler  Majesty's  ships. 
that  it  was  tho^^iht  neccs.sary  lor  ii.  siiip  of  war  to  ac(!on)pany  the  Nasji 
ville  ])ast  the  Tn.scjirorii,  and  li)r  a  watch  to  he  kept  on  the  latter  by  the 
Dauntless. 

It  thus  apjieiirs  that  tlu'  captain  of  the  Tuscarora  .syst<'midically  cii 
deavored  to  elude  the  twenty  four  hours'  rule  by  keeping''  np  his  steam 
and  ha\inji' slips  oti  his  cable,  tind  by  ma  kin. t--  a  seiies  </f  false  starts. 
In<leed,  In*  preceded  the  Nashville  oidy  to  return  at  the  moment  of  the 
lattei's  «lepartnre,  and  he  wa.s  there!' m<>  not  permitted  to  leave  Ici 
another  space  of  t  wenty-fotu'  hmirs.  N(->ertheless  this  otlicer.  wh(»  liiul 
himself  been  treated  with  scrnpulons  impiirtiality  and  Jitteiitioii,  init 
had  ^iiveii  to  ller  .Alajesty's  yovernmi'nt  jnst  cause  of  complaint,  havin;.,' 
been  battled  in  his  emleavois  to  elnde  the  ne<'essary  ><',mdations  of  iien 
trality,  did  iK^t  leave  Sontliampton  wiliidiit  <'oi»iplainin<i' th:it  "  a  Just 
and  ri}j[)d  imptirtiality  <Iid  not  appea:-  to  hav(>  beei!  extended  to  him," 
ill  connection  with  *'th«'  escai>e  of  the  pirate  Nasliville."  It  is  true 
that  Mr.  Adams  admits,  in  dispatch  n\'  the  7th  of  I'ebriiary,  !>»<•-. 
that  "he  (Captain  Craven  <d' the  T'.isciirora)  will  (\)nbtless  lay  tlie 
blam»'  on  the  action  of  \\iv  p'  -pie  and  oovernment  of  t'lis  coiiniiy  :  iii\ 
own  iFpinion  is,  that  it  he  had  l>een  a  little  more  cool  tind  (piiet,  he  would 
have  fan'd  better."' 


itim 


'  llrilifdi  App«;iiilix,  v.d.  ii,  pp.  lv'(i,  |-,'l, 

-  M.id.,  p.  1-.M. 

'  lldd..  y.  i'iii. 

'  Kxcculivc  Uofiiiiients.  I'^dl-'Ci'i,  Ni  .  101,  p.  'W, 


TP" 


OriNlUNS    OF    8IR    AI.KXANDKIi    ((H'KIil  UN. 


527 


tt'tiM'lliiOli  III' 


Those  procecdinjis  of  llio  coininiiiKlcr  of  tlic  Tiiscaroiii  hn\o  Ikm'Ii  rc- 
forn'd  to  by  M.  Calvo  in  his  ifcciit  work  as  a  (;loar  viohitioii  of  neu- 
tral ir.>. 

The  Xashvillc,  on  U^aviiiji-  Sonlhaniplon,  recrossed  tlie  Athmtic  an«l 
arrived  at  IJeriniuhioi:  tiie.  iMMh  of  Feitraary,  ISdL'.'  Tlie  rej; 
idat ions  i^'sued  h\  the  Uritisl;  j^overnnient  on  the.'Jlst  of  .Ian- 
nary  j)revions,  liniitinj*'  tlu?  stay  of  th«?  armed  vessels  of  the  helli'!/  .t'lits 
an«l  the  supplies  to  be  obtaiiu'd  by  them  '.i  IJiitish  ports,  did  not  arrive 
in  that  eeh.»ny  until  nearly  ji  fortnif^ht  latei',  and  were  unUno\Nn  to  tlu^ 
;jovernor  at  tho  time  of  the  >Jashville's  visit.^  There  was  no  };ronn«l 
therefore  for  placing'  any  restrietion  on  the  eoalinji'  of  the  Nashville, 
and  she  is  stated  by  the  IJnited  States  (consul  to  have  taken  in  I  ."»(>  tons.' 
She  left  ihc  following;  day,  j.nd  apparently  went  straijjht  to  Charleston. 
Moasutes  were  taken  by  the  yovernor  to  insure  the  observance  of  neu- 
trality durin<«'  her  visit,  and  as  at  the  tinu»  of  her  departure  several 
merchant-vessels  were  in  sij;ht,  some  of  which  mij;ht  have  been  United 
States  ships,  the  admiral  in  command  de.»^".red  the  commander  of  Jler 
M:ijesty's  ship  Spitefid  to  [)roceed  to  sea  and  wat<!h  that  the  Nashville 
did  not  interfere  with  any  vessels  of  whatever  mitionality  until  beyond 
the  limit  of  British  teriitorial  Jurisdiction.^ 

Here  the  career  of  the  Nasliville,  as  a  vessel  of  war,  se^ms  to  have 
dosed,  and  on  her  return  to  Chai'.eston  she  was  convt  cted  into  u  n)er- 
chant  ves  el  under  the  name  <if  the  Thonnis  L.  Wraj^rj;.' 

It  is  idle  to  say  that  any  responsibility  can  attach  to  IFer  ^lajesty's 
j,overnment  in  respect  of  this  vessel. 


riir  r  l,i,'k:ilii^iiiK;> 


THE  CIIKKAMAUCA. 

The  claim  put  foiward  in  respect  of  this  vessel  is  founded  on  a  sin<f|e 
act  of  coalin;;'  at  IW'rmuda.     1  must  express  my  suprise  that 
the  time  of  this  tribunal  should  have  been  occn[»ied  with  a 
claim  so  {groundless  and  frivolous  as  this. 

This  V'jssel  was  ori{;inally  called  the  Edith.  Sh(^  was  a  double-scn'w 
stcjini'  r,  ami  was  emi>!oyed  in  runniiifj  the  blockade.  She  was  pur- 
cliascil  by  the  confederate  p)vernnu'nt,  and  beinj-"  found  to  be  fast,  was 
converted  into  a  vessel  of  war,  and  named  the  C'hickamau^ja. 

The  case  of  the  United  States  '•  invites  the  attention  of  the  tribunal 
of  arbitration"  to  tlM»  fa<'ile  manner  in  w!ii(  h  tiiis  and  other  vessels  were 
l)ern)itte<l  to  adapt  themselves  t()  circ'umstanees.''  AVhy  t)ur  attention 
slu)uld  be  thus  in\  it«'d  1  am  at  a  loss  to  imajnine.  [s  it  meant  to  be  su};- 
K'csted  that  (Ircat  Ibitain  could,  or  ou-iht  to  have,  prevented  vessels, 
i>ri<^inally  built  as  tradini^-vessels,  Irom  bciii;^  converted  into  ships  of 
war,  or  should  have  refused  to  reeojiiii/e  them  as  shi|)s  of  war,  when  so 
converted  and  commissioned,  because  their  (uiniiial  destination  Inn'/  been 
of  an  humblci- character  .'     l''ither  supposition  is  oliviously  absurd. 

llavin;^'  run  out  from  W'ilmin^^ton  on  tlie  ni;^ht  of  thel'Sih  of  October, 
l*>(!t,  and  sir;'C(H'dcd  in  eva'iiij;'  the  blockailinu'  shij)s,  she  destroyed 
sf'\eral  tradinj^-vcssels  belonginiu'  to  the  United  States.  On  the  7th  of 
November  she  put  into  llermuda.'  Her  commander,  Lit'utenant  W'ilk- 
nison,  appli*'d  to  the  lieuteinnit  }j:overnt»r  for  leave  to  coal  and  icpair 

'  linli.sl!  A|>]>«'nilix,  vol.  ii,  p.  I7f*. 

ISritinli  (tinnier  ('iihc,  p.  KK 
'  r:iitt«l  States  nocmnriifs.  vol.  vi,  ji.  Villi. 
*  Itiitisli  Apucmlix,  v»>l.  ii,  p,  \1f^ ;  V(»l.  v,  p.  i.', 
'  t'liitrd  .Slates  Dtniiiiunts,  vol.  \  i,  p.  «;<. 
■  l'a«.>  lU. 

liriti.ih  Apprmlix.  vol.  ii.  p.  \Xt. 


528 


AIv'MlTKATlON    AT    GKNKVA. 


liis  macliiiiory.  The  liciitcnant-jjfovonior  llioionpon  nTinostiMl  tlio  admi- 
ral (•()ininaii(liii<f  on  the  station  to  t-ausca  survey  lo  be  made  to  aseeitiiiii 
tlu'  repairs  re(|uired  l>y  tlie  vessel,  and  the  time  neet'ssiiry  for  their  emu 
])letion,  as  well  as  the  quantity  of  eoal  now  in  her,  and  the  additi(Miiil 
(piantity,  if  any,  that  wcndd  he  re((nired  to  enable  lier  to  i)roeeed  to  tlir 
nearest  confederate  port.'  The  otHeer  ap|)ointed  by  Captain  (Jlasse  ic- 
])orted  that  certain  repairs  (specilied  in  detail)  \v»'r»i  necessijry  to  ren<h'i 
the  vj'ssel  fit  fiu'  sea,  and  that  liiese  repairs  wouhl  occupy  fiom  four  to 
live  days  :  that  they  were  intbrmed  that  she  had  about  7'"»  tons  of  coal  on 
board,  while  her  daily  consumi)tioii  was  L*.')tons;  they  therefore  con 
sich'red  that  L'.")  tons  more  would  be  suflicient  to  enal)le  hw  to  reach  tlie 
nearest  <'(Uilederate  ])ort.-'  Orders  weie  issut-d  by  the  lieutenant  ,i;'o\- 
ern(U'  in  conformity  with  this  report. 

Perndssion  svas  j^iven  to  Lieutenant  "Wilkinson  to  remain  live  diiys 
from  th«'  '.uii  of  November  f(U"  the  completion  of  the  necessary  repairs, 
ami  to  take  twenty-five  tons  of  coal.  Hut  the  p«'rndssion  to  take  in  the 
L'."*  tons  of  coal  was  couplcil  with  the  condititui  that  -'a  revenue  olTici  r 
slnudd  b(- allowed  to  jitt  on  board  and  s«'o  the  coal  shipped,"  ami  liie 
chief  oflicer  of  the  <'usloms  was  directed  to  "  take  measures  lor  ascer 
taininji'  that  the  vessel  r«'cei\cd  no  m(»re  than  the  (pmntity  prescribed." 

l,ieulepant  Wilkinson,  while  inakiu;;"no  objecfiim  to  the  terms  on 
winch  the«'oal  was  to  be  i)ernntted  to  come  onboard,"  "with  respect  io 
the  tpiautity,  bens  to  inform  his  excelleiH'y  that,  in  his  opinion,  there 
will  not  be  a  sidliciency  to  take  the  Chickamaujua  to  the  nearest  cont'ed 


crate  ]»ort. 


"I  trust,   tlu'rcfore,'' he  savs,  "that  on  further  consider 


ation.  an  additi(U)al  day's  su]»ply  (or  say  l'.")tons)  will  be  allowed."  I'.iu 
he  is  told  in  answer  that  the  (juautity  had  been  lixed  in  ('(Uifbiinity  with 
Admiral  (ilasse's  report,  and  that  if  he  was  dissatislied  any  further 
communication  must  Ite  addressetl  to  the  admiral.'  There  tlie  niatbi 
ended. 

I'pon  these  facts  it  mi^ht  have   been  thonj;ht  dillicult  to  fouml  an\ 

l»ossibie  comi)Iaint.     Ibit  it  is  allcued  that  havinj;- obtained 

])ermissioii  to'stay  ti\-e  days,  she  aetiudly  staid  se\eii :  tli;it 

the  ])ermissiou  was  jjiNcn  to  take  th"  lM  tcuis  of  coal  when  she  alread\ 

had  100  tons  in  her  buidvcrs  ;  and  that  haviny  had  i>erndssion  lo  t^ke 

!'."»  tons,  she  in  fact  tofdv  sl',"' 

'J'he  only  authority  for  this  slalcnu'ut  is  the  diary  of  a  midshii)ni;ui 
who  was  serving:  on  board  the  ship.  The  diary  i.s  not  unamrnsinj;-,  :iiiil 
it  is  ju)t  witlnuit  its  \alue.  Il  pioves  conclusively  that  any  cla'ii  in 
respect  of  this  vessel  is  wholly  out  of  the  (jUestion.  The  i>art  Mhic'i 
relates  to  JJermuda  is  in  these  terms: 

jV()/vm//(  »■  7,  l^til. —  At  T. ",'.">  Iddk  ItiTiniiil,!  ]iilot.  At  s  a,  m.  let  ^o  Ilic  \\ct\t  .'iiiclinr. 
willi  ■,',">  );itli(iiiis  fli;iiii  ill  five  t';itlu)iii  i  Idle,  oil' St.  (ifiH'^c.  f  wciit  ill  :i>!i()rc  in  riiiciu'' 
of  ciiiitiiiirs  Ixijit.  ;';i|il:iiii  wi'iil  tn  H.-uiiiUon  to  sri' tlie  ■•iivcriiur  to  «;rt  jici  mission  i.' 
Iniii}!;  till-  sliip  ill. 

\orviiilifr  s,  ISiil. — .Sliip  still  iiiicliort'd  in  tlie  siiiiic  )i1iU'i'.  We  \\  ill  jfo  in  this  I'vcninu 
'I'liry  li:i\(>  (Icciili'il  lo  li'l  lis  coiiie  ill  lor  li\  c  (l!i.\s.  llo\c  ii|tiMi(lior  at  t  |).  ui.  ami  (aiii'' 
into  St.  (ieor;;)-.  and  let  ^o  anchor  at  about   l.liU. 

y<>i)  itilur  ".*. — Slii|>  ill  llic  slrt'ani.  IktMciviiifj  fVcHli  water  and  inovisions.  Sliip 
In  Nwarniin^;  witli  bnmlioat  wonicii,  Ava.Hlicrwoniin,  Ac.  Mil  Midsliipinau  ^^al^<'ll. 
CoiiCcdi'iatc  States  iia\y.  vlio  is  waiting  lor  tlic,  I'lorida.  A\  cut  out  into  tliccoiiiiti> 
and  st.'iid  all  uigtit  with  him. 

yoirmlur  Id. — Shi|,  still  in  sfrcaiii.  At  1  p.  ui.  the  hark  I'lciatlcs  hauled  alou^jsidi'  to 
give  n.s  coal.     Coalinu  shi|>  all  night,     (iot  in  aiioiit  T'J  Ions. 


'  Ih'itiHb  Appejidix,  vol.jl,  p.  135. 
-Ihid.,  p.  !:«>. 


Ihid. 


I> 


\M 


lidii.,  pp.  i:i7,  i:{s. 

C'lise  of  tlif  Uniti'd  .States,  i'.  41f». 


■p 


OlMMONS    OF    81U    ALKXANDKIi    COCKIirK'X. 


r)-2i) 


Xorrmhcr  11. — Stdpjicd  coiiliiiy;  ill  4  a.  in. 

yurniilKr  l.'i. —  lid  in  nr«l  <iii  luKird  at  '2.'.'M  p.  lu.  (ict  iiiulrr  way  ami  stooil  uiit  ol"  tin- 
liarlior.     Tilot  li'ft.  u.s  at  ',\  )».  iii. 

ydi-ciiihc)-  11)  to  }>r(i'mh<'r  '20. — l»'ci;c1ic(l  \ViIniiii;;l()ii  a(  aluiiit  11  a.  iii.  I'oiiiiil  thi'Tal- 
]aliassci<  Hiii'f  ill  jiort.  SIi<!  lia<1  <li'.sliny»'<l  six  vessels,  one  of  wliieli  was  a  Iwiy;  tliat  we 
cliased  the  seeoiwi  (layout,.  »  »  »  I'lilil  alioiit  tlic^  middle  oC  ])eeeiiil>er,  uothiiiu 
ocemred.  'I'Ik^  oHieeis  were  jiTaiited  leave.  Tiie  'fallaliassee  was  ]iiit  out  of  eoiiiiiiis- 
.-iou  alioiit  t  lie  I'll  ii  ot"  ],)eeeiiil>er,  and  loaded  vvitli  eotlon.  The  ((iinntttnd  was  <;;iven 
lo  Captain  \\'ilkins(in,  Caiilaiii  Ward  takiiij;  tlie  Cliickaiiiaiii;!!.  I  ex)>e(ted  to  ;;o  out  in 
(kc  Cliaiiieleon,  as  slie  is  now  ealhd,  hut  1  slipped  up  on  my  cxjtoetaliDii.s.' 

AVc  tlius  liiid  that  leave  l!aviii;i'  becMi  .uiveii  on  the  Oth  of  Novemltei- 
to  stay  till  tlie  l."ith^the  ve.s.sel  left  on  the  ir)th,  the  <lii.v  on  which  the 
])er'iiiis.si()ii  expired;  and  we  further  se«' that  by  another  nnlnck.v  inaeen- 
raey,  the  7-  lon.s  in  the  niid.sliii»nian\s  diary  are  magnilied  into  .S2  in  the 
case  ol'  the  I'nitetl  States. 

From  the  followin;^-  aHidavit  of  William  (iilhert  Oiiterhrid^ue,  the 
rovenneonicei"  who  sniierintended  the  ladin;--  of  the  coal,  it  would 
ai)])ear  that  the  writer  of  the  diary  must  have  been  in  erriM-  as  ti)  the 
<inaiitity  shipped. 

The  atlidavit  is  as  follows: 

I,  ^^■illiam  (iilticrt  ()iiteihrid;i;e,  of  I I.niiiltoii  rarisli.  Herminh'.  iiiaUe  oath  and  say  : 
1  was  employed  as  il  reveiille-ollieep  at  St.  (ieor;;e"s  ill  l";li-l.  I  was  ordered  to  see 
(hat  till!  eonl'edeiate  crniser  ChieUamau^a  did  not  reeeivo  any  more  than  tweiity-li\e 
tons  ot' coal.  I  saw  her  receive,  twenty-iive  tons  of  coal,  in  the  stream,  and  leii  lier 
Itetweeii  ',)  and  4  in  tlu)  inorninu;,  or,  ])erliaps,  lietweeii  I  and  fi;  I  cannot  he  ]iosili\c  Ik 
the  hour,  imr  am  1  sure  whether  tin'  <lat(^  wjis  the  KMli  Noveinher:  I  have  a  note-hook 
of  l.-iC),"!.  Imt  hav(;  not  been  aide  to  lind  the  one  1  kept  in  l-iil.  J  swear  thai  she  did 
not  re<'ei\('  more  than  twenty-li\<'  Ions  in  the  ni^ht  in  which  1  was  on  hoard  her. 
She  was  coaled  from  a  liark  alongside,  hnt;  )  caiiuol  recollect  if  she  was  called  th.' 
riei;ides.  ]  made  a  re]tort  to  Mr.  Kdwin  , Jones,  hut  kept  no  copy  of  ii.  Tin'  hark 
was  still  alon<;side  when  t  hey  ceased  coalin;;,  and  I  lidY  the  (.'liickam.ui.!.;a,  anil  i  am 
positive  that  sIk'  was  not  ;iioni;side  at  daylight  in  the  inonuiiLT. 

I  Went  on  hiiiird  ahoiit  h  )).  m.  the  jtrcvious  evcninji-,  and  did  not  leave  my  jiost  all 
the  time  she  was  eoalin;.;.  1  took  an  exact  account  of  all  thecojil  pur  on  hoard,  ami 
swear  tiiat  she  did  not  j;et  seventy-two  tons  wiiile  1  was  on  hoard.  I  do  not  hidicve 
slu!  jrot  that  i|tiantitv  at  all. 

\VM.  yiijjKL'T  (tiri:i;i!iMb(ii:. 

It  is,  liowevor,  jxissible  that  th<»  ojiportunity  nitty  have  been  iibnsed 
and  the  \ij;ilance  of  the  ofticers  eliuie<l.  It  tippe.ir.s  from  the  iillidiivit 
of  another  reveniie-ollicer  tlittt  there  were  tit  that  time  fie<inently  its 
many  jis  titty  vessels  in  the  htii-bor  of  Saint  (ieor^e's.  ^Ir.  JJrown,  ;i 
mercliitnt  of  the  i>ort,  says: 

1,  .lolin  Tmy  IJoiiriie,  of  the  town  of  Saint  (ieoi'i;e,  in  the  islands  of  lleriiuida, 
iiierehant.  make  uaili  and  way  that  1  well  rtMiieniher  the  arriv.il  of  the  (/onfederato 
l-itatcH  cruiser,  the  ('liitd;aniauy:a,  in  the  jiort  of  Saint  (-eoijie.  in  the  said  islands,  in 
Noveinher,  Htil,  and  that  kIic  ohtained  permisslou  from  the  colonial  authorities  totake 
on  hoard  twenty-live  tons  of  coal,  and  no  imue.  I  cannot  positively  slate  that  she 
received  on  hoard  no  ereiiter  <piaiility,  hut  I  know  that  the  ofiieers  and  others  con- 
nectc<l  '.villi  the  ship  i'X|>resscd  ;;reat  diss.at  isfaclion  at  llie  restrictions  plae<'d  on  lie 
ind  the  very  small  tpiant  ity  <d"co;d  allowed.     'I'lie  jun't  oj'  Saint  (ieorjic  was  so  crowi' 


with  shippiir 
such  reslriidi 


;;!ii 

th 

ons 

ai 

jinh 

;ni 

it  lime  that  it  would  have,  hcen  easy  for  the  C'liickaiiiau<>a  to  evade, 
id  no  vi;;ilaiici)  or  iietivity  on  the  part  of  the  ccdonial  ;;overnment 


coiihl.  in  my  Judffiiient  and  opinion,  have  iircvcnti'd  such  evasions  ii'  the  olhceis  of  tin 
vessel  chose  to  piactict!  then 


Sworn  at  the  town  of  llamiltiai.  in  the  islamls  of  liciniiida,  this  l.MIi  day  of  I'ehi 


arv 


A.  1),  i<:ti 


.INO.  T.  JiOll.'.Ni; 


Assiimin;^',  however,  tlmt  the  eomniitiider  of  lln^  Chickamatij'ii,  Ibr- 
jictfiil  of  what  a  due  sense  of  honoriU)le  conduct  should  httve  dictated, 


riiitcd  StatoH  Ddcio-  .  ,iis,  vol,  vi,  p.  7'M. 
Hritiwli  Ai>pciidix,  vol.  vi,  p.  i:'.t». 
Ihid. 


i 


m 


■UiJ 


530 


AinUTlJATlON    AT    (ilCNKVA. 


(lid  get  any  coal  in  excess  of  tlie  i)r('.s('ril)e(l  quantity,  it  would  be  most 
unjust  to  impute  tiiis  to  the  default  of  the  IJernuula  authorities. 

13ut  in  the  result  the  whole  (juestion  l)oeonies  ininiaterial;  A\'e  sec 
from  Mr.  Carey's  diary,  that  the  Chickamauiia  arri'ved  at  VVilmin^ton. 
where  this  young  otfuter  unfortiuiately  '•slij)i)ed  upon  his  expectations" 
on  the  IDth  of  2sovembei,  without  ha\  ing  fallen  in  with,  taken,  or  de- 
stroyed a  single  United  States  vessel.  'J'Im^  coaling  at  iJerinuda  tliere- 
fore  did  not  lead  to  any  injury  to  the  Tnited  States,  and  cannot  in  any 
l)oint  of  view  found  a  claim  tor  damages. 


CASE  OF  'J"  I  IE  'J'ALLAIIASSEE. 

This  vessel,  said  t»>  have  heen  also  known  as  the  Olustee,  was  built 
and  origiuiillv  emploved  as  ji  blockade  luniu'r  undtu"  the 
name  ot  the  Atlanta.  Jn  the  correspondence  ot  the  united 
States  consulates  during  the  iirst  six  months  of  the  year  I8(>f  she  is 
several  times  s'polieu  of  as  a  l)lockade-runner  of  superior  power  of 
s[»eed.'  No  reference  whatever  is  made;  to  lier  having  been  built  for,  or 
being  adapted  to,  the  purpose  of  war. 

In  the  August  of  that  year,  some  guns  were  ])ut  on  I)o;ird  «»f  her  ill 
AVibnington,  with  a.  crew  of  one  hundred  ami  twenty  Juen,  and  havinu 
contiived  to  escape  from  the  blockading  vessels,  she  commi^nced  her 
work  of  devastation,  and  destroyed  several  vessels.-'  Having  doiie  so, 
she  arrived  at  llalifiix  on  the  ISth  of  August.  NVhat  occurred  there 
will  be  best  told  in  the  uarrati\e  of  her  command.er,  John  Taylor 
AVood : 

My  rccciitUm  ))y  tlif  juliiiiral  wiis  scry  colil  iUiil  iiudivil  ;  IIkU  oi'llii'  i^ovcninr  It-.ss  so. 
I  Htatcil  1  was  in  waul  of  coal,  and  lliat.  as  isuon  a.s  I  oiiiild  lill  m|>  I  would  >;-o  to  Hea— 
llial  if  wonid  take  (Voni  two  to  ll  ric  diivs.  \o  (d)Ji'(  i  ion  was  made  at  the  tinn\  If 
I  line  had  litn^n.  I  was  jti'vpaicd  to  doniitnd  lorty-riirlit  lioiiiM  for  repairs.  Tlu^  i>o\crn()i- 
asked  nie  .'  call  next  <la,\  and  let  him  know  liow  I  was  ]iio';iessiii'4  and  wlien  1  wouki 
leave.  J  did  so,  and  tlien  was  told  tiiaf  lie  was  snii>iised  llial  I  was  still  in  port ;  lliat 
we  ninst  leave  at  once;  iliat  v  e  t^tnld  leavi'  ilie  liarlmr  willi  <nity  UKi  tons  of  coal  on 
hoard.  I  jirotestiMl  against  tills  as  lieinj^  utterly  insiiilirient.  He  i'e]died  tliat  the  ad- 
miral Iniil  I'i'portcd  llial  ipiaiitily  sMtlieieni  (anil,  in  sneh  matt'^is,  he  mnst  lie  ^overiii'd 
liy  his  statemeni)  to  run  the  ship  tn  Wi!niiiiy;tnii.  'J'he  atlmiral  had  ol)taine<l  this  iii- 
fonmition  hy  sendinjf  on  hoartl  tliife  of  his  ol'licers  ostensibly  to  look  at  our  'naehinery 
and  the  twin  sertw,  a  new  system,  lint.ically  In  <i>i<:t>tiiiii  tin-  iiiiaiililji  of  cotd  on  hintn:. 
IhtU  hitniid  ilallji.  iSc  *  •  *  ]  ;,,„  mider  many  ohli^iitions  to  onr  affent.  Mr.  Weir, 
lor  transiietin;^  onr  hnsiness,  an<l  tliroiii;h  his  inanaj;emeiH  ahont  lUd  tonsof  eoal  wer.' 
nut  ahoard  instead  of  half  that  "luaiitily.  '  "  *  Had  I  proenrod  the  eoal  needed,  I 
intended  to  Iiave  strmdc  the  coast  at  tlic  Capes  of  the  Delaware,  and  followed  it  down 
to  Ca|n;  l'"car,  hut  I  had  only  coal  cuonj;li  to  riMcdi  '\\'ilniiin;ton  on  the  ni;;ht  of  the 
•r.th.'  '        ■ 

It  is  admitted,  in  the  case  of  the  United  States,  that,  in  respect  of 
what  took  place  on  this  occasion,  the  Unit<'d  States  liavc  no  cause  oi 
complaint.     lnde<'d,  it  is  said: 

Had  the  Hril.ish  anthorities  ai  Nass.'in,  I5ermiida,  I'arhailoes,  Cai)e  'I'owii.  Melhonrnr, 
and  other  colonial  ports,  pursued  the  sanu',  course  that  the  lieutenant  ;;overnor  at  Hall- 
tax  did,  under  the  wise  jidvice  of  the  admiral,  the  };rievanei's  of  the  I'uited  Slati  s 
would  have  liecii  nnieh  less,  and  this  ease  would  ha\  e  heeii  shorter  hy  umny  )ia;;es. 
'I'he  first  tiim'  that  the  rule  of  .lanmiry  :tl.  l"*(i'i,  as  lo  the  supply  of  eo.al,  was  fairly 
carried  out,  the  operaliiMis  of  the  insurant  ernis(>r,  to  which  it  was  applicil,  were  ar- 
rested on  the  spot,  ami  the  vdhkcI  was  ohliged  to  run  foi'  a  lioint'  port.' 

The  Talliihassee  remained  at  AVilmingtou  some  months,  and  she  was 
then  sold  by  the  confederate  government  and  purchased  by  p  private 

'  United  StntcH  DoeninentH,  v<il.  vi,  pp.  7'J7,  T'JH. 

Tnitiil  St.ifcs  l>o..  iiHient.s,  vol.  vi,  p.  7'.".t;  Ihitish  Appi-ndix,  vol.  v,  ;>.  li:i. 
'         ■' I'uited  Slates  Itocnunnts,  vol.  \  i.  p.  7',".*. 
M'a-cin. 


lid  be  most 

1;  AVt'  sec 
^'iliiiinutoii, 
l)t'(',tiiti(>iis" 
ilvoii,  or  (le- 
mulii  llioio- 
iiiot  in  aiiv 


',  was  built 
uinlt'i'  tilt' 
the  United 
18()i  slic  is 
r  pf)\vor  of 
built  for,  or 

d  of  hi'V  ill 
and  basing 
n'jsnc.ed  hci' 
iijH'  (b)!H'  so, 
unvd  tbtMc 
ulin  Taylor 


I'tTllor  less  so. 
Id  j;(>  to  Mi'!l — 

tllf  tillH\  It' 
riu"  f^DSi-niiii- 
w  lien  I  Mdtild 

ii)  port ;  tliiit 
MIS  of  coal  on 
1  tliiit  thf  !i(l- 
t  he  j;()V('nii'(l 
iiicd  tliis  iii- 
ur  'nacliiiicry 

coal  oil  hiiiDi!. 

lit.  Mr.  Weil, 
s  oCcoal  wt'W 
'oal  iici'dcil,  1 
iwcd  it  down 
.  lli;;llt  of  the 

vospect  of 
no  cause  oi 


II.  Mt'lIlOllI'lH', 

cnior  at  llali- 
I'liiti'd  Stati  H 
'  many  ]ia;j;t's. 
lal,  was  I'aii'ly 
iliod,  AVL'ic  ar- 

nd  she  was 
V  f.  private 


Ul'INIOXS    (»F    Sin    Ar.F.X.\XIiKK    COCKi'.rKX.  f)')! 

mercbant,  and  beeanio,  and  afterward  nMnained,  a  niercbant-vessel. 
In  tbat  ebaracter,  and  under  tbe  nann^  of  tiu^  Cliaineleon,  sbe  vi.sittMl 
lierninda  in  January,  LSii."),  witb  a  earo;o  of  cotton  ami  tobacco.  Tlie 
vessel  bcin<;  identilied  as  tlie  former  Tallabassee,  iiupiiries  were  set  on 
foot  by  tbe  antlioiities,  wben  it  was  ftdly  sbown  by  Mr.  Wilkinson,  tbe 
consignee;  of  tlie  cargo,  tbat  sbe  bad  i)assed  into  jtrivate  bamls,  and 
bad  been  duly  registered  as  ])rivate  properly.' 

Upon  \vbat  po.ssiblo  grounds,  tben,  can  we  be  asked  to  awaid  dam- 
ages in  respect  f>f  tbis  vessel '/  Simply  because,  as  it  is  said,  "tbe  Tal- 
labassee was  a  Uritisli  steamer  fittetl  out  from  Lomlon  to  play  tin;  part 
of  a  privateer  out  ot  Wilmington."-  IJiit  upon  wbat  autimrity  is  tbis 
statement  nnide  ^  5Sin)[»ly  on  tbat  of  a  passage  to  that  ellect  in  a, 
letter  of  31r.  Adams  to  Karl  llus.sell,  written  mucb  later,  namely,  in 
Marcii,  l.S(;r»,  iu  wliicb,  com|)laining  of  the  system  of  bloeUade-running 
carried  on  by  l>riti.sb   ships,  be  thus  speaks  of  tlie  former  Tallabas.sec : 

Tlif  Clianu'lcon,  not  iiiajitly  nanit'd,  Itiit  licforc  known  as  tlio  'rallaliasscc,  and  still 
railit-r  as  a  Itritisii  sicaiiicr  titled  out  t'loiii  London  to  |day  tlii>  )i:ii't  of  a  ]ii'ivatt'rr  out 
ot  W'iliiiiii^loii.  was  lyin<;  at  tliat  \cry  tiiiu;  in  Xassaii,  I'clicjvc*!,  iiidfrd,  ot  licr  f.;'iiii.s, 
lint  still  retaining;  all  tlic  attriiiiiUs  ol'  iiiT  hostile  ouL-niiation.'' 

Phcry  one  knows  tbat  .Mr.  Adams  would  not  say  anytbiiig  tbat  be  did 
not  fully  believe  to  be  true;  but  be  must  forgiv*'  me  lor  saying  tbat  iu 
this  instance  be  must  liave  been  mistaken,  possilily  confounding  tb«> 
vessel  in  <|uesti«m  witb  some  otber.  In  tbe  earlier  correspondence  of 
tbe  United  States  consulate'  res|»ecting  this  vessel  tbei'e  is  not,  as  1  bavo 
already  mentioned,  any  icfereiice  wbatever  to  it  asliaving  b(>en  intended 
for  u  i)rivateer.  Sbe  was.  in  fact,  sobl  after  a  three  weeks'  cruise,  be- 
cause, as  tbe  (•onsignce  of  her  c^argo  at  IJermnda  t«'lls  us,  sbe  bad  been 
••found  dl-adapted  to  the  puriH)ses  of  war."^  liesides,  bad  sbe  been 
built  as  a  pi-ivatecr,  it  is  very  unlikely  tbat  sbe  would  afterward  bave 
been  buiigbt  by  a  mercbant  as  a  carrying  vessel.  J'^very  oiieac<iuaii!ted 
witb  these  things  knows  that  a  vessel  intended  for  war  purposes  diHerw 
essentially,  in  point  of  construction,  from  one  intended  Ibr  trade. 

^^•ben  a  government  is  unable  to  buibl  or  to  jirocnre  sliips  i>roperly 
('(Uistructed  for  war,  it  may  i)e  driven  to  tbe  e.\p(>dient  of  converting 
mendiant-vessels  into  vessels  of  Avar;  buta  nuncbant  does  not  buy  sliii»s 
of  war  to  turn  tbem  to  a  im'-pose  for  wbicli  their  construction  makes 
tliem  wbolly  unlit. 

i)Ut  wliat  if  tbis  ve.s.sel  bad  been  originally  built  as  a  i^rivateer?  Js 
it  meant  to  be  asserted  tbat  this  alone,  witlnuit  any  suggestion,  mucb 
less  proof,  of  default  on  tbe  ]iart  of  the  JJrilisb  government,  is  eiiougb 
to!  lix  tbe  latter  w  itb  liability  for  tbe  acts  of  siicb  a  vessel  ? 

'J>ut  it  would  be  a  waste  of  time  to  imrsui;  this  furtber.  Jr<'re,  again, 
I  must  say  1  tliink  Ibis  claim  ouglit  ne\i'r  to  have  been  submitted  tons. 

<.'A«E   Ol'^   TIIK   lilOTUllU  TIOX. 

TIlis  vessel  was  a  small  steamer  built  in  tbe  State  of  Xew  Vork,  and 
originally  employed  as  a  tug  steamcron  Lake  Krie.  .lust  before    tu.  ».t,,iM,i,..n. 
the  attack  on  I'ort  Sumter  sbe  was  chartered  by  tbe  (lov- 
ernment  of  tbe  United  States  an<l  sent  to  tbe  st)ntbern  coast. 

Having  been  comjielled  by  stress  of  weatlu'r  to  enter  Cape  Fear  IJiver, 
.she  was  tliere  seized  by  tUc  confederates.     Her  niiichincry  was  removed, 


•.  ;..  li:{. 


'  british  Apjicndix,  vol.  v,  p.  l.")0. 
•Case  ot  lilt'  i;iiit<Ml  Slatts,  ji.  jrJ. 
"  liiitrd  StatcM  Doinincnts,  v<d.  i.  i'.  TO'.'. 
^bi  it  lull  AinKtulix,  vol.  i,  i>.  lol. 


^32 


AlMMTiJATlON    AT    (H'AKVA. 


and  sImmvms  coiivcitcd  into  a  sailinji"  sdiooiior  and  arauMl:    sIk'  tlicii 
.started  <in  a  cvnisc  under  the  niinie  of  tlie  lietribntioc' 

On  the  IJStli  of  flannarv,  ISII.'J,  she  (Mi)tnred  near  kSaii  Doniinjio  the 
IJpited  States  nierehant-vessel  flanover,  huhMi  with  a  car.i'o  of  l(ro^  is- 
ions.  The  master  and  crew  of  tlie  vessel  were  j)nt  into  the  boat,  in 
whieli  tliey  rowed  to  San  Domingo,  an<l  tlie  e.i)ief  oflicerof  the  Ifetriba- 
tion,  a  nnin  named  N'ernon  lioelce,  or  I'arker,  (for  he  wa-^  ar,  (Idfei-ent 
tinn-s  known  uinh'i'both  tliese  names,)  took  i)oss(;ssion  of  the  Hanover 
v.ith  a  ])ri/e  (;rew.- 

The  Hanover  arrived  on  tlie  r»th  of  J'Vbruaiy  at  Lon,:;'  (.'ay,  a  small 
island  of  the  J>ahiinias,  about  two  hun«lr»'dand  forty  nules  from  the  seal 
of  ^overnuK'nt.  in  eomiiany  with  a  wieekinj^' sehotuier  naau'd  tlie 
Jlrothers,  and  owiu-d  by  Messis,  l-'arrin/i^ton,  merchants,  of  that  island. 
Here  N'ernon  Loeke  I'ejjresented  himself  to  be  the  master  of  the  Hano 
ver,  and  staft'd  that  lu'  was  bound  Irom  IJoston  to  a  jtort  of  Cuba,  where 
lie  was  toha\{'  S(tld  his  <'ar,i:'o,  and  to  run  the  blo(;kade  with  a  ear^o  ol' 
salt.  On  the  itlea  that  his  vessel  had  lun  ash()re  on  a  ne.i<;hb»»rin,i; 
island,  and  was  in  a  leaky  condition,  he.  obtained  the  iiernnssion  of  the 
<-ust()n!s  (•olleel(tr  at  \jnu}x  Cay  to  transfer  i)art  of  the  caj'/^o  to  the 
]>rotlH'rs,  and  to  land  the  rest,  and  eventually  to  sell  the  whole  tlirouuh 
1h(>  a<;*  iicy  of  .Messrs.  Farrint^ton,  l*'or  this  ]»urpos(^  he  i)rodu('ed  tll(' 
nlani^e^ls  of  the  car;j;(),  and  foi'^c<l  lo  them  the  signature  of  tlu^  true 
master  of  the  vessi'l.  one  Washinj^ton  Case.  The  mai^istrate  of  the  dis- 
trict, who  resided  ill  another  island,  but  wholiai)i)eiHMl  toarriveat  Ltniu 
('ay  at  the  time,  questioned  the  preteiideil  master,  and  aujiears  to  have 
had  his  doubts  as  to  the  truth  of  some  of  the  i)arti('.ula,r.s  of  the  story. 

In  a  r<'])ort  which  he  afterwards  fiirui.shed  to  the  ;4()\'erii«)i',  of  the  L'Otli 
of  ^\iiiil,  1«(>;!,  he  says: 

•n  (HI  sliorc  iif    linuMM.  iiml    I    nii'iiiiuiicil 


I  WiiH  luiih'r  tlic  jiiiiU'cssioti  thill  in  tli' 


I  liad  my  (l(inl>4.s  ;is  to  1  lie  visvcl  ln\  in;;;  li 
7iiy  (luiihis  III  .Mr.  l'":iiriii,!^tiiii.     I  told  liiui  i 

<'ar;!;i»  llicr<' nii^ilit  In- articles  coiilr.-iliaiiil  <il  \>:ir,  iiuii  I  hat  lln-  i-citorU'cl  disaster  w,i 
but  a  ruse  tn  |irevei(t  llie  UdsIoii  iiierchaiil  Iteiiij^  traeked  in  Nassau  in  his  illieii,  trad'' 
with  the  Sontli.  Jiiit  1  I'nnnd  out  at'lerward,  tin  inquiry  iVdui  tlin  a'tin;^' tide-w  aiii  . , 
(hat  thecal;;"'  ^^'K^  really  one  of  |>ro\  isioiis. 

Mr.  i'arriiijiflon  admit teil  that  he  also  donhti'<l  whether  the  Hanovei'  had  hcen  on 
slioro,  lint  ina.smuch  as  the  caiitaiii  ciinui  lo  him  i>nti)erly  docniniMitiHl,  he  did  not  see 
any  iniiirtipriety  in  his  actini;'  as  the  captain's  a^ent,  anil  lliat  he  wa.s  not  inviire  of  any 
illegality  in  the  matter — and  I  must  here  add  tliat  I  am  under  tin;  impression  that,  iiji 
to  that  moment,  Mr.  I'ariinj^t.tn  was  as  i<;n(n'ant  of  the  real  t'a<!ts  of  the  ease  as  1  wa>. 
It  must  l>e  reniemhered  tliat  ll'e  ( .iptain  was  a  i>orl'e('t  stranj^er  ;  that  the  re;rist);r  and 
articles  of  the  Hanov(U-  \ver»;  |)rodiu;ed,  1  helit've,  at  the  collector's  ottico,  but  I  know 
that  lie  lia<l  the  ship's  clearantM;,  tin*  hills  of  ladinj;',  mid  even  the  cerlilicate  from  tlie 
custom-house  in  Itoston  that  the  ca))lain  had  taken  th(>  oath  td'  lidelity  to  the  I'nion. 
He  represent«Ml  himself  as  Captain  t'aso,  and  siL?ned  all  documents  a.s  Washiii^jton  i'nM'. 
the  luinie  of  the  captain  as  appearing  on  the  (lociiiiieiitH.' 

The  .schooner  brothers,  haviii]:'' taken  on  board  part  of  tin;  carjio  of 
the  Jlanover,  left  with  it  for  Nassau,  takinjjj  also  the  ])reteiided  master: 
but  it  seems  that  he  only  went  in  her  as  far  as  Kiiin  Cay,  another  island 
of  the  liahanias,  from  which  he  was  taken  oil'  by  the  Hetrlbution.  The 
lliuiovi'r  remained  at  Long  Cay  for  ii  tlay  or  two  iifter  the  lirothers  hail 
left,  juid  then  seems  to  have  sailed  for  S(  aie  port  in  the  Southern  States. 
The  manner  in  which  the  fraud  which  Inid  been  committed  t)n  the  an 
Ihorities  wtis  discovered,  is  thus  relat(Ml  by  Mr.  IJuruside,  themayistiale 
of  the  district,  in  the  report  which  has  been  alretidy  referred  to: 

The  Hanover  reniaiiicil  r  day  or  two  after  the  Hrotliors  had  left,  at  Loiifj  Cay,  uiidii 


'  I'nited  Slates  Documents,  vol.  vi.,  )>.  7li(i. 

^  Ihid.,  p.  740. 

"  UritiNli  A  |>peiiilix,  vol.  v,  \).  \('f*. 

■•JJritish  Apjiendix,  vol.  v.  pj).  l>ir>,  llH.  and  I'.tl). 


0PIXI0X8    OF   SIR   ALKXAXDER    COCKIJURX. 


533 


.she  tlit'ii 

nilijio  till' 
of  jirovis 

0  boat,  ill 
'  KiMribii- 

UillV'iviit 
llanovi'i- 

r,  a  small 
III  tliosi'at 
iiiiimI  tile 
at  islaiul. 
llic  Haiio- 
iba,  wlu'ii' 

1  caruo  ol' 
'i^hhoiiii.u 
ion  of  till' 
I'lio  to  the 
Ic  tiiron.^li 
)»ln(U'(I  llic 
f  tiie  tine 
of  tluMli> 
vcat  Loim 
rs  to  have 
tlio  stow. 

)f  the'-'Otli 


liirilliolh'il 

I  tliiil  ill  th" 

isii.Htcr  \v:i> 

illicit  tiatl'' 

ti(le-\\aiti ;, 

!m1  liccii  tin 

lul     not     M'C 

wiirc  of  :iiiv 
>ii  tltat.  ii|> 

so  as  1  wa>. 

rt'o'istor  anil 

Mit  I  kniiu 
tv  from  till' 

)  lilt'  I'liioM. 
n":ton  ('ax'. 


\   ViW'iXO   of 

(1  inasti'v: 
icr  islaini 
ion.     Till' 
)tli(M-s  liail 
rn  States. 
in  till'  an- 
nayistratf 
;o: 
r  Cay,  niiilii 


tlic  tliai';,'!'  ol'tlio  fornu'i"  mate,  taking  in  ii  car^^oof  salt,  and  it  was  only  abont  half  ati 
lionr  previous  to  licr  dt'itartnif  tliat  I,  ami,  I  am  niulor  tho  impression,  Mr.  Faniiijrtoii 
also,  had  the  .slii;litest  mist^ivin^j;  tliat  tJK!  peison  wlio  Iiad  representetl  iiimself  as  tiio 
captain  of  the  KanoNCt'  was  nor  Wa>hiin;tiiii  Case.  One  of  the  sailois  of  tlio  Hanover, 
miller  tiie  inlhience  of  lii|ii(ir.  rel'erred  to  liie  supposed  ea))tain  in  the  coUei^tor's  pres- 
ence by  some  other  name.  I  wis  with  Mr.  l"arrini;ton  wlien  the  (.'oUector  mentioned 
the  circumstance;  reference  was  immeiliately  niade  to  the.  docunients,  and  the  dill'er- 
eiice  in  the  sininitMres  eonlhincil  wliat  the  (.-ollector  had  heard.  The  su]ipos"d  Captain 
Case  had  llieii  left  in  llie  Ifrotiu'is.  and  no  action  could  iiave  heeii  taken  even  if  I  had 
been  arnu'd  with  power;  but  even  then  wt;  were  nndt-r  the  impression  that  the  namo 
had  b(ren  assumed  in  the  custmn-honse,  in  liostou,  by  some  ol  her  person  to  t'acilitatii 
Captain  Casi's  ic.iviii^-  iinstou,  snpposin;;'  him  to  have  been  a  suspicious  p.-rson  ;  aiM 
it  w.is  only  after  I  had  left,  I.iuij;  ('ay,  on  my  way  to  Inaniia.  that  we  met  a  vessel  iVi.ni 
luajfua.  aii<l  I  r<'ceived  a  letter  (Voni  Mr.  Sar'^ent  inlbrmin;;'  me  that;  lie  was  iiudcr  the 
impression  tluit  the  Hanover  was  a  prize  to  the  K'etribution. 

On  Mu!  lUtli  of  F(d>ruaiy  Ibllowlno',  tlic  Ilctributioii  ('aptrnvd  another 
Aincrican  nierehant-ves.sel,  the  ICniily  I'islicr,  in  the  nti^-hborlniod  of 
Castle  Islitml, '>ne  of  this  I'aliannis.  The  vnso  of  this  vessel  does  not 
seem  to  have  foinieil  the  sitUjei't  of  any  eoiiiplaint  either  on  the  part  of 
the  rnited  States  (lovernmeiit  or  of  tho  parties  interested  ii:itil  the 
present  time:  and  the  colleetor  of  etistoiiis  ;it  Lon."'  Cay  bein_o-  now 
dead,  tlu've  is  litlle  I'videiiee  to  be  depended  upon  as  regards  the  pro- 
eeediiio-s  at  th;it  place. 

The  statement,  piodiieed  by  the  United  States,  of  ;i  man  nam(>d 
Samiison  who  was  at  the  time,  iiei'ordin;;'  to  his  own  a(!(!oniit,  employed 
at  Lono-  Cay  under  the  orders  of  fhe  United  States  (Jovernment  as  si 
"  dejnity  marshal"  or  detective  oilitH'r  to  look  after  wrectkers  and 
bloekade-runncrs,  cannot  be  regarded  as  reliable.  He  states  llnit  all 
the  laets  connected  with  the  capture  of  the  vessel  and  tlu>  stibsiMpient 
transactions  were  true,  "  irom  his  iier.sonal  knowledge,"  and  that  he  had 
[trevionsly  testilied  to  them  before  a  court  in  New  .b'rsey.'  IJiit  it  i.s 
obvious  that  he  can  have  had  no  personal  kiiowled,L;e,  of  the  fa<;ts  con- 
nected with  the  eaptnrts  of  the  vessel,  wliit-h  to<»k  place  at  a  distance 
fiom  liOii.i;' Cay  :  ami  on  referetice  to  the  proceediii.ns  of  the  trial  moiu 
tioned,  the  nmterial  i>m1ion  of  his  evidence  is  fonnd  to  be  no  nioie  than 
that  he  saw  the  ]\etribntion  in  the  sprino-  of  ISOo  at  Lon^-  Cay,  wher<* 
she  was  lyin^'  outside  the  Mmily  Fislier;  that  lu^  was  introdneed  by  an 
acting;  maoistrate  of  Lon,::;'  i.'ay  to  the  lirst  and  second  lientenant  of  the- 
Ibrmer  vessel,  and  ••  hatl  a  ^enei-al  talk  about  the  North  and  South.'" - 

According'  to  the  statement  on  oath  of  Mv.  Staples,  the  lornier  master 
of  the  lOmilN  I'^ishcr,  which,  howi'ver,  was  only  made  in  September  last, 
ei^iht  years  afu-r  the  event,  he  was  indtK'cd  by  the  assurances  of  ji  cap- 
tain ot  a  Ibitish  w icckino-vcs.sel  to  come  within  raiifte  of  tin'  IJetribntion, 
l)y  whom  he  was  captured.  The  I'iinily  Fishei'  was  then  run  on  shoi-e 
l»y  the  «)r<lei's  of  the  captain  of  the  Uetribntion,  ami  was  taken  possession 
of  by  some  wrecking;'  boats.  The  vessels  aflerw;ird  jiroceeded  to  Loni;' 
Cay,  w  In're  the  master  w;is  eventually  placed  in  possession  of  the  vessel 
liy  the  coUcctoi',  but  not  until  he  had  b;ii|^iiiiied  with  the  wreckers  to 
l»ay  them  ."iO  p'er  cent,  on  the  caij^o  atid  ."».">.}  percent,  on  the  vessel  for 
salva;;e.  Staples  ailds  that  ''he  was  told  by  the  authorities,  that 
thon;4;li  the  law  would  not  allow  the  privateer  to  touch  the  brij.;,"  yet, 
"  if  he  wishetl  to  <lo  so,  they  had  no  means  of  i>feventiii<^  him  ;  tliat  the 
i-aptain  of  tin.'  privateer  told  him,  the  de|tonent,  that  he  had  ;;iven  the 
caryo  to  the  wreckers,  as  he  wanted  the  bii;;';  that  he  wjis  {joinj*-  t(»put 
his  yinis  on  board  of  lier  and  destroy  his  schooner;"  "that  lie  further 
told  the  tlepoiieut  that  the  wre(;kers  were  to  pay  him  s<uiiethin*j  Inunl- 
.sonie,  jind  that   the  deponent   believes  that  they  did  .so;  that  depo- 

'  I'liittMl  Stati!H  l>ocnni<!iits.  vol.  vi,  p.  I'M. 
•  liritisli  Appendix,  vol.  v,  p.  llKi. 


*^ 


534 


AUr.ITIJATlON    AT    (iKNF.VA. 


Jiont  Wiis  oblij^cd  to  iiccopt  the  wiockcrs'  t«ii)iH  ;it  tlio  port  of  entry,  ho- 
causo  the  hri;^-  liiy  uiidcr  tin*  yniis  ul'  llu'  jaivatt't'i',  aiul  the  aiitlioritio.s 
(liM'liiicd  their  inability  to  pmtt'ct  liini."' 

Ilavinj;  rccovt'rcd  iiosscssion  of  his  vensi'l  and  a  portion  of  ihc  caryo, 
tin'  master  of  tlio  IGaiily  Fislier  proccHMh'd  on  his  voyaji'e. 

Jt  is  admitted,  in  a  mcMnorandnm  inehised  in  a  dispatch  from  the  act- 
inL'  "'overnor  of  the  IJahanias  of  tiio  17th  of  rehrnary  hist, 
that  "  I'rom  incpuries  whicli  liavc  been  recently  institided. 
there  is  very  littUi  (h)nbt  that  tlio  statenwnts  contained  in  the  deposi- 
tion of  Captiun  Staples  are  substantially  correct,  so  far  as  they  relate  to 
what  took  ])lac(^  in  Kortniu'  Island."-  Jt  seems  in>t  improbable,  indeed, 
that  the  antlnnities  \U',\\  have  really  been  nnabh^  to  alford  any  protection 
to  the  inaslerof  the  I'iiiuly  Fisher,  the  ])lace  beinj;'  a  snndl  i>ort  in  a  re- 
mote island.  The  nui;^istrate,  Mr.  Unrnside,  who  was  at  this  time  absent, 
speaks  in  his  report  (pu)ted  above,  of  his  inability  to  take  action  a;;ainsr 
the  stii>i)osed  Captain  Case,  "even  if  he  had  been  arme<l  with  iK)wer." 
The  authorities, in  Mv.  IJnrnsidc's  absence,  probably  consisted  only  of 
the  customs  (;ollector,  and  perhaj».s  the  ''assistant  magistrate,"  mentioiUMl 
in  Sampson's  allidavit.  It  does  not,  moreover,  ap[)ear  liow  far  .Mr. 
Staples  made  thtMu  acipiainted  with  wlnit  liad  hai>pened  previously  to 
the  arrival  of  this  vessel  at  Lonj;'  (.'ay. 

The  (piestion  of  the  capture  of  the  J'hnily  Fisher,  as  I  have  already 
said,  seems  not  to  have  fornu'd  the  subject  t)f  any  complaint  up  to  the 
xUwv  of  the  ])resent  arbitration,  and  all  the  infornnition  that  appears  to 
have  reached  the  j;()vernment  at  the  tiuie  is  contained  in  the  followinu 
passap'  of  .Mr.  IJurnside's  report,  which  sln)ws  no  trace  of  any  improi)er 
proceedings  havinj;'  been  committed  or  tolerated  at  Long"  Cay  : 

1  liiivc  licjird  (Voiii  liDiiu;  Cay  tliMt  the  Iictrihiitimi,  stil».s<'i(iieiit.  to  tlii' iitfiiir  of  f he 
IJaiioviT.  caiitiirt'd  an  Aniciifaii  biiji;  in  tlii'  nciiililMuhdod  of  L'aNlli'  Island — the  l^niily 
l"'i.slicr,  with  a  cavf^o  of  siifrar — that  tlif  coniniandiT  of  tlic,  Jictril>ution  ordmt'd  Iwr  to 
Im)  inn  on  sliorc  near  l.onjn  Cay,  an<l  tliat  snlist  iint^ntly  «ho  wa.st.'xtricatfd  from  d.in^cr 
by  tins  wJTi'kfiM,  wlio  cairicd  lief  to  l.onji  Cay,  wlici'c  salva<;e  \va«  awarded  to  tlie 
wrcckcrw,  and  a  portion  of  tin",  carito  s(dd  to  i)ay  tlii^  .salvii<r<!  ami  cxix'm.si;,  and  tin- 
Kmily  FisIitT  tiicn  piocccdwl  with  tiic  balance  of  lief  (Mify;o  to  New  York. 

On  this  latter  oeeasion  tlu^  lietrilnilion  did  call  at  Long  Cay.  and  some  of  her  oliiceis 
had  eomninnieation  witli  Mr.  Ivii-hani  I'airington,  and  at  that  time  the  Hnpposed  ^^'asll- 
ington  Case  was  seen  onboard  tin'  Ui.'tribntion  ;  bnt  I  do  not  know  in  wiiat  capacity.' 

There  seems  no  "roinnl  whatever  for  sayiny  that  either  in  respect  to 
tlie  Hanover,  or  totlu'  lOmily  Fisher,  any  charoe  of  want  of  due  diligence 
can  be  sustaim-d  against  the  Hritish  authorities. 

The  IJetribntion  remained  at  Lony*  Cay,  ac(!ordino;  to  the  evidence  ai- 
terward  given  by  IMr.  Farriiijuton  at  the  trial  of  \''ernon  Locke,  not 
more  than  a  day.''  Shortly  before  the  eml  of  Febriniry  she  arrived  at 
Nassiui,  where,  it  must  be  remembered  that  none  of  lier  previous  jno- 
ceedino's  were  atthe  time  known  to  the  authorities.  It  is  stated  in  the 
aro-ument  of  the  United  States  that — 

The  "special  le;ive"  called  for  by  the  Ibitisli  (Joverimieiit,  nmier  date  of  .lanuary  :>1, 
Wri,  seems  iie\  er  to  have  been  a.-ked  for  or  granted.  Her  commander  was  not  even 
ctilU'd  upon  for  his  commission.  All  tliat  occnrred  npoit  her  arrival  is  thns  stated  by  tie 
Iiilol  :  ".She  had  a  small  enn  on  ib-ck.     'l"he  captain  told  nie  he  was  from  Ijtnij;'  Cay.     1 


I""- ^  ................  j......  ....  .......     ................  ........,,  ...    . 

asked  the  captain  where  he  was  from.    He  answered,  'L<m«;  Cay.      ^  ...„  .......  ...,.  

of  the  ve.sscl  and  the  apyearance  of  tlm  crew,  their  dotliin;;;,  tluit  sh«!  was  likely   to 
bo  iin  armed  vessel.     1  tlieu  asked  him  if  siie  was  a  vessel  of  war.     I  be^jfed   him  to 


1  saw  from  the  look 
Iv 


1)0  itn  armed  vessel,  i  rnen  asKe<i  nun  ii  sne  was  a  vessel  oi  war.  i  negt'eii  mm  lo 
excuse  my  beinn'so  particnlar,  as  I  was  instructed  to  do  so,  to  put  sueh  questions.  He 
told  iiur  she  was  uii  armed  vessel.'' '' 

I  United  States  l)ocuiiu>iit8,  vol.  vi,  pp.738,  TIW. 

■-'  Hritisli  .\i)pendix,  vol.  vi,  pp.  '.i'.i,  '■i4. 

'Iliid.,  p.  Ki-'. 

*  Ibid.,  vol.  v,pp.  IIW,  Ui'J. 

'Ibid.,  p.  ]i!0. 

•'  Page  :<0S. 


Ol'IMONS    or    8IU    ALKXANDKil    COCKIUK'N. 


r  •>  ** 


f     ! 


iitliorilu'.s 

lit'  curyo, 

n  tlio  act- 
lary  iast, 
iistitiitt'd, 
ic  (li'iiosi- 
"  ic'liitc  to 
e,  iinlt'od, 
uotoctioii 
t  in  ii  ic- 
le  absonr, 
III  a;4iiiiisr 
l)o\vt'r."' 
lI  only  of 
iJontiontMl 
V  i\\v  Ml. 
iou.sly   to 

(',  aliviidy 
ip  to  tlio 
|)l)ear.s  to 
followiiiii- 
iniin'opcr 

ilVitir  of  fill' 
— tlio  Kiiiil,\- 
(M«'il  licr  ti> 
Vdiii  (liiiijicr 
idfil  tt)  the 
.so,  Jiiid  till' 

her  Drticcis 

loscd  Wiisii- 

ca[>iicily.' 

{'Sl»('('t  to 
dilijjienct' 

i  don  CO  ai- 
ocUo,  not 
iirivod  at 
rions  ]»ro- 
ed  in  tlio 

hiiuiiiry:!!, 
s  nut  oven 
Uitcd  by  tin- 
mj;  Ciiy.  I 
>iii  tlu)  l<>i)!< 
s  likfly  ti) 
>'imI  liiin  to 
tioii.s.     lit' 


Hoiv  tlio  (luotation  oiids,  but  tlio deposition  of  tlioi)il()t,  wiion  rot'orrod 
to,  is  loiind  lo  oontiuiio  as  follows :  "  I  tli  m  told  liiiii  iio  ooiild  not  ixo  into 
l>ort.  N\'o  rounded  to  iniinediati'ly,  and  catiu;  to  anchor;''  and  the  pilot 
^oos  on  to  say  tliat  the  captain  canio  on  shore  in  his  boat.' 

And  in  the  evidence  of  ^Mr.  Taylor,  at  that  time  the.  aetin;;'  receiver- 
jieneral  at  >ia«san,  ^iiven  afterwards  at  the  trial  of  tho  Etta,  it  is  stated 
that  "the  IJetrihiilion  did  not  enter  as  a  trader  in  the  port  of  Xassan ; 
she  was  treated  as  a  confederate  vessel  of  war."'  ^  It  seems  obvious,  there- 
fore, that  lier'charactor  wa.s  veritied  and  tho  necessary  |)orinission  ob- 
tained before  she  was  allowed  to  eiit(.'r  the  port.  This  view  recei\'es  ad- 
ditional corroboration  by  tho  notice  inserted  in  the  llahania  Herald  of 
the  2Sth  of  February,  to  the  following  ellect : 

The  soiitlicni  ^imlfniil  ii' t  liliiitiuii  ]>ut  in  licrt^  on  TliinNiliiy  lust  lor  t]ii'  j>iiii>()s<' of 
iiii(lcr;;()iii;^  icjuiiis,  il' pi'iiiiitti'd  tiidoso  l)y  hl.s  t'xcfllciicy  tlu?  ifuvcrmii'.  She  lias  since 
IxMMi  i-(iiHlciiinc(l,  :in<l  i.s  lo  b.-  .sold  at  piildic  auction  on  Alondiiy.' 

The,  vessel  wa.s,  as  is  stated  in  this  announcement,  condemned  as  uii- 
seaworthy  by  a  board  of  survey.  Jler  hull  was  sold  on  the  M  of  31arcli, 
J 80.'),  for  X2.')(>,  to  I^Iessrs.  i'er[)all  «S:  Co.,  nier<*hants,  of  Xas.sau,'  there 
beiiifi'  at  the  time  no  re,inulatioii  to  ])vevent  tho  disinantlinj»;  and  sale  of 
bellip'j'ont  armed  vessels  in  Ibitish  jwrts.  IJy  3Iessrs.  Perpall  she  was 
again  sold  for  tho  same  sum  to  a,  3ir.  Thomas  Stead,  who  was  at  the 
time  a  clerk  to  some  parties  engaged  in  tho  blookado-ruiining  trade.'' 
])y  him  she  was  registi'iwd  on  tho  lOtli  of  April,  ISU.'i,  asa  Jiritish  vessel, 
under  tho  name  of  tho  Etta,"  ami  it  is  said  that  an  attom)>t  was  made  to 
run  the  bhxtkaiie  with  her,  but  fitilod.  in  June,  l.SiJ.),  she  was  again  sold 
by  i)ublic  auction  to  tho  linn  of  Honouard  «!v:  Co.,  of  Nassau,  who,  having 
bought  lierior  iil.")8  and  repaired  her  at  a  cost  of  £'J(H>,  sent  her  with  a 
cargo  of  fruit  to  Now  Y'ork,  whores  she  was  seized.' libeled  in  the  district 
court  of  Now  Jorsov,  and  ultimatelv  adjudged  as  forfeited  lo  the  LFnited 
States." 

This  terminates  the  history  of  the  lletribution.  Into  the  steps  taken 
by  the  authorities  at  Nassau  for  the  pujiishmentof  tho  principal  otfonder 
it  is  scarcely  lu'cessary  to  enter  in  detail,  as  they  do  not  affect  the  acts 
previously  comniitlod  by  tho  vessel.  They  are  brioHy  as  follows  :  The 
first  information  reeeivefl  by  the  governor  as  to  the  sale  of  tho  cargo  of 
the  Hanover  at  Long  Cay  was  given  in  a  letter  dated  the  llfh  March, 
18(t.'{,  from  a  Mr.  .lackson,  ag«'nt  at  Nassau  for'  the  American  under- 
writers." The  Jietribution  had  at  this  time  been  sold  to  i)rivate  owuers, 
and  although  it  was  said  by  3lr.  .Jackson  that  the  oflicer.s  of  that  vessel 
were  residing  in  Nassau,  tlu^  attcuneygencial  was  of  opinion  that  the 
facts  as  related  were  not  suHiiiient  to  n'lider  the  parties  criminally  liable.'' 
A  further  re])re.sentation  was  made  on  the  same  subject  in  April,  18«i;», 
by  the  Unite<l  Stati'S  Covernment  through  the  liiilish  ministorat  Wash- 
ington. Incjuiries  had  in  the  moan  while  been  made  by  the  goveinoroJi 
the  a<lvico  of  the  at-torney-geiieral,  which  led  to  tlu;  report  of  tho  resi- 
dent magistrate,  Mr.  liurnside,  dated  April  L'O,  LSO.J,  of  which  I  have 
(puited  some  pas.sages.  This  report  rendered  it  clear  that  tho  pretended 
master  of  tho  Hanover  luul  been  guilty  of  forgery  and  perst)nation,  and 


'  Hiilish  Appoiulix,  vol.  v,  p.  191. 
•'  Ibi<t.,  p.  '2'i. 
Mlrnl.,  p.  i»l. 
'  Ibid.,  p.  2-J. 
^Ibid.,  p.  UK). 


Mbid.,  p.  i;»i. 
■•  Ibid.,  p.  nr.i. 

'■  Ibid.,  p.  VJn. 
«Ibid.,  i>.  Km. 


T^r- 


53G 


AUIUTKATION   AT    Gi:XEVA. 


<  »-!■!<      in 
(in  at     lltLl.i 


II      h:i» 

MlHillnl 


the  attonu\v-S(Mun-al  roccnod  in  tlio  following;  mo'itli  infonnation  poiut- 
iiii;'  to  Wnioii  Locke,  then  in  tlio  colony,  as  tlio  {-iiilty  lu'isoii.  As  tlic 
witnesses  were  all  at  a  considenihle  (listance,  the  ordinary  inoeess  ol 
olitainin;^'  sworn  information  on  which  to  Ibnnd  a  wanaiit  wonld  have 
caused  (!onsi(h'rald('  th'iay;  tlie  attorney-^cncriil  tlu'refore  avaiitid  himself 
of  the  power  niven  hiai  by  a  local  act,  and  issne«l  a  precept  to  the  polic(< 
magistrate  at  Nassau  rer|uirin;;'  him  to  issue  a  warrant  a;^aiiist  Ijockc' 
Tiie  latter  was  a<*cordin.j;ly  arrested,  and,  after  a  Ion;;-  exauiinatiou,  was 
couimitted  for  trial,  hut Cscaped,  lorfeitiu^;'  his  hail.  He  was,  however, 
re-arrested  and  hrou;;ht  to  trial;  hut  the  evidence  being-  iusniUcient  on 
some  of  the  i'ssential  jioints,  he  was  tiually  ac<piitted.^ 

1  have  now  jLjonc  through  the  cases  of  all  the  tlilfcrent  vessels  \\\  respect 
of  which  claims  have  been  prelerred  for  losses  sustained 
throujAh  the  alle;;cd  want  of  due  dili^en(!<?  on  the  part  of  the 
Ihitish  j;(>vernmcnt.  After  all  that  has  l)een  said  and 
writtcji,  it  is  only  in  res{)ect  of  two  ves;>els,  liuth  eipiippi'd  at  the  very 
outset  of  the  (!ivil  war,  and  before  tlu'  contiiviinces  resorted  to  had  be- 
come known  i)y  experience,  tliat  this  tribunal,  which  has  not  shown  a 
disposition  to  take  too  indulii-ent  a  view  of  the  fullillment  of  neuiral 
obli.n-ations,  has  l)een  able  to  lind  any  dt.'fanlt  in  JJritish  authorities  at 
hoiiu';  while  in  res[)cct  of  a  third,  tiie  tribunal,  by  ii  nnijority  of  oim 
voice  oidy,  has  lixed  the  government  witli  liability  for  an  alleged  error 
in  judgment  of  thi^  governor  of  a  distant  colony  in  res[»ect  of  allowance 
of  coal,  and  tor  the  want  of  vigilance  of  the  i>o!ice  in  not  preventing 
nu'ii  from  Joining  a  confederate  vessel  at  night.  We  have  here  the  best 
practical  answer  to  the  sweeping  charges  so  perseveringly  brought 
against  the  Ibilish  government  anil  people. 

The  tril)unal  having  thn  •;  settled  the  instances  in  which  it  is  i)repared 
to  hold  (Ircat  Jbitain  resi,  iisible,  we  have  lU'Xt  t()<M)nsider  tiie  important 
(jiu'stion  ol'  damages. 

The  lirst  qtu'stion  which  ])resents  itself  on  api)roaching  the  snbje(;t  of 
A«-.ir.i..ra,.imn,  I'ccuniary  compensatii)n   is,  whether  tli<^  triiamal  ought  to 
*"■"■'•  award  a  sum  in  gri)ss,  or  whetlu'r  it  would  be  advisal)le  to 

refei-  the  amount  of  compensation  to  be  settled  by  assessois  tnider  the 
provisions  ol  the  treaty  of  \\'ashington.  On  the  one  hand,  as  it  is  ad- 
nutted  that  thest'  claims  have  lu'vcr  been  audited,  or  even  l>een  bona  J\<\< 
exandned  by  the  (Jovernment  of  the  Uiuted  Ktates,  it  must  necessarily 
be  extremciy  diliicult  to  estimate  the  amount  which  should  Ix;  awarded 
in  resp(-ct  of  them;  more  especially  as  it  beconu's  apparent  that  a  large 
l>ropoition  of  them  are  nM)st  extravagant  in  amount,  while  imne  of  the 
ordinary  documents  evidencing  the  value  of  shipping  property  or  mei'- 
chandise  have  bei'U  brought  belore  the  tribunal.  On  the  other  hand,  it 
is  h)r  many  ieas(ms  desirable  that  the  matters  in  dispute  should  be  dis- 
I'loscd  of  and  settled  as  soon  as  i)ossible,  so  as  to  put  an  end  to  all 
furtherdisputes,  as  well  as  toavoid  giving  the  opportunity,  which  would 
b»^  afforded  by  sending  the  settlement  to  assessois, to  invent  fresh  claims 
ind  present  them  from  day  to  <lay  before  the  latter.  On  the  whole,  I 
have  come  to  the  (tonclusion  that,  if  the  clearly  inadmissible  claims  be 
rejected,  and  tlu^  extravagant  (;laims  properly  reduced.  Justice  may  snb- 
stantiallv  be  done  by  awarding  a  lump  sum,  and  that  the  advantage  of 
such  a  course  would  counterbalance  the  disadvantages  which  it  no  doubt 
involves. 

The  claims  for  individind  losses,  wliitdi  were  in  April  last  advanced  in 

'  Hriti.sli  A[)i»en(llx,  vol.  v,  p,  '.il5. 
-Uiii!.,  p.  1-7. 


oriMONs  or  siu  alkxankku  (ockiujux. 


537 


tioii  poiut- 

II.      As  tlH' 
IH'OCt'SS    ol 

oiild  liiivc 
IimI  hiiiisi'U' 
tlio  polices 
ist  Locke.' 
liitioii,  Wiis 
i,  lioNvcver, 
itUcuMit  oil 

I  ill  respect 

sustaiiK'tl 

piut  of  tlie 

said   ami 

t  the  very 

to  liad  be- 

i»t.  sliowii  a 

of  neutral 

liorities  at 

rity  of  one 

lej^ed  error 

■  allouanee 

[>reventiiii4' 

re  the  best 

y   bnai^lit 

s  i>roparod 
iiii[)ortant 

subject  of 
1  oiij^lit  to 
lvisiil)le  to 

under  the 
as  it  is  ad- 
u  hoiKi  Ji'l< 
necessarily 
»(}  awanU'd 
lat  a  lar^^o 
one  of  the 
ity  or  mer- 
er hand,  it 
uld  be  dis- 
eiid  to  all 
hich  would 
•esh  claims 
le  whole,  I 

claims  bo 
i>  may  siib- 
vanta<;e  of 
t  lu)  doubt 

Ivaijcc'd  in 


tljoi  revised  statement,  amounted  to.  .*2.">,r)17,Hn  ;  besides 
which  a  claim  for  "(!osts  of  pursuit  and  captur«%''  exceediiiji' 
.•«<7,(KH),()<>0,  was  preferred  on  the  part  of  the,  United  kStat<'s  (loveriunent. 
To  all  which  was  superatlded  a  claim  for  interest  of  7  per  cent,  per 
annum  from  tin*  tinu's  of  (rapture  luitil  i)ayment.  These  claims  have, 
however,  to  be  diminislu»«l  by  reason  of  (ireat  liritain  havin;;  been  pro- 
nounced by  the  tribunal  to  be  liable  in  respettt  only  for  the  (raptures 
made  by  tln^  Alabama,  Klorithi,  and  Shenandoah,  and  for  tluwe  made  by 
tlur  latter  only  after  her  departun;  from  .Melbourne.  On  {\hi  other  hand, 
the(!laims  in  respeetof  the  other  vessels  havin;;'  been  rejected,  tlnr  repre- 
sentatives of  the  United  Stales,  on  the  llUh  of  Au,i;iisL  last,  presented 
new  and  increased  claims  to  the  e.vtent  of  .*-',! •"»(►,(>(»(»,  so  that  the  (claims 
then  advanced  by  the  United  States  in  respeirt  of  those  captures,  for 
which  Ciicat  l>ri(ain  has  hvi'.n  held  liable,  amounted,  after  correctiiiji;- 
« crtain  admitted  errors  of  calcidalioii,  to  811*, MU,  tit,  over  and  al>ove  a 
claim  ol  !i<(i,7.'r),()(JL*  for  the  cost  of  i)ur.suit  and  captnnr  in  respect  of  the 
lln<>e  vessels,  and  the  claim  of  interest  at  the  rate  of  7  ])er  cent. 

I  concur  entirely  with  tlur  icst  of  the  tribunal,  in  holdiii,!;-  that  tho 
claim  for  cost  of  pursuit  and  capture  must  be,  rejected.  This  ,.|„i„„  |-„, ,,,.,  „, 
item  of  expense  formed  part  of  llu!  j;eneral  (expense  of  tlicr  i"'-"*' "' "i""'-- 
war.  The  (anisers  employed  oil  this  service  would,  probably,  have  been 
kept  in  commission  had  the  three  vessels  in  ((Uestion  never  left  \\\v 
Ilritisli  shoi'cs. 

We  have  therefore  only  to  deal  with  tin*  claim  for  losses  sustained  by 
individual  citizens. 

Now  there  can  be  no  (h)ubt  that  the  only  damau'cs  which  the  tribunal 

is  anthori/ed  to  award  under  the  treaty  for  the  indemuillca-     ,, , , 

tlon  of  ^Vinerican  citi/eus  must  be  (ionliiUHl  to  loss  actually  ""  "■ 
sustained  by  destruction  of  ships,  crar^oes,  or  p«Msonal  ellccts.  AVhere 
daiini<;e  to  projierty  arises,  not  directly  fnuu  willful  injury,  but  indire(!tly 
only,  from  want  of  duircare,  an  indemnity  aj^ainst  actual  loss  is'all  that, 
by  the,  law  of  F.n/^laiid  or  America,  or  by  any  priiicii)les  of  general  juris- 
l»riidence,  can  i>ossil(ly  b(^  awarded. 

[f,  ther*'fore,  this  triluinal,  instead  of  sending  the  aim-nint  to  be  paiil 
by  (Ireat  liritain  to  be  ascei'tained  by  assessors,  should  think  lit  to 
awaiila  sum  in  gross,  as  it  is  empowered  to  do  by  the  treaty,  it  must 
still,  in  lixiiig  the  latt(U",  [iroceed  on  the,  best  estimate  it  nmy  be  enabled 
to  arrive,  at,  on  the  data  before  it,  of  the  losses  actually  sustained  by 
American  citizens  tliroiiuh  the  three  ships  loi'  which  (Ireat  Britain  is  to 
be  held  liabhr. 

The  ckiiins  for  individual  losses  by  reason  of  ]ti'operty  destroyed  by 
the  three  sliii)s  in  ((lU'stion  amoiiiitslo  the  sum  of  slDjlKI,  1 1 1 ;  Init  this 
amount  includes  items  which  involve  imi)ortant  (luestions  ol'  princii»le, 
and  deserve  special  consideration. 

Tliese  are: 

(A.)  'I'lii!  I'liiinis  ill  respect  of  tin'  \vhiiliii;;-V('s>f].s  ilt'stidycd.  lor  Io^h  oCjtro.s- 

licctivc  cntcli,  iiiiioiiiitiii;;  to ". )?-t,  <)0t>,  l!Ol 

(I>. )  Tile  cluiiti.s  for  ;;i^).s.s  iVcijflit.s,  iiiiuiuiitiii^  to 1,  (1(17,  l;"):? 

(C.)  'riic  (loiililc  cliiiiiis,  aiiioiintiii^  to l,(iS'J,24ll 

(L>.)  Till"  new  claiiiis,  prcsuiitrd  for  tlie  lirst  time  on  IKtli  Aii^^ii.st,  aiiioiiiit- 

iiif-'  to '2,  l.-iO,  0(10 

H,  si-i,  (;i»7 

(A.)  Thert?  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  amount  claimed  for  the  proa- 
l)ective  catch  of  tho  whalers,  which  is,  in  fact,  about  double    a:n,„,  („,  pr„,. 
the  value  assigned  to  tho.vessels  and  their  outfits,  is  so  ex-  i""""">i' 
travagant  as  almost  to  Justify  at  once  the  rejt!ction  of  tho  whole  claiui. 


I 


iu]H 


AI{Itri'I?ATI<>.\    XI    (il'.NKNA. 


The  true  cliiiractci'  of  llicsc  cliiiin.s  will  Ix^  seen  l)y  roiniciiiiiu'  the 
:im<)illit  of  tlic  <l('iiiiiii(l.s  now  iiiiitlc  :or  llic  ]»r<(S|M'('livf  riiriiiii;;^  nl  tin- 
wliiilrrs,  with  tiir  orijuiriiil  list  oC  rlaiiiis  torwiinlcd  l)y  Mr.  Scwiiril  to  Mr. 
AdaiiiN  ill  1S);<»,  jiiid  comriiimiculrd  by  the  latter  to  tin'  IJrilisli  ;;()Vi'i'ii 
lilt  lit.  It  thus  appears  that  these  ehiiins  have,  without  any  assi;;iialih' 
icason,  iiM-reased  to.sneh  an  extent  tlnit  they  are  now  sonietinies  donhlc. 
sometimes  treble,  and  sotnetinn's  rven  moie  than  live  times  what  they 
were  in  theori^'inal  list.  The  I'ollowinj;' taitle  exhibits  sonn*  of  themoie 
strikin;^'  (lascs: 


u 


;t  " 


3    ^  jT* 


:r.  ^ 


-  '•  7. 


,5--  5 


■/. 


Ai.rt *:ii),(M)()     .sitJ.s;,! 

Kiifn  ('(.rv 1,-J<>  V.\'i'X\ 

l.atiivcti.^ -• :t:!,  tie.         .-.o.ddn 

,1.  llmvlantl i>:\,ir,U  I'.Hi,  I.")' 

!\rany  other  similar  instaneos  of  extraordinary  and  arbitrary  increase 
nii^ht  be  cited,  bnt  the  abov«>  will  snlliee  to  show  (what,  in«leed,  a  mere 
com]>arison  of  the  claims  themselves  with  the  valneand  tonna^^j'e  of  the 
vessels  bnt  too  clearly  jiroves)  that  these  deman<is  are  of  ,i  most  extor- 
tionate character.  Dut,  imlependently  of  the  nndenial)ly  exa^ifi'erated 
amount  of  the  claims,  a  dennind  for  //ras'.s'  i)rospeciive  i'ariMn^s  as  dis- 
tinjinished  from  net  earnin,<;s  is  (piite  incapable  of  beini,'  maintained. 
This  is  admitti'd  in  tin*  ar^i'nment  of  the  United  States,  and  is  ch>arly 
(U'monstrat«'d  in  the  I'ritish  report.  Aceordin}.''  to  the  decisions  of  the 
Snprenu'  Conit  of  the  I'nited  States,  the  only  allowance  which  onjjht 
to  be  made  in  respect  of  prosjjcctive  catch  is  in  theliatnre  of  inter*'st 
fr(>m  the  time  of  the  destrnction  of  the  vess«'l.' 

I  should  myself  be  disposed  to  adopt  a  more  liberal  nnxle  of  com])en- 
sation,  and  to  award  for  prospective  i>rolits  a  reasonabh>  percenta^i^e  on 
tiie  values  of  the  vessels  and  outfits;  but  I  cannot  but  think  that  if  a 
year's  wa;j:os  is  to  bo  awarded,  as  ])roi)osed,  for  the  ollieers  and  crews, 
the  amount  of  L'.">  per  cent,  on  those  \alues  as  claimed  in  the  American 
tables  presented  on  the  L'Oth  of  Aujiust,  in  case  of  the  claim  for  jtros- 
])ective  catch  beinj;:  disallowed,  far  excee«ls  what  is  i)roi>erly  assi«fnal>le. 
The  total  amount  clainu'd  for  the  whalin<;-vesselsan<l  outtits,  an  amount, 
which,  as  I  shall  ])i'es«>ntly  show,  bears  every  si;jn  of  ^jreat  exay^-era- 
tion,  is  !i<l, 780, ()!>!.  A  claim  of  .i<(!.V.>,()LM  is  advanced  for  securetl  earn- 
iiifis.  To  award  a  further  sum  of  .*  KK),(M)0,  as  claitned,  in  lieu  of  ))ros- 
pe(;tive  profits,  would  nmke  a  total  allowamto  of  over  $1,()()0,(KM>  (or  W 
\nyv  cent,  of  the  orijiinal  values  of  the  vessels  and  outtits)  for  sc(!ured 
aiul  prospe(!tive  outfits  alone  ;  in  addition  to  a  sum  of  $r)8.S,(M>t),  or  more 
than  .'{()  per  cent,  more,  for  the  waftes  of  the  oflicers  aiul  crew,  (which 
are  sui)posed  to  come  out  of  the  {,'ross  earniu;»s,)  and  this  irrespe(^tive 
of  the  fact  of  interest  beinj?  claimed  on  the  whole  from  the  date  of  the 
capture. 


'  8eo  Mr.  .Instico  Story's  .jiulgiiiciit  in  tlic  case  of  the  Lively  (1  Galliaoii,  315.)    Brit- 
ish A])|ioii)llx,  vol.  vii,  i>i>.  13,  14. 


iiriii;,^  till' 
lys  ol'  tlU' 
ml  to  Mr. 
til  ;,'()Vt»ni 
issi^iiiiiblc 
cs  «l<)iihlc, 
,vli;lt  tliry 
tlic  llUtIC 


i;i,'J'.>:i 

'id.  iiui) 

I'.K),  1.".' 


y  iticroMsc 

m1,  il  IlKMt' 
llj^*'  ot"  tlw 
lost  cxtor- 

lys  as  (lis- 

:ii:it:iin(><l. 

is  clearly 

)IIS  of  tilt' 

i<'h  oiifi'lit 
»f  iiiteii'st 

»1"  <*()iiii»('ii- 
ciita;,'*'  on 

that  if  a 
lul  crows. 
American 

for  i>ros- 
ssi<;nal>!c. 
n  aMtoiiiit, 
oxa.u'^jcra- 
iircti  cani- 
II  of  j)ros- 
IKK)  (or  (il) 
>r  st'ciUTil 
0,  or  more 
w,  (which 
respective 
ate  of  the 


315.)    Biit- 


iilMMON.s    OK    MK    AI.KX AMM'.K    «(»(  KlilUN. 


(!i.)  As  to  the  i'laims  for  ;;ro.>;s  frei^iiits  aiinmntiii;;'  to  •'j'l.ooT.l.'i;!. 

That  these  claims  are  also  ;;i'eatlye\a;r,'ii'ra  ted  apiicars  IVoin  the  .several 

instances  to  !>«>  foinnl  coinmeiited  on  iii  llie  Uritisli  ic|torls,     , ,„  ^, ,., 

Itiit  tin'  sam«'  fact  follows  heyonil  a  tlonlM    li.nn   the  follow-  '"•"•■"' 
in;;:  consideration  : 

I'll  a  H'poit  presented  by  a  committee  of  the  House  i>l'  Representatives 
of  the  I'nited  States  in  ISTO,  a  table  is  to  be  found  (Table  Wi)  ;iiviiiy: 
tin'  valve  of  the  ///'o-vy  jivuflji  eailiili'^s  of  all  Anieiiiiiii  vessels  <ii;^a;fed 
ill  tile  loiei;;!!  can y III;;' t lade  lioiii  ISiJi  to  l.sTO.  The  \alne  ot  these 
;;i'oss  yearly  earnintfs  is  there  stati'd  to  ainoiint  to  \V.\\  pi'r  cent,  id'  the 
value  of  the  vessels.  On  look  in;;' at  the  I'.iilish  tallies  it  will  be  found 
that  the  aiiiDiints  claimed  for  i'rei;;ht,  altlioii,i;h  for  individual  voya;;es 
not  exeeedin;,'  on  the  aveia^e  six  mouths  in  duration,  are  more  than  47 
per  cent*  on  lliealle;;ed  values  of  the  \essels,  lioni  which  it  would  fol- 
low that  these  claims  are  exay;4erated  to  the  extent  of  nearly  <»<»  per 
cent. 

Indepeiuleiitly,  liowcvei-,  of  the  e\a;^'ueiatioii  in  ainoiint.  it  is  clear 
that  a  (daiiii  for ///v*.v.v  lrei.^lit  as  distiii;;(iished  from /<(7  fiei;;lit  cannot 
lie  siipporte<l  l>y  any  .sound  rea.soniii;;-.  It  is,  moieov<'r,  iiictmsisient 
with  all  the  Hii;;lish  and  American  authorities  on  tlu'  snbjeci,'  Tlie 
b'nited  States  counsel  seemed  to  have  themselves  ihoujulit  such  a  <'Iaim 
hopeless;  lor,  on  th«'  l!Mh  Au;;ust  last,  they,  for  the  first  time,  as- 
serted that  these  weic  (tiaims,  not  for  ;;toss,  but  for  net  frei;;:hts.  It  is 
sullieit'iit  on  this  ](oint  to  say  that,  in  tiie  faiu?  of  the  well  kut)wn  otli- 
cial  estimate  above  referred  to,  accordiii!;'  to  which  tiie  (Jvohh  average 
i/fKili/  earuiii;;s  of  AmericaM  mereliaiitves.sels  amoiinUMi  only  to  .■».'».',  per 
cent,  of  till'  values  ol  the  vessids,  an  assertion  t  hat  claims  amounting  to 
more  than  17  per  cent,  of  such  values  wen;  ad\aiice<l  for  )irt  and  not 
l\n'  f/ross  frei;;lits  on  \()ya;,M's  not  exceedin;;',  on  the  avera;;(',  half  a  year 
in  tlurati(»n,  is  one  which  carries  its  own  refutation  <m  the  face  ot  it, 
especially  when  it  is  reiiu'inbeied  that  these  (daims  are  j^cnerally  i>re- 
sented  in  tlu*  ivvisi-d  statement  as  claims  lor  charter-parly  or  bill-ot- 
huliii};  frei;;iit. 

UihUm'  these  circumstances  I  cannot  but  tiiink  that  the  allowam-e  oi' 
."»()  per  cent,  on  these  claims,  whitdi  the  trilmnal  icceived  with  favor  ami 
is  jirepared  to  adopt,  is  far  in  excess  of  what  would  in  Justice  satisly 
tliem. 

((!.)  As  to  the  double  claims. 

Tlu'y  consist  in  the  main  of  claims  made  by  the  owners  for  the  value 
of  their  properly,  simultaneously  with  claims  advanced  by 
insuranc*!  companies  with  whom  the  property  was  insured, 
and  who  paid  the  owners  tlu^  amount  of  their  loss.  To  pay  the  owners 
an»l  the  insurance.  (!ompanies  these  tlouble  (daims  woidd  b(^  clearly 
e<piivalent  to  j)ayiny  the  los.ses  twice  over.  One  of  these  claims,  there- 
fore, must  iHM'cssarily  be  rejected. 

Onc^  (;aiim»t  luit  re;;ret  that  tlu'se  claims  sliouhl  havl^  been  advanced, 
and  that  the  Uinted  States  (lovernment  should  not  at  once  have  ex- 
l)un;[;ed  them  as  inadmissible,  instead  ol'  allowiiiy  them  to  be  included, 
without  exc'ei)tioii,  in  the  total  <'laims  of  the  United  States. 

The.se  double  (daims  ure  of  two  descriptions:  first,  those,  which  are 
avowedly  and  iiiteiitioiudly  made,  or  were,  to  use  their  own  words,  "  the 
claimants  protest  ajiainst  any  diminution  of  their  claims  by  rea.son  of 
tlieij-  haviny;  been  puul  by  insurance  compaines;"  .secondly,  those  which 
arc  tacitly  imule. 


'.*<t'«  roport  of  coimnitt^'c  appointed  l»v  Itoiutl  of  triidi';  Bntii^h  A]>p('ii(lix,  vol.  vii, 
|.J).  U,  ID. 


".  ' 


)4(> 


AKMirri.'ATK'N'    AT    (iKNHVA. 


As  rc^iiinls  tlic  srt'ontl  class  ordoiiblti  <'!iiiiiis,  viz,  tliosc  tacitly  ii  ailc, 
it  ("^  cii.»(i'j;li  to  <i!ts«  <'vc  tliat  llicy  v.'crc  |i(»iiitc.l  (iiit  many  mnntlis  aj^o  in 
I  he  l»i  (isli  i(')»(tiis  as  (loll  i  111'  claims,  and  ilic  I'liiicd  Stales  (l<i\('i'nmcnt, 
altliDUjili  it  lias  had  in  i(s  possession  all  tli<'  evidcntii'ivy  docMiiients 
lieai  ini4'  on  the  same,  lias  ncMT  <iciiied  their  ehai  aeter  as  dunl>le  claims. 
It  is.  I  hell  I  oie.  clear  thai  ail  these  double  claims,  amonnlin^'  to  tlie  lal;;e 
sum  of  >l,»i,SL»,L'l.!,  must  l)e  sliiiek  out. 

(l>.)  As  to  tlii^  new  <-laiii!s  preseiiled,  lor  the  lirst  time,  in  August  last. 

As  a  majorily  oi'  m\    ci>llea,uiit's  ira\t'  already   intimaled  an  opinion 
I  (liat  these  ciaims  ou^ht  to  l>e  excluded  t'roMi  consideration 

in  awardinv:  a  lump  sum,  it  is  ttnly  necessary  tor  me  to  state 
(hat  I  am  ''.ecidcdiy  of  the  sau'e  oiMui'.a,  lieeanse  :  lie  e|;iiu>s  are  entirely 
uusnpporti  (1  liy  anv  e\idence,  and  are,  njerely  hised  iqxm  assumptions 
as  to  the  amount  ol' \v;!';es  the  oliieers  an<l  crews  miu'hl  or  should  have 
been  rec(i\  iu!^.  and  the  amount  ol' personal  elVects  wiiieh  they  mi;;ht  or 
should  ha\('  had  on  hoard  at  tlie  time  of  capture,  and  which  they  have 
lost  in  con-eipience  ol  it.  1  lind,  morevei-,  in  the  revised  slalemcit  pre- 
sented \\ith  the  Tailed  .States  Coniiter  Case,  claims  to  (M)nsiderai>l<', 
auuunils  actually  pi'cierved  l>y  I  he  oilieei-s  oI'somm'  ol  I  lie  vessels  for  loss 
of  \vau«'s  and  personal  en'cets,  and,  as  1  shall  show,  ihose  Lvenllemeu 
iiave  bit  n  by  no  means  dispos'-d  lo  uii'lerv  alue  t  hcii' i>ropeviy.  Fiuaily. 
It  seems  to  me  en!irel.\  inconsistent,  both  with  the  letter  and  tin'  spirit 
of  the  treaiy  of  Wash  iii:.'.  ton  I  hat.  at  the  last  motiieiil,  the  re-piesf  of  the 
tribunal  lor  (wplanatoiy  tallies  to  assist  it  in  I  he  discussion  of  the  various 
it(Mns  of  claims  should  be  taken  advanla^^e  of  to  swell  the  amount  . 
already  presented,  w  iihont  ,ui\  in;;  iiie  British  ^Liovei-ninent  an  opportunity 
t<»  ad\aiice  ar.LVumeiit  and  evidence  in  opposition  to  such  incivase. 

I'nr  all  these  !•ea^olls  i  am  clearly  of  «>piiiion  !h,d  the  claims  f(U' 
pi(»sp<cti\e  catch  and  lor  j^ross  frei;;hts,  the  double  elaiiiis  and  the  new 
claims  presented  in  August  last.  alto;4ethcr  amounlin,:>'  to  the  sum  «if 
rS.MS.dOT,  must  be  reje<'ted. 

I  (low  proceed  to  coiisidei' the  ipiestions  relatiii;,^  to  th' value  of  the 
properl  v  a<-(uall\  tlestro\ed.     It  is  admit te(!  in  the  arL^uniciit 

t'n-pvitjf  ■l<'»lriijiiil.        ,..,■.'.         1      ,    '  ,  ,       ■  ,  ,  ,     .  ,      '  , 

or  the  I.  aitcd  ."^tatt  >;  ( u)Veriimenl  that  I  hi-se  <laims  had  ncNcr 
been  audited  by  that  (bnernmeni.  I  cannot  help  (hinUiny'  it  wimld  have 
been  belter  if.  liefore  Ihi'  riiiied  States  called  upon  ihis  tiibunal  lo 
est  innile  llii>  n  aliii'  of  <laims  to  be  assessed  by  it  wit  hoi  it  an  in  sped  ion  of 
the  documents  which  are  said  to  be  filed  at  W'ashiii.iiiton,  these  claims  had. 
lieeii  audited  under  the  auilim-ily  oft  he  I'l.iled  Stales  ( lovern  men  t.  Il.nl 
this  been  done  I  think  it  is  mily  fair  to  assume  that  the  \«'rv  numerous 
demands  which  are  manifestly  cvlraN  ai;aiil  would  have  been  diminished 
in  annmn'.  in  tiiesaine  manner  as  the  claims  in  resjicct  of  the  vessels 
sunk  in  the  l.'i\cr  Seine  (more  tlrui  once  reierred  to  in  tin  llritish 
reports)  were  retii'.ced  .liter  they  h;id  been  llioronyhly  silted  by  iler 
Majest  \'s  j.'.overnment.  The  lril>unal  is,  in  fact,  called  upon  lo<-s)ima1e 
the  values  .,  vess.  's,  the  au'e  and  class  of  which  are  not  ,i;i\en.  and  the 
valiU's  of  cai  s;'o(  s,  o(  w  Inch  neither  the  description  nor  (plant  ity  is  stated,. 
I'lider  these  'ircamslawtes  it  is  maiiifesi,  from  t  he  cNperieiicc  e\  cry  day 
Liained  in  com  is  of  justice,  that  .  \»-.y  i-onsideralde  deduc'ion  oa^jht  to 
be  made  from  the  e.stimates  presented  by  the  el.iiniants  in  resptM't  of  the 
losses  for  which  they  are  claiminji' coiiipetis.ition.  '!'<»  hold  ( Ireat  Ilrilain 
simply  liable  for  the  amounts  demanded  by  the  claimants  would  not  be 
to  awaid  the  latter  fair  compensation,  but  t(»  ^r.mt.  them  emu'iuous 
prolits. 

i  now  procecil  to  consider  the  values  of  the  vessels — and,  lirst.  the 


OPINIONS    OF    sll,'    AI,i:\ANl»i;i^    COCKi'.ri.'N. 


i41 


iU'itl.v  n.iiilc, 
oiitlis  a;;(>  ill 

loVt'lIUIMMlt, 

y  docuiiKMit.s 
nil>l(>  rliiiiiis. 
:  In  tilt'  lai;;v 

I  nil  opinion 
oiisidcnitioii 
1'  inr  to  state 
an'  entirely 
assiimptioii  1 
slioiild  lia\(' 
ley  iiii;L;Iit  or 
'h  the.N  liave 
aleltlc'il  ])!•(• 

(v>nsi(leraltle, 

ssels  I'oi"  loss 

e   jLVeiilleiiieii 

ly.     I''iiiaily. 

ihI  tlie  spirit 

'ipiest  of  the 

r  the  \aiioi!:-; 

(he  aiiioiini  < 

oppoit  unity 

crease. 

I'  ehiini^^   lor 

un!  tlie  \iv\\- 

1   tlie  Mini  of 

value  of  tlie 
\v  aruunieiit 
lis  liail  iie\  er 
t  woiihl  have 
;  ti'iltnniii  lo 
inspeetioii  itf 
U'  chilins  ha(! 
mien!.  Il,i<l 
y  nniiieioiis 

I  (tiiiiinishetl 
1  i'c  vess<'is 
tin     lliitish 

lied   hy  Her 

(o  i-s)  iiiiate 

.('It.  and  the 

ity  is  stati'd. 
ee  e\  eiy  <hiy 
ion  v')a.i>ht  to 

•sped  of  Uie 
)i'<'at  lli'itain 
uinld  not  lie 

II  einniiKais 


lid,  lirsl.  the 


'A  hah'is.  The  I'act  of  the  extiaoiiliiiary  e\|)rt's.s  double  claims  advanced 
ill  respect  of  these  vessels  is  of  itself  sullieielit  to  make  one  \„i...moi  «hll..n• 
'' ok  witli  some  suspicion  on  the  other  items  of  claim.  ,1  '"■"'■''• 
Iielieve,  lliat  the  estimate  of  "i'lOO  per  ton  for  ship  and  ()uHil,  proposed  in 
the  lliitisli  reiKnIs,  is  sueli  ;is  would  Iteacceptcil  asiidctpiate  l)y  persons 
acquainted  wiih  the  eharac  ter  and  \alue  of  wiialin.^vcssels.  Ii  is,  more- 
o\(>r,  lioriie  out  hy  the  lact  tliat  the  cl.iims  for  insurance  in  llie  re\ised 
statement  show  that  these  vessels  were  no*  insured  at  so  hiy^j  a  value. 

Jlnt  I  am  ready  to  refer  to  a  slandai  i  ;iivcn  l»y  the  claimants  them 
selves.  1  jind  that,  in  the  case  of  llie  '.oiirteeu  whalers  destroyed  hy  the 
Alahama,  w  itli  a  total  lonnau'e  of  .'i.oiKl  tons,  a  claim  is  ad\aiiced  fur 
vessels  and  out  tits  of  •"?  iU!),l  :>;},  which  is  e<pdvaleiit  to  a  \  aliiatioii  ot'  less 
than  !?ll.")per  ton.  In  the  case,  of  tlu»  whalers  <leslroyed  i»y  the  Shenan 
«loah.on  tlm  cold raiy.  with  a  .otal  t<»iinap' el"  >>,o(!0.  the  claim  under  the 
saiiH'  head  amounts  to  •■••l,.>l.'.'"»,7iiS,  or  \er_N  nearly  -'r'l."),")  per  ton.  I  cannot 
see  why  the  averaji<'  \aliu'  of  the  whalers  destroyed  hy  the  Shenandoah 
sliould  so  vastly  e\ceed  that  ol'  those  destroyed  iiy  the  Alahama.  and  I 
certainly  think  the  avevaiiC  in  the  latter  case  may  he  talvcii  as  likely  to 
l»e  more  near  the  mark. 

As  ve^ards  the  Dierchaiit  •\  t    sels  I  sei-   no  reason    to  (joiilit    that    the 

i>rilishiivera;;('estiinateof  ."i^JO  j-er  ton  isad('(|uat»':  hut  there    , ,, ,,„■,.:..„ 

is  one  mode  ol'  aiaiviii};"  at  an  a\  craj^'e  estimate  wliich  is  open  """'•• 
to  )ii>  oitjection.  It  appears  from  (he  sametahle.  in  the  report  |)reseiited 
to  (hi'  ('(tiijuri'ss  of  the  I'nited  .Stales  ali'snly  referred  to,  that  the  aver 
uiii'  value  of  American  \essels  en:;a;4«'d  in  tin'  forei;;n  trade  was,  in  the 
year  l.siil.><ll  per  ton,  and  Ihat  if  has.  since  the  year  iSili'.  hern  f*\'t 
per  ton.  it  will  he  t'ouiid.  on  looking-  at  the  I'liited  States  ar;;iimeni. 
Ihat  it  is  there  stron;;ly  iiificil  that  the  dcprcdatious  <'ommitted  hy  the 
confederate  cruisi'rs  oecasimied  a  very  seriiuts  diminution  in  the  \aliie 
(U"  American  shipjiin.u'  properly.  This  asserti(tii  seenis  directly  opposed 
to  the  stalisi  ical  inlormation  ^iveii  in  tln-tilile  I  have  Just  refencd  to: 
hut  whether  it  In- (U- he  not  correcl,  it.  cannot  he  donhted  that  an  «'s- 
t  iniat(v  ot'  ihe  meichant-x cssels  at  the  rate  of  ><  lo  per  ton  must  lie  a  very 
liherai  estimate.  The  adoption  of  this  xaliialion  wmild  cause  the  liritisli 
allowance  (o  he  increased  l>y  HlJOO.UUO,  hut  it  wimld  cause  I  he  claim  ol  the 
l-iiited  States  to  he  diminished  hy  iikuc  '.lian  solUl.tXId, 

I  now  come  to  the  claims  foj-  car;4o.  Those  claims,  it  must  l>e  re- 
mcmhere<l,  include  <'laims  for  (he  value  of  ^^oods,  insurances, 
commissiuiis,  and  prolils  on  the  same  car;^(»es  ;  ]irolits  w  liieh 
will  he  fiiiind  to  he  claimed  at  the  rale  ol  sometimes  L'o.  sometimes  ."»(), 
and  sometimes  5is  much  UH  100  perceiii.  Moreover,  it  is  imiiortant  to 
«disei\e  thai,  as  nierchaiils  ueneralls  cimsiderahly  oxcrv  aliie  their  prop 
city  in  ])olicies  of  insuiaiMc,  and  alwa,\s  include  in  the  amount  insured 
llu;  premium  vl'  insurance  itself,  a  consitleiahle  reduction  ou'Jit  to  he 
made  from  the  amounts  claimed  hy  iiisiiraiK'e  companies.  A;:aiii,  for 
icasoiis  fully  staled  in  (he  lirst  Ihidsh  report,'  i(  is^icnerally  impossible 
(  >  trace  the  double  claims  which  are  advanced  for  car;>(>es;  and  yet  the 
prtibability  certainly  is  (hat  lhe>  e\ist  to  at  least  as  ••real  an  extent  as 
I  hey  ha\  e  !>eeii  proved  lo  exist  in  the  cases  «d'  \essels  and  lrei;;li';s. 
'J'akinj;' all  these  circumstances  into  ciuisidj-ration,  I  believe,  that  most 
p('rs(ms  who  study  (lies"  claims,  and  who  are  acipiaiided  widi  (In!  s,  b- 
jects  (o  which  (hey  rela(e^  w  ill  consider  the  reduction  «it  IL'  per  wni. 
which  has  been  made  in  the  British  estimate  frofii  (he  1o(al  claim  for 
<ar^'o.  commission,  int)(i(s,  and  insurances  (Ui  I  he  same,  a  \  cry  moderat«' 
reduction. 


<"!  dill'  I'f  '  trj  I 


*UriU8h  A]>|HMi«lix,  vol.  vil,  y,  IW, 


.042 


AKIHTUATDN    AT    (ilCNKVA, 


I     .i,u--       tor       ]•' 


The  List  item  of  <  liiiiiis  to  'x'  (Miiisidcr^'d  is  tli;it  rciat in;-"  to  personiil 
,,,,   t'lVi'C'ts.     'liiiil  soiiK'  «)l  tiifsc  chiiiiis  iirc  <'.\ori)itiiiit  is  jjiovcd 
hy  tlu'  various  instiiticcs  vitvii  in  tlii'  I'litisli  reports.     I  will 
tlii'ect  at  t<'iitioii  to  a  lew  ol'tliciit. 

illx'iu'/.cr  Nye, •the  iiiasicr  ot  tiie  Aliifi'ail,  a  w  lialiiiu  \<'ssel  ol'.'JlO  tons, 
li;is  elaiuied  upwards  of  .*i(!,«)(l().  (tr  C  5,1*00,  I'oi'  the  loss  of  jteisonal  etleets 
on  lioard  iliat  vessel.  Ayain.  tiie  master  of  the  IkoekinLiliam,  a  vessel 
of  !'7(»  Ions,  has  elaimi'd  lor  peisonal  elleets  >'"<,(»al,  or  Xi, (»<((►.  In  the 
W'in.uel  li'acer,  a  passen.u'er  claims  for  loss  of  olliee  as  eonsid  '"iiK^OOd, 
over  and  above  ••i'l,OI"»  lor  loss  of  personal  «'lle -Is.  l-'inally,  in  the<'ro\vii 
I'oint,  a  vessel  of  1,1(10  tons,  ilie  niastei'  and  the  nnite  each  advance 
claims  foi  s  10.000.  Iv\eepiiii.!4'  in  these  and  som-'  other  sindlar  cases,  in 
which  the  demands  ai'c  evidi'iilly  ^r(»ssly  exa^iyerated.  all  the  claims 
t(.r  personal  elleets  have  lieen  allowed  in  the  ISritish  estimate,  and  I  see 
no  icasiui  whatexcr  for  addinu' t<>  t  1k<  amount  wiich  is  proposed  to  he 
allowed  in  that  est  iuiate  undci' this  head. 

On  the  w'hol(>.  thei'ctore.  I  am  of  opinion  that  if  hall  a  million  dollars 
were  to  he  a<lded  to  tie  liritish  estinmti',  more  than  ad<  (piale  compen 
satioii  will  in  all  prolialiiliiy  l»<'  granted  lor  any  direct  losses  which  ina> 
h.ive  been  occasiom'd  by  the  confederat4'  cruis.'rs,  and  that,  t  herefore, 
tlu'  tribunal  on,<:ht  l(»  assess  tlnsc  claims  at  an  am<»uni  not  t;ieatcr  than 
.'?iS,0OO,000. 

In  the(>bser\'alioiis  on  .M.  Siaemplli's  cah'ulntions  wliieh  1  snlnnitled 
to  the  ol  iier  nu'nd)ers  of  the  tribunal  on  the  L'd  ol'  .Si'piruil)cr,  an<l  w  hich 
will  be  fonml  in  the  protocol  of  that  date,  I  ha\e  shown  that,  even  ni- 
cludiiij;  the  allowauecs  of  .'«»!).SS,OiM>  for  prolils  and  wiiyes  of  the  whalers, 
and  the  allow  a  nee  of  ."iO  jtcr  cent,  on  the  chiims  for  l'rei;^lits,  and  striking; 
a  nieati  between  the  Ibitish  estimate  and  the  -iross  claims  for  the  otluT 
items  not  absolutely  disalhtwed  by  the  tribunal,  the  amonnt  sli  '  'd  not 
e\(e«'il  .-i  10,000.000  iu  round  uumbciS. 

The  tribunal  ha\inHlbrnn'd   its  estimatf  ol   the  actual   loss  sust.iini'd 
in  respect  ofshipsand  jnopertyat  the  f  inn- of  their  destruc 
lion,  a  nu>st  imiM>rtant  (pu'stitui   piesents  itself,  whether,  to 
such  actual  value,  interest  from  the  tinu-  of  loss  should  be  superadded, 
rpoii  iliis  (pH'sticui,  which   is  entirely  in  the  discrcliiui  of  the  tribunal, 
accoidiu;;  to  what  it  may  deeni  ('(juilable  ami  riyhl  under  all  the  circum 
s'.aiH'es,  we  lia\  e  had  the  advantaju'c  of  ver_\  aide  ar«4umcnt;<.     J^ookin^;' 
io  tech. lical  considcialious  alone.  Sir   bNuimlell    i'almer's  armnucid  ap 
pears  to  nu'  to  be  unans\teiabli'.     ]>ut  I  ciudess    1   should   be  disposed, 
when  able  to  deal  with  a  <'ase  of  indenniity,  nnfetlefcd  by  techincal  con- 
siderations, as  I  thi;d<  we  may  do  in  the  prcscut    instance,  to  hold  that 
w  here  jv  |»ecuinary  indemnily  it;.;ainst  loss  is  to  be   <;iven,  suci'.   indem- 
nity is  lutt complete  loiless  the  party  is  compensated,  not  mdy  for  the 
]>rope)ty  aclmilly  dcslr<t\ed,  but  foi-  the  i)iolit — here  to  be  represcnitci! 
l)y  int«'rest — which  that  property  weuld  have  biou^dd   him.     If  a.  nniu 
loses  ju'opcrty  worth  CI, 000,  which,  but  for  the  loss,  he  would  have  con 
tinned  to  turn  to  smne  prolitabl(>  account,  and  after  a  ^i\en   period  tin 
actual   \alue,  namely,  the  ,CI,000,  is<;i\en  to   him,  and   no  tnoi'e,  it,  is 
plain  that  he  r(  tnains  a  loser  of  all  the  profit  lie  woidd  have  realized  in 
I  he  mean  time  ;   in  other  weids,  he  remains  to  that  e\tent  unindemiulied. 
IihIci'  ordinary  circumstances,  therefore,  I  >honld  ha\e  beeu  willin<;  to 
award  inbuesi,  when  awardinji'  compensation   for  judiu-rty  destroyed. 
Ibit  there  arc  in  this  case  most  peculiar  circnnistunces  which  make  me 
iiM-line  to  a  dilVerenl   coucbision. 

The  first  is.  that  neither  the  llritiHli  j;;overinn(Mit,  nor  Urifisli  Hiibje<'ts. 
weif  the  authois  of  the  dama;:e  done.     All  that  can  be  asciibod  to  tin- 


*■;  iiiii  .i»('  mit*r».'«l. 


OI'IXIONS    dl'    SIK    ALKXANDKK    ('<)(  IvI'.lKX. 


iAl) 


to   ])»M'SO!lil] 

lit  is  ])r()v<'(l 
(Uts.     I  will 

or.'.lO  tons, 
soiiiil  clVccIs 
II til,  a  vrsscl 
i(M).  Ill  tilt' 
sill   !i'IO,()()(t, 

I)   tin*  ('l()SVll 

icli  julviiiicc 
liir  ciiscs,  ill 
1  tht>  claims 
tc,  and  I  sec 
posed   to   Im- 

111(111  dollars 
ale  roiiijica 
>;  wliich  iiia> 
it,  tlirrclorc, 
•;it'at<'r  tliaii 

I  siiltiiiittc'l 
r,  and  w  liicli 
lat,  even  iii- 
t lie  wlialcis, 
and  Nirikinu 
lor  till-  otluM- 
;.  sli  'I'd  not 

i.<<s  sii>i, lined 
M'ir  dest  rue 
u  lietlier,  to 
sil|»eradded. 
lie  triliunal. 
the  eiicniii 
■A.     liookinin 
luniiieiit  ai» 
le  disposed, 
cliiiieai  con 
to  hold  that 
siieh    iiidcin 
nily  tor  the 
li'prcscnteii 
II'  ai  man 
lid  have  «!on- 
n  period  the 
»  moi-c,  it  IS 
e  rcali/cd  in 
indeinnilicd. 
en  willing:  to 
y  destroyed, 
ch  make  mc 


ish  MiibJiM'ts. 
■lihod  to  the 


Hritish  ^dvcrnment  is  want  of  dilijL';enee  in  not  iHTventiiij^:  these  vessels 
!':oin  leaviii;;-  liiitisli  waters  on  their  work  of  mischief.  Professor 
I5liin>.sclili  has  done  Justice  to  the  Uiitish  .novernmeiit  in  this  respect  : 

II  lie  I'liiit  (I'.iilji'iirs  pas  iii'idrc  di-  viic  i|iii'  tons  ccs  clVcls  (l,-s;is(r,'n\  sdmI  m  ]ii<'iiiii'r 
iicii  iiii)»ul. lilies,  null  |ius:iii  ;;i(iivcini'nit'nt  nn^iais,  niiiis  anx  </'<i«"(/'' riix-inciiics.  i'cr- 
••oiinc  n'iU'cns'Ta  Ic  ;roii\i-i'iii'i>H-nl  an;;lais  il'avoir  ilmini'  mission  tie  del  in  ire  Ics  iniviifs 
ill'  (■(iiniiK'i'ci'  ann'-ricains,  (III  d'avoii,  jiar  scs  ajiiss'inciils.  rntravi-  on  i-ndoiiiniaL;<'  la 
iiiiirinf  aini'iiraiiii-.  ('«•  i|nc  I'on  jm-mi  jni  n'lnoclirr  a  linn  droit,  (en  siipposant  (|nf  liv-. 
tails  citi's  jiins  liant  doivcnt  rlrt-  i'(iiisidi''r«''s  ciniiiini  avoiii-son  |n'ou\i''.s,l  re  n'fst  pas  nii 
/(til,  inais  line  innii^Hiim  vontiv  Ic  droit,  i^;i  laiitc  lie  ronsislc  pas  a  avoir  (■((nipt-  rt  appa- 
ifilli'  livs  I'lns.iircs,  iiiais  a  ii'iiniir  ji'in  nii/n'.  In'  \\-i[v  ai'ini'inciit  rt  Iciir  sortie  di-  sini  t<Mii- 
loiic  inniif.  Miiis  rcltc  /■((/(/<■  n'a  (|ii'iin  rapport  imlini-l,  i-t  iinlli'iinnt  nii  rapport  'Hint, 
aV'i-  li'S  dt'pn''. lat  lolls  ii'i'llcini'iit  coinniisis  pas  lis  croisriirs.  ' 

American  <'iti/,eiis  lia\t'  siilVi'ied  liy  the  acts  of  .Vmericaii  eiti/.ens. 
<Ircat  Britain  is  to  make  oood  the  injury.  Why  .'  Uecaiisc,  in  order  to 
eoniniit  these  acts,  the  w  ioii;;(loers  heojin  liy  \ioIatin^'  li'.'i' la  w  ..  and 
her  ;z(>vi'i  iiineiit  \\  as  not  tpiiek  enon;;li  in  preveiitint^  t  lic.'ii.  Ihit  who 
were  the  Anu'ricaii  i-iti/ens  who  diil  these  thinos  :ind  l>ion;;ht  these 
ii)Jiliies  and  losses  on  .\iiieriean  cili/.eiis.'  Trivate  ilMliviclnals  .'  No! 
lOlevcM  States,  hcictoture  an  iiite;:rai  portion,  ami  mr.v  a^ain  an  iiite.u- 
ral  portion,  of  the  .v'tuth  Aineiican  I'liion — in  other  wm-ds.  an  integral 
portion  of  the  Intdy  w  ho  iiw  the  plainliiVs  a;ii'aiiist  (lit  .it  Urilaiti  in  this 
iiiemoiahle  suit.  And,  to  make  the  aiionmly  ol  the  position  mote  com 
plete,  but  lor  concessions  \ olniitarily  nia<le.  (ireat  ISiitain  woidtl  have 
been  eiial.led  to  say,  tiist,  that  she  was  not,  and  could  not  he,  liable  to 
another  nation  for  losses  sustained  throiij;h  breaches  not  of  inti-rnat  ioiia' 
but  of  her  own  municipal  law;  next,  that  if  she,  on  the  one  hainl,  was 
liable  for  ininry  doiu  to  Ameiican  cili/eiis,  because  her  oovciiuiient  by 
;:ieater  diligence  miuht  liaNC  prevented  them,  she,  on  the  other  liaml, 
iiiioht  lia\«'  claimed  to  be  i-eeonped  by  States,  now  Ibrmino- an  inieoral 
part  of  the  irnion,a>  liavin;;'  been  the  actual  wrongdoers  tliroiioh  \ii>- 
latioii  of  her  law.  whatever  sum  .she  was  olilioe,|  to  pay  as  compeiisation. 

I'or,  had  the  Coiittdeiale  Stales  posscsst'd.  or  had  tlp'y  siicceeded  in 
aeipiiriiij^^  an  indep(>ndent  natioiiaiiiy,  (Ireat  Ibitain  would  have  had  a 
perlc(  t  riulit  to  insist  on  beiiiji;  imlemnified  foi'  a  peciiiiiaiy  loss  incurred 
tlirono'h  a  \iolation  by  them  of  her  iieiitralily  and  of  her  law.  The 
nationality  of  those  States  is  now  jinain  united  with  and  niefocd  in 
that  of  the  I'liited  States,  now  plaiiii  ill's  a,Ltainst  (Ileal  !bitain.  And 
th()ii,i;li,  the  compensation  beino' asked  for  losses  sulfered  b_\  individual 
Ameiican  citizens,  and  not  by  the  (loveriimenl  ot  the  I'liited  States, 
ller  MajestN's  ^'overmueiit  v,"H',  in  my  Immble  opinion,  li.^ht  in  not 
lakiii;;'  their  stand  on  siu-li  an  oitjection,  I  ci'.nnot  but  thiidv  that,  look- 
iiij;  to  all  thest!  circumstances,  this  tribunal,  in  the  exercise  of  the 
e(|iiilable  and  unlet terc<l  Jiiiisdici ion  with  which  it  is  iii\«'.sted,  nii.i*lit 
well  decline  to  add  inti-resi  lo  the  aiiiuuiit  of  the  loss  actual  I.N  sustained. 

Even  if  iutere.st  sir, mid  be  ;iiven,  it  seems  to  me  that,  as  the  liiited 
Stat<'s  mioht  hav<»  hr.d,  as  farl)ack  as  the.year  iSflM,  an  arbitration  foi- 
the  purpi^se  of  ha\  liiiL;'  these  identical  claims  iidjudicated  u|tou,  an  arbi- 
tration liavinji  bi'eii  ollered  by  (Ireat  Ibitain  jumI  accepted  by  the  Kxecu- 
liveot  the  luiitej  Sftiles,  and  haviii!;  only  lailcil  because  reieeteil  by 
the  .\eieriean  Senate,  all  claim  to  interest,  as  from  thai  date,  ••siiouUl,  as 
matter  of  etpiity.  be  tlisallo.ved  by  th<'  tribunal. 

At  all  exfiits,  I  can  see  no  reason  why,  under  ail  tlu'se  eircumstiinces, 
anythin;;' more  t.iaii  the  lowest  rate  ot  iiitenst  anywhere  pri'vailin;!'  in 
llu^  ITnited  Stale>  shmild  be  allowed,  and  1  eaunot  eon<air  in  the  rate  of  »» 
per  cent.  adopte«'>  by  the  tribunal. 

••  lii'vnc  di'  dioit  intcniutifiiml,  1«<?0,"  p,  -IT:!. 


.544 


Ainiril.'ATIoN    AT    (iHXKVA. 


I  liiivc  now  {lavcli'il  tliitni,:Lili  tin*  wide.  r!iii^;t'  ol'  this  iiM|iiiry,  ]);ii'tl.v 
ill  oidrr  to  iiliK'c  llu'  liH'ts,  (iNcr  \vlii«*li   :i  cluiid   of  piciiulicc 
li;is  been  r;ii,s«'<l,  in  tlicii'  true  li^^lit  ;  |tiiilly  to  explain  llicrca 
NOUS  which  incxcnt  my  (•oncnirin.u'  in  the  !iwai'<l  wliicli   tiu'  inajo.ily  ol 
the  tiihnnal  liavc  thoii,ulit  it  lijiht  to  jn'ononncc. 

Tlic  I'csiilt  is  that,  whih'  1  diner  IVoiii  tlic  ^ironiids  on  whicii  the  <h'- 
cision  of  tlic  tril)iinal  in  the  case  of  the  Alal)aina  is  loniided,  neverthe- 
less, owiiij;  to  the  special  circnnistances  to  whicli  1  have  hci'cinljeforc 
called  alteiition,  1  c(»ncnr  in  lioldin;^- (Ireat  JJiitain  liable  in  resj)e(;t  ol 
thnt  ship. 

With  I'cspect  to  the  i-'lorida,  on  the  best  Jnd;;ineiit  I  <';,ii  form  upon  a 
i(n  iew  of  all  the  fads,  the  cliaiim'  of  want  of  due  dilij^cnce  is  not  made 
onl.  I  cannot  concur  in  thinking-  that  anythiii};  was  left  undone  by  the 
yovernnieiit  of  Her  Majesty  whicli  <*onld  bi^  reasonably  expected  of 
them,  oithe  omission  of  which  can  Justly  subject  them  to  (he  chai'i^e  oi 
want  of  diu^  ililif^eiij'e  and  care.  1  cannot  ayriM^  that  the  law  of  (Ireat 
jlritain  should  ha\ebeen  ehaii}.;'d  because  of  the.  bi'eakin.i^"  out  of  the 
(■i\il  war.  I'irsl,  because  the  exisliiiji'  law  wasadeqiiate  to  all  tliat<*ould 
li'asonably  be  expected  ;  secondly,  because,  at  all  events,  there  was  at 
the  time  no  reason  for  belit  \in,i;'  it  other  than  snlVicient  ;  lastly,  because 
even  if  the  law  nii^hl  have  been  iiiii)roved  and  the  ha  mis  of  the  Executive 
s'iren]i4th<'ned  with  advantu};!',  the  United  States  could  have  nojiossible 
ri.i^lit  to  expecl  any  aineiidmcii'  of  the  Ibilisii  law  s.)  lon<;' as  their  own 
remained  unaltered. 

As  to  the  kSln'uandoah.  1  cannot  express  too  stroii.uly  mv  dissent  IVoni 
lln'  deci.-ioii  of  the  majoriiy. 

Not  concurrin;;' ill  the  (U'cision  as  to  the  l-'iorida  and  Shenandoah,  I 
cannot,  of  couisi',  concur  in  awarding  the  sum  which  is  lo  be  paid  on 
account  ol'  the  damaye  done  by  them. 

IIncu  if  this  wer»' otheiwise,  1  should  still  hold  the  amount  awarded 
;;,realer  than  it  should  have  been. 

Lastly,  under  the  very  special  cireumstancesont  of  which  these  claims 
have  arisen,  it  appears  to  me  that  the  alIow:'.nce  of  interest  was  uncalli'd 
ibr  and  unjnst. 

Hut  whik^  the  award  of  the  tribunal  appears  t(»  me  to  be  open  to  these 
exceptions,  I  trust  that,  by  the  Jbitish  people,  it  will  be  accepteil  with 
the  submission  ami  respect  whicli  is  <liie  to  tlit;  decision  of  a  tribunal 
by  wliC/se  award  it  has  freely  consent«'d  to  abide. 

The  I'liited  States,  on  the  other  hand,  havintj  had  the  claims  of  their 
cilizens  for  losses  sustained  c(Misiderately  weij^lu'd,  and  <'oni]»ensati()n 
awarded  in  respect  of  them,  will  see,  1  trust,  in  the,  consent  of  Gn»at 
llritain  lo  submit  these  claims  to  iteaecliil  arbitration,  an  honest  desire 
on  her  part  to  atone  for  any  jiasi  »'rr(us  or  omissions  whi(  ii  an  impartial 
jiidj>inent  iiii;;ht  tind  to  have,  existed — and  will  feel  that  all  just  cause  of 
^^lievance  is  now  icmovt d — so  that,  in  tlieti'iie  locome,  no  sens(>  of  ])ast 
wrcnij;  remaiiiin;^'  iiniedressed  will  stand  in  tin  way  t»f  the  I'riendly  and 
harmonious  relations  which  should  subsist  lH>twecn  two  jjreat  and  kind 
red  nations. 

A.  I-:.  COUKDUKX. 

(iKNKVA,  Srphiilbn'  U,  iSTl'. 


iry,  i»intly 
r  pi'cjiulicc 
aiii  tiicit'ii- 
iiaJD.ily  <tt 

i-li  the  (!«' 
,  iiovcillic 
iTciiibi'tnic 
n'spi'ct  ol 

inn  up(Mi  a 
s  not  matlt' 
lone  l>y  tilt' 
xiH'ctcd  of 
♦'  cliaiji'c  oT 
\v  of  (irt'at 

out  of  the 
1  tliat<'onl«l 
ii'Kj  was  at 
;Iy,  iM'iiaii.si' 
i>  I'xcciilivc 

no  jHissihlc 
s  t'lii'ir  own 

lis.sciit  lioiu 

iMiantloali.  I 
lie   paid  on 

nt  awaidftl 

ii-sc  claims 
as  iiucalli'tl 

lll'M  to  llu'sc 
't'ptcd  witli 
a  triixmal 

nis  of  tlii'ir 
inpcnsation 
t,  of  (hrat 
)n<'st  (It'siiT 
II  impartial 
ust  c.aiisoot' 
nsc  ol'  \y.\s\ 
VitMully  and 
t  and  kind 

Kr.i'iJN. 


V -UKIMA  OK  TIIK  SKCUKTAliV  OK  STATU,  ACKNoWLKDlilNC 

Tin-:  iikckut  ok  thk  kkpoiit  ok  thk  a(;knt  ok  tiik 

INITKO  ST.VTKS,  AND  COMMKNTINi;  I  PON  THK  Ol'INION 
OK  THK  AUnrniATOli  ArPOINTKI)  IIV  IIKIt  IJIIITANNIG 
MA.IKSTV. 


Dkpmm'mknt  of  Statk, 

Wnshhiiitoii^  (h'tolur  L'L',  1S7U. 

SiK:   I  lia\o   H'coivcd  your  i('j)oit  of  tlic  <lat(M>f  Srpti'ndn'r  L'l,  witli 
thr  ac<'«»mpanyinfi  jtrotocols  ami  award  and  ojiinions  of      x,k„„>,i,,i.„.«  ti.- 

the  jiihitrators.     I  ron^ratuIaU'  you  inost   cordially  upon    """ ""  "i -r' 

tlu'  tcrndmdiou  of  your  arduous  and  ably-conducted  labors  and 
upon  the  success  which  has  attended  the  arbitration.  The  I'resi- 
dent  directs  nu'  to  convey  to  you  and  to  the  counsi'l  who  attend«'d 
the  tribunal  on  the  part  of  ^he  Unite»l  .Stales,  and  to  the  otlu'r  ^j-entle- 
nu'U  who  were enyii;i'ed  with  >ou  at  (leneva,  the.  expression  of  histlmnks 

and  idji'h  appr<'ciation  of  the  <ireat  ability,  learniufj:,  labor,     ,,,  i.,,,,,,,.,,, 

and  devotion  to  tlu^  interests,  the  di.unity,  and  hom)r  «)f  the  '■""'' 
indion  which  each  in  his  aj>propriat<*  sphere  has  nnule  so  successfully 
conducive  to  the  very  sat isfactoiy  result  which  has  lu'cu  jcaciu'd.  This 
result  nniy  be  summarily  stated  thus:  The  I'liited  States  clainu'd  that 
(Ireat  l>ritain  had,  duiiu;;the  recent  rebellion  in  this  conidiy,  failed,  by 
act  au«l  by  omission,  to  fultill  iOwar<l  this  (iovernment  the  didies  due  iVoiu 
one  state  to  another,  an<l  that  she  was  liai)le  in  danm^ics  to  nndvc  j^ttod 
the  losses  resultin;^'  din'ctly  from  the  acts  of  seveial  vessels  which  had 
l»een  fdted  out  an«l  had  lieen  all()wed  to  depart  from  hci- ports  in  viola- 
tion of  such  duties.  The  L'nited  States  also  deemed  it  important  to 
obtain  from  the  tribunal  an  (expression  uf  opinion  whether  certain 
claims  for  indirect  or  renntte  losses,  which  liad  l>een  advanced  at  the 
tinu'  of  their  ticcnrrence.  and  had  been  tl'.e  subject  A'  much  diplo- 
nndic  correspondence,  aswell  iis  of  pnl>lic  discussion,  and  which  ha<l  not 
l»een  eliminated  in  the  previ(Uis  nc;;(>tiations  from  the  mutters  of  dilfer- 
eiice  between  the  two  yovernnwids,  did  or  did  not  constitute  ^ood 
tbundation  foi'  demand  or  award  of  <laina;;'es  between  nations. 

(Ireat  Ibitain  tienied  that  sh«'  had  failed  of  anydidy  toward  this  (lov- 
crnnu'nt,  or  that  she  was  liabh'  to  make  juood  an\  losses  result inJ,^  cither 
directly  or  indirectly,  fiom  any  such  acts. 

The  (pH'stions  at  issue  between  the  two  j^overnnumts  were  by  the 
treaty  reterred  to  the  d«'cisi(ni  of  the  llif^h  Trii»nnal  which  ««»n\(ned  at 
(leneva. 

The  arbitratois,  having'  the  case  ami  the  conntei' case  of  bo(h  ;;o\eni- 
inents  and  the  ar.t;iMnent  of  the  counsel  of  tin*  I'nitcd  States 
i)efore  them,  at  their  session  on  the  I'.Hh  of   .lune  stated  ..Mi..h,r"i'!,'iii.'i.".' 

that,  "aft«'r  tin'  nn>st  careful  peinsal  of  all  that  has  ln>en   ' '"' " 

ai';4;ed  on  the  pan  i>\'  the  (ioNcrinuent  of  the  I  nited  States  in  ri's|»cct  of 
ihes<'  claims,  they  have  arrive«l,  indiriiluallff  ami  ntlla-tinliij  at  the  con- 
clusicni  that  these  claims  do  not  constitute,  upon  the  principles  of  inter- 
national law  applicable  to  such  eases,  yood  lonndation  lor  an  award  of 
(•oinpen.salion  or  c<»mi)ntatio!i  (»f  damaj;i'-;  between  nations."     At  the 


r)4<; 


AIMHTIJATInN    AT    «.K.\KVA. 


Mill, 


Tlii';i»:i>.l(.l    III. 

lllliMlllll. 


next  iiuH'tiiiK  <><"  tiMi  iiibitratoi's  yon  stated  that  that  ••dcclaiatioii  made 
by  the  tiiltiinal,  individually  ami  «*()ll('(ti\('ly,"  •  •  *  was  "aeeepied 
by  the  IMi'sident  of  the  I'nited  States  as  ilrtmiiiiuitirr  of  tlirlr  JKilifinnil 
iil)on  tlie  important  <|iiestioii  of  pid)he  hiw  involved," 

At  tlu'  next  meet  in;;,  the  ajjent  of  Her  JJiitannie  Majesty  read  a  stat«' 
Ki.tr>  ..I  i..,i.>i,.ni  miMit  that   JI«'r  Majesty's  ^^oveinmeiit,  bein^  informed  ol 
"""'"'"•'"""''"""   the  statement  mad*'  by  you  at  the  previous  meeting,  as 
sumed  "that  the  arbitrators  will,  ujnnt  such  sttitmnnf,  thiidc  tit  now  t«» 
deelare  that   the  said  several  claims  are,  and  I'rntii  hcmrfnrtli   will  be. 
wholly  exehnled  from  llu'ir  eonsideiation,  and  will  embody  such  deela 
ration  in  their  piocttx'ol  of  this  day's   proceed in^s;*'  which  declaration, 
at  this  rcfpu'st  of  the  anient  of  the  IJiitish  .i;()\('rnment,  was  made,  thus 
ex<*lndin;:i-,  by  the  act  of  the  tril»unal,  from  futiirv  consideration   claims 
Avhich,  until  then,  had  heen  the  sultject  of  controversy. 

This  conclusi(»n  may  be  regarded  as  decisive  of  the  nonadmissi))!lity 
of  claims  for  su<'h  rcmot»'  or  constMpu'ntial  losses  as  the 
fiuimlation  of  a  dennind   for  ctunpensation  in  damage  as 
b(»tween  nations,  under  tlu>  piinciples  of  international  law. 

These  controverted  claims  beiny  thus  eliminated,  the  tribunal  pi'o- 
ceeib'd  to  the  <'onsideration  of  the  otlu'r  claims,  and  of 
the  case,  counter  case,  iind  arguments  on  either  side,  ami  on 
the  1  Ith  of  Septendur  declared  that  (Ireat  Ibitain  had,  with  respect  to 
three  of  tin-  vessels  and  four  of  their  tenders,  of  which  j'omplaint  had 
been  made,  failed  to  tullill  duties  toward  this  (lovernment,  and  awarde<i 
the  i»ayment  to  the  I'ldted  States  of  the  sum  of  >«l."),r»(M»,(HH)  in  inM,  as 
the  inch'innity  to  be  paid  by  (Jreat  Uritain  to  tin*  United  States  for  the 
satisfaction  of  all  tlu'  claims  referretl  to  the  consideration  of  tin'  tri- 
bunal. 

Your  report  bears  testimony  to  the  hi;;h  ('haracter,  the  patieid  labor. 

the   learning',  impartiality,  and  «Uy:iMty  of  beariiif;  of  the 

i.iiiv^.nIfr.r;m,!!<'''r'Ii,'.oniiiu'iit  persons  nanu'd  as  arbitrators  by  Mie  friendly  pow- 

".y''M:.iy%«"t'/'"H^^^^^^^^^^         which  complied  with  tlu^  Joint  reipiest  of  this  (lovern- 

nunt  and  that  of  Her  Ibitannic  .^^ajesty. 

Mr.  Afbims,  (Ui  this  as  on  all  occasions  of  his  public  service,  fullilled 

Mr  A.i.m. ...,,...  the  <'xpectations  to  which  his  appointment  ;;:ive  rise.     It  is 

l';,Ul'''itV-' '^' "v.;  W^^^^  b>  know  that  his  course, and  tlie  altilit,\  displayed 

'' "'  by  him,  have  recei\ed  the  acknowled^incnl  i>f  I  lev  Majesty's 

government,  t()  which  the  President  has  united  his  acknowle(ij;inent. 

I  tind  on  icf«'i'cnce  to  the  protoco!  No.  .iL',  accom|tanyin;c  your  rep(ul. 

and  <'ontaininj;  a  record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  triimna! 

■.i..mnn»oi'i"'Ti."v"  of  arl>itrati»m    «tn    the    1  Ith   of  September,   that   aftel*   tln' 

si^iualnic  ol  tlu'  decision  and  award  ol   tlie  Inluinal  by  the 

four  ass(Mit  iii^  arl»itrat(ti s,  and  after  t  he  same  had  hecn  dcli\ cred  to  the 

a;,'eiits  of  the  1  M>  ^»»vernmeiils.  Sir  Alexander  ('(wlJniiu,  the  arbili-atoi 

named  on  t'ue  part  of  (ireat  liritain,  havin<;  declined  to  assent  to  thai 

decision,  made  a  statement  of  his  own.  whicli   t!ie  liilniiial  ordered   tn 

be  recoided  as  an  annex  to  (lie  proiocol. 

It  does  not  appear  hv  the  protocol  that  the  document  whicli  was  thu.> 
Flu.   ..i :    ,  .  ord«'re<l  to  lie  annexetl  was  lend  at  the  time.    Imleed,  youi 

rend  (ir  limdr  klMi»li  t"  .»  i*^i  ^iiili  *il 

1...  ...II,.,.,,,,.  report  on  the  sul)|eet  sliuw  ■«  that  that  papei'  was  presented 

at  the  last  aioment  ot  the  linai  sittiii;;  of  the  trihui>  il,  and  that  tlie  con 
tents  lhere(»f  were  not   made  kiiovMi  to  the  olln  r  meniliers  of  the  tril»ii 
nal  ov  to  the  ;i_rnl  m-  emiiisel  (»!'  the  I   iiiled  Stales. 

I  cannot  douht  that   it   \ou   had  had  tin    opportunity  to   become   ae 
^f   ,^..  ..(piainted  Willi  tln'  (intents  (»f  this  <'xtraMrdiiiar\   documeiii 

you  would  have  fell  it  your  ri.i;ht  ami  dnl>   to  ohjeet    to  I  he 
iTception  and  liliii;;  of  a  i)aper  whicli  would  prohably  not 


Klltt.ll.!     !t%\V    I 
Ifl'IC.I   II.. 


si  I 

S(i 


|{i:i'l,Y    OF    Till,    SKCIfKTAK'Y    <  »l'    STATK. 


r.47 


iitUtn  iiiiidt' 

I'iul  ii  state 
ntornuMi  ot 
iHM'tinn',  as 
V  lit  tiow  ti» 
)•//(   will  l»i'. 

sucli  «l«'ila 
(U'<-laiati(m. 

\\\'Mh\  tlins 
itioii  olaiuis 

ulinissihilily 
jsst's  as  tilt' 

I  ilainan*'  as 

lilMinal  pro 
ims,   ami   <»!' 
•sid«',aiMl  on 

til  ITSpcrt  t(» 

iinplaint  liati 
aiMlawanU'ii 
K)  ill  ^old,  as 
tati's  for  till' 

II  (»t"  llic   tii 

Imtii'iit  labor, 
ariiip;  *>1  tli« 
Vit'iully  i»o\v- 
this  (lovciii- 

\  ice.  liillilW'tl 
»•  risi'.     It  is 
lit\  *lispla.v«'tl 
I  lor  Maji'stvV 
vl«'<ljj,iiH't»t. 
f  your  rt'porl. 
{■  "tlic  Iriitniia! 
hat    ai'tcl-  til. 
ilMinal  1\V  tin- 
livcrcil  tt»  the 
ilic  arbitratoi 
is-iiit    to  thai 
al  (Mtli'itil   t" 

hii'h  was  lliii- 
linh'cd,  yoiii 

was  pn'sciitftl 
I  hat  the  roll 
of  till'  trihi! 


Ill  Imcoiih'   ac 
laiy  (lociniuMii 
oi»i«'ct   fo  111'' 
juobahly  IK'' 


liavo  liccM  oHicially  rtH'«'ivr»l  by  thv*  trihiiiial  had  an  opportmiily  hcoii 
atVonlcd  to  iiivit«^  their  attention  to  some  of  its  retleetions  on  this  (iov- 
ernnient,  its  ajient,  and  <'ounsel. 

It  is  not  my  intention  to  discuss  or  to  comment  upon  the  tone  .iiid 
i'haracter  of  this  veiy  remaiKahle  paper,  professedly  siihinitteil  to  o,ie  of 
the  hi;;hest  trilninals  tlu'  world  has  witnessed,  sittin;^"  to  decide  seme  »>!' 
the  ^ravt'st  and  most  iinporlant  (|iiestions  ever  snhmitt«'d  t<»  peaceful 
dt'cisioii. 

iiiit  in  this  paper  (whi<'h  is  ollicially  )Hililish(Ml  in  a  siippleineiil  of  Lin; 
London  (lazette,  dated  Septemher  1*1,  IsTi')  Sir  Alexander    s„A.i-...ki.nr,. pm 
('ocklmrii  prolessedly  and  avowedly  speaks  of  himself  on  l'',";7.I^TnN"".'''.'.'i 
two  occasions  as  *•  sittinj;  on  this  trilninal  as  in  some  sense  <■"••"'"">•" 
the  ri'presentativ*'  of  (Ireat  IJritain." 

The  (iovernment  of  the  United  States  here  has  no  (tfcasion  to  pass 
jud<jfinent  on  this  attitude  of  the  arliitratov  named  liy  (ireat  Ibitain.  I 
take  tin'  fact  as  I  tind  it.  I  perceive  that  Sir  Alexander  Cockimrn. 
while  advancinju'  as  public  law  opinions  which  are '•  piiblishe<l  by  au- 
thority "  of  the  Ibitish  };'ov«'rnmeMt.  professes  to  be  in  some  sense  the 
n'presenlative  of  that  }i»)verninent.  It  Is  in  this  sense  that  lu^  speaks 
in  the  expression  of  '.';.,  uasons  tor  disseiitiiiji;  from  the  iieeision  of  the. 
other  members  of  the  tribunal,  and,  tlierefor<>,  the  (iovernnient  of  tlu^ 
United  States  may  rijiht fully  take  him  at  his  word  as  speaking' for  (J reat 
Ibitain. 
The  positions  which  he  thus  maintains  in  behai.'  and  as  th'*  repre- 

sentativ*'  «»f  his  {government  deserve  to  be  noted  for  tlu'ir     „ „.,,„,r,«, 

\alue  in  jxissible  future  (piestions.  ".\'irrX3''.i."'- 

lie  holds  that  whatever  restrictions  ilie  neutral  in   the  ' •<  H't..,,,. 

exercise  of  his  territorial  rij^hts  iiiipo»s  on  the  one  belli^-crent,  he  must 
impose  on  the  other  also. 

As  the  dis(aissi(m  ;;rows  out  of  the  case  in  which  one  of  the  bellij^er 
eiits  is  a  h';;itimate  (lovernineiit,  in  treaty  amity  with  the  neutral,  and 
the  other  a  rebel  in  arms  a};aiiisl  that  lejritimate  <iov«'riiim'nt,  it  is  to  be 
assumed  that  the  proposition  applies  with  espe<'ial  fonie  to  such  a  ease. 

He  maintains  as  a  rule  that  the  p)v«'ininent  of  a  country  can  only  be 
held  I'esponsible  lor  tlu'  breaches  of  neutrality  cimimitted  by  Its  sub- 
jects when  it  may  rtnsonulihj  be  expected  to  prevent  them.     Su<'li  a  I'lile 
seems  to  favm-  neutral  riulit  in  the  same  deforce  that  it  diminishes  neu 
tval  oltlijjaiioii,  which  it  measures  b\  the  va^jiie  standard  of  what  is  rea 
soiiable. 

lie  maintains  the  i'i;^ht  of  the  subjects  of  a  neutral  t(»  supply  to  the 
licllif,'eient  any  objects  available  for  warlike  imiposes.  includinj;'  as 
well  ships  of  war  levc"  ariiu'd  ships)  as  arms  and  munitions,  prov  ided 
the  same  be  done  aiiitun tonniio'rdnili  and  not  iiiiiiim  (uljiinnnli. 

.\  rule  so  iim|ualilied.  and  subject  only  to  the  belli^ferent  rij^ht  of 
Itlockade  and  ot  capture  for  conlraband,  is  a  voiy  broad  assertion  of 
neutral  ri;;ht. 

In  ilisciissiii}.'-  the  (pieslion  of  due  dili;;»'iice,  and  tloiii;;'  so  with  the 
actual  case  in  his  mind,  he  reduces  as  far  as  he  may  the  standard  of 
diliiieiice  ill  favor  of  the  neutral. 

He  insists  on  the  ri;>ht  of  the  neutral  vviien  called  upon  to  restrain  its 
subjects  to  |)roceed  in  coiif')rinity  with  the  spirit  of  its  lej^al  institutions, 
act'ordiii;;  to  its  <'stabiislu'd  system  ol' ufiicial  routine,  with  such  legal 
advice  as  the  {;overiiiiient  is  accustomed  to  r«'ceive. 

He  maintains  thai  the  neutral -;:'overniiient  is  not  to  be  held  respon- 
sible for  error  in  jiid;;iiient,  nor  lor  declining'  to  sei/e  a  vessel  at  the  in- 
stance i>f  the  belligerent  on  merely  siis[ii<'ious  i  in'umslaiices,  seemingly 


548 


AKHITUATION    AT    (JKNKVA. 


iiia(li>(|iiiit(>  to  convict,  nor  lor  niisciuriayc  of  Justice  tliroii^fli  sonic  mis- 
t.'ikc  of  the  courts,  nor  lor  error  ol'  Judgment  on  llic  part  ol'  subordinate 
olli(!ers  of  the  j^overnnient. 

His  views  relative  to  the  allcfjed  unfriendliness  of  the  IJritish  minis 
ter  toward  the  Unite<l  States  and  that  of  the  IJritish  subjects  and  <!ol 
onies,  amounts  to  complete  Justillcation  of  any  deiflfrce  of  si/)ni>ntlij/  on  the 
I)art  of  the  authorities  or  subjects  of  a  neutral  government  in  fa\or  of 
the  rebels  <if  any  other  government,  and  tends  to  exonerate  govern- 
inentsand  subjects  alike  from  any  obligation  of  (joodirill  toward  a  treaty 
friend,  the  sutlering  legitimate  (lovernment. 

His  (ronclusions  on   the   (piestion  of  lecognition  of  lu'lligerencfy  ac 
corded  to  rebels  in  arms  preclude  any  possible  ex«'eption  on   the.  nvon\ 
of  ]>rematureness  or  other  circun)stances. 

His  response  to  the  allegation  in  the  casj'  of  tl;  >  I'nited  States,  that 
(Ircat  Ilritain,  including  her  colonies,  was  the  arsenal,  the  navy  yard, 
and  tlu^  tr«'asury  of  the  insurgents,  assunu's  that  on  recognition  of  the 
belligeiency  of  rebels  they  becanu*  possessed  of  e«pial  right  with  tin* 
legitimate  (lovernment  in  the  i>orts  of  the  neutral.  And  yet  the  <;on 
<^essi(ni  of  belligerency  to  insurgents  d«>es  not,  in  his  view,  give  to  the 
legitimate  (Jov«'rnment  any  cause  of  complaint  against  the  neutral  gov- 
ernment. 

lie  unc(|uivocally  justities  the  use  of  the  ports  of  the  ISahamas  and 
of  ISermuda  as  cntnjints  lor  blockade-running  cargoes,  and  the  trans- 
shipment of  the  latter  into  lighter  craft,  thus  favoring  neutral  right  and 
protecting  the  «'xercise  «»f  that  right  in  a  manner  most  favorabh;  to  a 
feeble  belligerent,  and  espe<'ially  to  insurgents  as  against  their  govern 
nuMit. 

II(^  maintains  the  right  of  the  nfntral  government  to  abstain  from  the 
i'xercise  of  spontaneous  activity  for  the  repression  of  attempts  of  its 
subjects  to  violate  neutrality,  and  to  re«|uire  the  representative  of  a 
belligerent  i)ower  asking  the  aid  of  the  government  to  nndv(^  out  a  (!ase 
for  the  application  of  the  law,  just  as  it  is  left  to  do  t(»  an  ordinary 
individual  who  «lesires  to  put  the  laws  in  motion  in  order  to  obtain 
redress  in  his  own  behalf. 

Ther<*  aie  other  assertions  of  important  neutral  right,  but  these  are 
among  the  most  important.  They  seem  all  to  be  available  iii  a  possible 
future  to  the  l'nite<l  States.  They  are  announced  by  the  "  rei)resenta- 
five"  of  the  Ilritish  government  in  the  tribunal  at  (Jeiieva,  an«l  are 
"  published  by  authoiity"  of  that  government,  without  dissent  or  quali 
ficatiofi. 

It  is  not  my  i)resent  purpose  to  discuss  these  various  positions.     Some 

•  nt,,,.,i  ii,„ of  them  are  in  evident  conl'ornjity  with  the  views  of  public- 

n-'nir;,?  nlii/.V '",',,1  pt)!iey  hitherto  expressed  or  practiced  by  thi'  United  States, 

' «" '  but  not  always  admitted  by  (Ireat    Ilritain,  while  some  of 

theuj  are  in  (jualitication,  if  not  in  substance,  the  result  of  modern 
events,  and  especially  of  recent  controversy  between  the  United 
States  and  (Ireat  Ilritain.  It  needs  but  the  most  cursory  glance  at 
the  mass  of  corresi)ondence  and  of  otlier  documentary  matter  submitted 
to  the  tribunal  of  arbitrati«)n  to  see  how  thoroughly  tlie  renionstrancjcs 
and  protestations  of  the  (Jovernment  of  the  United  States  against  the 
condiU!t  of  (Ireat  Ilritain  have  quicki'uedand  stimulated  the  l<]uropean, 
and  above  all  the  Ilritish,  mind  into  more  careful  examination  and 
more  complete  p.-rception  of  the  rights  and  obligations  of  neutral 
powers,  for  the  qiu'stion  of  rights  is  inseparable  from  that  of  obli 
gations.  In  excry  case  of  war  we  liavt^  to  consider  alike  what  are 
the  rights  of  the  neutral  as  a<;ainst  both  belligci-ents,  and  what  are  its 


solium  mis- 
iboi'dinnto 

tish  minis 
ts  and  <'«)1- 
nth}/  on  the 
n  favor  of 

[V    JifOVlTU- 

nl  a  treaty 

erciicy  ac 
tlic  s('or«^ 

»tatos,  that 
navy-yard, 
ition  of  the 
lit  with  the 
ct  the  <;on 
jiivo.  to  tlu' 
(Mitral  }nn- 

hanias  and 
1  the  trans- 
1  rif^ht  and 
orabh?  to  a 
cir  <;()Vi'rn 

in  from  the 
npts  of  its 
tativc  of  a 

ont  a  case 
n  ordinary 

to  obtain 

t  (lu'Sf  arc 
a  possibh^ 
roprcsonta- 
a,  and  an' 
nt  or  <[uali 

)ns.  Some 
s  of  public* 
ted  States, 
ile  some  of 
of  modern 
»e    United 

fjlance  at 
•submitted 
onstranees 
ipiinst  the 

l^uropean, 
tuition  and 
of  neutral 
at  of  obli- 
\  what  are 
lat   are  its 


in.i'i.v  OK  Tin:  si-.ckm.takv  or  statk 


r)4i) 


duties  as  respects  either  bellry^erent.  In  j'Ifeet,  the  occurrence  of  war 
between  any  two  ])owers  involves  nu>re  oi-  less  modilication  of  the  free- 
dom of  action  of  the  neutral,  (Mther  by  land  or  by  s<'a.  lint  freedom  of 
action  is  the;4eMeral  rij;ht  of  eveiy  sovereij^n  powi'r, although  in  time  of 
war  such]»oweryieldsa  jtortion  of  its  iVeedom,  that  is,  of  its  general  ri;;ht, 
to  the  Just  demand  of  one  or  the  otiicr  of  the  bellij;;erents.  It  should  Iw 
expc(!te«l  to  yield  the  least  possible  of  that  j^'cneral  freedom  that  will 
aUow  it  to  be  neiitiiil  in  fact,  for  this  constitutes  the  iibli^ation  of  the 
neutral.  On  the  other  hand,  each  belli<;('rent  is  entitled  to  demand  of 
the  neutral  in  profession  that  it  should  b(^  lUMitral  in  fact.  The  Tnited 
States  hav(^  had  occasion  to  look  practically  at  both  sides  of  the  ipies- 
tion,  and  th(>refore  sonu'tinu's  to  assert  neutral  duties,  whih^  mon*  {•en- 
erally  asserting;  neiitial  ri;;hts  and  the  jmlicy  of  peaite,  to  such  extent 
and  umler  su<Mi  circumstances  as  to  have  rendered  the  United  States  the 
ehampion  of  neutral  ri;;lits,  and  thus  by  moral  intluence  to  have  acted 
l»otentially  on  the  couise  of  excnls  in  lOurope. 

History  n'peats  itself. 

1  cannot  err,  therefore,  in  thinkin;;'  it  important  to  note  for  future 
menuiry  the  positions  in  this  respect  maintaiiUMl  by  the  n.r  ,„M.,rt,„,r.ni 
"representative  "  of  the  Jiritish  jnovi'rnnu'ut  at  (Jeneva,  and  'r/;:Vl':, J,;,," V "I 

that  representative  the  Lord  Chief  ,Iustice  of  Kn.uland.  i;,".;,""' '"'" 

I  am,  sir.  voui"  obedient  sei'vant, 

IIAMll/lON   FISH. 


Ib)n.  .).  U.  r.ANCKdiT  Davis, 

tlv..  dr. 


a-c, 


■ 


VI -ilKI'OUT  (U-  TlIK  ('OINSKI.  OK  TIIK  UMTi:i)  STATKS. 


Washington,  Xni'nnlur  \i:>,  I.S7l'.    (liO<'t'iv(Ml  Novomhcr  LMI.) 

SiK:  \\v  liav<*  tlir  liotior  to  ropurl  tliat,  in  rontonnit.v  with  .voiir  in 
Htniction  of  tlu'  .Stii  of  Dj'j'nnbcr,  1H71,  wo  i«'piiir«Ml  to  lMuo|m  at  as  early 
a  day  tlu'n'altcr  as  possiljlr,  in  tli«'  disrliai'^'r  of  our  duty  as  ('oimscl  of 
tlit>  riiil*><l  States  hi'foi'c  the  tiihuiial  of  arhitialion  cstahiisht'd  liy  tite 
treaty  of  Wasliinjiton. 

While  occupied  in  the  preparation  of  tiie  Counli'r  Case  of  tlie  I'niled 
States  and  of  tlie  ;>'eneral  ai'^^'iinuMit,  in  their  i»ehalf,  we  found  it  advan- 
taji'.'ons  to  dwell  in  I'aiis  for conNcnience  of  access  to  hooks  of  diplomacy 
and  jnris|)rudence,  and  also  of  ready  coinniiinication  with  lioudon  and 
with  \\'ashinj,'ton. 

In  dune  we  proceedeil  to  (Jeneva,  and  continued  there  until  the  close 
of  the  proceeding's  Itelore  the  arliitrators,  oceu]>ied  in  constant  attend- 
ance on  them,  and  in  the  preparation  and  presentation  of  \arious  ad- 
ditional ar;;°nnu>nts  in  response  to  such  ar^^unuMits  as  had  been  sitecili- 
cally  recpiired  of  (ireat  Ihitain  by  the  tiilninal.  \\\'.  reter  the  Depart- 
ment to  the  Counter  ( 'ase  and  doennnMitsacconipanyin^^'  tlie  sanu',  to  the 
main  arj;ument  in  liehalf  of  llu'  I'nited  Stales,  to  the  successive^  subse- 
(|inMit  arj;iiments,  and  to  the  i'orrespondence  ol  the  a;;'ent  «)f  the  UnitiMl 
States,  for  completi^  infonindion  re;j[ardin^'  our  acts  as  counsel  I'or  the 
(iovernmenl. 

In  n(»w  terminatin;;'  our conntM-lion  with  this ;;reat  international  cause, 
we  be;,'  to  b«'alIow«'d  to  express  the  hope  that  the  I'lcsident  will   see  in 
the  final  award  of  the  tiibunal  ])roof  that  we  have  not  been  wanting;  to 
the  important  trust  which  he  conlided  to  us. 
And  we  renniin,  «.^c., 

('.  ('i;siiiN(j. 
WM.  :\r.  KVAirrs. 

M.   K.  WAITIC. 


I'ATKS. 


VII -ArPKNDIX. 


ribor  L'O.) 

h  your  in 
at  as  ciuiy 

I'OllllSl'l    of 

10(1  l)y  till! 

Ilic  riiitod 
I  it  iulvaii- 
ili|>li)ina('y 
oiidoii  anil 

I  tin'  close, 
lit  attciid- 
arioits  ad- 
cii  siH'ciCi- 
w,  Depart- 
line,  to  (he 
ive  subse- 
lu^  Ignited 
sel  I'or  the 

nal  (;aiis(>, 
vill  see  in 
vantiii''  to 


n:. 


OI'IMONS  ol'.sTATi;s.M!:\,  M.UJA/.INT.S  AM»  .Ktl  h'NALS  ol"  (JK'KAT  liiniAIN 

AMI  Tin;  <<>\tim;m'  <»\    iin;  constimjction  ok  thk  tkhaiv  of 
\VASiii\(;in\. 


{■'.iIi'iIvIh  ffoiit  Mlinilii^  iiiiiilf  ill  It  (liliiili   ill  llir  llunxi  nf  f.onl-^,   \lli  of  Jiiiii,  ]• 


I  l''l'cilll   the  Til 


it    .IlllK 


I 


'I'll. 


I',  MM.  ol    I>i:i;in   rdsr  mikI  s;ii(l  : 

••  I'.vt  rylnxly  Kiiow.s  tli:it  \\r  piil  one  (•(iii>t nicl iuii  <iii  tlir  tiriit  v  anil 
tliiil  till' Anii'i'iran  iii'<riiliiiliirs  |)iit  aiiotliiT.  1'lii-  iiiilili>  rail  |  I'.ari  <iiiiiiviili>]  st  a  led  thai 
In-  riiin'civi'd  llic  iiiclii-cct  clainis  witc  fxclmlril  l>y  tin'  lit'aly  as  it  Mtaiids.  Now.  tlial 
iiiattiT  lia.s  IxM'ii  aluimlanllv  ilisciH.scil  in  liotli  liniiscs,  in  cvi'iy  new  spapiT,  in  cvny 
ltri\  all- .Mxicty,  ami  I  tliiiii<  tin-  \riy  iitimist  tor  wliicli  any  one  iiiirniiiiccli'il  witli  Hie 
^{ovcriiiiit'iit  lia.s  4'N('r  (•(inti'iiilcil  is  this,  lliat  tin'  laiii^naiji' of  tin-  liciity  was  .so  saj^nc, 
sc  aiiiliiniii'iis.  .-(•  nnccrtain.  tliat  it  may  1>"  con.strni'd  I'ltlici' way,  ami,  IIii'I'i'I'iiit,  tnir 
('(Hixti'iii'liiiii  was  as  aiiinissilili'  as  tliat  )>nt  upon  it  l>y  tin' nllicr  sidi-.  Now  I  do  nut 
tliink  lliat  '  i  a  iiialtir  of  siicli  I'mii'ininis  impovtaiii'i'.  al'trr  tin'  plain  wainini^  wliicli 
had  Ix'cn  ^i\  en  lis  hy  I  he  speech  ol'  Mr.  Siiinm'f,  al'tef  t  lie  e\ideiiee  w  e  had  had  of  t  In- 
iinnieiise  eonseiim-nee  \'.  liieli  t  he  Aiiierieaii  ( io\  eininenl  ami  ]>i-ople  allaeh  to  these 
indireet  claims,  ,'ind  the  pertinacity  with  which  llicy  had  iii'u<'d  tJieni,  I  d)  md  think 
it  is  a  I  all  niir4>a>oiial)le  to  say  that  in  a  matter  of  that  kind  iineert:iint\  and  anihi;;nit\ 
in  the  lan^na;;e  ol  the  docameiit  to  which  yon  niii.sl  anpeal  as  the  siipi)  me  authority 
upon  tile  niattei'  are  not  likely  to  inspire  eonlidence.  I  will  nut  ;;(i  inio  the  eonlioversy 
raiNcd  l>y  my  nolde  IViend.  He  says  the  indirect  eniins,  even  if  in  the  treaty, 
are  waived  in  the  protocid.  and  he  referred  to  the  i|iiestioii  wliicli  has  often  been  dis- 
cussed as  to  the  meanin;;  <tf  tiie  win'ds  'amicalde  settlei.-ienl.'  Now,  tin-  obvious 
aii-'wer  to  that  has  often  been  <;i\  en.  An  arbitration  is  not  an  i.tnicable  settlement.  It 
i.M  a  means  by  which  an  amicable  settlement  may  be  airived  ai  but  it  is  not  itself  a 
settlement.  I  do  not  want  to  y;o  into  that  i|nestion.  for  it  is  enon,rh  for  my  aifiiiment 
to  say  that  in  a  matter  of  this  kind,  with  the  full  knowledn;e  tb.it  w(>  Jiave  had  of 
what  was  claimed  by  the  other  side,  and  considering  the  immense  ini|iortanee  of  the 
matter  at  issue,  there  oiij^hl  to  have  been  no  doubt  or  uncertainty." 
Loi(i>  Caiiins  Haid: 

*  •  *  •  "We  have  )md  cnnllictiu;;;  views  as  to  Ihti  ooMMtnictiim  of  the 
treaty  fully  before  us;  and  now  I  tell  the  noble  earl  that  I  accept  Iii.s  referouco  to 
Judicial  elainiH  an  no  compliment,  accompanied,  as  it  is  w  ith  a  sneer  that  I  am  capa- 
bii^  of  inakin;;  a  coiiHtruetion  of  a  ducument  in  one  ]>  ace  ilill'er  from  that  I  should 
give  in  another.  [Loud  ej.eers.j  My  lords,  I  will  tell  li'e  i  d)le  earl  .souiethiiif;  more. 
iio  Hays  he  talked  with  a  ,jn<l>;e  half  an  Innir  before  he  entered  this  house,  and  lie  said 
that  the  indirect  elaim.s  were  (dearly  inadmissible.  'J'he  noble  4'arl  speaks  of  what  Imih 
been  said  by  very  learned  jtcrsons  in  this  country  and  <d.s(;where,  but  lie  <|uite  niisiiii- 
derstaiids  what  those  learned  persons  spoke  about.  What  I  understand  them  to  be 
talking  about — and  1  i|nite  a^ree  with  them  — I  believt^  that  no  jud^re  would  say  that 
these  indireet  claims  could  be  admitted  tor  a  moment ;  but  that  is  not  the  (jiiestiou  ; 
tliei  i|uestion  is,  whether  the  liantls  of  the  tribunal  at  (icnuva  are  suilieiently  tied  anil 
IioiiikI  so  that  they  would  not  be  the  Jiidp-s  to  say  whether  the.se  »ni  piod  claims  or 
bad  i'laims.  [Hear,  hear.]  That  is  what  we  want  to  know — that  is  what  my  noblo 
•uid  learned  friend,  who  spoki^  last  but  one,  put  very  fairly.  He  said,  with  re;;ard  to 
't'f  supplementary  article,  that  what  the  eoinmi.ssioners  on^lit  to  Inive  done,  if  they 
1..  I  ninlerstuod  their  busines.s,  was  to  have  added  a  new  article  toexelnde  these  claiius. 
'  ';;ree  that  the  claims  are  ]ire))osterous,  and  that  tln^  country  and  the  ^overiiini^iit 
ucser  meant  to  entertain  them.  Itiit  tin;  ijuestion  is,  what  (Ui^rht  to  be  our  view  as  to 
th<^  <'onstrnction  of  this  treaty  1  The  nobli^  mari|nis,  the  president  of  the  conneil, 
taunted  the  noble  mar<|uis  behind  me  with  luivin;;  thought  it  consistent  with  his  tluty 
to  make  observations  which  were  hiyiilv  in  favor  of  the  American  view  of  the  case. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


"113^    iiiii  o  J 


116 


2.0 


lA  IIIII  1.6 


V} 


^ 


o 


W    '"/'. 


e-M 


'S*4"/  ^' 


^m  % '- 

^M  c.?, 

^1».         « 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


r\  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14380 

(716)  873-^503 


A' 


«►"    %P. 


1? 


^5 


o52 


AR1'.!TH.\T[<)\    AT    CKXEVA. 


'"I  (liiic  say  I  Sliiill  bo  tiiniitcd,  p<!iliiii)s,  in  ilio  huiiK^  w.iy.  lint  I  will  ti'll  tln>  noble 
niiinini.s  wliiit  I  consider  consistent  with  my  «lnty.  I  consider  it  cnnsistent  with  my 
duty  to  six'iik  the  truth — [cheers] — and  I  don't  care,  whether  it  chinwH  in  with  the 
views  of  the  Govtu'unient  of  the  United  .States  or  the  <;overnnu'nt  of  this  country. 
[Hear,  liear.]  The  noble  earl  opposite  taunted  me  with  having  an  opinion  on  this 
sultject  -which  I  am  afraid  to  express.  I  iro  further,  and  say  that  in  my  belief  the 
strong  arf^nment  with  the  United  States  is  not  to  insist,  as  tlie  fjovcrnment  have  in- 
sisted, that  the  construction  of  this  treaty  is  free  from  all  ambijrnity.  The  };overn- 
luent  luiver  made  a  ;;ieater  mistake  than  '.vhen  they  went  to  the  United  States  in  the 
lirst  instance,  and  said  to  them,  'You  arc  making  claims  not  only  against  all  principle, 
but  in  ilaj>rant  opposition  to  the  treaty.' 

" I  say,  generous  and  high-spirited  men  could  not  have  endured  language  of  that 
kind  without  nuiking  a  contest  and  struggle  against  it.  LHeii^',  hear.]  IS'ow,  I  tell 
the  iiobh;  earl  my  view  alxnit  the  constru(;tion  of  this  treaty.  The  piime  minister 
says.theri!  is  no  andtiguity ;  that  no  san(;  jierson  could  bav<!  ever  entered  into  a  treaty 
which  had  such  a  construction  as  America  had  put  on  it.  Tiie  noble  earl  himself,  1 
l)e!ieve,  in  Ids  disjiatches  uses  language  peculiarly  strong  in  regard  to  the  construction 
of  the  treaty.  The  commissioners  tell  us  they  were  resjtousiljle  tor  having  rciprescMiteil 
to  thogovermnent  that  tlu-y  understood  a  promise  to  be  given  tiiat  these  claims  would 
not  be  i)ut  forward  by  the  U'nited  States,  and  to-night  the  noble  earl  said  that  on  a 
particular  day  the  government  received  a  comnuinication  from  the  comuussioners  say- 
ing that  the  claims  were  not  to  be  put  forward. 

"What  is  the  meaning  of  this  ?  Why  -weri!  the  comudssiouers  to  write  to  the  gov- 
ernment and  say  that  a  promise  was  given  that  these  claims  would  not  be  put  forward 
if  th(!  treaty  was  free  of  ambiguity  ?  The  two  tlungs  cannot  staiul  together.  Take 
whicii  you  like — the  treaty  is  umimbignous,  or  adndt  that  it  is  not  clear,  and  mat  on 
the  promise  givtni  by  the  comnd.ssioners;  but  you  cannot  hav(^  both.  1  b(diev(!  t/!uit  if 
you  refer  any  breaidi  of  duty  to  the  decision  of  a  tribunal,  that  tribunal,  nidess  you  tie 
Tip  its  hands,  will  have  the  right  to  say  what  are  the  extent  and  the  amount  of  the 
danuige  done.  *  *  *  *  #  #  * 

"I  adndt  that  in  Mr.  Adams's  time,  the  indirect  claims  bad  not  been  distinctly  stated  ; 
but  in  18(iH-'(il>we  had  di.stinct  authority  as  to  what  had  lieconu;  known  as  the  Alabama 
claims.'  That  authority  is  the  noble  earl  opposite,  who,  last  year,  before  this  contro- 
versy had  arisen,  described  to  the  house  what  the  Alabama  claims  liad  by  otHcial  cor- 
respondence come  to  mean.  (Jommenting  on  tln!  terms  of  the  Staidey-Johnsou  and 
Clarendon-.lohn.soii  conventions,  the  noble  earl  said  the  claims  of  the  American  Gov- 
ernment had  come  to  conclude  everything,  and,  therefore,  that  under  the  reference 
proposed  in  those  conventions,  almost  uidimited  damages  nnght  have  been  awarded  to 
the  American  Government.  lEow  then  can  it  be  .said  that  the  Alabama  claims  repre- 
Hcnted  a  bundle  of  strictly  delined  claims,  and  that  the  term  could  not  possibly  be  ex- 
tended beyond  these  ?  The  next  argument  is  that  the  proto(;ol  of  the  4th  of  Jlay  con- 
tains a  waiver  by  vi  e  American  GovernnuMit  of  the  indirect  claims.  I  wish  I  could 
lind  it  to  be  so;  but  I  do  not  (ind  that  the  American  Government  waived  anything. 
[Hear,  hear.]  The  American  connni.ssioners  simjily  said  they  wanted  us  to  give  them 
ii  lump  sum ;  and  in  the  hope  of  our  doing  so  they  would  not  estimate  for  the  i)resent 
the  amount  of  the  indirect  claims. 

"After  referring  to  the  indii'cct  injury  accrinng  from  the  transfer  to  the  British  ilag  of 
a  large  part  of  the  American  mercaut'ile  nuirine,  enhanced  rates  of  insurance,  the  pro- 
longation of  the  wai',  and  the  largo  sum  necessarily  re(|uired  for  this  and  for  the  sup- 
pression of  the  rel)ellion,  the  protocol  say.s:  'In  the  hope  of  an  anncablo  settlement, 
(meaning  the  payment  of  a  lump  sum,)  no  estimate  Avas  nuide  of  the  indirect  losses, 
AVithout  prejudice,  however,  to  tiie  right  of  indemnification  iu  the  event  of  no  such  set- 
tlement being  made.'  In  this  I  can  see  no  waiver  whatever.  I  have  no  fault  to  find 
with  the  nuinner  in  which  the  noble  earl  conducts  the  argument  on  this  point  in  his 
correspondence.  The  whole  of  the  case  on  this  subject  is  stated  l»y  him  with  great 
fairness  and  frankness,  and  it  is  surely  better  to  be  frank  and  fair  than,  ostrich-like,  to 
run  our  heads  into  the  sand  and  fancy  that  this  secures  our  safety.  The  noble  earl's 
argument  is  that  the  waiver  of  the  indirect  claims  in  the  event  of  the  amicable  settle- 
ment proffered  by  the  American  connnis.sioners  was  a  waivei  whi(!h  applied  to  any 
form  of  amicable  settlement,  and,  therefore,  applied  to  the  form  proposed  by  the  liritisii 
conmnssioners,  and  accepted  by  the  United  States.  That  is  the  wiiole  arguinoni  on 
this  part  of  the  case.  The  American  commissioners,  iu  the  hope  of  an  amicable  settle- 
ment by  the  payment  of  a  gross  sum,  madt»  no  estimate  of  the  indirect  losses;  the 
British  conunissioners  declined  such  a  mode  of  settlement,  and  Her  Majesty's  govern- 
ment nuiintain  that  the  American.'i  were  bound  not  to  put  forward  those  claims,  what- 
ever Ihe  form  of  settlement.       *»»#»### 

"  I  believe  the  first  coi)y  of  the  American  Case  was  furnished  to  the  foreign  oflice  on 
the  17th  of  December,  au<l  that  twelve  additional  copies  were  supplied  on  the  llUh  of 
that  nu)idh.  \\v.  all  know  that  the  nol)le  enrl  oitjiosito  was  sufiering  from  illness  at 
tlie  time;  an<l  I  am  gure  that  there  is  no  one  among  us  who  would  impute  to  him  that 


APl'KNDIX. 


Ar.s 


:rll  tlii>  iioblo 
tent  with  my 
i  in  with  tli(^ 
this  country, 
nion  on  this 
iiy  l)(;liet'  the 
(Mit  have  in- 
Tlic  jj;ovorn- 
StafcH  in  the 
ail  piineiiile, 

iiia<fo  of  that 
Now.  I  tell 
inic  ininistrr 
into  a  treaty 
111  hinisell",  1 
construction 
f  i(!jn'os('nt('il 
claims  would 
iiid  that  on  a 
issioiH'i's  sav- 


thcro  was  any  nuncccssary  delay  on  his  ]iai'r,  or  who  does  not  synipatlii/e  wish  liini  in 
the  position  n»  whieii  ho  was  plaeed.  That,  hoivever,  is  not  the  (luestion.  I  do  not 
know  whether  many  of  your  hudships  have  looki'd  at  tlie  case  of  JIm;  American  <lovern- 
mcnt.  Theni  is  an  (dd  sayinj;',  which  is  applieahle  to  it,  to  Die  I'tfeet  tiuit  he  who  runs 
may  road.  Yon  could  see  from  the  very  title-) )ai;(i  of  tlu'ir  case  tirat  they  were  nuikinj;- 
these  claims.  And  who  were  at  tiie  fiirei;r|i  otlicr  at  the  time  .'  There  was  Lord  Ton- 
terden,  who,  as  the  noble  earl  saiil,  was  one  of  the  very  IVav  uwn  in  Enj;land  who  were 
thoroughly  aci|uainted  with  this  (nu^srion.  There  was  also  Mr.  llanunoud,  at  t!l(^  ior- 
eijfu  ofhce,  and  I  confess  I  can  hardly  Ixdieve  that  when  Lord  Teutenlen  or  Mr.  Ham- 
mond opened  the  first  copy  oftlw  American  Cat",  either  could  have  failed  to  sc(?  in  the 
"course  of  five  minutes  that  thv.  I'nitcid  .States  (iovernnuMit  wert;makiu<5  those;  claims — 
claims,  the  surrender  of  which  was  prodainu.'d  by  tlie  noble  earl  opposite*  to  be  the 
price  of  tlie  treaty.  [Hear.  |  A  month  alter  this,  on  ihe  If^tli  of  .January,  the  cabinet 
sat,  and  althoufj;h  I  can  ima;,dne  that  the  fallinj;-  of  a  bomb-shell  could  scarcely  have 
created  <;reater  suri)rise  anil  eonsternatiitn  anionic  them  than  the  Amin-iiNiu  Case,  yet 
some  considerable  tium  was  aliowi'd  to  ela))se  before  iinytliiuf;'  was  done,  althoui;h  the 
matter  lay  on  thio  surface.  The  (lUi'stion  was  one  not  so  much  lor  the  law-advisers  ol 
the  Crown  as  fortho  ministers  who  had  nej^otiatcd  the  treaty,  and  who  had  infornic'i 
the  countiy  that  its  ])rice  was  the  suircndcr  of  the  indirect  claiuw." 


e  to  th«!  }i;o\- 
'  put  forward 
fether.  Take 
r,  and  rest  on 
lelieve  tyluit  if 
unless  you  tie 
luount  of  the 

inetly  stated ; 
stho  Alabauui 
e  this  coutro- 
)y  otHcial  cor- 
r.Johnson  and 
incrican  Gov- 
thc  reference 
n  awarded  to 
claims  repre- 
ossibly  be  ex- 
;i  of  May  cor,- 
wish  I  could 
ed  anythinj;. 
to  li'ivo.  them 
r  the  i)resent 

UritisU  Uajj;  of 
mec,  the  pro- 
l  for  the  sup- 
e  settlement, 
idirect  losses, 
f  no  such  sot- 
fault  to  find 

point  in  his 
n  with  great 
itrich-like,  to 
noble  earl's 
icable  settle- 
plied  to  any 
>y  the  IJri  tisli 
arjjuinent  on 
icable  settle- 
t  losst  8 ;  the 

sty's  govcrn- 

dainiH,  what- 

#  # 

\<rn  otiiee  on 
1  the  19th  of 
(ini  illness  at 
i;  to  him  that 


ir. 

/•'jiracl  from  r'ntni'f'n  M(i;ia:iii<',  Murvli,  l~7".i. 

*"*'■**  We  cannot  l)ut  deeply  rei^ret  the  whole  course  of  procc<lurt}  which 
has  been  i)ursned  by  us,  both  iu  ollicial  and  non-otilicial  (piarters,  since  the  |Hiblication 
of  the  American  Case.  "\Vhat(!ver  "  blinulerin<>' ''  may  have  Ijcen  evinced  in  the  di'aw- 
iu<>-  nj)  of  the  unfortunati;  treaty,  there  has  been  much  more,  and  more  unseemly  and 
perilous  blumlerin;;'  since,  in  the  babel  of  clann»raud  denunciation  with  whicli  the  pnv 
tensions  put  forward  in  the  American  Case,  founded  upon  it,  have  been  ree-eived.  In 
this  remark  we  refer  not  so  nuich  to  the  press,  which  is  "  nothinf>'  if  not  critical,"  and 
which,  havinj^  no  recofrnized  authority,  incurs  none  of  that  rtjsponsibility  which 
attaches  to  authority.  We  utterly  reject  and  discountenance  the  unworthy  sn<;jje8- 
tion  put  forth  by  some  Aniericm  Journals,  that  the  meanin<jless  and  ignoble  cry  of  dis- 
tress and  remonstranct*  which  brok(j  out  fnnn  "the  usual  organs  of  public  opinion  "  ou 
tins  subject  at  the  beginning  of  the  year,  was  instigated  by  Her  Majesty's  nnnisters, 
Avith  a  view  of  diverting  attention  from  other  disagreeable  <iuestions  which  they  felt 
to  bo  impending  over  their  heads,  or  e\'en  of  removing  from  their  own  shoulders!  the 
weight  of  any  odium  which  might  attach  to  all  who  had  had  any  part  in  this  unfortu- 
nate ati'air  of  Washington  ;  but  we  at  tjic  .same  time  think  it  to  bo  a  circumstance 
nnich  to  be  deplored,  tlmt  those  ministers  should  have  so  far  forgotten  the  dignity  of 
their  station,  and  that  of  the  sovereign  whose  servants  they  are,  as  to  allow  themselves 
to  follow,  and  to  drag  the  Crown  with  them  in  the  wake  of  such  a  nuserable  escapade. 
The  conduct  of  ministers,  instead  of  being  such  as  to  re-assure  public  feeling,  and  to 
support  the  character  of  the  country  before  surrounding  nations,  has  been  undiguifitd, 
and  full  of  iuconsi.stencies,  as  well  as  being,  as  we  believe,  utterly  without  precedent 
in  the  history  of  international  relations.  It  was  without  precedent,  witliout  Justilica- 
tiou,  and  at  the  cost  of  infinite  inconvenience  and  scandal,  that  the  government  intro- 
duced into  tho  Queen's  speech  any  reference  at  all  to  matters  in  dispute,  wliich  liad 
been  formerly  delegated  to  the  discretion  of  a  tribunal  of  arbitration. 

It  was  a  still  greater  violation  of  the  rules  of  eticiuette  applicable  in  such  cases,  as 
well  as  a  derogation  of  the  dignity  of  the  nation,  to  add  that  "  a. friendly  communica- 
tion "  had  been  made  to  the  Governient  of  ti-.e  United  States,  with  a  view,  as  was 
understood,  of  inducing  them  to  withdraw  from  and  recall  part  of  the  "Case"  whieli 
they  had  iu  due  form,  and  according  to  the  provisions  of  the  treaty,  placed  before  the 
tribunal.  Hut,  in  truth,  wh.atever  hope  there  might  have  been  of  extracting  anything 
from  tho  generous  humor  of  the  Governnient  ou  tho  other  side  of  tho  Atlantic  though 
this  humiliating  appeal  was,  on  the  very  evening  when  tho  fact  was  announced, 
dashed  to  tho  ground  by  tho  violent,  dognnitic,  and  ollensive  language  of  tho  intract- 
able premier,  who,  far  from  imitating  the  Judicious  reserve  of  the  noble  lord,  his  col- 
league, at  the  head  of  the  foreign  ottice,  noisily  challenged  tho  whole  world  to  dispute 
his  own  construction  of  tho  terms  of  tho  treaty  as  being  "  the  meaning,  the  only  mean- 
ing, the  rational  meaning,  tho  direct  gramnuitical  meaning."  Now,  to  any  one  with 
more  disciindnatiiig  perceptions  than  Mr.  (Jladstone,  such  a  declaration  as  this  could 
only  imply  that  the  Government  of  tho  United  States,  supposing  it  to  be  gifted  with 
Oidinary  intelligence,  must  have  been  guilty  of  deliberate  dislionesty  and  attempted 
extortion,  in  putting  forward  demands  whicli  were  to  bo  thus  emphatically  repudiated 


554 


AUIUTKATION    AT    GKNKVA. 


by  the  ri^lit  lioiioralile  jfciitlcmaii.  Could  it  lie  woiult'icd  at  if  Uw  Littor  Govcniuiuiit 
ill  tilt!  full  coiiHciousuess  of  tlio  iulditioiiiil  stit'Ufjth  which  its  oj^iioiiciit's  fatuous  di.s- 
play  of  weakness  has  atl'oidod  theiii,  should,  without  betiayiiijj  any  show  of  irritated 
fceliii;;,  simply  roply  to  our  "  fi  iendly  coninmnication  "  by  announciii<j  their  determi- 
nation to  leave  the  \vh(de  matter,  lumu  its  merits,  in  the  hands  of  the  arbitrators:' 
This  we  are  inclined  to  lielieve  that  thej'  actually  did  "  by  return  of  cable,"  though  Mr. 
Gladstone,  in  reply  to  an  imjuiry  a  few  days  aj;;),  stated  that  the  fjovernineiit  had  not 
received  any  oflicial  rejily,  and  did  not  expect  to  receive  one  till  tiie  1st  of  March  ; 
which  would  thus  enable  them  and  the  coiuitiy  to  tide  over  the  "  Thanksgiving  Day'' 
in  peaceful  insouciance. 

lint,  indeed,  even  had  Mr.  Gladstone,  doing  violence  to  liis  nature,  been  ever  so 
courteous  and  conciliatory  in  tone,  and  the  Washington  Government  ever  so  gener- 
ously dis)»osed,  how  could  the  latter,  with  any  n^gard  to  thi^ir  responsibilities  and  the 
<lignity  of  statesmauship,  make  any  other  rejdy  than  we  presume  them  to  have  done  '! 
Iiidivi<luals  acting  on  their  own  account,  and  rulers  of  states,  having  the  inten;sts  of 
their  constituent  iiiemlxns  in  their  hands,  are  very  dilFerently  situated,  and  must  act 
upon  different  inineijdes  in  resjiect  of  enforcing  claims,  or  demanding  reparation  for 
injuries — a  subject  very  clearly  treated  of  by  the  liighest  juridical  authorities.  An  indi- 
vidual, acting  on  his  own  account,  may  permit  motives  of  kindness  or  Aveaknes.s  to 
intluence  him  in  abstaining  from  pressing  to  the  fullest  extent  his  Just  claims,  and 
«'ven  ill  iiardoniiig  an  injury  received.  IJnt  the  sovereign  of  a  state,  who  is  but  the 
trustee  f)f  the  rights  of  his  subjects,  may  not  exercise  a  discn^tion  of  this  sort,  unless 
justified  l)y  sjiecial  considerations,  I'enderiug  it,  in  his  oiiinion,  exjiedieiit  in  the  gen- 
eral interests  of  the  state.  There  is  always,  in  the  ease  of  states,  in  aihlilion  to  the 
consideration  of  the  simi>le  material  advantages  in  dispute,  the  character  of  the  nation 
for  honor  and  magnanimity,  which  must  not  be  snti'ered  to  \n',  brought  in  (|uesti<>n. 

And  this  brings  us  to  the  reflection  that  there  are  other  jiarties  beside  the  actual  liti- 
gants who  are  entitled  to  honorable  considi.'rarion  in  this  niiitter,  l)ut  who,  unfortu- 
nat(dy,  have  been  by  implication  subjected  to  unexampled  indignity  through  the  irreg- 
ular discussions  which  liavts  been  permitted  to  take  ))lace,  namely,  the  worthy  mem- 
bers of  the  Geneva  court  of  arbitration  and  the  sovert^ign  states,  who,  at  the  joint  re- 
quest of  the  contending  i)artics.  have  nominated  them. 

It  need  scarcely  be  pointed  out  that  in  matters  in  litigation  before  an  ordinary  tribu- 
nal the  discussion  of  a  ease  out  of  court  is  justly  visited  and  resented  as  an  act  of 
•'contempt."  Sovereign  states  cannot  commit  one  another  to  "durance  vile"  for 
breach  of  discipline;  and  so  long  as  the  discussions  of  the  points  of  disagreement  in 
the  Washington  tn^aty  were  eonlined  to  the  columns  of  the  newspapers,  tins  nKmibcrs 
of  the  (Jeiieva  ar))itration  court  had,  perhaps,  nothing  to  complain  of,  or,  at  any  rate, 
no  ground  of  complaint  upon  which  they  would  deem  it  necessary  to  seek  redress. 
IJut  the  case  is  dift'erent  when  the  legislature  of  one  of  the  states  in  disagre(!ment  takes 
np  the  discussion,  and  wlien  the  prime  ministei  of  that  state  insists  upon  laying  down 
the  law  in  the  ease,  and,  by  necessary  logical  interference,  ]»recluding  the  court  of 
arbitration  from  giving  any  decision  otlnr  than  that  which  he  has  dictated.  It  is, 
moreover,  a  flagrant  breach  of  the  good  faith  wliicli  should  exist  between  states,  to 
even  hint  at  rehiring  from  an  arbitration,  or  repudiiitiiig  its  award,  in  case  it  should 
bo  in  any  way  at  variance  with  one's  own  notions.  1'here  is  no  department  of  its 
functions  in  which  a  sovereign  state  takes  move  prido  than  in  the  exercise  of  its  "good 
ofHces,"  whether  in  the  way  of  mediation  or  arbitration,  and  any  show  of  recusancy 
against  them,  once  they  have  been  accepted,  becomes  a  grave  ofi'ence  before  tlio  >yorld, 
susceptible  of  being  visited  by  any  form  and  auy  amount  of  resentment. 

"As  thti  case  stands,  the  country  is  clearly  in  the  hands  of  the  arbitrating  powers, 
to  abide  their  aw.ard,  whatever  it  may  be.  And  however  stupid,  howevover  '  scandal- 
ous'in  '  blundering,' our  representatives  may  have  been  in  drawing  np  this  dismal 
treaty,  let  us  hope,  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  despite,  that  there  maybe  sufficient  *  ambiguity' 
in  it  to  enable  the  arbitrators,  having  regard  to  the  rules  wliich  regulate  the  reason- 
able and  equitable  interpretation  of  treaties,  having  regard  also  to  the  supreme  inter- 
est of  peace,  of  which  they  are  guardians,  to  give  an  award  favorable  to,  or  at  least  not 
so  disastrously  prejudicial  to  us  as  has  been  anticipated  by  alarmist  speculators,  who, 
there  is  too  nnudi  reason  to  apprehend,  have  not  been  altogether  free  from  stock-job- 
binir  influences.' 


III. 

Extract  from  Frmcr's  Magazine,  June,  1872. 

**'**'*  All  the  A'ast  social  power  which  the  governing  classes  of  England 
j)0S8ess  was  thrown  into  the  scale  against  whatsoever  remained  of  the  American 
Kepublic,  and  in  favor  of  those  who  were  striving  to  bring  part  of  it  at  least  into 
accordance  with  the  tlecrecs  of  that  Providence  in  which  governing  classes  believe. 


AI'PENDIX. 


;>;);> 


'V  (Joveniuunit 
's  fatuous  dis- 
>\v  of  initiited 
their  (leteimi- 
e  arbitrators  :' 
c,"  thougli  Mr. 
nincut  bad  not 
1st  of  March  ; 
Ivsgiving  Day'' 

,  beeu  ever  so 
ever  so  goner- 
ilities  and  the 
to  have  done  ? 
ho  interests  of 
,  and  nuist  act 
reparation  for 
ities.  An  indi- 
r  weakness  to 
1st  chiinis,  and 
who  is  but  the 
his  sort,  unless 
lit  in  tlie  gen- 
addition  to  the 
>r  of  the  nation 
in  ([Uestion. 
tlie  actual  liti- 
:  wlio,  unfortu- 
•ough  the  irreg- 
i',  worthy  nieni- 
it  the  joint  re- 
ordinary  tribu- 
ed  as  an  act  of 
ranee  vile"  for 
[isagreenient  in 
s,  the  members 
or,  at  any  rate, 

0  seek  redress. 
gre<Mnent  takes 
m  laying  down 
ig  the  court  of 
lictated.  It  is, 
ween  states,  to 

1  case  it  should 
partment  of  its 
iso  of  its  "good 
w  of  recusancy 
fore  tli'J  world, 
t. 

rating  powers, 
^^over  '  Bcaudal- 
up  this  dismal 
nt  '  ambiguity' 
ite  the  reasou- 
supremc  intcr- 
,  or  at  least  not 
eeulators,  who, 
from  stock-jol;- 


L's  of  England 
the  American 
it  at  least  into 
isses  believe. 


'I'iiere^as  always  been  a  tendoney  to  take  tlie  jtrattle  of  London  society,  and  th(^ 
prating  of  tiie  press  whicii  deliglits  to  repeat  it,  as  the  inibljc  opinion  of  tlie  country. 
It  is  not  surprising,  therefort!,  that  the  government  of  tin;  day  should  have  been 
affected  by  this  iiitlnence.  IJiit  what  is  surprising  is.  that  they  should  have  shown 
such  ntter  recklessness  and  want  of  caution  in  jinblishing  to  the  world  their  apprecia- 
tion of  the  merits  of  the  struggle,  and  their  opinion  as  to  its  issue.  That  Mr.  (ilad- 
stone,  who  had  adopted  Mr.  .hnon's  oiiinion  tliat  coal  was  coming  to  an  end  in  Eng- 
land, should  have  adopted  society's  opinion  that  the  i«!public  was  coining  to  an  end  in 
America,  is  not  strange ;  but  it  is  strange  that  In;  did  not  keep  his  opinion  a  little  more 
to  himself.  How  positive  he  was  in  the  matter  may  be  Judged  from  these  words, 
uttered  by  him  in  October,  lt^(!"2: 

"  There  is  no  doubt  that  Jefi'erson  l^avis  and  other  leaders  of  the  f;outh  hav(i  made 
an  army.  They  are  making,  it  api)ears,  a  navy;  and  thin  hare  made  ivhat  is  more  than 
either — thci/  hare  made  a  iialion.  ^Ve  may  anticiiiate  with  certainty  the  success  of  the 
Southern  States  ,so  far  as  regards  their  sejiaration  from  the  Xortli.  I  cannot  but  be- 
lieve that  that  <!vent  is  as  certain  as  any  event  yet  future 'and  contingent  can  be." 

Mr.  Gladstone  was  still  of  tliis  opinion  in  .June,  18fi;5,  when  he  said  : 
"I  do  not  believe  that  the  restoration  of  tlie  American  rnion  by  force  is  attainable. 
******"*!  do  not  believe  that  a  morc^  fatal  error  was  ever  coinniitted 
than  when  ukmi — of  high  intelligence,  I  grant,  and  of  the  sincerity  of  whosi;  philan- 
tliropy  I  for  one  will  not  venture  to  whisper  tlie  smalh'st  doubt — came  to  the  «Minclu- 
sion  that  tilt!  emancipation  of  the  negro  race  was  to  be  sought,  altiiough  they  coulil 
only  travel  to  it  by  a  sea  of  blood." 

There  spoke  the  sjiirit  of  the  Liverpool  slave-trader  and  the  confederate  bondholder 
rather  than  of  the  Liiglish  statesman  and  chancellor  of  tlie  exclie(|uer.  Lord  Kiissell 
had  already  said,  in  October,  IHlll :  "  We  now  see  the  two])arties  (in  tlu;  United  States) 
contending  not  upon  the  (|iiestion  of  slavery — though  that  I  believe  was  jnoliably  the 
original  cause  of  the  (jnarrel — but  contending,  as  so  many  States  in  tin?  (Jld  World 
have  contended,  tli(!  one  side  for  eni]>ire,  and  tlie  t)ther  for  independence.''  Tlicsi! 
siieeclies  have,  no  doubt,  since  been  rei»ented  of,  but  they  are  good  evidence  to  show 
the  views  which  existed  at  that  time  in  tlie  cabinet.  Not  that  they  existed  alone 
either.  Sir  George  Corncwall  Lewis,  ^Ir.  ("liarles  A'illiers,  and  Mr.  Milner  (jlibson,  had 
from  the  first  struggled  against  them,  and  had  been  regarded  with  the  respectful  ])ity 
accorded  to  clever  men  for  once  in  the  wrong.  Tliey  were,  however,  in  ;i  !u)i>eless 
minority  of  three  out  of  fifteen,  and  it  is  not  too  niuch  to  say  that,  as  a  body,  tlu!  gov- 
ernment looked,  and  was  known  to  look  with  conlidence  and  without  displeasure  to  a 
disruption  of  the  American  Union.  *     *•  "* 

*  *  *  *  At  the  confereii(!o  of  March  8,  the  American  commissioners  formally 
advanced  their  claim  for  losses  both  direct  and  indirect,  stating,  however,  that  "  in  the 
hope  of  an  amicable  settlement  no  estimate  was  made  of  the  indirect  losses,  without 
prejudice,  however,  to  indemnification  on  their  account,  in  the  event  of  no  sutdi  set- 
tlement being  made."'  And  they  proposed  that  the  joint  commission  should  "  agree 
upon  a  sum  Avhicli  should  be  paid  by  Great  Britain  to  the  Unit»!d  States  in  satisfaction 
of  all  the  claims."  This  offer,  if  accepted,  would  have  eifectuaily  and  forever  ended 
the  whole  matter ;  it  was,  however,  refused,  and  the  English  commissioners  renewed 
their  proposal  for  arbitration.  Now,  it  has  been  said  that,  in  proposing  arbitration, 
they  did,  in  effect,  assent  to  an  "  amicable  settlement,"  aud  that  the  treaty  is  in  fact 
that,  and  nothing  more.  To  which  the  reply  is  obvious,  that  the  payment  which  the 
Americans  pioposed  was  an  absolute  settlement,  whereas  the  treaty  settles  nothing 
absolutely,  providing  only  machinery  for  an  amicable  wrangle,  in  order  to  a  settle- 
ment. 

The  difference  is  obvious.  In  making  an  "  amicable  settlement"  as  proposed,  we  must 
have  admitted  our  faults  and  paid  for  them  ;  in  agreeing  to  the  treaty  we  admitted  no 
fault,  and  merely  exposed  ourselves  to  tiie  risk  of  payment  in  case  the  arbitrators  de- 
cided against  lis.  In  the  first  case  the  United  States  would  have  gained  everything; 
in  the  second  they-  run  the  risk  of  losing  everything.  Tiie  Americans  agreed,  however, 
to  arbitration  on  condition  that  the  principles  to  govern  the  arbitrators  should  be  laid 
down.  Thereupon  were  elaborated  the  famous  three  rules  as  to  which  the  British  gov- 
ernment is  made  in  the  treaty  to  assert  that  they  were  first  invented  for  this  occasion, 
and  are  not  a  correct  "  statement  of  the  princiiiles  of  international  law."  The  most 
careful  examination  of  the  rules  fails,  however,  to  show  in  what  they  difl'er  from  those 
principles  as  universally  enunciated,  and  as  admitted  by  England  at  the  time.  The 
second  ri»lo  indeed,  apparently,  extends  the  obligations  of  tlio  neutral  power  to  the 
extent  of  requiring  it  ahsolutehj  "  not  to  permit  or  suffer  ''  the  use  of  its  ports  or  waters 
as  a  base  of  naval  operations,  or  for  the  renewal  or  augmentation  of  military  supplies  or 
arms  ;  but  this  must  bo  read  by  the  light  of  the  third,  which  prescribes  "  due  diligence  " 
as  the  uieasuro  of  fulfillment  of  the  obligations  in  (piestion.  The  fact  is  that  these 
rules  are  so  hopelessly  vague  that  they  would  cover  almost  any  view  of  international 
law  ever]>ropounded,  and  the  danger  of  them  is  that  they  may  easily  be  so  interpreted 


} 


556 


AKMilTK'ATloN    AT    (iENKVA. 


iiH  ti)  iiicrciisc  to  !iii  uiieiulurablo  (extent  this  ()bli;j;iiti()!i.s  of  miilriil  iiawcis.     IJiin.  liow- 
nvci,  is  ii  small  niiittiJicoiiijmrcd  with  wluit  i'ollowM. 

Jlaviiij^  (M)iiiiiiitt('(l  their  (tountry  tojud^iincnt  hy  jiriiiciplcs  (Ituilaicil  to  Ix-  false,  llu! 
('oininisHioiicrH  pioliahly  asked  lliciiisclvcs  to  what  snl)jt'ct  those,  piiiiciples  were;  to  b" 
applied.  'J'liis  hriii-fs  iis  to  the  <|iiesti(m  of  this  national  or  indirect  elaiins.  Those  (.laiins 
wei'o  well  known  to  the  eoniniissioners  <^o  exist.  They  had  biuMi  made  not  once  or 
twiet!  bnt  i'ei»eatedly.  They  had  been  advanced  by  Mr.  Adams  as  early  as  Irtlii,  by 
Mr.  S(!ward  in  isii;},  and  more  distinctly  by  Mr.  lieverdy  .Johnson,  by  Mr.  Motley  and 
l)y  ^Ir.  l'"ish,  in  lr'()lt.  'I'hey  had  lieen  comnient<'d  npon  by  Lord  Clarenih)n.  'I'lie  ab- 
sence of  any  provision  for  tlicm  had  been  maih^  the  ;;r()nnd  of  rejt^ction  4)f  th(^  .John- 
son-(  'larendon  convention. 

They  li:id  been  i)resented  to  tho  commissioners  themselves  as  a  distinct  Hpecial  point. 
They  eonld  not  be  disrtijfarded  ;  nay,  they  aloni;  were;  worth  renardinu;  at  all,  for  they 
were  tluMi  the  mih-  and  iinlji  imnt  in  diNpnlr.  The  eonrs(^  of  action  npon  everythin;;-  (dse 
was  already  (h'cidi'd.  Eiij;land  had  already  a;;ieed  to  refer  tins  direct  claims  to  arbi- 
tration, and  had  sij|,-m3(l  a  convcnition  for  that  pnr|»ose.  America  had  already  agreed  to 
leave  out  of  consideration  the  (piestion  of  ri'C0i>ni  .)u  of  sonth(srii  belligertMicy.  There 
remained  absolntely  nothinj;-  but  thes(*  national  claims  on  which  any  aj^reement  was 
iH'cessary.  i'he  whole  ijnestion  was  here  ;  the  one  ])oint  on  which  it  was  absolnt(dy 
indispensabh>  to  b<'  precise  and  clear  ■'vas  this  ;  for  failing;  ])recision  and  cltjarness  here, 
the  whole  matter  wonld  be  left  no  further  advanced  than  it  already  was.  If  national 
claims  were  to  be  fvvcluded.  it  was  necessary  tluit  they  should  be  excluded  by  the  treaty  ; 
if  not  excliKh'd  by  the  treaty,  it  was  mauil'est  that  they  would  lia\e-  to  bc^  met 
under  it. 

The  English  commissioners,  however,  knew  that  tliey  W(!re  expeetiMl  to  return  with 
a  treaty  in  their  i)ockets.  and  either  they  did  not  understand  what  they  were  altont,  or 
they  determined  to  return  with  a  treaty  leaving  the  out;  material  point  doubtful  rather 
than  with  non<^  at  all.  They  did  not,  however,  even  succeed  in  leaving  the  ])oiut  only 
<lonbtlnl,  for  tney  agreed  to  a  delinition  which,  if  then^  is  any  sense  in  words,  docx 
cover  the  indirect  claims.  It  is  declared  in  the  lirst  article  that  "in  order  to  remove 
atul  adjust  Ai.i,  comidaiuts  and  claims  on  the  ]»art  of  the  United  States"  *  *  »  ^  * 
"  the  high  contracting  parties  agree  that  am.  the  said  claims,  growing  out  of  acts  com- 
mitted by  th(!  afor<\said  vessels  "  shall  bo  referred.  How  it  can  bo  said  that  "  in  all  the, 
claims''  those  called  indirect  are  not  includeu,  is  a  mystery.  Nevertheless,  the  English 
commissioners,  it  would  appear,  say  it  and  believe  it  still  ;  for,  as  late  .as  tho  23(1  ol 
April  last,  wo  havtiSir  Edward  Thornton  telling  the  Americans  at  a  public  dinner  th.at 
"ho  believed  no  one  supposed  that  tho  British, joint  high  commissioners  had  any  idea — 
tho  slightest  idea — that  tho  indirect  claims  were  included  in  the  treaty."  After  this 
confession  it  is  snperlluous  to  ask  what  title  those  gentlemen  have  to  bo  coiisidero<l 
men  of  ordinary  iutolligenco  and  judgment.  It  has,  indeed,  biicti  whispered  that  they 
had  at  the  last  moment  doubts  as  to  this  point,  and  that,  in  answer  to  their  (piestions 
upon  it,  the  English  government  telegrajihed  "Sign  at  once."  If  so.  Sir  Edward  Tiioru- 
toii's  declaration  doe.s  some  injustice  to  himself  and  his  colleagues. 


IV 


Extract  from  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette,  Fehrnarij  2,  18T2. 

"Now  if  we  look  at  all  this  fairly,  and  in  due  order,  wo  shall  see  that  it  establishes 
the  f(dlowing  points :" 

1.  That  the  American  commissioners  did  formally  set  forth  .a  demand  for  indirect 
damages,  and  that  they  preferred  it  in  the  very  language  of  the  case  snbse<iueutly 
drawn  up  for  the  court  of  arbitration. 

2.  That  at  tho  same  time  and  in  the  same  breath  they  offered  to  present  no  estimate 
of  damage  for  indirect  loss,  in  hope  that  an  amicable  settlement  would  be  made  for 
certain  (lirect  losses:  this  amicable  settlement  being  explained  (or  cxitlainable)  as 
meaning  the  concession  of  an  exi)ression  of  regret,  and  that  the  joint  commission 
should  proceed  to  agree  upon  a  lump  sum  to  bo  paid  in  8atisfactit)n  of  all  the  claims 
(meaning  direct  claims)  with  interest.  Further  that  in  this  suggestion  the  withdrawal 
of  claims  for  indirect  lo.ss  was  stated  to  bo  "  witliout  prejudice  "  to  their  revival. 

;?.  That  tho  British  commissioners  made  no  protest  against  tho  demand  on  account 
of  indirect  loss,  nor  in  any  way  attempted  to  sep.irato  that  class  of  claims  from  the 
other  class,  nor  in  any  way  manifested  hostility  to  the  presentation  of  those  claims; 
but  refusing  to  admit  responsibility  on  account  of  all  tho  claims  without  distinction, 
they  ottered,  for  the  sake  of  maintaining  friendly  relations  w  ith  the  United  States,  to 
adopt  the  principle  of  arbitration  in  disposing  of  the  claims. 

4.  That  the  Amtjrican  Commissioners  tlnsu  "  expressed  their  regret  at  this  decision  ;" 


S.  t|llH,  llOW- 
(>    1)1'  fillsf,  llU! 

lies  wi'vc  to  b" 
.  TIioso  chiiiiiM 
o  not  oiicii  or 
•ly  as  ]S():>,  by 
1 1'.  Motley  iiud 
idoit.     '1'Ih!  iib- 

11  til"  till'  Joliu- 

t  spcciiil  jioiiit. 
it  all,  lor  they 
ncrytliin^j;  else 
claims  to  arbi- 
liady  agreed  to 
!rt!iiey.  There 
igrcieiiieiit  was 
was  abs(dut(dy 
clearness  here, 
s.  If  national 
lb,v  tlie  treaty  ; 
ve  to    1)(^   met 

U)  return  with 
were  altont,  or 
lo'ibtfiil  rather 
the  point  only 
in  words,  docn 
irder  to  remove 

int  of  acts  com- 
hat  "  in  all  the 
!8S,  the  Eiifjlish 
',  as  the  23(1  ol 
)lic  dinner  that 
had  any  idea — 
^'."  At'ter  this 
be  considered 
red  that  they 
their  (piestions 
Edwanl  Tiiorn- 


it  it  establishes 

ul  for  indirect 
3  subse<iueutly 

nt  no  estimate 
Id  bo  made  for 
xidainablo)  as 
nt  commission 
all  the  claims 
he  withdrawal 
f  revival, 
nd  on  account 
lims  from  the 

those  claims; 
ut  distinction, 

ited  States,  to 

this  decision  ;" 


APl'KNDIX. 


;>;>  ( 


thereby  showin^j  or  seemiiijj;  to  show  that  in  tlieir  minds  a  distinct  |)io})osal  had  biuni 
considered  and  rejected.  Ifaving  thus  expressed  regret,  they  conseiitecl  to  submit  the 
(luestion  of  onr  '•liability"  to  arbitration,  on  condition  that  certain  rnles  were  drawn 
up  and  agreed  to  l\)r  the  giiidanee  of  the  arbitrators.  Tiiat  after  deiiinr  and  rcifereiice 
to  tiio  British  government  this  condition  was  accei»ted.  That  accordingly  rules  were 
drawn  up  by  the  American  commissioners,  (apparently,)  an  I  that  after  some  points 
had  been  referred  by  the  Hritish  (;omniissioners  to  their  goveriiiiu;nt,  thes*^  rnh  s  weic 
agreed  to  iis  binding  on  the  court  of  arbitration. 

Next,  (though  that  does  not  ai)pear  in  tlnit  we  have  ipioted  above,)  the  Joint  high 
commissioners  "  proceeded  to  consider  the  form  of  submission,"  and  the  formation  of  u 
tribunal. 

'•  Siibse<iuently,  the  a]>ology,  or  ex|tressi(Hi  of  regn^t,  was  asked  for  and  conceded. 
And  then  at  various  sittings  those  articles  t)f  tiu)  treaty  were  agreed  to  which  refer  to 
the  settlement  by  arbitration  of  "  all  the  said  claims  growing  out  of  acts  committed  by 
the  aforesaid  (i,  e.,  several)  vessels,  and  generically  known  as  the  Alabama  claims." 

It  is  of  the  utmost  importance  that  in  <lealing  with  so  critical  a  mattt-r  as  this  we 
allow  no  i)rejiidice  nor  any  si'iise  of  wrong  to  operatt*  in  our  minds  unfairly  ;  and  that 
we  make  no  attempt  to  misi'ead  facts  ami  starements  upon  whi(di  the  other  side  can 
even  plausibly  rely.  Therefore  it  is  that  we  print  this  recital.  It  should  be  added, 
]»(!rhaps,  that  the  statement  above  ([Uoti'd  was  drawn  ui»  conjointly,  and  is  signed  by 
l»oth  parties." 


I'Jj'tmctn  from  the  coiit'niciiUtl  /(/vsv. 

Neither  in  the  coursis  of  the  debates  on  the  Joint  high  commission,  which  sat  for  two 
months,  nor  in  any  of  the  clauses  of  the  treaty  intended  to  delim-  the  mode  of  the 
]»roceedings  and  the  functions  of  the  tribunal  of  arbitration,  as  well  as  the  principles, 
to  guide  it  in  its  decision,  has  England  raised  the  least  objection  against  any  of  the 
clauses  of  redinnations  jjresented  by  the  United  States.  She  has  rejecited  all,  in  the 
same  way,  witlumt  making  any  <listin(^tion,  and  has  declared  herself  roaily  to  rcA'vv  to 
the  decision  of  a  tribunal. — Manorial  JHiilomatiqiiv. 


The  i'iwt  is  tliat  the  i)retensions  of  America  were  perfectly  well  known.  Mr.  (Jlad- 
stone,  with  his  habitual  want  of  foresight,  counted  upon  luck  to  relieve  him  from  tlii^ 
tunbarrassments  in  which  the  future  might  entangle  him. —  Gazette  de  France. 


W'n  can  say,  without  separating  ourselves  fro:n  the  truth,  that  there  is  no  inconven- 
ience in  submitting  the  Anu'rican  claims  for  indirect  damages  to  the  tribunal  of  arbi- 
tration at  (ieneva.  No  one  doul)ts  that  they  are  exaggerated  in  the  American  case; 
but  their  introduction  into  pleadings  is  not  contrary  to  the  tt!xt  of  the  convention  at 
Washinjiton.— 3/o»(i7('H/-. 


It  is  not,  we  hasten  to  say,  that  the  calculations  of  the  American  autliorities  arc  not 
marked  with  a  certain  exaggeration  ;  but  the  essential  i)oint  to  discover  is  whether  the 
arrangiMuonts  jtreparatory  to  the  assembling  of  the  tribunal  of  arbitration  at  (ieueva 


igiMUonts  jtrep 

exclude  the  ((uestion  of  indirect  damages 
Soil 


^  ■--  - —  »■  — --  "-  .,.^-...-^ ,.. .« 

We  think  that  they  do  not  exclude  them. — 


The  text  of  the  treaty  is  formal,  and  the  protocols  leave  still  less  doubt  than  the 
treaty,  as  to  the  uiulerstaiuling  .)f  the  claims  and  the  principle  by  the  United  States. 
The  tribu.ial  will  decide  what  claims  are  presentable,  aiul  what  are  the  (lucstions  to  be 
«liscu8sed.  Tiie  American  (Jovornment  demands  ueitlier  more  nor  less.  It  has  stated 
its  claims  before  the  court,  and  awaits  the  decision.  England  luid  better  do  the  same. 
Her  irritation  is  that  of  a  bad  pleader  who  doubts  his  own  right  and  the  impartiality 
«»f  the  court. — Journal  de  I'aris, 


£t 


-1* 

''3 ' 
^!8  < 


55& 


AIMMTKATION    AT    (iHNKVA. 


It  i.s  »!vi(l(!iit  lliat  till!  iii'tiuil  sfa<<!  of  tlin  ((iicstioii  dot's  not  sdimuli  concern  tli(i 
natur(!  of  the  i)ictcn«ions  of  tlio  IJnitwl  Stiiti  s,  iis  Mic  rcfiisiil  of  Kn^^land  to  snliniit  to 
tli(»  inbiti'iitoi'H  all  tlicconipliiint.sandfi?/  tlic  claims,  a  tlii)  terms  of  the  treaty  of  Wasli- 
inyton  seem  to  re<iiiire. —  t/ihciit. 


till 

stil 
pol 
all 


•It  is  our  opinion,  },'iven  with  the  ntmost,  impartiality,  that  there  are  wrouj^H  on 
both  sides.  'I"ht!  Government  of  the  United  States  attempts  to  introduet^  into  interna- 
tional law  an  iinaeeeiitable  doctrine,  that  of  makinjj  the  costs  of  war  ohlif^atory  npon 
the  i»owers  which  an;  not  re.sponsihlc  for  it,  ami  which  are  even  the  iirst  victims  of  it 
ill  their  inttuests.  We  nndcrstand  very  well  that  it  i.s  not  necessary  to  take  in  earnest 
the  ])ecuniary  claims  jiresented  by  th<*  Americans  for  tln^  iirolonj^ation  of  the  war,  for 
the  increased  latcs  of  insurance,  and  other  pi'ctexts  equally  elastic  .and  equally  imjios- 
sible  to  calculate,  claims  which  exc(!ed  the  amount  w<j  ow(!  to  a  victorious  foe.  The 
AnuMicans  understand  jicrfectly  the  value  of  tln-se  claims,  and  have  not  the  slij^htest 
idea  of  i)ressinff  them.  Jiut,  at  the  same  tim»?;  they  insist,  an<l  with  a  show  of  reason, 
upon  their  rij^ht  to  interiiret  the  treaty,  and  it  must  boacknowled<j;ed  that  the  Knj;lish 
};overiunent  lias  entered  upon  this  affair  with  a  dejiree  of  imprinh'iice  and  levity  winch 
may  soon  re-act  upon  it,  and  ))roduce  a  chiin<^e  of  ministry . — Journal  den  Dcbatx. 


fon 

viH 
mil 
as 


Does  this  treaty  iiutliori/.e  tins  AnHnican  (ioverument  to  submit  to  the  tribunal  iit 
(Jeiieva  the  claim  for  indemnity  for  indirect  losses  ?  The  Americans  say  yes ;  tlu^  l'>iiK" 
lish  say  no.  impartial  persons  say  that  the  clause  in  the  treaty  does  not  exclude  the 
American  interprtjtation,  and,  therefore,  they  are  of  tins  opinitni  that  the  dilfereiuie 
oiif^ht  to  be  bronj^ht  before  the  tribunal.  *  *  *  tIio  refusal  of  Eii<fluiid  to  accept 
arbitration  on  all  the  American  demamis,  implies  a  doubt  in  the  justice  of  her  cause, 
or  in  the  impartiality  of  the  arbitrators. — Coitnlitiif'u)inicl. 


'  • 


The  wisest  course  to  adopt  is  to  abide  by  the  decision  of  the  Geneva  arbitration. 
It  is  disinterested  in  the  matter,  and  it  can  thus  re-establish  harmony  and  peace  be- 
tween the  parties  better  than  the  parties  themselves. — Jiidcpendance  Lelgc. 


The  stipulations  of  llu^  treaty  leave  no  one  to  doubt  that  the  American  coinrnisHiouers 
expressly  reserve  the  rij^ht  to  present  such  elainis,  althongh  nothing  was  said  about 
the  amount  of  the  claims,  the  decision  in  that  respect  bein<>;  left  to  the  tribunal  of 
ai'bitration. — Allgcmchie  ZcHiiiig. 


If  this  tribunal  is  inconipetjut  to  decidii  without  the  advice  of  the  newspapers 
,  whether  or  not  the  American  deniauds  are  preposterous  and  absurd,  then  its  api»oiiit- 
inent  was  a  mistake.     It  is,  however,  not  to  be  supposed  that  such  one-sided  and  ill- 
timed  arj^uments  would  exert  any  iullueuce  ui»on  it. —  Itashr  2\'aclmcIUen. 


The  general  opinion  that  thii  Anu^rican  dtiiuands  were  absurd  has  changed,  and 
peo])le  are  coiiinKMiciiig  to  see  that  they  are  Jiistilied  in  the  treaty,  and  the  stotni  is 
now  turning  against  the  JJritish  coiniuissioner.s. — Jlaxlvr  Xachrichh'u. 


The  treaty  Justifies  in  a  formal  manner  the  tribunal  at  Gimeva,  in  which,  as  we 
know,  Switzerland  is  rei»resented  by  Mr.  Staemptli,  in  considering  all  the  claims,  of 
whatever  kind,  growing  out  of  the  acts  of  the  cruisers.  The  question  is  only  to  know 
to  what  point  the  tribunal  will  admit  these  claims,  andif  England  will  abide  by  its  de- 
cision.— Bcriur  Ilflrctic. 


The  British  cabinet,  led  by  national  pride  and  governed  by  ])opular  o[)inion,  have 
changed  their  entire  opinion  of  the  iine?  tion,  and  put  matters  in  such  a  light,  that  lall 


Mich  concern  tlic 
Itiiid  to  .submit  to 
13  treaty  of  Wiish- 


APl'EMUX. 


r)')d 


that  niinains  for  th«3  tribunal  to  do  is  to  return  home.  'l"he  WiishiuH'tou  lieiity  expressly 
states  in  rejianl  to  tho  tril>unal  tiiat  they  settle  all  claiins,  and  Hupports  ti>e  American 
position.  Wliy  Kn^-land  acts  tlius  we  do  not  .see.  I'robaliiy  .she,  thini<s  tii.-  tribunal  is 
about  to  givo,jud;j;ment  afjainst  li(;r, —  yicniin  .\<iic  I'rik  I'lrx-v. 


I  are.  wronjrs  on 
uce,  into  interna- 
obli^^at.ory  niton 
first  victim.s  of  it 
0  take  in  earnest 
u  of  the,  wai-,  for 
<l  e(|nal!y  impos- 
torion.s  foe.  The 
lot  the  slijrhtest 
.  show  of  reason, 
that  the  Knirjish 
lud  levity  whuji 
?»  Debatn. 


the  tribunal  at. 
y  yes;  tiie  En<;- 
iiot  exclude  the 
t  the  ditfereneo 
Inland  to  accept 
ce  of  her  cause, 


Kniflanil  knew  tliat  demands  were  nnuhs  not  only  for  tin;  acts  of  tin?  vessels,  but  also 
for  indirect  loss.  One  treaty,  as  slu!  knew,  bad  been  rejectod  liecanse  it  jiiid  no  \nn- 
vision  as  to  tliis.  If  tin;  joint  commissiom-rs  liad  mi-ant  to  exclnia'  these  cl'iims  they 
nii^ht  Jiave  used  laii<i;iui;'e  eleiirly  statinj^  it.  luit  on  the  contrary,  the  lan,nu:ij;-e  is  sueli 
a*  to  iiiclm^o  tlr'iii. — Ih'itlHrli-.lmcriktiiiixclnr  .I'c.nioiniil. 


Tiio  ;;eneral  I'^uropeftn  tone,  is  one,  of  warnini;' to  Eii;;l.iii(l  not  to  break  tlie  treaty 
What  if  America  has  h  tlie  all'air  slumber  until  Russia  declared  itself  ready.  Cannot 
the  jieoiile  on  the  Thames  see  how  stronjf  the  Ijonds  betw<'eii  America  and  Iviissi.i  mn.st 
be  when  the  insult  to  the  liussian  MinistiT  not  only  has  not  broken  but  lias  not  even 
Joosiiiied  the.se  ties.  If  this  is  beliind  tiie  Alabama  <|uestioii,  tlie  i;()vernment  at  the 
Foreij^ii  Olitloe  must  bestir  itsidf. — Xeiic  Jladi-iche  Lamln-Zvilun;/. 


The  moment  England  admits  the  di.scn.ssion  before  the  tribuiiiil  of  arbitration  of 
the  claiins  growing  out  of  the  a(;ts  of  the  Alabama  and  other  corsairs,  she  recognizes 
the  right  of  the  United  States  to  makes,  by  reason  of-tiui  acts  of  tiiese  corsai.s,  allpos- 
Hiblo  demands  of  damages,  direct  or  indirect.  .She  authorizes,  in  one  word,  the  li.st  of 
injuries,  and  tiie  formidable  account  upon  which  the  arbitrators  will  pronounce,  but 
which  it  is  dilHciilt  to  avoid  by  tlie  preliminary  question. — Lv  Si/ir. 


sva  arbitration, 
y  and  peace  be- 


>coinrni,ssioiier.s 
was  said  about 
tiie  tribunal  of 


le  newspapers 
en  its  appoint - 
1-sided  and  ill- 


ehangod,  and 
il   the  storm  is 


which,  as  we 
the  claims,  of 
only  to  know- 
bide  by  its  de- 


opinion,  have 
light,  that  all 


This  declaratiou  of  Jlr.  Gladstone,  although  contained  in  a.  letter  of  an  entirely 
private  character,  addressed  to  the  correspondent  of  the  -N'ew  York  World  in  liondon, 
iie.serves  attention.  It  i>roves  that  the  English  government  has  not  formed  the  design 
of  cutting  short  all  discu.ssion,  and  that  they  consider  tht)  subject  as  still  open  for  «le- 
bato. 

It  i.s  import.ant  that  these  intentions  should  bo  understood  and  thoroughly  appn;- 
ciated,  and  that,  on  both  sides,  men  with  moderate  views  may  strive  to  effect  a  recon- 
ciliation so  niueli  desired.  It  appears  that  an  effort  in  that  direction  has  already  been 
made  iu  England.  Thus  a  part  of  the  press  of  that  country,  the  Pall  ilall  Gazette  t\tv 
example,  suggests  the  idea  of  referring  to  a  new  arbitration  the  <lisputed  question  of 
the  interpretation  of  the  treaty.  The  Memorial  Diplomatii(ue  recalls,  in  relation  to 
this  proposition,  a  precedent  which  it  will  bo  possible  to  invoke.  It  is  that  of  a  treaty 
which  has  been  executed,  of  Juno  15, 1840,  growing  out  of  the  dispute  betwcion  England 
and  the  United  States,  in  regard  to  the  frontiers  of  their  respective  possessions  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  the  New  W^orld.  Now  this  treaty  contained,  as  does  the  Wash- 
ington treaty,  a  real  niistakr',  and  it  is  for  that  reason  that,  at  this  very  moment,  it  is 
submitted  to  the  arbitration  of  the  Emperor  of  Gi-rmany.  Could  not  as  much  be  done 
for  the  convention  of  May  8,  1871,  to  di'termiue  what  interpretation  it  ought  to  receive 
by  means  of  a  distinct  arbitration  '! — Journal  den  Dcbalx. 


Can  any  one  to-day  go  ask  the  tribunal  to  suspend  its  work  until  tins  extent  of  its 
jurisdiction  shall  be  determined  by  a  third  party/  Would  it  not  find  itself  greatly 
prejudiced  by  such  a  decision  intervisiiiiig  at  so  late  a  period  f  Finally,  is  it  not  fair 
to  belicvo  that  the  tribunal  is  itself  the  best  Judge  of  the  extent  of  its  powers  ? 

These  are  considerations  of  a  delicate  nature,  which  the  English  government  ought 
carefully  to  weigh  before  making  a  decision  which  might  perhajis  alienate  the  arbitra- 
tors, and  which  would,  after  all,  only  defer  the  solution  of  the  matter  without  lessening 
its  gravity. 

We  persist  in  believing  that  the  wisest  policy,  and  that  most  in  conformity  with  the 
triio  interests  of  England,  and  of  Europe,  would  be  to  let  tlitj  affair  take  its  (;ourse,  to 
leave  it  entirely  to  the  enlightened  and  impartial  decision  whicdi  the  live  eminent 
8tat(ssmen,  who  have  been  intrusted  with  the  high  mission  of  solving  the  dispute,  will 
surely  render. — Memorial  JMplomaliqnc. 


r)G() 


AIMUTRVTIOX    AT    (iKNKNA. 


SiiKM^  it  liiTiinif  known  tliat  tlir  N'nrlli  Anicriciin  caliint't  had  l)i°iin<;ht  I'orwaril  clainiH 
lor  inilirect  <lania;;f.s  lor  tlii^  <Miii.siilcrat.i('M  of  the  (ii'in^va  trilMinal,  a  |iani(-  lias  arincn 
in  Hnijlantl,  and  now  tlwy  wish  to  liavr  notliin<;  fnrtlKT  to  do  with  tiiis  trihniial.  It 
cannot  lie  Hliown  that  thr  I'nitcd  States  liavo  ))i<di('n  tin?  ticaty.  Tho  woidin;;  of  th(! 
tn-aty  d()(vs  not  pn^vcnt  her  in  any  manner  IVom  hrinj;in<^  I'oiward  chiinis  lor  indiri'ct 
as  well  as  direct  daniaj;es.  'riiercroit!  the  I'li^lisli  stat<!sinen  have  ln-en  able  to  find  no 
(•siajie  ex<!cj»t  that  of  an  appeal  to  their  jiersonal  interpretation  of  the  treaty. —  /VniiA- 
fiirtrr  /rilini;/. 


Till' diMiiaiids  of  America  wen?  known  to  llnj^land  from  the  lirst,  an«l  her  representa- 
tives did  not  ol>ject.  'J'hey  conti'nted  tii(?mH(dves  l»y  indicatinj;  that  Knj>land  conld  not 
be  held  liable  tor  daniajje  dono  the  United  States  by  crniser.s  of  the  Confederute  States, 
as  ])roper  dili<j;ence  had  been  exercised  to  prevent  their  beinjL;  arnn-d  and  lifted  out  in 
I'hif^lish  ports,  and  th(;st*  representatives  sinijdy  referred  all  the  claims  of  North  Amer- 
ica, havin;;the  action  of  these  cruisers  for  a  l)asis,  to  a  tiibunal  of  arbitration.  Arti- 
cle I  of  the  treaty  of  Washin;;ton  distinctly  declares  :  '' Now,  in  order  to  remove  and 
adjust  all  complaints  and  claims  on  the  ]>art  of  the  Tnited  8tat<;s,  and  to  ])ro\  ide  for 
the  sjicc^dy  settlement  of  such  claims  which  are  not  admitted  by  J[er  Ihitaiinic  Ma- 
jesty's ;;overnment,  the  hij^li  ccintractinj;  paitiesa;i;ree  that  all  thv,  Haid  claims  f^rowinfj; 
out  of  a(!ts  committed  by  the  aforesaid  vessels,  and  j^enerieally  known  as  the  'Alabama 
claims.'  shall  be  referred  to  a  tribunal  of  arbitration." — Dir  llnud. 


'•  One  sees,"  eontiniu's  the  writer,  '"that  the  -whole  thin;^  is  aimed  at  the  tribunal 
more  than  at  the  other  party,  for  thts  latter  is  willinjj  to  leave  to  the  tribunal  of  arlii- 
tration  the  <iuestion  of  its  own  jurisdiction,  whilt,'  ]'2iii;land  denies  its  ri^ht  to  decide 
upon  its  own  jiowers  a  <|uestion  which  every  court  of  justice  maintains  as  a  prelim- 
inary. In  Kn;;land  tht?  rif^ht  is  assumed  to  withdraw  from  a  treaty  as  soon  as  it  ap- 
pears that  there  is  a  din'crenec;  of  o]iinion  with  re<;ard  to  its  construction.  Accordin;^ 
to  this,  the  treaty  must  fall  throu,i>h,for  to  insure;  its  fultillmeiit.or  the  fultillment  of  an 
eventual  ,sentenc(>  of  the  arbitrators,  thei(?  is  but  the  compulsion  of  national  honor,  or 
of  war." — Xdic  /iiridic  '/Vmcs. 


TUo  Washinjftoii  treaty  jdaiuly  indiea'es  that  all  the  loss  's  growiii:^  out  of  the  acts 
committed  by  t\w  aforcsaiil  vessels  arc  to  be  .submitted  to  the  tribunal  of  (ieneva. 
which  will  ho,  called  upon  to  prove  whether  Enfjland  violated  the  rules  prescribed  by 
the  treaty  for  the  fjovernment  of  neutrals,  and,  if  so,  what  sum  sho  must  pay  to  the 
United  States  in  compensation  for  the  injuries  inllieted.  Ho  demonstrates  that  the 
liritish  case  admits  the  submission  of  direct  as  well  as  indirect  claims,  and  that  it  do- 
niea  all  liability,  claimiufj;  that  Hnjjland  fultilled  all  its  duties  as  a  neutral,  and  that 
the  idcii  of  calliufj  in  (piestion  the  submission  of  indirect  claims  to  the  Geneva  tribunal, 
only  arose  when  "on  the  (ive  of  the  oi)enin<>'  of  I'arliament  the  tories  assumed  a  threat- 
eivinji  i)ositiou,  and  the  nonconformists  bej^an  to  hold  indignation  meetings.'' — ]"uiniii 
\ciir  Fnnnlcii  Illftlt. 


Cjiladstone  may  assert  a  humlred  times  that  the  gramnnir  as  well  as  the  sjiirit  of 
the  treaty  admits  but  one  meaning,  and  that  of  the  English ;  he  will  not  entice  the 
Americans  from  their  position.  His  countrymen,  and  the  papers  most  devoted  to  him, 
must  confess  that  the  wording  of  the  treaty  allows  of  the  American  as  wcdl  as  of  the 
English  inteqtretation,  that  the  construction  is  vague  and  loose.  On  the  other  side  is 
the  intention  of  the  franuu's  of  thti  treaty.  IJotli  must  be  considered.  And  appeal  to 
the  preamble  and  protocol  is  not  suflicient  to  clear  up  the  mistakes.  A  refreshing  re- 
sult may  be  obtained /rem  this  war  of  words.  Long  and  tedious  interchanges  of  dis- 
)»atches*mnst  be  expected ;  perhaps,  after  all,  the  annulling  of  the  treaty  Avith  all  the 
fair  hopes  attached  to  it.  We  shall  hoj)o  that  no  war  will  grow  out  of  it,  however,  in 
con.sequence  of  the  still  pending  San  ,Iuau  boundary  and  fishing  (|ne.stions. —  1'uinia 
Xeiic  Freic  rrcusc. 


Our  London  c(rri'siiondcnt  writes  us:  "The  Atlantic  cable  works  merrily  ta  bring 
us  the  ntteraiK'cs  of  the  New  York  Herald,  as  to  the  Alabama  qnal'rel,  which  has  arisen 
with  new  power.    The  New  York  Herahl  sounds  the  war  trumpet,  some  small  followers 


iiic  hiiH  ari«<'M 
I  triliniiiil.  It 
lordin^;  jiI'  tin? 
H  tor  imliifcl 
il)l<i  to  linil  no 
rciity.— /■'»•«»  A- 


icr  rt'prt'st'iitii- 
liiiid  could  not 
•di'iiitt)  StiitoH. 
d  fitted  out  in 
1"  North  Anirr- 
tration.  Arti- 
to  nsniovc  and 
to  uroNJdo  for 
Hritaniiic  Ma- 
lainis  ffrowin;;; 
i  till'  'Alabama 


iifc  the  tribunal 
ilninal  of  arhi- 
rifiht  to  dec'ide 
ins  as  a  prelini- 
soon  as  it  ap- 
i)n.  Acc'ordin;H' 
iillillnifnt  of  an 
[ional  honor,  or 


f)utof    tlu!  acts 

al  of  (icnova, 
prescribed  by 

ist  pay  to  the 
ates  that  the 
nd  that  it  de- 

ntral,  and  that 
leva  tribunal, 
luieda  threat- 
njis.'' —  f'icuiKt 


the  sjiirit  of 

not  entice  the 

evoted  to  him, 

.veil   as  of  the 

10  other  side  is 

And  appeal  to 

refreshing  re- 

hanges  of  dis- 

ty  with  all  the 

t,  however,  in 

stions. —  Viniiia 


leriily  to  bring 
hich  has  arisen 
imall  followers 


AIM'KMXX. 


)G1 


second  il  ;  the  more  intelligent  portion  of  the  press,  however,  which  iiresrives  a  niod- 
erato  attitude,  maintains  not  less  the  view  that  the  American  (iovernment  cannot 
withdraw  her  claims  already  Jiresented,  because  it  belongs  to  the  (ieiieva  tribniial 
alone,  and  not  to  I'^.ugland,  to  ih'citle,  upon  their  ...ibmission.  The  view  of  the  pi'ess  is, 
aft(!r  all,  as  was  well  knowi..  that  of  the  American  (iovernment,  and  tlmreby  the  fatal 
])oint  of  the  situation  is  w«dl  indicated,  (iladstoue's  exjiressed  hope  that  his  demon- 
stration would  convert  the  Americ.'ans  to  the  ICiiglish  vitnv,  would  liardly  mislead  any 
one.  One  may  <li»cuss  the  right  or  wrong  on  either  side  as  one  pleases,  the  om?  fact 
cannot  be  denied,  that  in  the  wording  (»f  the  Washington  treaty  the  indirect  claims  of 
the  American  (Jovernment,  if  not  expressly  agn-ed  upon,  are  not  expressly  exeludtul. 
Tlie  Americans  do  not  otfend  against  the  wording  of  the  treaty,  theicftue,  whereas  they 
submit  them  to  the  trilMinal  of  arbitration.  Whoever  denies  this  assumes  an  untena- 
ble position,  and  in  beginning  this  moiistrons  j»iece  of  awkwardness  ({ladstonehiw  pre- 
])ared  not  only  for  himtself,  but  for  Kngland,  many  sad  hours,  lie  must  hear  to-day 
from  his  old  admirers  in  rarlianient  and  in  the  press  tlm  bitter  truth,  rejteaced  ou  all 
sides,  that  the  means  he  has  selected  for  his  own  dt^fense  are  the  most  uiitortuiia  o,  the 
most  untenable,  and  the  most  wanting  in  tact  of  all  others.  For  through  his  ass.  rtioii 
of  the  absolute  clearness  of  the  treaty  in  every  respect,  he  shuts  the  door  against  fur- 
ther friendly  explanations;  lie  ta'itly  accuses  the  American  (Jovernment  of  having  in- 
tentionally given  a  wrong  meaning  to  something  that  was  jierfectly  nmupiivocal,  and 
thereby  iiiakes,  in  the  highest degrc«',ditHcult  any  friendly  yielding  on  the  part  of  that 
(iovernment.  Aftt^r  he  had  v<?ntur»!(!  so  far  there  remained  for  the  Washington  (iov- 
ernment, wliicdi  has  also  its  own  iiosiiion  to  defend,  only  thi'*  answer:  Will  you,  if 
every  interpretation  but  yours  is  absolutely  impossible,  leave  the  decision  in  security 
with  the  tribunal  f  Since  you  are  so  lirmly  convincetl,  yon  have  nothing  to  risk  by  so 
doing. 

"And  how  could  (lladstonc  reply  .'  Kithcr  by  a  categorii^al  No,  which  would  expose 
him  to  ri<licnle,  and  must  lea<l  to  the  bieaking  olV  of  all  further  ueg(»tiatious;  m-  by  a 
Yes,  ill  which  case  he  would  confess  the  truth  of  that  which  niilil  now  Kngland  has 
alwavs  decliircd  to  be  uiitnu-." — hlihihrln'r  /cHiiiifi. 


From  whatever  point  of  view  the  subject  be  <'onsidei'ed,  tliere  exists  no  Justilieation 
for  Englaml  to  withdraw  from  the  treaty  eonclmled  at  Washingto-.  I$e  the  demands 
of  America  ever  so  extravagant,  there  is  yet  nothing  in  the  treaty  itself,  and  nothing 
in  the  general  princi))les  of  international  law,  to. justify  the  withdrawal  of  the  decision 
on  those  dc^mands  from  the  tribunal  of  arbitration.  It  would,  in  fact,  be  deeply 
to  be  r«'gretted  if  the  (Jeneva  court  of  arbitration,  the  establishnuMit  of  which  is  uu- 
«loubtedly  to  be  regarded  as  an  essential  progress  in  the  life  of  international  law. 
should  not  rea<:h  the  normal  develojimcnt  of  its  activity.  We  rather  on  this  occasion 
give  expression  to  the  most  e;iriiest  wish  tliat  this  iirocednre  may  lead  to  a  fnrthtr 
develoinnent  of  international  law. — Xciw  I'vrinof'iKchc  /.lUmui. 


It  must  be  ackuowledgtid.  on  an  impartial  review  of  the  ilispiite,  that  tlmse  de- 
luands,  however  extravagant  they  may  be,  an-  by  no  means  new  ;  and  when  (ihulstoue 
and  (Jraiiville  maintain  tli.it  the  jirotocols  of  the  commission  show  that  only  those 
losses  directly  derived  from  the  eajiture  of  American  ships  were  s)token  of,  every  one 
can  convince  himself  from  the  protocols  of  the  contrary.  Americii  had  made  these  indi- 
rect claims  not  only  in  dispatches  and  occasional  declarations;  the  treaty  of  January 
19,  18(5U,  was,  on  Sumner's  report,  rejected,  because  it  offered  no  assurance  of  indemni- 
iieatioii  for  the  indirect  injury  suffered  by  America  through  the  cruisers.  With  these 
antecedents,  the  greatest  caution  was  in  any  case  prescribed  to  the  English  negotia- 
tions, but  their  instrnctiim  referred  them,  in  regard  to  the  Alabama  claims,  almost 
s(dely  to  the  diplomatic;  correspondence  about  them.  *  *  »  , 

Bnt  not  a  word  in  the  instrnction  says  that  only  direct  claims  shall  be  admitted  to 
discussion,  and  just  as  little  does  the  cited  treaty  of  lHt)9  contain  anything  about  them : 
that  treaty  speaks  of  "  all  claims,  including  the  so-called  Alabama  claims."  If  we  look 
at  the  protocols  of  the  joint  high  connnission,  we  find  on  the  tirst  page  that  the 
Americans  enumerate  in  their  fullest  extent  the  claims  now  raised  in  the  complaint, 
and  tlien  declare  that  in  the  hope  of  an  amicable  settlement,  no  estimate  was  made  of 
indii'ect  losses,  without  prejudice,  however,  to  the  right  to  indemnification  ou  their 
account,  in  the  event  of  no  such  settlement  being  made.  As  such  a  settlement  they 
then  propose  to  agree  upon  a  sum  in  gross,  which  England  shall  pay  with  interest  to 
America  in  satisfaction  of  all  claims. 

The  English  oonimissioners  declined  this  proposal,  because  they  could  not  admit 
that  England  had  failed  to  discharge  toward  the  United  States  the  duties  imposed  ou 

36  b 


r>G2 


.'.KIIFTIfATION    AT    (iKNKVA. 


Imr  hy  tin*  riilcH  ot'intrnmtiniml  law,  anil  )»ii>in>  <l  tlio  ]iriii*'i|)lc  ofarltitration.  Witli 
tliJH  ritfiiHal  of  tlitt  Aiiu'i'ican  inopoHal  of  an  a;;i'<  nicnt  on  a  hiiim  in  ^iosh  for  all  ciaitnH, 
till!  iilmrty  waH  nivcn  bark  to  tlio  AnifiioanH,  wliloli  tlicy  lia<l  »)X|iii'HMly  n-nnrvf-d.  Tim 
AnwM'iraiiH  tlu<ii  on  tlit^ir  hIiIo  acccpti'il  tlio  rourt  of  arbitration,  on  tint  conilition  that 
lUfitain  inloH  b»(  ({ivcn  to  it  for  thtMionHidcration  of  the  fai-ts  to  Im  bron)j;lit  forward. 
KnKlanil  yi(^l(li;d  anil  tin-  artii-liH  of  thi^  treaty  went  ailo|iti>il.  In  tlio  llrst  article,  it  in 
Ntateit  that  "  tho  ilitfeienei-H  j;iowinj;  ont  of  the  acts  eominitteil  by  the  Heveial  veHnelH 
which  hav«  jjiven  line  to  the  clainin  j^eiieiieally  known  an  the  'Alabama  clainiw,'  Mhall 
he  icfoneil  to  a  tribunal  of  arbitration." — HamhiniiixlKf  CornMiioiKliiil. 


The  Hafest  nn  well  un  the  most  dinnitled  ctnuse  is,  tluTcfore,  to  stand  upon  what 
Ave  conceive  to  be  sound,  lejfal  principles,  and  to  demur  to  any  such  claims  for  indi- 
rect danni^e. — l.inidon  TimvH,  .himiury  'i,  IHT'J. 


What  that  full  extent  may  be  w«(  are  not  exjtressly  told  ;  in  fact,  the  computations  of 
the  United  States  (Jovernment  itself  have  not  yet  reached  the  miffiity  sum.  It  is  easy 
to  see,  however,  that  upon  the  i)rinciples  put  forward  by  the  I'nitcd  States  (Jovern- 
ment,  the  total  mi^^ht  easily  be  carried  to  an  amount  as  startling;'  as  that  of  the  Freiudi 
indemnity.  The  American  (Jovernnu'nt  ask  that  a  j^nisH  sum  may  be  awaided  it,  and 
that  to  the  amount  thus  {jivcn  may  be  added  intertst  at  the  rate  ol'  7  i)ei'  cent,  from 
the  Ist  day  of  July,  IHl".?.  lla])pily  claims  such  as  these  are  no  lon;(er  matter  of  c  >n- 
trovcrsy  betw«(en  Knjjfland  and  the  L'nited  States.  Conlidcnt  in  our  own  rectitude,  and 
in  the  substantial  Justice  of  our  cause,  we  have,  conseitcd  to  refer  it  to  a  tril)nnal  so 
constituteil  as  to  secure  the  conlidcnce  of  the  world. —  The  London  Ihiihi  Xvirs,  Janiiavi/ 
:»,  1H72. 


It  may  be  that  an  a<;en(5y  is  for  the  lirst  timi^  tried  in  ({one-a  which  will  do  much 
to  arrest  that  class  of  wars,  by  no  uu'ans  co-extensi\e  with  iill  wars,  which  arrisc  from 
detiuite  grievances,  rather  than  lioni  dynastic  or  national  passions.  It  may  also  be, 
that  liti};ant  nations,  when  they  ace  iiusucessfiil,  will  refuse  to  suljinit  to  an  authority 
which  has  no  power  to  coerce  them,  and  that  an  arbitration  is  no  more  than  a  useless 
postponement  of  recourso  to  .)ld(!r  ami  miu'e  familiar  methods  of  decision.  Tho  issv.e 
may  well  be  awaited  with  the  keenest  interest  and  even  anxiety  ;  but  there  is  no  solid 
}>round  for  the  aiiticipatimis  of  disaster  which  have  lieen  altroad  for  the  last  day  or 
two. — London  I'dll  Mall  (!a:rllc,  January  4. 


It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  suy  that  our  liability  would  only  extend  to  the  direct 
(Miusequences  of  our  own  acts.  If,  for  example,  it  wen;  ludd  that  it  was  throujjfh  our 
fault  that  the  Alabama  went  to  sea,  we  would  be  Justly  held  responsible  for  the  depre- 
dations which  she  connuitted.  Ikit  there,  in  accordauct*  with  every  principle,  not  only 
of  international  but  of  municipal  law,  our  liability  should  end.  That  the  agent  of  the 
(iovernnuiut  of  tho  United  States  should  conteml,  in  the  case  he  luas  presented,  that  we 
should  also  be  responsible  for  the  expeniliture  occasioned  in  the  pursuit  of  the  cruisers, 
for  the  loss  by  the  transfer  of  the  American  connncrcial  marine  to  the  British  flag,  the 
increased  rates  of  insurance,  and  even  for  the  prolongation  of  tho  war,  is  not  surpris- 
ing, since  he  spiiaks  as  an  advocatt^  But  no  Judges  could  for  an  inst  Hit  entertain  such 
claims. — lAtndon  Morninij  I'ost,  Jannary  4, 1H7"2. 


If  they  did  so  couch  their  demands  we  should  not  think  of  re-echoing  the  ab- 
surd alarms  of  some  writers  hero  at  the  exorbitant  character  of  tho  new  Alabama 
claim.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  I'resident  Grant  seeks  re-election,  and  that  it 
would  be  vei'y  unfortunate  for  him  if  his  Sumuerite  or  other  foes  could  say,  with  any 
appearance  of  truth,  ''He  has  injured  our  case  against  the  Britishers  by  not  aslang 
enough."  Therefore  he  iRis  resolved  to  work  the  statesnunilike  treaty  in  a  popnlu  •  way, 
and  to  cover  the  act  of  submitting  the  atfair  to  arbitration  by  Yankee  liourishes  of  the 
most  extravagant  kind.  If  it  amuses  his  countrymen  it  may  serve  him;  it  certainly 
does  not  hurt  us. — London  Telegraph,  January  ti. 


(itnitiiiii.  Witli 
Hs  lor  all  claiiiiH, 
>'  iTMorvcd.  Till! 
I!  foiiilitioii  tliiit 
loiiUlit  lorwiird. 
IUmI  aitich',  it  in 

(•  HOVfllll  Vt'HMI'lH 

nil  ctaiiiiH,'  Hliall 


anil  upon   what 
claims  for  inili- 


I'onipntationM  of 

Hnni.     It  is  nasy 

il  States  (iovi'in- 

latof  tlio  Kioncli 

iiwarili-d  it,  anil 

7  piT  cunt,  from 

•r  mat  tor  of  c  >n- 

v\\  let'tituilo,  anil 

.  to  a  triltnnal  so 

/(/  Si'ivK,  .finniavi/ 


I'll  will  ilo  nuich 
vliicli  airiso  IVom 

It  may  also  W, 
t  to  an  authority 
iro  than  a  useless 
ision.     Tlio  issv.c 

there  is  no  soliil 
r  the  last  ilay  or 


1(1  to  the  ilireet 
was  thron<j;h  our 
le  for  the  ilepre- 
riiieiple,  not  only 
t  the  agent  of  the 
reseiiteil,  that  we 
it  of  the  cruisers, 
s  British  llaji,  the 
IV,  is  not  snrpris- 
•nt  I  ntertain  such 


echoing  the  uh- 
he  new  Alabama 
ction,  and  that  it 
lid  say,  with  any 
era  oy  not  aslnnj!, 
in  a  popiihi  •  way, 
B  nourishes  of  the 
him;  it  certainly 


AI'rFAlMX. 


,)(».> 


"  What  shall  we  do  .'  Our  llrst  duty,  liotli  to  the  I'nited  Stales  and  to  our.'ielves,  is 
to  demur  ♦•>  the  eniisideralion  of  the  elaim  for  inilireet  damages  put  I'm  ward  in  the  ease 
hiiIm  'tted  ')y  ihem,  and  lo  erave  a  deeisioii  upon  our  protest  liy  the  trilniiial  of  arhi- 
tratiiii.  'lefore  eonsei'iting  to  carry  the  reference  to  sii)mei|uent  stiiges.  Wi-  gave  great 
contideiiee  that  <ur  view  would  he  approved,  liut,  however  |tainful  it  .nigiit  lie,  we 
ought  not  to  hesitate  to  retire  altogether  from  the  ease  if  the  triliunal  did  not  hold  it- 
Nclf  free  to  reject  the  consideration  of  indirect  claims." — l.oinlun  Tiiiirx.  ■fitiniurji  'I'.*. 


VI. 

Extmit  Jhiiit  lilt  ./oiinml  din  Ih'hitlx,  I'aiix,  •Iniiv  (i,  I*"','. 

liCs  iiclamations  ])our  '•  dommageH  indirects"  ipie  les  fitats-llnis  vonlaieni  soii- 
mettre  an  triliunal  irhitral  de  (ieiieve  seront  ]»rol»alilfment  I'-i  aitt'cs.  Les  Tltals-l'iils 
seinldent  avoir  enlin  ci'ih'  siir  ce  point  important,  et  cependant,  a  considi'ier  TalVaire  aii 
point  de  vne  lies  prineipes  du  droit  et  en  laissant  de  coti'  Ics  grosses  cx:igt'>rations  ilc 
ienr  memoire,  ils  soutenaient  une  tlu'se  Juste,  ils  elaient  dans  le  vrai  sous  le  rapjiort 
juridii|ue.  Deiinoi  s'agit-il  en  ell'el, ,'  (Quelle  accusation  r-levent-ilscuntre  rAiiglelerre  .' 
lis  I'accuscnt,  en  premier  lieu,  de  n'av'iir  pas  empcclK'  ses  arm:iteuis  de  foniiiir  aux 
confi'>ileres  des  iiavires  de  guerre;  en  second  lieu,  d'avoir  par  niiilice  on  n/'giigeuce 
permis  aux  corsjiircs  coiifeili'n's  de  se  servir  lie  ses  ports  et  de  ses  caux  cumnie  d'lini- 
Itase  d'opi^'ratiiins  on  de  ravitailleni'  lit.  I'ar  le  fait  de  ci;  maiii|iiemeiit  aux  ohligations  ili> 
la  neutraliti',  ajoiitent-ils.  iprcst-ii  arrive  f  ("est  d'aiioid  i|iie  Its  confcdcn's  out  ariiie 
nil  plus  grand  noiiihre  de  corsaircs  iprils  n'anraieiit  pii  le  fa  ire  si  r^iigleterre  avait 
strietement  ohserve  ses  obligations  de  jmissance  nciitie;  c'est-  eiiHiiiti-  (|ue  les  corsa'i'eH 
confedeies,  trouvaiit  des  refuges  et  des  points  de  ravitaillemeiit  lis  les  jiorts  et  les 
caux  britanni(|ues,  out  jin  miilti)>lier  leurs  di'-predatioiis  en  raisoii  ili  ,c.  concoiirs  qui 
leiir  i^tait  indflment  accorilc.  Or  ii'csl-il  pas  Juste  iiiie  rAiiglelerre  suit  niidiie  resiioii- 
sable  lies  domniages  causes  aux  inteiets  aiiiericaiiis  par  ces  deux  siirtes  de  mani|Ue- 
meiit  ii  ses  devoirs  de  iieiitrt;  en  admettaiit,  bieii  enteiiilii  <|iie  I  •  grietV  .''>riiiul'''s  contro 
sa  connivence  on  sa  iiegligeiice  soieiit  fondi's  f 

Cette  arguiiieiitati  )ii  est  irreproehahle,  et  rAiigleterre  I'a  rccoiiiiii,  loul  en  se  defen- 
dant d'avoir  failii  .1  I  es  obligations  dans  les  ditb-rcnts  cas  (|iii  font  "ol.y't  des  ii'dama- 
tions  americaines  ;  elle  est  tombee  d'aecord  avee  les  JOlat.s-L'nis  iin'clie  poiirrait  lenr 
devoir  d(  loininagcs-interets,  et  elle  s'est  resignci;  a  accepter  siir  <.■  point  la  division 
irun  ti'ibniial  d'lirbitrcs  doiit  la  mission  consistera  1"  ii  constater  si  rAiigleterre  a  niaii<|iir'. 
dans  la  gui.'rre  de  la  secession,  a  ses  oliligations  de  puissance  inuitre,  et  dans  i|iielle 
inesure;  2"  a  recoiinaitre  et  a  cvaliier  les  dommages  causes  par  le  fait  de  ce,  maiMinc- 
meiit  et  i"l  lixer  le  chitl're  du  iliMlommagement.  Seiileiiieiit  a|nes  s'en  etre  remise 
entierenieiit  an  tribunal  pour  rcsoiidre  la  prcniit're  question,  rAngleterie  sembli  avoir 
eraint  de  se  niettre  a  sa  discretion  jioiir  la  seconde;  elle  a  iniposi'-  des  liniites  a  sa  com- 
petence, en  etabli.ssiint  une  distinct  ion  entre  les  "  doiiiiiiages  directs,"  (|ii'elle  leconiiait, 
et  les  "domniages  iiiili'"  cts"  qu'elle  ue  rceoiiiiait  jiiis.  Ccttc  distinction  cst-cllc  foiiiir'c 
en  droit  on  en  raison  ? 

Oonsnltoiis,  a  cet  egard,  les  faits,  et  voyoiis  ce  qui  lessoit  de  rexaiiicii  et  de  ranalyse 
(In  cas  en  litige.  Les  corsaircs  coiileileics  out  iloniii'^  la  cliasse  aiix  navires  de  com- 
merce amcricains  ;  ils  en  out  cajituri'-  nii  certain  nomine,  coiilis(|iiaiit  on  detiiiisant 
vaisseaiix  et  cargaisons.  V^iila  une  i»reiiiii're  categoric  de  doniniiigcs  directs.  11  y  en 
a  line  seconde:  '*  f^es  I'tats  du  Noi'il  out  etc  obliges  de  siirveiller  et  de  iioiirsiiivre  les 
corsaires  du  Sud;  ils  out  employe  a  cette  destination  iine  paitie  de  lenr  llotte  de 
guerre,  d'oii  un  double  domniage  eoiisistaiit:  I"  dansles^  tiais  occasioiines  par  la  poiu- 
snite  des  corsaircs;  "i"  dans  la  privation  siibie  par  les  I'^tals-l'iiis  d'niie  partie  de  Iciir 
tlotte  lui  aurait  pii  lenr  reiiilre  d'autres  services.  Kst-ee  tout  I  Non.  La  sciiie  aniionce 
de  I'apparition  des  corsaircs  du  Snil  a  snfti  pour  creer  uii  "risque  de  giicne"  qui  est 
Venn  iinmediatemeiit  s'ajouter  aux  risqncs  maritimcs  onliiiaires.  Ce  risque  extraor- 
dinaire n'li  jm  etre  convert  que  par  une  prime  correspondante  et  doiit  le  taiix  s'est 
elevi?  aveo  Ini.  On  a  done  vn  s'etablir  nne  diiferenco  entre  les  primes  d'assiiiance  des 
navires  et  cargaisons  ani^ricaiiis  et  celle  des  neiitrcs.  JjCs  arniateiirs  et  les  iiegoc.iants 
qui  ont  payc  cette  ditlerence  on  ee  sui>pleiiient  de  jirimc  n'ont-ils  jias  siibi  iiii  dom- 
niage anssi  rdel  que  ceux  dont  les  navires  et  les  niarchandiscs  out  etc  captures  ?  La 
perto  a  <^te,  sans  ilonte,  intinimeiit  nioindre  pour  chaciin  ;  en  revanche,  cette  perte  ne 
s'est-elle  pas  niultipliee  par  le  nonibre  des  navires  composant  la  inariiie  inaicliando 
am<!ricaine?  Puis,  qu'cst-il  arrive?  C'est  que  I'eyistence  de  ce  risque  iiartieiilicr  et 
I'obligation  de  le  coiivrir  par  une  prime  siipplouientaire  ont  fait  abandon:  erics  navires 
amdrieains  yionr  les  neurres,  anglais,  hollaiidais,  danois,  et'..  Noiiveau  doniniage 
auquel  les  arniatenis  amcricains  ii'ont  pu  se  sonstraire  qa'cn  faisa."  t  passer  d'linc  maniero 
ri^elle  on  iictive,  inais  en  tons  cas  non  sans  frais,  leurs  navires  sous  pavilion  etranger 


/<^^ 


r)(;4 


ARISITKATIOX    AT    (JENKVA. 


D'lin  autre  cAto,  n'ewt-il  pas  viaisiiiublaUhMine  Ins  ainituiieiits  en  course  ties  ctat-sdu  Sud 
out  coiitribud,  dans  une  ccrtaine  iiu'snre,  a  la  ])rolon<{atioM  do  la  Intte,  soit  eii  artaihlisHunt 
loH  n'H.sdiirccH  des  (^tats  du  Nord,  soit  en  souteiiaiit  lo  moral  dea  coiifoddrf^s ;  et  u'en  ost-ii 
pas  rt^siiU<>  line  iinj^niciitation  des  frais  do  la  }j;nerref  Voila  bie'n  toiite  une  aerie  dv 
doinniajies  qui  out  cte  eiiffendrea  par  le  fait  do  I'existenee  des  coraaires  du  Sud. 
OnjK'Utles  analyser  et  les  grouper,  appeler  ceux-ci  directn,  ceux-la  iwrfiref/**,  <[uoi(iue  ces 
deux  caracteres  soient  loin  dV-tre  tonjonrs  clairenient  niarqn^-s  ;  niais  on  ne  pent  les 
8«^parer,  on  ne  i)ent  nieuie  lesconeevoirlea  unssans  les  autres.  lis  ibnnent  nn  ensend>le 
naturel,  et  c'est  par  un  tria-;!  tout  a  fait  arbitraire  (|ue  I'Auyleterre  a  reconuu  les 
"  don\«ia<f<'s  directs,"  et  repousse  les  "doniina}>fs  indireets." 

Dira-t-on  que  lea  douiniages  indirects,  par  leur  dtenduo  nienie  connne  aussi  par  leur 
caractere  vaj>uo  et  incertain,  ecliappent  a  une  tivaluation  rij^ourouao  t  Qu'il  eat  im- 
possible, par  exemple,  d'apprecier  danvS<|uelle  meaure  les  armements  en  course  dea  con- 
fd^ddrda  ont  pn  contribner  i\  la  prolongation  de  la  guerre  f  Cette  objection  est  assure- 
nient  dea  mleux  tbnddea ;  mais  quoi !  ai)partient-il  bien  anx  parties  en  cause  do  tran- 
clier  la  dirticultd  (|ii'elle  souliive?  N'«.'st-ce  i)oint  I'allairo  du  tribunal  de  ddcider  non- 
senlement  ce  qui  ini  aemblo  legitime  on  illdgitime  dans  les  rdelamations  portces 
devant  lui,  mais  encore  ce  qui  lui  parait  dcbapper  a  la  possibilitd  d'une  dvaluation  f 
N'cst-ce  pas  empidter  sur  sa  comi>dtenee  et  ses  attributions  que  de  limiter  d'avance  son 
verdict?  Sied-il  bien  aurtout  a  !a  partie  ineulpde  de  lui  dire:  "Voici  un  dommage 
<|U0  I'on  m'accuse  d'avoir  cansd  et  pour  lequel  j'invoqne  votre  arbitrage,  mais  je 
n'ontonds  point  voua  accorder  le  droit  «lo  le  reconnaitre  et  de  I'apprdcier  dans  toute  sou 
dtendue  rdello,  car  je  n'ai  ((uMine  foi  limitde  dans  la  rectitude  de  votre  jugement:  je 
Grains  (jue  vons  ne  sacldez  pas  discerner  ce  qu'il  y  a  do  faux  ou  d'exagdre.dans  les 
reclamations  qui  sont  portdes  devant  voua,  et  je  ue  venx  pas  ni'exposer  sans  rdserves 
anx  consdrinencea  d'un  verdict  cpii  me  condanmerait,  ou  si  vous  I'aimez  mioux,  je  no  nie 
soncie  pas  de  rdparer  tout  le  dommage  (jue  j'ai  causd." 

T<'1  est  pourtant  I'attitude  que  I'Angleterro  a  prise  dans  cette  affaire.  D'accord  avec 
les  fitats-Unis,  elle  convoquo  un  tribunal  d'arbitres,  i)uis  ausaitftt  voici  qu'aprfes  avoir 
pris  connaisaanee  du  nidmoire  <lela  partio  adverse,  la  tete  lui  tourue,  elle  proud  pour, 
elle  dtablit  dea  distinctions  entre  les  grosses  rdelamations  et  les  petites,  admettant  la 
compdtentre  ties  arbitres  jiour  cell«!s-ci,  la  rejetant  pour  celles-la,  conime  si  elle  seddliait 
du  tribunal,  connne  si  elle  craignait  (pi'il  m;  so  laiasat  intluencer  par  les  arguments 
amdricains,  au  point  de  la  coiulamner  a  quc^lque  dddomniiigenient  formidable,  ou  sim- 
plement  (M»mme  s'il  elle  craignait  (ju'il  ne  I'obligeat  k  payer  tout  ce  (|u'elle  pourrait 
devoir  pour  avoir  nuuKpid  a  ses  obligations  de  puissance  lunitre.  Cette  ddliauco  est 
asaiirdinent  pen  liattense  pour  Its  tribunal,  et  on  pout  douter  ([u'elle  le  dispose  favo- 
rablement  a  I'dgard  de  I'Augleterre,  en  admettant  meiue  (|u'il  conaente  a  rendre  uii 
jugement  dans  les  liniites  ('troiteset  arbitraires  ([ui  lui  sont  assignees. 


VI[. 


JCxlntft  from   "  La  (Jiifulion    dc 


rjluhamn  H  le   iJroil 
I'aih,  I87i>. 


di'x   Gvns,"   hji  M.  I'vudhf-Fodvtt 


Le  texto  dn  traitd  n'a  point  distingue'  entre  les  rdelamations;  il  lea  atoutea  sonmises 
an  tribunal  arbitral,  i>()ur  etre  mjhrn.  Ni  dans  le  cours  des  ddbats  «le  la  Haute  Com- 
mission mixte,  ([ui  sidgea  pendant  deux  mois,  ni  dans  aucuue  des  clauses  du  traitd, 
desiind  a  tixer  la  proeddure  et  les  attributi<nis  dn  tribunal  arbitral,  ainsi  quo  les  prin- 
cipea  qui  doivent  le  gnider  dans  sou  jugement,  I'Angleterro  n'a  pas  dlevd  la  moindre 
objection  sur  I'une  qnelconcpie  des  catdgorics  do  rdclinnations  prdsontdes  i»ar  les  fitats- 
IJnis;  elle  les  a  toutes  reponsades  au  memo  titre,  sans  faire  de  distinction,  et  ce  n'est 
•pio  plus  tard,  en  iirdsenco  des  prdtentions  des  Etats-Unis,  qu'elle  a  fait  ses  rdserves  sur 
la  nature  de  certaines  rdelamations  ddtermindes,  enne  contestant  pas  la  compdtence  des 
arbitres  ponr  les  autres. 

Or,  les  udgociatenrs  anglais  dn  traitd  <le  Washington  devaient  s'attendre  ii  ce  que  la 
prdtentiou  relative  anx  domniages  indirects  ponrrait  se  produiro.  lis  savaiont  qu'un 
l)remier  traitd  avait  ddjil  dtd  prdpardo  et  eonclu,  il  y  a  qnelques  anndes,  entre  les  deux 
gouvernements,  pour  lo  reglement  des  reclamations,  et  <(ne  lo  Sdnat  de  I'Union  avait 
rejetd  ce  traitd,  prdcisdnieut  parce  qu'on  ne  pouvait  y  faire  entrer  les  rdelamations  ponr 
domniages  indirects. 

lis  dtaient  done  avertis.    Comment  expliqner  leur  silence  a  cet  egard  pendant  land- 

f^ociatiou  du  second  traitd  ?  I'ourqyoi  cette  mention  si  gdndrale,  si  dlastique,  de  "  toutes 
09  plaintes,"  do  "  toutes  les  rdelamations,"  lorsqu'ils  pouvaiout  insdrer  dans  le  traitd 
une  clause  spdciale  excluant  formellement  les  domniages  Indirects  f  Uniquement  pr*^- 
occupds  de  faire  valoir  I'iddo  quo  I'Angleterre  n'avaif  point  viold  les  devoirs  de  la  neu- 
tralitd,  ils  ont  ndgligd  de  spdcitier  les  rdelamations  sur  lesquelles  les  arbitres  auront  a 


<lt)8  dtats  (In  Slid 
teiiartaihlisHant 
6h;  ot  u'on  ost-il 
lite  line  aerie  de 
I'saireH  dn  Snd. 
ectH,  <iuoi(ino  ces 
i8  on  ne  pent  les 
;nt  nn  ensemble 
re  a  reconun  les 

e  aussi  par  lenr 
Qii'il  est  iin- 
conrse  des  con- 
jtion  est  assnrt'- 
canse  de  tran- 
de  decider  non- 
nations  portees 
ne  dvaluation  ? 
ter  d'avauce  son 
si  nn  douiniage 
bitnige,  mais  je 
dans  touteson 
B  jugeuient :  je 
:a{;ere.  dans  les 
iv  sans  rdserveis 
niieux,  Je  ne  nie 

D'accord  avee 
i  qn'apres  avoir 
slle  prend  penr, 
!S,  adniettant  la 
si  elle  seddliait 
r  les  argnnients 
idable,  on  sini- 
in'elle  ponrrait 
te  delianco  est 
e  dispose  favo- 
ite  a  rend  re  an 


Al'PENDlX 


i'iGo 


I'radhr-Fuderc, 


toiites  soninise.s 
la  Haute  Coni- 
iiises  dn  traite, 
<i  qne  les  prin- 
lev«)  la  nioindro 
!8  par  les  fitats- 
tion,  et  ce  n'est 
ses  reserves  snr 
competence  des 

idre  a  ce  qne  la 
savaient  qn'nn 
,  entre  les  denx 
5  I'Union  avait 
jlamations  ponr 

I  pendant  lane- 
que,  de  "  toutes 
'  dans  le  traito' 
nitinement  pr*^- 
TOirs  de  la  nen- 
bitres  anront  a 


so  prononcer.  lis  les  out  loiifcx  comprises  dans  la  coiii])et(mce  dn  tribnnal  arbilral,  et 
niaintenant  (pi'll  est  jiossilde  de  prcssentir  I'dventniilite  d'liiie  coiidaiiinaticm  a  uik^ 
rejiaration  pdciiiiiaire,  le  "fonverneiiient  de  la  IJeiiie  et  la  nation  anglaise  viciineiit  dire: 
"  Nons  ii'avons  enteiidn  ddlerer  anx  arbitres  qne  la  iiuestion  des  doinmages  directs  I" 

A  DOS  yenx,  I'afluire  Internationale  qni  preoeenpc  si  vivfiiicnt  aujoiird'iiui  les  denx 
mondes  n'est  nnllenient  compliqnde.  ponrvii  (|n'oii  Tisoli;  de  la  p(jliti(|U(!  et  ([n'on  la 
inaintitMiiie  dans  son  doniame  i>.  tnr(!l  :  le  droit  <les  <itMis. 

II  ii'y  a  pas  de  eoiitcslation  snr  les  dominaj;i's  causes  anx  Ktiits-llnisjiiir  les  eoisninis 
snsdits,  doiit  la  fiiit(!  liors  des  jjorts  :iiii;lnis  a  ete  ref^ri'ttiM!  par  sa  M.ijcste  britanni(|no. 
11  iry  a  >i;nrre  ])liis  dc;  eonhoversc  snr  la  rcspoiisiibilite  qiK^  cctte  fnitc  et  ces  tli'preda- 
tioits  out  fait  neser  snr  la  (iiainle-Hretajinc.  Les  Anglais,  dn  reste,  sent  disposes  a 
n'glcr  le  ditTerend  des  doiumages  directs. 

Que  i«ste-t-il  done  ? 

I'll  triininal  d'arbitraj;!'.  institnd  ])ar  nn  traife  t'OMclii  duns  nn  csijiit  aniieal,  et  dont 
la  eonelnsion  a  (5te  saliUM^,  dans  h;  piiiicii»e,  \),iv  les  apphuidisseinents  de  bi  nation 
aiiglaise  ; 

"  IJn  expose  des  fltats-l'iiis  demandenrs,  (|iii  est  esseittiellvniiMit  nne  pieee  de  ju'o- 
eednre ; 

"Undebat  onvert,  duns  lf(|ncl  rAngletcrr(!  |)()iirra  i'iiire  valoir  ses  nioyens  do 
di'lonso,  et  iH^ponsser  des  CDiichisioiis  ([ui  scraient  inanifesteineiit  (H)ntiaires  an  droit,  a 
la  .justice  et  a  la  raison. 

'•Les  arbitres,  eniin,(lont  on  ne  jionrrait  sns])ecter  I'iiniiartialitd  sans  ootnnieltrc  nne 
giav(!  ofieiise  centre  lenr  iK'isonne  et  les  goMverneiiients  ([iii  les  out  cboisis. 

"  II  reste  <|nel(|ne  ebose  di'  ]>lns  encme  ;  robligation  i)onr  les  ('tats  cpii  venlent  tracei' 
nn  sHlon  ])rol'ond  dans  lo  elianii>  de  la  civilisation,  i]r  respecter  les  traites, 

"A  propos  (In  conllit  iinglo-anu'rieain,  on  a  jiarb'  de  la  lurce  piiniant  le  droit;  mais 
il  y  a^  nne  ini(|nit(''  internationale  non  nioins  I'nneste  ;  c'est  rinlidt'liti'  so  Jonant  do  la 
t'oi  jni('e.  Ponr  les  ('tats,  eonnne  iionr  les  jiarf icnliers,  tout  so  ti(uit  en  I'iiit  do  nioialit('. 
L'(Mibli  de.  la  i)arol<^  eiigag('o  condnit  a  la  violeino.  I^es  jienples  commenceiit  ]);ir 
('■Inder  leni's  oi)gag(Mnents  et  linissent  [)ar  oppiimer  les  faibles." 


VIII. 

••  QKclqiies  iiKits  mir  la  phu^ic  noun  lie  (In  <1i(l'cr(')i(l  (nujlo-awnicain,"  hij  (i.   I!<d'ni-Iu<'ii>iv- 

nn/iin,  /)';«.s.y(7.s,  I'^l'i. 

Le  trait('  rend  la  c(>mniissi(ni  coinp('teiite  ]>(mr  stiitner  sni  h^s  Alahamn  claiiiix.  Tonte 
la  ([nestion  est  done  de  f<avoir  si  ces  conclusions  sont,  en  tout  on  en  partie,  (Hriingi'res 
anx  Alabama  elniniH.  Or  nos  loctenrs  iinront  d(>Ja  fait  le  rapprocbeniont  outre  les  c(mi- 
clnsions  et  la  d(^clarati(m  faiti^  par  les  coinniissaires  auK-ricains  an  d(''bnt  do  la  con- 
torence  dn  8  mars.  Non-senlenient  l'esi)rit,  mais  le  texte  en  est  'Khntiqiic.  Dans 
I'nne,  comme  dans  l';intre,  les  ciiu)  ]i(»ints  sont  forninh^s  et  dans  lo  iiKMiie  ordn! ! 
La  declaration  de  n^trait  c<>ii<lilio}invh\t'fi  (bMuandes  ]iour  donnniiges  indirects  n'est  faite 
(jiie  i)onr  le  cas  ofi  I'Angloterre  anrait  accopt<!  le  imii^ment  d'enibbH)  (U;  la  somme  de- 
nnmdc'e  ponr  dommagos  directs.  M.Gladstone  a,  nous  I'avous  vu,  pietendn  le  coii; 
traire,  mais  nous  croyons  qin*  c'est  a  tort,     ICu  etfet : 

A.  II  nisulte  dt!  la  loct'iro  dn  procos-verlial  (luo,  los  tornios  (imicihlr  xvllhmciit^ 
ne  8'appli(pient  (pfan  ri'glennnit  imuKMliatsans  arbitrage.  Taitont  aillonrs  il  ne  s'agit 
(|iie  de  settlement,  et  b;  trait(>  Ini-nK'ino  ne  parle  (jue  de  upeedy  Hetllement,  (prompt  rf'glo- 
ment.) 

15.  Le  regnit  exprinu^  par  les  comniissiiires  aun'Ticains  dn  rojot  de  'lenr  premiere 
jn'oposition  confirnie  cett(!  laanioro  do  voir: 

C.  Lors(ine  dans  nm;  lu'gociation  uikmIos  ])arties  abandonne  ses  inetentions,  c'est 
giiiK^ralement  contre  la  recmnaissanco  formelU;  de  cello  (in'elion'abandDune  pas.  Sons 
ce  rapport  il  (Halt  natnrol  (jne  les  commissaiios  anu'^ricains  fussent  picts  a  rononcer 
anx  domniages  indirects  comme  ))rix  d'nn  engagement  nvtuin  do  payisr  los  dommagos 
directs.  Mais  il  ne  I'est  pins  (pi'ils  fassent  cette  iinionciation  lorsqin;  t(Mit  est  reinis  en 
(liiestion  jiar  la  nomination  d'arbitres.  II  y  anrait  la  nne  concession  sans  r(^ei|irocit(S, 
nn  etfet  sans  cause,  (pii,  en  rabsonc(i  nn'Miu^  do  t(mte  r(^serv(!,  ne  \n'\\t  s«!  pri^snmer. 

Nons  devons  admettn^  d'apu's  ce  (pii  inecede,  (pie,  a  en  ,pig(M'  i>ar  los  dociimonts 
otticiels  et  publics,  le  nn'inoire  ann^ricain  ne  soumet  anx  arbitres  anciine  prdtention 


'  "  That  in  the  liopo  of  iiii  aiiiicnlilc  s(>ttl('iiipiit,  mi  cKlimato  was  iniulo  of  t\\n  indiriTt  bmscs,  without 
i>r«>.jii(lii',i!.  liiiwcvi'i',  to  tile  ri>;ht  of  iiHleiniiillcathir,  on  their  HCi'omit  in  tla'  event  of  no  sncli  settlement 
beiiiji;  ina(l(%" 


566 


ARBITRATION    AT    (MvNEVA. 


(|ui  lie  Moit  il«  It'iir  I'omiM'tenco — cV'st-ii-dirc,  qui  no  soil  «laiis  It'.s  t«nnioH  dii  comi)romi.s. 
Kiicorc  uno  fV)is,  (nu4(]iu's-iino8  «l«  cc-s  pic^teiitioiiH  pciiveiit  dopassiir  la  mesmc  coni- 
mandoe  jtar  la  jntsticte  ct  le  boii  wt-iis,  olios  iteuvoiit.  otio  on  ollo.s-nionieH  dos  actos  ddso- 
hiigcants  pom  l'Anj;''^^*"'''<'i  t**  oonstitiufr  nno  do'!option  pour  lo8  ndjjooiatonraqne  cetto 
]miHwanco  a  envoy(^s.  Maiw  los  aibitros  n'ont  a  coimnitor  quo  los  toiiiios  dn  traito, 
^clairoH,  en  oas  tl'oliscui'ito,  i>ar  los  actos  cpii  y  sout  lolatifs.  Or  io  traitd  no  stipule 
«|n'uno  elioso  on  niatioro  «lo  eonip<<tonco,  o't^st  qu'il  s'agira  (Wllabinna  claims,  et  il  no 
stijudo  ]ias,  oo  (|ui  ofit  dtt^  absurdo,  (pio  oos  claims  sorout  raisounablos.  Car  o'ost  pn 
cisoniont  la  (juostion  do  savoir  s'ils  sont  raisonuablos(iui  est  jloloroe  aux  arbitres. 


IX. 

Extract  from  " yli  arbilrari  hilrni(i:in>iali,  cd  il  trattuto  di  Wnnhiiujlon,'^  l>y  .liigiintc  fUnvi- 

loiii,  iWijilcH,  If^T"^. 

.'« 

11  trattaio  contonipla  il  oaso,  clnr  tutti  i  roohuni  ])ossan()  ossorc  auiinessi,  poiolio  eon 
I'articolo  VII,  slabiiiscjc  olio  il  tribunalo  jtotra.so  lo  trovora  ooiivoniento,  docrotare  una 
soninia  da  i)anarsi  dall'  In;;liiltorra  per  tutti  i  rcolanii  inuirizzati. 

11  trattato  considora  il  oaso,  in  oui  alcnni  roolanii  potn'ltbiMo  ])or  la  loro  dubbioz/.a 
inijiodiro  ((uosio  nmdo  souiniari(j  di  deoisiouo,  poiclio  I'art.  X,  stabilisco  olii;,  so  il  tri- 
lutnalo  uon  doorotora  una  sonuna,  una  volta  taiito,  si  noniini  uii  uttic'io  di  assossori  per 
voiilicaro  (|uali  sono  i  roolanii  valovoli. 


I  o()ntra(Miti  ]»orcib  stipularouo  rociprooita  od  oj>ua<iliaiiza  didiritti;  all'  Aiut  rioa 
il  dirirto  di  prosoii(nr(>  tutti  i  roclami,  all'  In<;liiltorra  la  latitudino  di  rospiuffcirli  tutti 
o  snbordinatanionti'  di  rostvingcro  la  uiisura  doi  danui. 

Inlino  lo  du<'  jjotonzo  oouvoiinoro,  uiodiauto  I'artioolo  XI.  di  oonsidoraro  lo  docisioni 
del  tribuiialc;  "oonio  un  rogohunento  oonqtloto  linalt^,  assolnto  di  tutti  i  roclami  supra 
uu'uzionati. 

II  princi]iii»  di  orniiMUMitica  lof'alo  olii;  futto  1<!  clausolo  doji,-  coMviMizioui  s'iut(!rpro- 
taut)  lo  UNO  con  lo  altro,  dai.do  a  oiascuna  il  sonso  olio  risulta  dall'  aitra,  riconCcruia  la 
]iiono/.za.  dolla  volouta  dcllc,  parti  a  dcf.'riro  ai  jiindici  (n>ui  sp'cio  di  rccJania,  iudii»ou- 
dontouiouto  dalla  loro  rclativa  j;iustizia,  la  (|ualo  o  (^ui.•^ti()^('  di  mciito,  oho  s[iutta  a<j;li 
arbitri  di  docidoro. 

Ma  so  i  loruiiiu  del  trattato  tossoro  oscuri,  siirebUo  oiqiortuno  di  risaliro  ai  niotivi 
dolla  oonvouziono. 

E  voloutiori  procodoro,  lionancbo  a  talc  iiovoUa  indagiuo,  iioicbo  la  i'  tanto  valorosa 
da  diU  f^iuirc  ouui  altra  iiossibiio  obbiczioui .  11  protocollo  ril'orito  nolla  ]>riuia  ]»artodol 
uiio  sciilto  av\  orto  cIm;  i  oouiniissai'i  auu'ricani  osposcro  in  torniiui  osattissiuii  tutti  i 
ca]>i  doi  loro  rcolanii.  lOssi  ])arlarono  <li  nuiiiorosc^  pcrdito  dirotto  {crlciinirc  ilircvl 
liixmx)  c  (laimi  iiidirotli  {ixdhrcl  hijiirji)  risultaiiti  dal  iiassa<i\nii)  sotto  baiidiora  britan- 
nioa  di  una  i;iaiido  ])arto  dolla  marina  mercantile  amoricaiia,  tloll' auuionto  doi  pro//! 
d'assicurazioiio,  ilol  id'olou.ijanicnto  <lolla  <j;iiorra  o  doll' a;;jriuiita  di  una  souiiua  eousi- 
dorovolo  alio  sposo  occorso  per  la  <inei'ra  e  jior  la  .sf)]qu-cssioue  delta  riludliouo. 

E  (juosti  niodesiuii  capi  invariabilinonti;  t'uroiio  ri[>ctuti  uolla  niciuoria  ])r(;sentata 
al  tribunalo. 

Ij'lnjjliiltci'ra  ]i<'r()  ])cr  la  voce  di  alcnni  nuniiiii  di  Statu  o  ])i',r  i  (dainori  dolla  sua 
ro]»ut!itis,siiit!i  stauqia  credo'  di  ])oter  Hostoiiere  clio  una  os|ilicita  rinunzia  doi  danni 
derivati  dalla  ]ir<»tratta  ;;uorrii  sia  stata  iatta  nclla  disoussiiuio  del  trattato.  CUo  vi  lia 
di  ossatto  in  qiiesta  alleji'azioiio  ? 

Kooa  il  proccsso  vcMbalts  olio  i  (Muuniissarii  luoposoro  pure  oho  I'altro  coiuiuissiouo 
s'intoii;'<'SHo  inteino  una  soninia  da  paf;arsi  dalla (irau  lJrota<iiia  aj;li  Stati  Uiiiti  in  una 
volta  jior tutti  i  roelaiui  piincipali  od  intorossi.  MiMliaiito  qiiosto  roj?(daniento  uvrob- 
boro  rinuiiziato  ai  loro  roclami  )>er  danni  indiretri ;  e  dioliiararoiio  non  ossorvi  ytro- 
gindizio  tuttavia  )iel  dvitto  di  reolamare  pei  danni  indiretti,  so  aleuu  rogolauionto  di  tal 
}>onor<'  non  fosse  couoliinso. 

E  certo  die  so  l'Inj>liiltorr.i  avosse  allora  accottato  nu  roffobunonto  iniinodiato  ed  il 

Iinganiouto  di  una  soninia  lissa.non  scdtanto  sareblto  niaucato  l'og<(otto  a'  roclami,  nui 
'istesRo  ogfiottodel  trattato.  Iiiveoo  i  coniniissarii  inj^lesi  etuitestaron*)  in  gonorotr.tto 
lo  protest*  dogli  Stati  Uniti.  si  riimsaroiio  al  rcfiolainonto  projiosto  ed  tirt'rirono  soltanto 
di  rottouiettorsi  ad  un  arbitrato,  juirche  si  trovasso  nn  arbitro  convonioiito  echo  si  con- 
venissero  i  pnnti,  ai  qnali  larbitrato  si  appliohorebbe. 

E  ^li  Rfrenti  aniericaiii  risposero,  osponoiido  il  loro  dolore  die  fosso  andato  a  ninnte 
la  proposta  <li  tina  .sonuna,  I'arbitrato  non  essondo  il  regolaniento  aniielievolo  {thr 
nmirnbls  x^itlrmnit)  in  ooiisideraziono  del  <|nale  avrebbero  rinuiiziato  nlle  loro  do- 
iiinnde  di  danni  iiiteroHsi. 


dii  comproiiii.s. 
II  HUisiire  coni- 
tltss  acttis  (16so- 
itenivsque  cette 
11108  (111  traito, 
i\t6  no  8ti[>iile 
chtimfi,  et  il  im 
Car  c'ost  pn 
arbitre«. 


APPENDIX. 


5(17 


lilfiiixtc  ['Urtiii- 


'ssi,  poiclu!  (!on 
,  (U'Cietare  una 

oro  (liihbiozza 

clic,  se  il  tri- 

li  assessor!  per 


;  all'  Aiiitiif'a 
<piiijf(Mli  tiitti 

iro  It!  (Iccisioni 
I'ttclanii  Hopia 

Dili  .s'iiitorprc- 
lic'onlV'iina  la 
aiiio,  iiidipcii- 
10  Hitetta  ajrli 

ire   iii  iiiotivi 

anto  valorosa 
lima  i)art»Mli'l 
issiini  tiitti  i 
rteimirc  tliri'ct 
iidifia  liritaii- 
■iito  (lei  pic/zi 
woiiiiiia  coii.si- 

ia  )ircseiitatii 

oii  (Iclla  sua 
;ia  (liM  (laiiui 
o.     C'le  vi  lia 

couiiuissioup 
i  Uiiiti  ill  una 
11011  to  iiviob- 
osHorvi  pro- 
aiiioiito  di  tal 

iiiediato  ed  il 
.'  leclariii,  ma 
1  goiioro  ti'.tto 
rono  soltanto 
5  e  cho  Hi  cou- 

dato  a  nioiite 
licliovole  (</«' 
alio  loro  do- 


Kisulta  iuoltre  dalla  Icttuia  del  pioc(!S80  vorltalo  clic,  lo  <'Hi)roH.sioui  amicable  xctllr, 
nieiit  I'urono  adoperate  ])er  la  ritliiosta  di  una  liipiidazione  iuiiiu'diata  woiiza  arbitrato, 
o  die  iicgli  altvi  luo<{lii  in  cui  Hi  ]>arlo  di  accoininoilainonto  sotto  altro  foriiie  si  uso  la 
scniplico  pai'ola  neUh'mciil  o  upt'dy  scJflcmcnt,  (proiita  liciiiidazioiio.)  Esprossioni,  die 
lianno  divorso  valoro,  e  cho  iioii  i.oiuiottono  di  dire,  come  vorrobbe  sostoiiore  1'  Injj;liil- 
torra,  cho  I'arbitro  i»rosoiito  sia  lo  stcsHo  ticttlcmciit,  di  cui  fu  jiriiiia  disoorso  dall' 
America. 

#  '  if  *  #  #  .»  # 

I  commissarii  iii;;lesi  uoii  dovettoro  essere  aorpresi  iL-^li  .\iiioiicaiii,  poichi-  ofjliiio 
sapovano  die  si  potcsse  olcvar  protosa  dei  dauiii  iiidin^tti. 

L'alta  commissione  si  riuni  a  Washiiijiitoii,  soltanto  poncho  non  era  stato  ratifieata 
dal  Hoiiato  dell' Uniono  la  prccodeute  convonzione.  E  tra  lo  raj^ioiii  del  rijj;etto  della 
medesinia  non  ultima  In  quella  die  non  vi  orano  coiiiprosi  i  rodami  iiidirotti.  So 
duii(|Uo  i  nojjoziatori  iiif;lesi  evaiio  avvoititi,  pordio  iacqiioro  ?  Pordio  a  froiito  ddle 
esjilicite  risorve  o  condizioiii  do<>li  a<i;onti  dogU  (Stati  Uniti  non  nsarono  alciina  espros- 
sioiio,  die  significar  ]»otesso  variota  di  ponsiero,  di  nioiite  f 

L'Inghilteria  ])ercio  non  ])ub  trains  aloiiu  argomonto  in  fn von;  dal  f'atto  cho  i  com- 
iniosarii  aincricaiii  projiostfro  di  essi^r  disposti  a  riiiunziare  ai  danni  iniliretti,  so  aiiiidie- 
vidinento  e  con  somni.'i  fissa,  iinmodiataiiKMito  allora  si  fosse  dato  fine  alia  controversia. 

So  pure  i  commissarii  amorieani  non  no  avossero  fatto  specialo  riserva,  il  loro  di- 
ritto  di  prcsontaio  la  istanza  al  tribunalo  arbitrale  di  (iinevra.  per  i  danni  iiidirolti  non 
sarebl.'o  progindic.ato.  Siiottanoi  al  Tribunal  di  osaminare  la  ginstiziaed  il  fondamou- 
tt»,  C081  di  (piosti,  come  dogli  altri  danni  ;  ma  niiin  limite  alia  proposta  di  doniaiido 
.scatnrisce  dalla  lettera  e  <hilla  ragiono  del  trattato. 


A 
A 

A 


A 


B 
1} 


Cl 


CI 


INDEX. 


A. 

I'ago. 

Ailams,  'Sli: : 

liis  iiii})ai(iality 10 

liis  opinions 141-2:)(l 

icccives  the  thanks  of  t  lie  Presidcut  and  the  Queen 'Ati 

Adjonrnniont : 

Uritisli  move,  June  15,  for  eight  months (;,!(; 

^lotion  withdrawn ,  22 

from  December  15  to  J  nne  15 , 1 C, 

Alabama,  the ;>()  :{7 

award  as  to , , '  -,i 

Count  S(  lopis's  opinion  as  to 75 

Viscount  d'lta.juba's  opinion  as  to ;»<> 

jMr.  Staem])Hi's  opinion  as  to IK; 

Mr.  Adams's  o])inion  as  to 171 

Sir  Alexander  Cockburn's  opinion  as  to , 440 

Arbitrators : 

independence  and  ability  of  neutral ,S 

Archer,  the : 

decision  as  to :!8, 5*2 

Argument : 

British,  fded  at  f ieneva 30 

United  States,  regarded  as  masterly 0 

United  States,  lile<l  at  Geneva ." ,  0, 17 

supplemental,  ordered  and  made 7,  :?U,  :n,32 

supplemental,  ordtned,  motion  for,  by  Great  Britain 21, 2'),  27, 2^, :]() 

Award  of  the  tribunal : 

transmitted  by  the  agent 1 ,  4!> 

Avheii  made '   h 

signature  of 48 

lifteen  and  one-half  millions  of  dollars .5:5 

B. 

Beaman,  C.  C,  jr., : 

assisted  iu  arranging  evidence 2 

Blocksule : 

Sir  A.  Cockburn's  opinions  as  to 237 

Boston,  the 33,53,101 

C. 


Case  of  the  Uidted  States.     (See  Great  Britain,  Commission,  Due  diligence. 
Supplies  of  coal.) 

how  prepared 2 

theories  of 2 

part  of,  submitted  to  publicists,  »fee :{ 

chapter  on  indirect  claims  not  submitted 4 

delivered  at  Geneva  December  15 ;{,  15 

comments  of  the  British  press  upon 4 

comments  of  the  continental  press  upon 5 

Chickamauga,  the ;iO,  37,  .52 

Viscount  d'ltajnba's  opinion  as  to 101 

Jlr.  Adams's  opinion  as  to 214 

Sir  A.  Cockburn's  opinion  as  to 527 

Clarence,  the ., 38,  .52 


570 


AKHITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


Pase . 
Cojil,  siii>j)litiH  of: 

jMwition  (tf  tlio  United  States 11 

vicnvH  of  Mr.  AdaiiiM  as  to 11, 14rt 

vit'WH  of  CJoiuit  Sclopis  as  to 11,74 

viewB  of  Mr.  Staoinplli  a,s  to .  11 

vi«!\vs  of  Viscount  iVItnjabiias  to 12,  47 

award  rt>sj»()etin;i; TiO 

views  of  Mr.  Adams  as  lo 11, 14)ri 

views  of  Sir  Alexander  Cockltiirii  as  t(» 4'^'^ 

Coekburn,  Sir  Alexand(!r,  (see  table  of  contents,  Fish,  Mr.) 

liis  T'issentinjj;  ojiinion  coninienti'd  on 12,  .'34(1 

his  claims  to  rei)rcsent  Gn^at  l{ritain 12, 2H(i,  .')47 

liis  charges  ajjainst  the  counsel  of  the  Uuitiul  States 12,284 

his  char^^es  against  the  case  of  the  United  States l:? 

admits  the  justice  of  the  argument  in  the  case  of  the  United  States 1:5 

his  opinions , , 2;{0-.')44 

thinks  the  treaty  would  have  betm  better  Avithont  the  rules 215(t 

his  views  as  to  British  unfriemlliness 'MA 

as  to  acknowh'df];mcnt  of  bellifjerency ;{i;i 

as  to  n'j^nhitions  of  .January,  1H()2 '.V.VJ 

as  to  i)artiality  in  snitplies  of  coal :{44 

as  to  suitj)(ies  of  arms ',Ui 

as  to  shii»sol)tained  from  Grciit  IJritain :?4(> 

as  to  proceedings  of  other  governments 'MiCi 

as  to  blockade-running :?.'>'.) 

as  to  partiitlity  of  colonial  authorities lUif) 

as  to  course  of  British  government '.?()(> 

tliis  opinion  not  read  or  nuide  known  before  dissolution  of  tri- 
bunal   MC, 

if  known,  would  have  hei'U  objected  to .^>4() 

Connnission,  etVcct  of '.V.i 

])osition  of  the  United  Slates Id 

iiritisli  position 10 

American  r<'.j(iinder 10 

views  of  Viscount  d'ltajuba 10 

decision  of  tht;  tribunal 10,  .^)0 

views  of  C(mnt  S('loi)is  regarding ()!• 

views  of  Viscount  d'lta.jnlia  regarding JMI 

views  of  Mr.  Adams  regarding 141) 

views  of  Sir  Alexander  t'ockbnrn  regarding 40;t 

Continental  i»ress: 

o|)inious  of,  in  appendix .^if)! 

Contraband  of  war: 

Sir  A.  Cock  burn's  views  ;is  ti 237 

Coiuisel  of  the  United  States  : 

advise  the  agent  at  every  stage  of  the  proceedings S 

Sir  Alexander  Cockbnrn's  attacks  upon  them 12 

their  rejtort  to  the  Secretary  of  State 550 

Counter  cases : 

Exchangtsd  at  (ieneva,  April  15 5 

Cnshing,  (ieneral : 

argument  of 32 

1). 

Delay : 

govei'unient  not  rt!sponsible  for,  (Cockburn) 2G7 

Due  diligence: 

what  was  clainwd  by  United  States  to  be H 

position  of  Great  Britain  as  to ^ 

views  of  Count  Sclopis  as  to 9, 57 

decision  of  tribunal  as  to i* 

award  as  to 50 

viewH  of  Mr.  Staemptli  as  to , 105 

views  of  Mr.  Adams  as  to 141 

views  of  Sir  Alexander  Cockburn  us  to 200 

E. 
Errors  of  Judgment : 

government  not  responsible  for,  (Cockburn) 267 

Evarts,  Mr.: 

oral  iirgumcut  of 31, 32 


11 
...  11,148 
...       11,74 

11 
...       12,47 

no 

...     11,148 

4a'» 

...     12,54(i 

.12,28(5,547 

..     12,284 

i:i 

]:! 

...  2;50-r)44 

2-Mt 

•,n:\ 

XVJ 
•M4 

•Mi 
:{4(i 
:5r,(i 
:m) 
;{().'■) 
:?(»() 

li- 

r.4f) 

r)4<) 

:?:) 

10 
10 
10 
10 
10, 50 

m 
•m; 

14(i 

401> 

551 
2;{7 

8 

1-i 

550 


:12 


INDEX. 


571 


2G7 

8 

8 

9,57 

i» 

50 

105 

141 

260 


267 
31,32 


F. 

l-'lorida,  the : 

action  of  the  tribunal  ni»on 7,28, 2!),  38, 51 

iirjjtnnicnts  uiton  entry  of,  into  jMoIuIc :?5 

Count  Sclojii.s's  opinion  as  to DO 

Vi.scount  (Vltiijulm's  o])inion  as  to !I8 

Mr.  .Staeini)lli'.s  opinion  as  to 108 

Mr.  A(lauiM'.s  oi)inion  as  to 1.50 

Sir  Alexandir  Co<kburn',s  opinion  as  to 'Mu 

Fi.sh,  Mr.: 

his  coninuMits  n]ion  Sir  Alexander  (.'ockbnrn's  o])inion 546 

liis  roniarlis  upon  the  Italian,  Swiss,  and  Brazilian  arbitrators 546 

liis  n'mimd  u{  the   jtositions  maintained  by  Sir  Ah^xander  UocJvburn 547 

his  o]tinion  upon  the  elfect  of  the  controversy  detininjf  neutral  rij^hts  and 

ol)!i}>ations 548 

he  thinks  it  inii)oitant  to  note  (he  views  of  Sii'  A.  ("oekbni'u 549 

G. 

Georgia,  ease  of  ;' 1,37,. 52 

S'lsconnt  d'ltajuba's  o]iinion  as  to   )0l 

Mr.  Adams's  opinion  as  to 187 

Sir  A.  Coekburn's  opinion  as  to 477 

Government,  neutral : 

•when  resiionsibh-  for  acts  of  subordiuiites 234 

should  po.s.sess  ade(puite  i>owers  to  maintain  neutrality,  ((.'oekburn) 2.">() 

(;reat  K'.itain,  (see  Municipal  laws:) 

unfriendly  course  of,  how  treated  in  the  case 2 

(,'overnnHMit  of  had  in  consideration  to  ask  withdrawal  of  case  of  United 

States 5 

uiifriendlinivss  of,  Ciu'iit  Sclopis's  views  as  to ,.  9,62 

\^is(;(iurit  d'ltajuba's  \iews  as  to 9 

Mr.  Adams's  \iew.s  as  to ,.. .  10 

submits  iHM.v  evidimce :V.i 

I'omparison  of  its  laws  with  United  States  laws 255 

Sir  Alexandi^r  C'ockbuin's  opinion  of  the  icsult  of  such  coin])ai'ison ;i07 

r(M|Uests  to  amend  neutrality  laws 278 

Gross  frcifi'lits : 

claims  for  rejected .')3 

I. 

Indirect  claims,  (see  Treaty  of  Washin,ixton,)  (ease  of  the  ITnited  States:) 

action  of  Joint  hi<>h  commission  on 1 

such  action  in  harmony  with  all  itrevious 1 

im  exception  takiMi  to  it  by  IJritisli  eommissioiuu's 1 

such  action  bindinjf  on  ajjfent  of  the  United  >Sfcat(!s 1 

their  delinition  included  some  private  claims 1 

continental  i)ress  unaninmus  in  supjiort  of  right  to  present 5 

action  of  the  tribunal  upon ti,  19,20,21 

Insurgent  bureaus : 

maintonanee  of,  on  ]5riti.sli  soil,  how  trciited  in  the  case 'A 

Intercast : 

argument  respecting  claim  for 43 

Itajuba,  Visc(mntd': 

declaration  respecting  supplies  of  coal 47 

his  opinions 96, 103 

J. 

.Icti'.  Davis,  the ' 33,  .53 

.Joint  high  commission,  (see  liulirect  Claims,)  (Treaty  of  Washington)  : 

Joy,  V.  H.,the 33,53,101 

.Judicial  miscarriage: 

government  not  responsible  for,  (Cockburn) 268 

M. 

Municipal  laws  (of  England)  : 

cannot  be  scst  up  iu  justitication , 12 

compared  with  those  of  the  United  States 271 

Music,  the 33,  .53, 101 


ru2 


AKHITRATION    AT    GENEVA. 


N. 

I'll  go. 

Nn-sli villo,  tli«( 12,  :10,  :J7,  M 

Viscount  (l'Itii.)ulnrs  oi»iiii(»ii  as  to 101 

Ml".  Adiiiim'M  (ipinion  jih  to 21 'i 

Sir  A.  Cockbmn'H  oi)iinoii  as  to .MI) 

XtMitrals,  (SCO  GoviMiiiiii'iit ;) 

li^litM  and  dntifs  of,  (CocklMiin^ 'i'.U 

I'' 

rroHpoctivo  jii'otits : 

in)t  allowed 4i{,  r>:{ 

J'rotocols  of  confcrrncfs; 

tiansinittod  by  agent 1 

text  of. '. 1.-) 

■  Pursuit  of  eiiiiseis: 

expense  of,  disallowcil V.\,  'y'.i 

E. 

IJeliilMition,  the :!1 .  :!2,  liT,  .'>•> 

Viseonnt  d'It!i.jii))a's  opinion  as  I o ,  . .  1(1 1 

Mr.  Staeinpdi's  o|>inion  as  to l:W 

Mr.  Adams's  ojiinion  as  to 217 

Sir  A.  Coeklnirn's  opinion  as  to T)'M 

S. 

Sallie,  tlie :i:;,.-,:uoi 

Sclo])is,  Count  : 

jiis  opinions .">-•)() 

Secretaries  of  tlie  aiicnt  and  eounsel : 

thoii'  zeal  and  industry  eoninionded (i 

Seizure  of  vessels : 

duty  as  to,  (Cockburn) 2(i7 

Slienandoali,  the :!.').  1(7,  .')2 

(Jreat  liritain  liable  for  aetsof,  after  leavin<>  Melbourne .Vi 

(Jount  Sclopis's  oi)inion  as  to v ^l 

^'iseount  d'ltajnba's  opinion  as  to 101 

Mr.  Staeiu]>lli's  opiiiicni  as  to 12.') 

Mr.  Adams's  opinion  as  to IIX! 

Sir  A.  Gocrkbn Ill's  opinitm  as  to 4^1 

Staeniplli,  Mr. : 

bis  opinions ln;i-141 

Sum  in  fjross 44 

determination  of  tribunal  to  award 4G 

amount  of,  awarded 515 

Sumter,  the 12,  :?0,  :J7,  .V2 

Viscount  d'ltajnba's  opinion  as  to 101 

Mr.  Staemi»Hi'8  oi)iuiou  as  to 1154 

Mr.  Adams's  opinion  as  to 208 

Sir  A.  Cock  burn's  opinion  as  to '>0() 

T. 


Tables,  with  statements  of  claims: 

new,  presente<l  by  aycnits 35, : $7 

liord  Tenterden's  comments  on  American 'My 

Tacony,  tlie : 

decision  as  to 38,  52 

Tallahassee,  tlie :51, 37, 52 

Viscount  d'ltajnba's  opinion  as  to    101 

Mr.  Adams's  opinion  as  to , 21.5 

Sir  A.  Cockburn's  opinion  as  to , .'^JO 

Tenterdon,  Lord,  (see  tables) : 

desirous  of  sa viu};  the  treaty (5 

liis  friendly  conduct  in  June 7 

Treaty  of  Washinj^ton,  (see  Indirect  claims.) 


12,  :!0,  37, 5-2 
101 

yi'i 
r>VJ 

-r.u 


41!,  :>:{ 

1 
1.-) 


!l.: 

!--i, 

:J7, 52 

lOl 

... 

■,'17 

.-.:$l 

:i: 

>.  : 

:!.  lui 

•).■■>-;»() 

.').  :i7 


'■i(\7 
,  52 
52 
HI 
101 
125 

4ri4 


..  I(i:!-I41 

44 

4G 

5:{ 

2,  :{0,  :J7,  52 

101 

i;54 

208 


.      -.'m,  :]7 
m 

.       38, 52 

31,  37,  52 

101 

215 

530 


iNDKx.  573 

I'll  1:0. 

Tribunal  of  urbitratioii,  (nee  Awaitl,  Iiulireet  claims) : 

regariled  as  a  judicial  body y 

its  conduct  shows  tliat  national  diflorences  may  1)«  settled  by  arbitration .  14 

organization  of. 15 

judgment  upon  indirect  claims 21 

award  and  dissolution  of. 41) 

Tuscaloosa,  the  : 

decision  a«  to 38, 52 

Mr.  Adams's  opinion  as  to 181 

Sir  A.  Cockburn's  o]>inion  as  to 473 

W. 

Waite,  Jlr. : 

argument  of 32 

o 


